David Alleman, ALL Consulting · Microsoft PowerPoint - Alleman, Dave2.pptx Author: bgrunewald Created Date: 10/2/2009 11:34:24 AM ...

DRIVERS FOR SHALE GASDRIVERS FOR SHALE GASPRODUCED WATER TREATMENT

Authors:J. Daniel Arthur, P.E., All Consulting

d lDavid Winter, ALL ConsultingDavid Alleman, ALL Consulting

Presented at:Ground Water Protection Council

Water/Energy SymposiumWater/Energy SymposiumSalt Lake City, UtahSeptember 15, 2009

Project FundingProject Funding

• Funding for this project was • Funding for this project was provided by DOE’s National Energy Technology LaboratoryALL Consulting is the primary • ALL Consulting is the primary research organization with the Ground Water Protection Council serving as a research Council serving as a research partner

• Other cooperators include state i t t t i agencies, treatment companies,

and industry

September 20092

Project Goalsj

Promote domestic unconventional Promote domestic unconventional gas production by providing an on-

l d l h ll llline decision tool that will allow shale gas operators to make sound g p

water treatment decisions.

September 20093

PW Treatment Catalog/Toolg• Describe the major treatment technologies available:

– Capabilities (constituents treated volumes and efficiency)– Capabilities (constituents treated, volumes, and efficiency)– Operating parameters ( mobile/ stationary, temperature

limitations, etc.)– Cost estimates/ranges (both capital and operating costs)

• Assess technical characteristicsS l Affi i M d l– Scale Affinity Model

• Assess regulatory regime of each state• Considerations for disposal (including options)• Considerations for disposal (including options)• Designed to aid industry and regulatory officials

September 20094

Primary Focusy• Eastern Shale Gas

Basins including: Shale Gas BasinsBasins including:– Marcellus– Fayetteville

Shale Gas Basins

– Haynesville– Woodford

Barnett– Barnett

• General applicability to other basins

September 20095

Key Technologiesy g• Horizontal drilling and

hydraulic fracturing have hydraulic fracturing have been the key to economic recovery of shale gas reserves.

• Hydraulic fracturing requires large volumes of requires large volumes of water. Small amounts of chemicals and sand are added to create fracture added to create fracture fluid.

September 20096

Water Needs

Play Typical Volume of  Total Volume of Fracturing Fracturing Water (gal) and Drilling Water (gal)

Barnett 2,300,000 2,700,000

Fayetteville 2,900,000 3,060,000

Haynesville 2,700,000 3,700,000

ll 3 800 000 3 880 000Marcellus 3,800,000 3,880,000

Source: All Consulting 2009

NOTE: Water volumes shown above are for general reference purposes only as actual volumes may vary significantly NOTE: Water volumes shown above are for general reference purposes only as actual volumes may vary significantly from what is specified above based on length of lateral, perforations, and overall fracture design. However, ALL has noted general increases in the volume of water used for hydraulic fracturing in several shale gas basins.from what is specified above based on length of lateral, perforations, and overall fracture design. However, ALL has noted general increases in the volume of water used for hydraulic fracturing in several shale gas basins.

September 20097

Water Management Challengesg g• Withdrawal: Access to supply sources, timing, permitting• Transport: Cost, impact on roads and trafficp , p• Storage: Cost, surface disturbance, permitting• Drilling and Fracturing: Surface handling• Treatment C t l f lti t t• Treatment: Cost, volume of resulting concentrate• Reuse/Recycle: Reuse for HF, other markets for recycled

water, demand characteristics (quantity, quality, timing)(q y q y g)• Surface Discharge: Cost, permitting• Disposal: Availability/permitting of injection zones, capacity

at commercial/municipal plants discharge permitsat commercial/municipal plants, discharge permits

September 20098

Concurrent Water Concerns• Availability of fresh water is a concern across the country• Ch i l h t i ti f d d• Chemical characteristics of produced

water is a concern and may be ableto be addressed using treatment?g

• Regional droughts have impactedwater management practices

• Many are concerned that global climate change will only make matters worse

• These challenges and concerns affect the need to treat These challenges and concerns affect the need to treat shale gas produced water

September 20099

Treatment Drivers• Social/Regulatory• En ironmental • Environmental

– Conservation of Resources– Aquatic Impactsq p

• Economic– Cost of withdrawals– Cost of disposal

• TechnicalT i li f ddi i– Treatment in lieu of additives

– Lack of disposal options

September 200910

Treatment Targetsg

• P f t ti• Purpose for treating– Reuse/Recycling– Discharge/Beneficial useDischarge/Beneficial use– Disposal

• Technical and regulatory gconsiderations

• Environmental ConsiderationsR d / l – Reducing/eliminating fracturing additives

September 200911

Reuse/Recyclingy g

• Reduces water sourcing Reduces water sourcing requirements

• Reduces water disposal • Reduces water disposal costs

H h l • Has the potential to lower transportation

d and storage costs

September 200912

Water Targets for Fracture Fluidg

Parameter Value Range

TDS 0 – 40,000 mg/L

pH 5.5 – 8.5

Chlorides 0 – 25 000Chlorides 0  25,000

Total Hardness 0 – 500 mg/L

Iron 0 – 50 mg/L

Calcium 0 – 3,000 mg/L

Bi‐carbonate 0 – 500mg/LSource: ALL Consulting from discussions with various operators, 2009

NOTE: The above is a representation of target water quality levels that several companies are considering and evaluating in an effort to use lower quality water for hydraulic fracturing.  These targets are likely to change as technical feasibility continues to be analyzed in various basins.

September 200913

Treatment for Re-use• Water recovery volumes of produced water (including flow

back water) vary greatly – perhaps 5% to 100% of the back water) vary greatly perhaps 5% to 100% of the volumes used for fracturing

• In many instances, recovery volumes being observed are in y y gthe 5-35% range, which tends to improve the feasibility for reuse.F d d i • For reuse, produced water is likely to require treatment for metals, scale and bacteria,

September 200914

Blending for Re-usegProduced Water TDS

(mg/L)

Theoretical Volume of PW that could be used to create a blended water of

5,000 mg/L TDS (gal)

Theoretical Volume of PW that could be used to create a blended water of 40,000

mg/L TDS (gal)(mg/L) 5,000 g/ S (ga ) g/ S (ga )

30,000 508,474 900,000 (+)

50,000 303,030 900,000 (+),

100,000 150,753 900,000 (+)

150,000 100,334 802,675,

200,000 75,187 593,984

NOTE: For example purposes only the above data assumes 3-million gallon fracture fluid volume 30% recovery of fracturing fluids NOTE: For example purposes only, the above data assumes 3 million gallon fracture fluid volume, 30% recovery of fracturing fluids, and combining that recovered water with fresh water having a TDS of 500 mg/L to create a blended water for fracturing totally 3 million gallons. Source: ALL Consulting

September 200915

Discharge/Beneficial Use Optionsg p

• Stream discharge

• Land Application/Irrigation

• Livestock/industrial

• Returns water to local system

• Must meet:– State-specific NPDES limits

– End use requirements

September 200916

Discharge/Beneficial Use Treatmentg• Desalination usually required

– Reverse Osmosis - Capabilities are improving, generally “reasonable” up to about 40,000 p ,ppm TDS

– Thermal – “reasonable” up to b 200 000 TDS b about 200,000 ppm TDS, but

also improving

• Both require pre-treatment Both require pre treatment and have disposal challenges

September 200917

Disposalp• Where injection capacity is

li i d l d i limited, volume reduction may be considered

• Di l i i j ti t Cl • Disposal using injection to Class IID wells may require pre-treatmenttreatment– Suspended Solids

– Scale

– Bacteria

– pH, etc

September 200918

Perspectives on Treatmentp• Treatment of shale gas water can vary

significantly from other resource plays (e.g., CBM) and may not i l d li tiinvolve desalination

• Additives for fracturing is considered “treatment”treatment

• Treatment for shale gas water remains in it’s infancy and developing remains in it s infancy and developing technically for commercial use

September 200919

CONTACT INFORMATIONCONTACT INFORMATION

ALL Consulting

1718 S. Cheyenne AvenueTulsa, Oklahoma 74119Phone 918 382 7581Phone: 918-382-7581

Website: www.all-llc.com

September 200920