Database Management Data in organizations and the data management environment.

Database Management

Data in organizationsand

the data management environment

Managing Data

All the value of this company is in its people. If you burned down all our

plants, and we just kept our people and our information files, we should soon be

as strong as ever.

Thomas Watson, Jr. Former chairman of IBM

Data, Information, & Knowledge

Data Watson: “raw, unsummarized, and unanalyzed facts.”

InformationWatson: “data that have been processed into a meaningful form.”

KnowledgeWatson: “the capacity to use information… the expertise to make sense of… information… to interpret information and use it in decision making.”

Information is created from streams of data through the application of knowledge.

Data – functions and impact through time…

o Data facilitate business events, such as transactions, in the present.

o Data produced during prior events constitutean historical record of the past that can be summarized, explored, and analyzed for insights...

o … which, in turn, informs decision-making that shapes the future.

Desirable attributes:

o shareableo transportableo secureo accurateo timelyo relevant

Management of data

Typical problems:

o redundancyo inconsistencyo lack of controlo access problems

- poor interfaces- long delays

o lack of richnesso lack of integration

Individual data management

• Internal memory is limited• External memory extends internal memory

Calendar

• Organizing principles– Set amount of space– Ordering– Rapid access

9

10

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12

1

2

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5

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December 25, 1852

Staff Meeting

Email Communication

Project Planning

Check lunch preparations

Meeting with directory

Vendor presentation

Process paperwork

Drive home

Dinner

Reading and relaxation

© 1803, The Expeditioner, London

NameAddress

Rudyard Kipling

NameAddress

NameAddress

NameAddress

© 1815, The Expeditioner, London

PO Kyhber PassNorthwest FrontierIndia

Jack LondonPO KlondikeAlaska

K-L

KL

Address book

• Organizing principles– Pre-formatted storage

space– Ordering– Rapid access

To do list

• Organizing principles– Structure– Rapid scan support

To Be Done This Week

Action List

Explore Nile

Write journal

Shoot crocodile

Unwrap mummy

√

√

© 1823, The Expeditioner, London

Organizational memory is supported by:o relational databaseso other “database” technology

- DBs based on older technology- object databases- spreadsheets - PDAs and cell phones- voicemail, email, groupware- on-line documents

o paper recordso multi-media artifactso formal decision modelso employees’ brainso organizational procedures and routineso systems applications

(In data management, computer databases are just part of the picture… )

(our focus)

Data management systems timeline

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

File systems

Hierarchical DBMS

Network DBMS

Relational DBMS

Object-oriented DBMS

Flat File Database

Name Address Course Grade

Mark Freeman 123 Main St English 101 B

Mark Freeman 123 Main St Data Structure A

Mark Freeman 123 Main St Psych 101 C

Mary Smith 413 Elm Dr Chemistry 200 A

Mary Smith 413 Elm Dr French 205 B

David Cole 1009 10th Apt B Accounting 102

A

Hierarchical Database

Network Database

Network and Hierarchical

• Redundant• Difficult to maintain

– Required system-level understanding of underlying data structures to access data

• Costly– Labor– Computer resources– Time

Relational Databases

• E F Codd, 1970

• Relational

– Relations = Grouping of related data (tables)– Data stored only once– Query language for accessing data– Analysts no longer need know how data is stored!

• RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)

IT Org Chart

CIO

OperationsDirector

DatabaseManager

Data CenterManager

SupportManager

DatabaseAdministrator

SystemAdministrator

NetworkAdministrator

TechnicalSupport

ApplicationSupport

ApplicationDevelopment

DatabaseArchitect

DatabaseProgrammer

Information Technology Roles

•Database Administrator– Manages day-to-day operations, install,

upgrade, data backup recovery

•Data Architect– Designs the database– Works with a business analyst to choose

what data to store and how to organize it

•Database Programmer– Develops database applications: computer

programs that allow users to retrieve and process data

Data Modeling – Top-down approach

Data Model

Data Definition

Database Table

The database development lifecycle (DDLC)…and the Term Project Assignments

Assignment 1:Data Model

Assignment 1: Database Dictionary

Assignment 2: Database Prototype

P R O JE C TP L A N N IN G

E V O L U T IO N

U S E

IM P L E M E N T A T IO N

C O N S T R U C T IO N

D E S IG N

R EQ UIR EM EN T SD EF IN IT IO N

Assignment 3: SQL Queries

Completed byInstructor

Database Management Systems

• OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)–Many transactions

–Short transactions

–Volatile data

• Decision Support–Data Warehouse, Data Mining

– Fewer transactions

– Longer transactions

–Static data

Database Management System Design

Design decisions have significant future impact

Reliability

Scalability

Security