Data Structures Presentation

8/4/2019 Data Structures Presentation

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DataStructures

Engr. Gil R. delas Alas Jr.

CPE-Instructor


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a data structure is a particular way ofstoring and organizing data in a

computer. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure#Basic_principles

)

Common data structures include: array,linked list

, hash-table, heap, B-tree

,

red-black tree, trie.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure#Basic_principles)


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the term data structure refers to a schemefor organizing related pieces of information.http://www.webopedia.com

A data structure is a specialized formatfororganizing and storing data http://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com

a data structure may be selected or designed

to store data for the purpose of working on itwith various algorithms. http://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com


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The curiosity of our surroundings is the constant force thatdriveshumanityforward. Inanefforttobetterourselvesandour

future we studythe worldwe live in. Ourowninventionsdefine

the wayinwhichwe leadourlives,andwhatpeople webecome. Computershave nowbecome the centerofmany

culturesaroundthe world,astechnologyunitespeople inawaythathasneverbeenseenbefore,changingthe waywe vieweachother. Inthe lastdecade,the Internethasbecome amediumthatletspeople share theirideasandopinionswith

millionsofothers. We are veryclose toaworldwhere ignoranceisnolongeranexcuse. Computersare,andwillbe evenmore,

inthe centerofourlives.

-- "WorldAroundUs" byAlecSolway


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Common Types of Data StructureArray

ListsTrees

Heaps

Tries


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Data Types

is a classification identifying one of various

types of data that determines the possiblevalues for that type; the operations thatcan be done on that type; and the way thevalues of that type are stored.

Basic Data types:Integer,Float,Double,Char,String,Boolean.


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Integer

int height = 100;

int balance = -67;

Char

char menuSelection = 'q';

char userInput = '3'; signed char myChar = 100;

signed char newChar = -43


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Float/Double

float celsius = 37.623;

double fahrenheit = 98.415;

String

char strvar2[]="string can also be initialized

like this for the C++ Tutorial";


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ALGORITHM

an algorithm ( i/lm/) is aneffective method expressed as a finite

list[1] of well-defined instructions[2] forcalculating a function[3]. Algorithms areused for calculation, data processing,

and automated reasoning.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm


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an algorithm is any set of detailedinstructions which results in a

predictable end-state from a knownbeginning.

An algorithm is a finite set of

instructions which, if followed,accomplish a particular task.


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HISTORY

Originally namedafter themathematician in 9th

century byAbuAbdullah Muhammadbin Musa al-Khwarizmi.


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Algorithm as Algorism

The word algorism originally referred only tothe rules of performing arithmetic usingArabicnumerals but evolved into algorithm by the18th century.


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Criteria

Analyze the problem

Is required to ensure that the problem is clearlydefined and understood.

Develop a solution

Selecting an exact set of steps.


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Code the SelectionSequence - It is the order in whichinstructions are executed by the program.

- It is a Straight forward

manner.

Selection - It provides thecapability to make choice between differentoperations, depending on the results of the

condition.

Iteration - Referred to as aLooping or a repetition.


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PSEUDOCODE

Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that

helps programmers develop algorithms. Pseudocode is a

"text-based" detail (algorithmic) design tool.

Pseudocode is a kind of structured english for describing

algorithms


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Basic Flowchart Symbols

The Process Symbol represents

any process, function, or action

and is the most frequently used

symbol in flowcharting.

The Document Symbol is

used to represent any typeof hard copy input or output

(i.e. reports).


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Offpage Connector Symbols are used

to indicate the flowchart continues on

another page. Often, the page number

is placed in the shape for easy

reference.

The Input/Output Symbol represents

data that is available for input or

resulting from processing (i.e.customer database records)


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Comment Symbols are used when

additional explanation or comment is

required. This symbol is usually

connected to the symbol it is

explaining by a dashed line.

The Decision Symbol is a junction

where a decision must be made. A

single entry may have any number of

alternative solutions, but only one can

be chosen.


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The Connector Symbol represents the exit

to, or entry from, another part of the same

flowchart. It is usually used to break a flow

line that will be continued elsewhere. It's a

good idea to reference page numbers for

easy location of connectors.

Flow lines indicate the flow of

operation, that is, the exact sequence inwhich the instruction are executed.


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EXERCISE.

1. Write an algorithm that will debug a program.

2. Create an algorithm that will check a non-functioning lamp.

3. Create a flow chart For this pseudocode:

If student's grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print "passed

Else

Print "failed"


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4. Create a flowchart andpseudocode that will display thehighest of the 3 input numbers.

5. Create a flowchart andpseudocode that will display if theinput number is positive or negative.


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FUNDAMENTAL OF C++

BASIC STRUCTURE OF C++PROGRAMMING.


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2 types of directive

#include

#define

-defining a constant

Ex. #define PI=3.1416

-defining a macro

Ex. #define cout c

#define NEWLINE '\n'


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Local and global declaration of variable

Local variable

Is a variable declared inside a block.

Ex.


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Global variable

A variable is declared outside the block.

Int x,y=5;

Main()

{

Z=x+y;

Cout


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main function : main()

It is also called a driver function since it is the first

function that will be executed once the program iscompiled.

There must have one and only one main() function.


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Program body

Input and Output operator

Output operator

Is represented as


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Input operator

It represented as a symbol of >>

Also known as get operator or extraction operator.

Reads data from the keyboard into the memoryduring program execution.


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Open brace

Is symbolizes as {

Determines the beginning of the function body andmay also denote the start of a certain block

Close brace

Is symbolizes as }

Determines the end of the function body and may

also signify the end of a certain block

Open and Close Brace


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Statement

Basic component of a function and usually

terminated by the terminator operator, the semi-

colon(;).

Ex.Z=x+y;

cout


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OPERATORSRelational Operators

Greater than > If(x>y) True

Greater than

or equal to

>= If(x>=y) True

Less than < If(x


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OPERATORS

Logical Operator

Logical OR || If(x==y || x==5) TrueLogic AND && If(x==y && x==5) False

If x=5 and y=2


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OPERATORS

Combinational operator

Add to += x+=y; x=x+y; 7

Subtract to -= x-=y; x=x-y; 3

Multiply to *= x*=y; x=x*y; 10

Divide to /= x/=y; x=x/y; 2.5

Mode to %= x%=y; x=x%y; 1

If x=5 and y=2


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OPERATORS

Increment / Decrement

Pre-increment ++m

Post-increment m++

Pre-decrement --m

Post-decrement m--

If x=5 and y=2

Pre version performs theoperation(either by adding 1 orsubtracting by 1) on thesubject before the resulting

value is used in its surroundingcontext.

Post version performstheoperation after the objectcurrent value hasbeen used.


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1.#include

#include

main()

{ int x,y;

x=44;

y=++x;

cout


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#include

#include

main()

{//combine operator

int n=22;

cout


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Selection/ conditional statement

#include

#include

int x,y;

main()

{

coutx>>y;

if(x%y) cout


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#include

#include

int x,y;

main()

{

coutx>>y;

if(x%y) cout


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3. Nested if statement


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4. Else if statement


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5. Switch statement


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Combinational expressionoperator


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Functions1. Break();

Using break we can leave a loop even if the conditionfor its end is not fulfilled. It can be used to end an

infinite loop, or to force it to end before its naturalend. #include#include

using namespace std;

int main (){

int n;

for (n=10; n>0; n--) {

cout


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2. Continue statement

The continue statement causes the program to skip the rest of the loop

in the current iteration as if the end of the statement block had beenreached, causing it to jump to the start of the following iteration.

//continue loop example

#include

#include


int main (){

for (int n=10; n>0; n--) {

if (n==5) continue;

cout


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3. Goto statement

goto allows to make an absolute jump to anotherpoint in the program. You should use this feature with

caution since its execution causes an unconditionaljump ignoring any type of nesting limitations.The destination point is identified by a label, which isthen used as an argument for the goto statement. Alabel is made of a valid identifier followed by a colon

(:).


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#include


intmain () {

intn=10;

loop:cout


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// factorial calculator

#include


longfactorial (longa)

{ if(a > 1)

return (a * factorial (a-1));

else return (1); }

intmain ()

{

longnumber;

cout > number;

cout


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// declaring functions prototypes

#include

using namespace std;voidodd (inta);

voideven (inta);

intmain ()

{

inti;

do {

cout > i;

odd (i); }

while (i!=0);

return 0;

}

voidodd (inta)

{ if((a%2)!=0)


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Array

array issimply a number ofmemory locations,eachofwhichcanstore anitemofdata ofthesame data type andwhichare all referencedthroughthe same variable name.

Howtodeclare anArray?

array_type variable_name[array_size];


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Example:

int Age [5] = {30, 22, 33, 44, 25};

int Age [5];

Age [0]=30;

Age [1]=22;

Age [2]=33;

Age [3]=44;

Age [4]=25;


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Data Structures Presentation

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