Communication Networks Winter 2017/18 Prof. Jochen Seitz 1 Data Services in GSM I • Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s advanced coding allows 14.4 kbit/s not enough for Internet and multimedia applications • HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data) mainly software update bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate, e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots @ 14.4) advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 363 8.3 GPRS AIUR [kbit/s] TCH/F4.8 TCH/F9.6 TCH/F14.4 4.8 1 9.6 2 1 14.4 3 1 19.2 4 2 28.8 3 2 38.4 4 43.2 3 57.6 4 8.3 GPRS Data Services in GSM II • GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) packet switching using free slots only if data packets ready to send (e.g., 50 kbit/s using 4 slots temporarily) standardization 1998, introduction 2001 advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible disadvantage: more investment needed (new hardware) • GPRS network elements GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN GGSN (Gateway GSN) interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network) SGSN (Serving GSN) supports the MS (location, billing, security) GR (GPRS Register) user addresses Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 364
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Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 1
Data Services in GSM I
• Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s
advanced coding allows 14.4 kbit/s
not enough for Internet and multimedia
applications
• HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)
mainly software update
bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR
(Air Interface User Rate, e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4
slots @ 14.4)
advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple
disadvantage: channels blocked for voice
transmission
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 363
8.3 GPRS
AIUR [kbit/s]
TCH/F4.8 TCH/F9.6 TCH/F14.4
4.8 1
9.6 2 1
14.4 3 1
19.2 4 2
28.8 3 2
38.4 4
43.2 3
57.6 4
8.3 GPRS
Data Services in GSM II
• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
packet switching
using free slots only if data packets ready to send (e.g., 50 kbit/s using 4 slots temporarily)
standardization 1998, introduction 2001
advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible
disadvantage: more investment needed (new hardware)
• GPRS network elements
GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN
GGSN (Gateway GSN)
interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)
SGSN (Serving GSN)
supports the MS (location, billing, security)
GR (GPRS Register)
user addresses
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 364
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 2
GPRS: Quality of Service
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 365
8.3 GPRS
Reliability ClassLost SDU
ProbabilityDuplicate SDU
Probability
Out of Sequence SDU
Probability
Corrupt SDU Probability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
DelayClass
SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byte
mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 < 0.5 s < 1.5 s < 2 s < 7 s
2 < 5 s < 25 s < 15 s < 75 s
3 < 50 s < 250 s < 75 s < 375 s
4 unspecified
Examples for GPRS Device Classes
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 366
8.3 GPRS
Class Receiving Slots Sending SlotsMaximum
Number of Slots
1 1 1 2
2 2 1 3
3 2 2 3
5 2 2 4
8 4 1 5
10 4 2 5
12 4 4 5
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 3
GPRS User Data Rates in kbit/s
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 367
Licensing Example: UMTS in Germany, August 18, 2000
• UTRA-FDD:
Uplink 1920-1980 MHz
Downlink 2110-2170 MHz
duplex spacing 190 MHz
12 channels, each 5 MHz
• UTRA-TDD:
1900-1920 MHz,
2010-2025 MHz;
5 MHz channels
• Coverage of the population
25% until 12/2003
50% until 12/2005
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 400
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Sum: 50.81 billion €
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 20
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS Architecture (Release 99 used here!)
• UTRAN (UTRA Network)
Cell level mobility
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
• UE (User Equipment)
• CN (Core Network)
Inter system handover
Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 401
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS Domains and Interfaces I
• User Equipment Domain Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
• Infrastructure Domain Shared among all users
Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 402
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 21
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS Domains and Interfaces II
• Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)
Functions for encryption and authentication of users
Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
• Mobile Equipment Domain
Functions for radio transmission
User interface for establishing/maintaining end-to-end connections
• Access Network Domain
Access network dependent functions
• Core Network Domain
Access network independent functions
Serving Network Domain
Network currently responsible for communication
Home Network Domain
Location and access network independent functions
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 403
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Spreading and Scrambling of User Data
• Constant chipping rate of 3.84 Mchip/s
• Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors
higher data rate: less chips per bit and vice versa
• User separation via unique, quasi orthogonal scrambling codes
users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes
much simpler management of codes: each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes
precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 404
data1 data2 data3
scramblingcode1
spr.code3
spr.code2
spr.code1
data4 data5
scramblingcode2
spr.code4
spr.code1
sender1 sender2
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 22
OVSF Coding
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 405
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
1
1,1
1,-1
1,1,1,1
1,1,-1,-1
X
X,X
X,-X 1,-1,1,-1
1,-1,-1,1
1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1
1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1
1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1
1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1
1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1
1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8
SF=n SF=2n
...
...
...
...
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS FDD Frame Structure
W-CDMA
• 1920-1980 MHz uplink
• 2110-2170 MHz downlink
• chipping rate: 3.840 Mchip/s
• soft handover
• QPSK
• complex power control (1500 power control cycles/s)
• spreading: UL: 4-256 DL:4-512
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 406
0 1 2 12 13 14...
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
666.7 µs
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
666.7 µs
666.7 µs
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips, 10 bits
2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...6)
TFCI
2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...7)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCH
FBI: Feedback InformationTPC: Transmit Power ControlTFCI: Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel
Slot structure NOT for user separation but synchronization for periodic functions!
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 23
8.5 UMTS/ITM-2000
Typical UTRA-FDD Uplink Data Rates
User data rate [kbit/s] 12.2 (voice) 64 144 384
DPDCH [kbit/s] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbit/s] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 407
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS TDD Frame Structure (Burst Type 2)
TD-CDMA
• 2560 chips per slot
• spreading: 1-16
• symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to UL/DL(min. 1 per direction)
• tight synchronization needed
• simpler power control(100-800 power control cycles/s)
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 408
0 1 2 12 13 14...
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
666.7 µs
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP: guard period96 chips2560 chips
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 24
UTRAN Architecture
• UTRAN comprises several RNSs
• Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
• RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
• Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC: Radio Network Controller
RNS: Radio Network Subsystem
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 409
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
UTRAN Functions
• Admission control
• Congestion control
• System information broadcasting
• Radio channel encryption
• Handover
• SRNS moving
• Radio network configuration
• Channel quality measurements
• Macro diversity
• Radio carrier control
• Radio resource control
• Data transmission over the radio interface
• Outer loop power control (FDD and TDD)
• Channel coding
• Access control
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 410
8.5 UTMS/IMT-2000
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 25
Core Network: Protocols
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 411
8.5 UMTS/ITM-2000
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1: PDH, SDH, SONET
Layer 2: ATM
Layer 3: IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTN/ISDN
PDN (X.25),Internet (IP)
UTRAN
CN
Core Network: Architecture
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 412
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 26
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Core Network
The Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu, too, are separated into two logical domains:
• Circuit Switched Domain (CSD) Circuit switched service incl. signaling
• Release 99 uses the GSM/GPRS network and adds a new radio access! Helps to save a lot of money …
Much faster deployment
Not as flexible as newer releases (5, 6)
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 413
UMTS Protocol Stacks (User Plane)
Circuit Switched Packet Switched
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 414
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
apps. &protocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
UuIuCSUE UTRAN 3G
MSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps. &protocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLC
AAL5
ATM
AAL5
ATM
UDP/IP
PDCP
RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2
L1
UDP/IP
L2
L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP, PPP,…
IP, PPP,…
IP tunnel
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 27
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Support of Mobility: Macro Diversity
• Multicasting of data via several physical channels
Enables soft handover
FDD mode only
• Uplink
simultaneous reception of UE data at several Node Bs
Reconstruction of data at Node B, SRNC or DRNC
• Downlink
Simultaneous transmission of data via different cells
Different spreading codes in different cells
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 415
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Support of Mobility: Handover
• From and to other systems (e.g., UMTS to GSM)
This is a must as UMTS coverage will be poor in the beginning
• RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
• RNS offering additional resources (e.g., for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
• End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS
Change of SRNS requires change of Iu
Initiated by the SRNS
Controlled by the RNC and CN
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 416
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CN
Iu
Node BIub
Node BIub
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 28
Example Handover Types in UMTS/GSM
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 417
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
Iu
Node B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
Breathing Cells
• GSM
Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station
Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
• UMTS
Cell size closely correlated to the cell capacity
Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity
Noise generated by interference from other cells and other users of the same cell
Interference increases noise level
Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max. power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
Limitation of the max. number of users within a cell required
Cell breathing complicates network planning
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 418
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 29
Breathing Cells: Example
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 419
8.5 UMTS / IMT-2000
8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000
UMTS Services (Originally)
• Data transmission service profiles
• Virtual Home Environment (VHE) Enables access to personalized data independent of location, access network, and device
Network operators may offer new services without changing the network
Integration of existing IN services
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 420
Service Profile Bandwidth Transport Mode Comments
High Interactive MM 128 kb/s Circuit-switched Bidirectional, Video Telephony
High MM 2 Mb/s Packet-switched Low Coverage, max. 6 km/h
Medium MM 384 kb/s Packet-switched Asymmetrical, MM, Downloads
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 433
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Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 434
8.7 LTE
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Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 37
8.8 5G/IMT-2020
On the Way to 5G
5G (IMT-2020) with the following (ambitious) goals:
• Increase of data rate by factor 100 compared to LTE (i.e. up to 10 Gb/s)
• Increase of capacity by factor 1000
• Addressing of 100 billion mobile devices worldwide at a time
• Extremely low latency ping below 1 ms
• Energy saving by factor 1000 per transmitted bit
• 90% less power consumption
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 435
Source: http://www.lte-anbieter.info/5g/
8.8 5G/IMT-2020
5th Generation
• Tactile Internet
• Said to be introduced in the early 2020s
IMT 2020
• Main goals:
Efficiency with low cost
High bit rate using dynamic spectrum access
Convergence of fiber and wireless network
• Application scenarios
Internet of Things (IoT)
Integration of MANETs
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 436
Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Prof. Jochen Seitz 38
References
References
• Al Agha, Khaldoun; Pujolle, Guy; Ali-Yahiya, Tara (2016): Mobile and Wireless Networks. London, Hoboken, NJ: ISTE Ltd.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Networks & Telecommunications Series. Advanced Networks Set, Volume 2).
• Commsbrief (2017): Mobile Networks Made Easy. A Simplified View of Mobile Networks for Professional Audience. Commsbrief Limited.
• Lin, Yi-Bing; Chlamtac, Imrich (2001): Wireless and Mobile Network Architectures. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Sauter, Martin (2017): From GSM to LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G. An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband. 3rd edition. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Smith, Clint; Collins, Daniel (2014): Wireless Networks. Design and Integration for LTE, EVDO, HSPA and WiMAX. 3rd edition. New York, Blacklick: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.
Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 437