Proc. IODP | Volume 313 doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.313.201.2014 Mountain, G., Proust, J.-N., McInroy, D., Cotterill, C., and the Expedition 313 Scientists Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 313 Abstract During Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 313 on the New Jersey shallow shelf, sandy shallow-marine late Eocene to middle Miocene sediments were successfully drilled at three sites (M0027, M0028, and M0029). From the upper unconsolidated in- tervals, ~634 m thick overall, a total of 275 sediment samples were analyzed for grain-size distributions. Average (arithmetic mean) grain size ranges from fine silt to coarse sand, passing from medium silt to medium sand because of the limited occurrence of coarse silt and fine sand. Silty sediments dominate overall, and clay-dominated sediments were not recognized. Average grain- size data plotted on the equivalent intervals of geologic columnar sections show that stratigraphic changes concordantly reflect lith- ology and sequence stratigraphy at all three sites. Grain-size fre- quency curves of measured sediment samples can be divided into 16 silt and 8 sand sediment types on the basis of shape, mode po- sition, grain size range, and volume of skewed coarser or finer grain components. Lithostratigraphic changes are concordant to average grain-size curves and sequence stratigraphy, in general. Introduction During Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 313, Miocene intervals of midshelf clinoforms were drilled in the New Jersey shallow shelf at three sites (M0027, M0028, and M0029), complementing the coastal plain to slope core data sets and building a large “New Jersey transect” across the U.S. Atlantic passive margin. Despite the difficulties of coring in the sandy shallow shelf, Expedition 313 successfully collected a total of 1311 m of core with ~80% recovery for target intervals (see the “Expedition 313 summary” chapter [Expedition 313 Scientists, 2010a]). The main goals of Expedition 313 were to estimate the time, amplitudes, rates, and mechanisms of sea level change and to evaluate sequence stratigraphic facies models that predict de- positional environments, sediment compositions, and stratal ge- ometries in response to sea level change. The lithostratigraphic descriptions of split cores show sand-, sandy silt-, and silt-dominated continuous successions of shallow- marine (shoreface to shelf) sediments developed in the late Eo- cene to middle Miocene that form more than 10 sedimentary cy- cles. These sediments seem to reflect 50–100 m sea level changes Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene successions, IODP Expedition 313 Sites M0027, M0028, and M0029, New Jersey shallow shelf 1 Hisao Ando, 2 Miho Oyama, 3 and Futoshi Nanayama 4 Chapter contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Methods and materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1 Ando, H., Oyama, M., and Nanayama, F., 2014. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene successions, IODP Expedition 313 Sites M0027, M0028, and M0029, New Jersey shallow shelf. In Mountain, G., Proust, J.-N., McInroy, D., Cotterill, C., and the Expedition 313 Scientists, Proc. IODP, 313: Tokyo (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.313.201.2014 2 Ibaraki University, Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Science, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan. [email protected]3 Ibaraki University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310- 8512, Japan. 4 Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Site 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan.
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Proc. IODP | Volume 313
Mountain, G., Proust, J.-N., McInroy, D., Cotterill, C., and the Expedition 313 ScientistsProceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 313
Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene successions, IODP Expedition 313 Sites M0027, M0028, and M0029,
1Ando, H., Oyama, M., and Nanayama, F., 2014. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene successions, IODP Expedition 313 Sites M0027, M0028, and M0029, New Jersey shallow shelf. In Mountain, G., Proust, J.-N., McInroy, D., Cotterill, C., and the Expedition 313 Scientists, Proc. IODP, 313: Tokyo (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.313.201.20142Ibaraki University, Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Science, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan. [email protected] University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan.4Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Site 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan.
AbstractDuring Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 313 on theNew Jersey shallow shelf, sandy shallow-marine late Eocene tomiddle Miocene sediments were successfully drilled at three sites(M0027, M0028, and M0029). From the upper unconsolidated in-tervals, ~634 m thick overall, a total of 275 sediment sampleswere analyzed for grain-size distributions. Average (arithmeticmean) grain size ranges from fine silt to coarse sand, passing frommedium silt to medium sand because of the limited occurrence ofcoarse silt and fine sand. Silty sediments dominate overall, andclay-dominated sediments were not recognized. Average grain-size data plotted on the equivalent intervals of geologic columnarsections show that stratigraphic changes concordantly reflect lith-ology and sequence stratigraphy at all three sites. Grain-size fre-quency curves of measured sediment samples can be divided into16 silt and 8 sand sediment types on the basis of shape, mode po-sition, grain size range, and volume of skewed coarser or finergrain components. Lithostratigraphic changes are concordant toaverage grain-size curves and sequence stratigraphy, in general.
IntroductionDuring Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition313, Miocene intervals of midshelf clinoforms were drilled in theNew Jersey shallow shelf at three sites (M0027, M0028, andM0029), complementing the coastal plain to slope core data setsand building a large “New Jersey transect” across the U.S. Atlanticpassive margin. Despite the difficulties of coring in the sandyshallow shelf, Expedition 313 successfully collected a total of1311 m of core with ~80% recovery for target intervals (see the“Expedition 313 summary” chapter [Expedition 313 Scientists,2010a]). The main goals of Expedition 313 were to estimate thetime, amplitudes, rates, and mechanisms of sea level change andto evaluate sequence stratigraphic facies models that predict de-positional environments, sediment compositions, and stratal ge-ometries in response to sea level change.
The lithostratigraphic descriptions of split cores show sand-,sandy silt-, and silt-dominated continuous successions of shallow-marine (shoreface to shelf) sediments developed in the late Eo-cene to middle Miocene that form more than 10 sedimentary cy-cles. These sediments seem to reflect 50–100 m sea level changes
H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
controlled by global eustasy, high sediment supply,and some local factors during the time interval from34 to 13 Ma (see the “Expedition 313 summary”chapter [Expedition 313 Scientists, 2010a; Miller etal., 2013a, 2013b]).
Our purpose is to detect stratigraphic trends of Mio-cene successions by analyzing the drilled sedimentsfor characteristics of grain size, grain-size frequency,and changes in distribution and by constructingmean grain-size curves. Saito (1996) and Hoyanagiand Omura (2001) analyzed grain sizes in the Pleisto-cene muddy successions of the New Jersey shelfslope (Ocean Drilling Program [ODP] Leg 150) andshelf margin (ODP Leg 174A). However, our targetintervals are Miocene shallow-marine successionsdrilled on the New Jersey shallow shelf.
Methods and materials
Premeasurement treatment of sediment samples
Siliciclastic sediments drilled from three sites of Ex-pedition 313 on the New Jersey shallow shelf (Fig.F1) often include biogenic materials (e.g., organicmatter and calcareous and siliceous biogenic skele-tons such as foraminifers, nannoplankton, radiolar-ians, diatoms, etc.). Before analyzing the sedimentgrain size, all organic materials were dissolved usingthe particle degradation treatment described below.
After drying a subsample of 5–8 g taken from each 20cm3 or 10 g of sediment, it was first degraded intoparticles through pounding semisolid parts softlyand carefully in an agate mortar using a pestle. Todissolve organic material, the sediment sample firstsoaked in 5–8 cm3 of 0.1 M H2O2 solution in a testtube for a day at room temperature. After adding 3–6cm3 of 0.1 M H2O2, the tube was then kept in a shak-ing water bath for 1 h at 30°C and a 100 rpm shakingrate. Following shaking, the sample was kept in awarm water bath at 50°C for 1 day. After cooling toambient temperature, the tube was filled by addingdistilled water and centrifuged for 1 h at 3400 rpm.After removing the upper clean layer and adding dis-tilled water, the sediment was centrifuged twicemore. The sediment was then dried for a few days ina thermostatic oven. As a last procedure the sedi-ment was again degraded into particles by softly andcarefully pounding semisolid parts, using a pestle inan agate mortar. Ultrasonic vibration for particledegradation was not used in order to avoid particlebreakage.
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MeasurementWe used two analyzers installed at the GeologicalSurvey of Japan, the LA-300 for silt-sized sedimentsfiner than fine sand and the CAMSIZER for sand-sized sediments, both of which are made by HoribaCo. Ltd. (www.horiba.com/). The LA-300 is a laserscattering particle-size distribution analyzer with ameasurable size range from 0.1 to 600 µm. Electricalsignals corresponding to the intensity of the scat-tered light are used to calculate the size distributionof particles, based on the Mie scattering theory. Inthis study, we measured sediment samples under arelative refraction index as 120-001i. After adjust-ment of the optical axis, samples were put into a dis-persion medium chamber and measured with a laserlight transmission rate of 85%–90%. A data set ofeach measurement is divided into 64 logarithmicallyequally spaced classes between 0.1 and 600 µm. Theinstalled software calculates major statistical parame-ters.
A particle analyzer with digital image processing(CAMSIZER) uses two digital (CCD) cameras for themeasurable range from 30 µm to 30 mm. A data setof each measurement is divided into 40 logarithmi-cally equally spaced classes between –3.0 and 6.0 φwith intervals of 0.2 φ. Using Microsoft Excel soft-ware, four major statistical parameters were calcu-lated.
Tables T1, T2, and T3 show four statistical parame-ters such as mean, median, mode of grain size, andstandard deviation for each sample measurement.
MaterialsA total of 275 sediment samples were measured fromthe three sites. The measurable horizons at the threesites are approximately within the unconsolidatedupper half of the drilled sections, representing thick-ness ranges of 293, 177, and 164 m at Sites M0027,M0028, and M0029, respectively, and a total of634 m.
Site M0027A total of 135 unconsolidated sediment samples suit-able for measurements were obtained from Cores313-M0027A-66X (195 meters composite depth[mcd]) to 170R (489 mcd) (293 m thick). Consoli-dated sediments abundant in authigenic glaucony(glauconite) grains were unfit for analysis fromdepths below Core 171R and so were the poorly re-coverable horizons above Core 65X.
In general, we took one sample from each core in thesilt-sized sediment intervals and from each section in
H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
the sand-sized sediments, except for horizons dis-turbed during drilling or core splitting. Of the 135samples, 99 came from muddy to very fine sandysediments that were measured using the LA-300,whereas 36 samples from fine to coarse sandy sedi-ments were measured using the CAMSIZER.
Site M0028At Site M0028, we selected a total of 80 samples fromunconsolidated and well-recovered intervals of Cores313-M0028A-14R to 38R (257–323 mcd; 66 m) and79R to 114R (412–523 mcd; 111 m). We generallytook one sample from each core except for the hori-zons disturbed during drilling or core splitting. Theinterval between Cores 39R and 78R (323–412 mcd)is heterogeneously consolidated and poorly recov-ered at large. Among 80 samples, 73 were measuredby the LA-300 and the others were measured by theCAMSIZER.
Site M0029At Site M0029, a total of 60 samples were selectedfrom unconsolidated intervals of Cores 313-M0029A-50R to 84R (280–379 mcd; 99 m) and 111Rto 133R (457–522 mcd; 65 m). We generally took onesample from each core. Twelve sand-sized sedimentswere measured by the CAMSIZER and the rest weremeasured by the LA-300.
Results
Types of grain-size frequency curvesThe grain-size frequency curves for the samples fromthe three sites drawn by the installed software in theLA-300 and CAMSIZER are divided into 16 silt and 8sand types on the basis of their curve shape, modeposition, grain size range, and volume of skewedcoarser or finer grain components. These curves re-flect altogether the nature of the source area, the ero-sion processes, and sediment transportation history.
Silt sediment typesFigure F2 shows the representative histograms andcumulative volume curves of 16 types (Types 1–16)of grain-size frequency distributions in 220 silt sam-ples finer than fine sand. The three most frequenttypes, namely Types 6, 10, and 7, reach 45%, 14.5%,and 10%, respectively, as a whole and occupy ~70%of the total (Table T4). No other type exceeds 4%.The frequency of types varies depending on the site.Among the three sites, Site M0029 is more variable,though the number of measured samples is thesmallest. The following is a brief description of eachcurve type:
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• Types 1 and 2: the mode generally shows symmet-rical pyramidal shapes on the fine silt class, butType 1 has a smaller amount of finer clay frac-tions. Both types have gently concave left (finer)and concave right (coarser) lower slopes.Although Type 1 is the finest among 16 types,both Types 1 and 2 can be classified as clayey silt.Both of the types are recognized in three samplesfrom Site M0027. Three samples from Site M0028are Type 1, and one sample from Site M0029 isType 2.
• Type 3: this type is recognized only in one samplefrom Site M0029; it is characterized by a bimodalshape with the higher mode on fine silt and thelower on very fine sand. This type is classified asvery fine sandy silt.
• Type 4: the mode has a nearly symmetrical, trian-gular shape with a gently concave right lowerslope. This type is classified as silt and is recog-nized in two samples from both Sites M0027 andM0029.
• Type 5: though similar to Type 6 in its generalmode curve shape, Type 5 has an acute peakbetween fine to medium silt with a more concaveand long left slope. Type 5 is classified as silt andis observed in four samples from Site M0027 andin one sample from Site M0029.
• Type 6: this type is the most frequent type foundin silty sediment samples from all three of thesites. It reaches 53.5% and 49.3% at Sites M0027and M0028, respectively, but decreases to 20.8%at Site M0029. This type has a leftward skewedasymmetric shape with a mode on medium siltand gently concave slopes on both sides. Type 6 isclassified as silt as well as Types 4 and 5.
• Type 7: the mode has a pyramidal symmetricalform, both flat sides and a peak at medium silt. Itincludes <20% of very fine to fine sand. Thus, thistype is classified as slightly sandy silt. This is thethird most common type at the three sites andoccurs adjacent to Type 6 horizons.
• Type 8: the mode is somewhat similar in shape toType 7 except for the convex-up coarser side oncoarse silt and very fine sand. This type is classi-fied as sandy silt and is observed in 1–3 samples ateach site.
• Type 9: the mode forms a round-top asymmetricalshape with a peak at medium to coarse silt andincludes >20%–30% very fine to medium sand.Type 9 is classified as very sandy silt and isobserved in one to four samples of the three sites.
• Type 10: the mode is similar in its asymmetricaltriangular general shape to Type 6, but its peak issituated on medium to coarse silt. Though Type
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H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
10 is also similar to Type 9, it has an angular modewith flat left and slightly concave right sides. Type10 is the second most common type found at allthe three sites. This type is classified as slightlysandy silt. Four types (Types 7–10) can be gener-ally classified as sandy silt.
• Type 11: although classified as poorly sortedsandy silt as well as Type 9, this type is character-ized by a mode with convex-up left side and a dis-tinct peak at coarse silt to very fine sand. Themode is somewhat similar to Type 9 in generalshape and the flat lower part of the both sides,though the top surfaces differ. Type 11 is recog-nized in one sample from Site M0027 and in fivesamples from Site M0029.
• Type 12: the mode has an acute peak on coarse siltto very fine sand with a skewed toward finer, longleft lower slope. This can be classified as silty veryfine sand. Type 12 was found only in five samplesat Site M0029.
• Types 13 and 14: these types are classified as sandysilt, have modes with similar shapes with peaks atmedium silt, and have shoulderlike convexity invery fine and fine sand classes. As Type 14includes more coarser components, its mode has aconspicuous convex form in the right side. Thismeans that Type 14 is coarser than Type 13 as awhole. Type 13 is recognized in two samples atSite M0027 and in six samples at Site M0028, andType 14 is seen in two samples at Site M0027 andin three samples at Site M0029.
• Types 15 and 16: these types are characteristicbimodal shapes within a wide range of grain size,indicating poorly sorted silt to sand sediments:the mode for Type 15 has a set of left lower andright higher peaks at fine silt and very fine sand,respectively. Type 15 very sandy silt is onlydetected in three samples at Site M0029. Type 16mode has two similarly high peaks situated on thecoarser side, namely medium silt and fine sand.Furthermore, Type 16 contains common mediumsand grains. Type 16 very silty fine sand is recog-nized in two samples at Site M0027 and in foursamples at Site M0029.
Sandy sediment typesFigure F3 shows the representative histograms andcumulative volume curves of eight types (A–H) ofgrain-size frequency distributions in a total of 55sandy samples from the three sites measured by theCAMSIZER.
Three curve types, namely Types A, B, and C, showmonomodal simple curves and occupy 85% of thetotal measured samples (Table T4). No other type ex-
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ceeds 6% of the total. Their frequency varies depend-ing on sites, though the numbers of measured sam-ples are smaller than in silty sediments. Each type isbriefly described below.
Types A–C have monomodal shapes with peaks inmedium sand and both upper steep and lower con-cave slopes, showing relatively well sorted sand sedi-ments. Types D–H are observed only in one or twosamples at Site M0027, except for Type F, which isfound in a sample at Site M0028. These types arepoorly sorted sediments and show characteristicgrain-size frequency curves different from TypesA–C.
• Type A differs from Types B and C; the mode isskewed toward finer and the shape is asymmetri-cal, with the gentle concave left slope finer thanmedium sand. Type A medium to coarse sand isrecognized in two samples from each site.
• Type B is characterized by a mode with symmetri-cal shape with an acute and high (leptokurtic)peak and both steep concave slopes, indicatingwell-sorted medium to coarse sand deposits. TypeB is common at all three sites.
• Type C has the left side steep and leftward-con-tinuing low skirt, showing a small amount of finercomponents than fine sand. The right half is simi-lar to Type B in the rightward concave shape. TypeC (medium to coarse sand deposits) is abundant atSite M0027 but was not found at Site M0029.
• Type D is characterized by a mode with a centralhigh peak on medium to coarse sand and bothsides smooth and flat over a wide range of grainsizes, indicating that this sediment is very poorlysorted. Type D also includes very coarse sand andgranule gravel.
• Type E has a trapezoidal shape with a gently right-ward-inclined flat top (fine to coarse sand) andsymmetrically inclined sides.
• Type F is characterized by a mode with left-sidesteep slope and right-side gentle slope and a peakbetween medium and coarse sand. It includesgranules and a small amount of small pebbles.Therefore, Type F granule-bearing medium tocoarse sand is a very poorly sorted sediment simi-lar to Types D and G.
• Type G has a conspicuous bimodal shape with theleft peak on fine sand and the right peak betweencoarse and very coarse sand. Type G poorly sortedfine to very coarse sand includes a small amountof granules and small pebbles.
• Type H is a medium to very coarse sand with gran-ules. Its mode peaks at medium sand, though itincludes a large amount of coarse to very coarse
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H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
sand. The mode for Type H has a very steep leftslope side and a gentle right slope.
Stratigraphic trends of average grain-size variations
The four parameters of mean, median, mode, andstandard deviation calculated from the measuredgrain-size data generally show similar stratigraphictrends at each site. Average grain-size (arithmeticmean) data are representatively plotted on the mea-sured intervals of geologic columnar sections in Fig-ures F4, F5, and F6.
Mean grain size of a total of 275 measured sedimentsamples ranges from silt to coarse sand. Silty sedi-ments dominate as a whole. Clayey silt was recog-nized only in a few samples from 207 to 196 mcd atSite M0027. Clay-dominated horizons are not de-tected in our grain-size analyses, though visual coredescriptions (VCD) describe the common occurrenceof clay sediments (see the “Expedition 313 sum-mary” chapter [Expedition 313 Scientists, 2010a]). Itis worth noting that the mean grain size of measuredsamples from the three sites is differentiated as fine–medium silt and medium–coarse sand due to thelimited occurrence of coarse silt to fine sand.
Site M0027Figure F4 shows the stratigraphic trends of averagegrain-size variations for 135 measured sediment sam-ples from the interval Cores 313-M0027A-170R to66X (489–195 mcd). In the intervals 475–415 and336–197 mcd, medium to coarse silt is largely domi-nant. The sediments between 208 and 197 mcd arecomposed of fine silt to clayey silt and are the finestamong measured horizons of the three sites. Con-spicuous stratigraphic changes in mean grain size arenot observed within these silty intervals, but a fewsubtle fining-upward trends from 30–40 to 10–20 µmcan be recognized in the intervals 478–463, 314–295and 250–240 mcd. Small-scale oscillations and kinkswithin the 336–197 mcd interval seem to occur nearthe sequence boundary horizons or to reflect thestacking patterns of sequences described by Miller etal. (2013a). Furthermore, the coarsening-upwardtrend from 22 to 36 µm can be recognized in thelowest interval of 487–478 mcd.
In sandy intervals 357–336 mcd and 408–366 mcd,medium to coarse sand ranging from 0.250 to 0.800mm is dominant, except for a few intercalated siltlaminae/thin layers. The most conspicuous coarsen-ing-upward trend is recognized from 415 to 396mcd, from medium silt to coarse sand (31–564 µm).The coarsening-upward trend continues until 366mcd, though slight grain size changes from medium
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to coarse sand occur. This trend corresponds to theupward-shallowing lithostratigraphic changes de-scribed in the “Site M0027” chapter (Expedition 313Scientists, 2010b) and Miller et al. (2013a)
Above the poorly recovered horizon at 366–357 mcd,a few oscillations within the 360–806 µm range (me-dium to coarse sand) are recognizable in the 357–336mcd interval, similar in shape to the equivalent hori-zon of total gamma ray curves (see the “Site M0027”chapter [Expedition 313 Scientists, 2010b]).
Site M0028Mean grain size in silty sediments from measured in-tervals 523–415 and 323–270 mcd narrowly rangesbetween 20 and 50 µm within medium to coarse silt,showing only subtle stratigraphic changes (Fig. F5).Within the interval 450–415 mcd, two coarsening-upward trends are detectable at 450–435 and 432–416 mcd. These seem to correspond to lithology tosome extent. It is notable that the interval 441–415mcd shows finer measured results due to transitionalsediments from very fine/fine sandy silt to silty veryfine sand, because the same interval was mainly de-fined as very fine/fine sand in the lithology columnby VCD (see the “Site M0028” chapter [Expedition313 Scientists, 2010c]). As sandy sediments are mea-sured only in seven samples from Site M0028, strati-graphic changes are not well defined.
Site M0029Though there are fewer measured samples at thissite, silty sediments at Site M0029 are coarser than atSites M0027 and M0028, ranging from 15 to 100 µm(Fig. F5). Mean grain size shows more distinctivestratigraphic changes between medium and very finesand at the intervals 522–475 mcd and especially378–310 mcd, generally corresponding to lithologyand sequence stratigraphy (see the “Site M0029”chapter [Expedition 313 Scientists, 2010d]). On theother hand, sandy sediments are slightly finer thanat Site M0027.
Stratigraphic trends of types of grain-size distribution
Types of grain-size distribution are not necessarilyquantitative characteristics; however, grain sizechanges at all three sites are considerably concordantto lithology, average grain-size curves, and sequencestratigraphy (Figs. F4, F5, and F6).
Site M0027Among the measured silty sediment samples, Type 6is common and is associated with Types 5 and 7–10.The coarsening-upward trend in mean grain size
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H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
from 415 to 396 mcd appears to be parallel to thechange from Type 9 to Type 16. Type C is abundantin the sandy sediment interval 409–366 mcd, exceptfor the lowest three samples, which are Types A andB, and for one sample at 378.24 mcd, which is TypeH. In the upper sandy interval 357–336 mcd, fre-quent changes among seven types (A–G) generallyseem to correspond to a few small-scale oscillationsin average grain size, suggesting some relation to theglauconite-bearing lithology (see the “Site M0027”chapter [Expedition 313 Scientists, 2010b]).
Site M0028As silty sediments dominate among the measuredsamples, Type 6 is common and is associated withTypes 7–10 as at Site M0027. In the interval 440–424mcd, the upper part of Sequence m5.34, Type 13 iscommon. The interval 450–415 mcd shows two sub-tle coarsening-upward trends in mean grain size,whereas types of grain-size distributions also changetwice concordantly in general. Seven measuredsandy samples are divided into two samples each ofType A, B, and C and one sample of Type F.
Site M0029Curves of both mean grain size and type of grain-sizedistribution show nearly the same trends, especiallyabove 360 mcd, also broadly corresponding to litho-logy and sequence stratigraphy. Some turnoff pointsin the type of grain-size distribution and mean grainsize in some cases correspond to sequence boundar-ies (e.g., Sequences m4.2 and m.4.1). Therefore, thismeans that both parameters are closely related toeach other.
ConclusionsWe analyzed grain-size distributions of a total of 275sediment samples from unconsolidated Miocenehorizons from three sites (135 samples at SiteM0027, 80 samples at Site M0028, and 60 samples atSite M0029). Their horizons cover approximately theupper half of Sites M0027, M0028, and M0029, rang-ing 293, 177, and 164 m, respectively, a total intervalof 634 m. Mean grain size of measured samples fromthree sites ranges from silt to coarse sand; however, itis differentiated to fine–medium silt and medium–coarse sand due to a limited occurrence of coarse siltto fine sand. Silty sediments dominate as a whole,and clay-dominated sediments were not recognized.Mean grain-size data plotted on the equivalent inter-vals of geologic columnar sections show several stra-tigraphic changes concordantly reflecting lithologyand sequence stratigraphy at all three sites. Grain-size frequency curves of silty sediment samples mea-
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sured by the laser scattering particle size distributionanalyzer can be divided into 16 types on the basis ofthe mode shape and position, range of grain size,and volume of skewed coarser or finer grain compo-nents. Grain-size frequency curves of sandy sedi-ments measured by particle analyzer with digital im-age processing can be also divided into 8 types.These types of grain-size frequency distributions alsoshow several stratigraphic changes considerably con-cordant to lithology mean grain-size curves and se-quence stratigraphy in general.
AcknowledgmentsWe thank the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program(IODP), ECORD Science Operator (EOS), and BremenCore Repository (BCR) staff for helping and support-ing our sediment sampling. We also thank Dr. Greg-ory S. Mountain and Dr. Jean-Noel Proust and scien-tists of Expedition 313 for giving an opportunity tocontribute this paper to the IODP publication andtheir collaboration during the onshore party and thepostcruise meeting. We appreciate Dr. James V.Browning of Rutgers University for helpful reviews ofthe original manuscript. This research has been fi-nancially supported in part by Japan Drilling EarthScience Consortium (J-DESC) and Japan Agency forMarine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC).
mary. In Mountain, G., Proust, J.-N., McInroy, D., Cot-terill, C., and the Expedition 313 Scientists, Proc. IODP, 313: Tokyo (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Manage-ment International, Inc.). doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.313.101.2010
Expedition 313 Scientists, 2010b. Site M0027. In Moun-tain, G., Proust, J.-N., McInroy, D., Cotterill, C., and the Expedition 313 Scientists, Proc. IODP, 313: Tokyo (Inte-grated Ocean Drilling Program Management Interna-tional, Inc.). doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.313.103.2010
Expedition 313 Scientists, 2010c. Site M0028. In Moun-tain, G., Proust, J.-N., McInroy, D., Cotterill, C., and the Expedition 313 Scientists, Proc. IODP, 313: Tokyo (Inte-grated Ocean Drilling Program Management Interna-tional, Inc.). doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.313.104.2010
Expedition 313 Scientists, 2010d. Site M0029. In Moun-tain, G., Proust, J.-N., McInroy, D., Cotterill, C., and the Expedition 313 Scientists, Proc. IODP, 313: Tokyo (Inte-grated Ocean Drilling Program Management Interna-tional, Inc.). doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.313.105.2010
Hoyanagi, K., and Omura, A., 2001. Data report: grain-size analysis of Pleistocene cores from ODP Sites 1071, 1072, and 1073, New Jersey margin. In Christie-Blick, N., Aus-tin, J.A., Jr., and Malone, M.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 174A: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Pro-gram), 1–18. doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.174A.159.2002
H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
Miller, K.G., Browning, J.V., Mountain, G.S., Bassetti, M.A., Monteverde, D., Katz, M.E., Inwood, J., Lofi, J., and Proust, J.-N., 2013a. Sequence boundaries are imped-ance contrasts: core-seismic-log integration of Oligo-cene–Miocene sequences, New Jersey shallow shelf. Geosphere, 9(5):1257–1285. doi:10.1130/GES00858.1
Miller, K.G., Mountain, G.S., Browning, J.V., Katz, M.E., Monteverde, D., Sugarman, P.J., Ando, H., Bassetti, M.A., Bjerrum, C.J., Hodgson, D., Hesselbo, S., Karakaya, S., Proust, J.-N., and Rabineau, M., 2013b. Testing sequence stratigraphic models by drilling Mio-cene foresets on the New Jersey shallow shelf. Geosphere, 9(5):1236–1256. doi:10.1130/GES00884.1
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Saito, Y., 1996. Grain-size and sediment-color variations of Pleistocene slope sediments off New Jersey. In Moun-tain, G.S., Miller, K.G., Blum, P., Poag, C.W., and Twichell, D.C. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 150: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 229–239. doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150.018.1996
Initial receipt: 28 February 2013Acceptance: 21 February 2014Publication: 16 May 2014MS 313-201
H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
Figure F1. Location of Sites M0027, M0028, and M0029 on the New Jersey continental margin (from Expe-dition 313 Scientists, 2010a). MAT = Mid-Atlantic Transect, ODP = Ocean Drilling Program, DSDP = Deep SeaDrilling Project.
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DelmarvaPeninsula
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ont
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Mid-Atlantic transect
AMCOR
DSDP
Oil exploration
Proposed MAT
Seismic profiles
Oc270
CH0698
Ew9009
Drill sites
Offshore ODP
Hole M0027AHole M0028A
Hole M0029A
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Cape May
Bass RiverAncora
Millville
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Site 1072
Site 1073
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View
Island
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Ocean
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Site 903 Site 904
Site 905
Site 902
Site 906
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Proc. IODP | Volume 313 8
H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
Figure F2. Sixteen types of grain-size frequency histograms and curves recognized in silty sediments, SitesM0027, M0028, and M0029. Left volume axes are somewhat different depending on histograms.
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me
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volu
me
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volu
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A
124R-1 16-18
(353.62 mbsf)
Clay
Ver
y fin
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Ver
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e
Me
diu
m
Me
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SandSilt Clay
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SandSilt
Type 1
313-M0027A-67X-2,46-47 cm (198.54 mcd)
Type 2
313-M0027A-69X-2,39-40 cm(205.90 mcd)
Type 3
313-M0029A-50R-2,38-40 cm (282.00 mcd)
Type 4
313-M0027A-102R-2,52-53 cm (294.48 mcd)
Type 5
313-M0027A-81R-2,77-80 cm (230.26 mcd)
Type 6
313-M0027A-86R-2,45-46 cm (245.61 mcd)
Type 7
313-M0028A-29R-1,130-136 cm (297.57 mcd)
Type 8
313-M0028A-30R-1,55-56.5 cm (297.68 mcd)
Type 9
313-M0028A-86R-2,26-27.5 cm (438.54 mcd)
Type 10
313-M0028A-35R-1,40-43 cm (311.92 mcd)
Type 11
313-M0027A-109R-1,60-61 cm (314.41 mcd)
Type 12
313-M0029A-73R-2, 40-42 cm (348.27 mcd)
Type 13
313-M0027A-167R-1,40-41.5 cm (478.91 mcd)
Type 14
313-M0027A-73X-2, 41-43 cm (212.79 mcd)
Type 15
313-M0029A-60R-2, 102-104 cm (310.08 mcd)
Type 16
313-M0027A-145R-1, 45-47 cm (413.36 mcd)
Proc. IODP | Volume 313 9
H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
Figure F3. Eight types of grain-size frequency histograms and curves recognized in sandy sediments, HoleM0027A.
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0.01 0.1 1 5Veryfine
GranuleMedium Verycoarse
Fine Coarse Pebble
GravelSandSilt GravelVeryfine
GranuleMedium Verycoarse
Fine Coarse Pebble
SandSilt
Type A
313-M0027A-124R-1, 16-18 cm (353.62 mcd)
Type B
313-M0027A-142R-2, 42-44 cm(404.18 mcd)
Type C
313-M0027A-129R-1, 40-42 cm (366.06 mcd)
Type D
313-M0027A-123R-1, 40-42 cm (350.81 mcd)
Type E
313-M0027A-120R-1, 37-39 cm (341.63 mcd)
Type F
313-M0027A-116R-1, 118-119.5 cm (336.34 mcd)
Type G
313-M0027A-125R-1, 33-35 cm (354.46 mcd)
Type H
313-M0027A-134R-1, 38-40 cm (378.24 mcd)
Proc. IODP | Volume 313 10
H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
Figure F4. Stratigraphic trends of average grain-size variations and types of grain-size distribution, Site M0027.Core recovery and lithology column after Expedition 313 Scientists (2010b), reflector column after Miller et al.(2013a). Grain size columns: black diamonds and solid lines indicate silty sediment samples and measurementsby laser scattering particle size distribution analyzer (LA-300), colored squares (green = Type A, orange = TypeB, red = Type C, brown = Type D, light green = Type E, gray = Type F, purple = Type G, black = Type H) and thinred solid lines indicate sandy samples measured by particle analyzer with digital image processing (CAMSIZER).Types A–H shown in Figure F3; Types 1–16 (grain-size distribution in silty sediments) shown in Figure F2. m4.1–m5.7 = sequence boundaries, MFS = maximum flooding surface, TS = transgressive surface. vf = very fine, f =fine, m = medium, c = coarse.
g g
XXXXXXX
g
g gg g
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Lithology
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Mean grain size (µm)Type of grain size distribution
H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
Figure F5. Stratigraphic trends of average grain-size variations and types of grain-size distribution, Site M0028.See Figure F4 for color and symbol definitions. Core recovery column from the “Site M0028” chapter (Expe-dition 313 Scientists, 2010c).
Mean grain size (µm)Type of grain size distribution
in sandy sediments (A-H)
CCB
A
B
F
Type of grain size distributionin silty sediments
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Proc. IODP | Volume 313 12
H. Ando et al. Data report: grain size distribution of Miocene sediment
Figure F6. Stratigraphic trends of average grain-size variations and types of grain-size distribution, Site M0029.See Figure F4 for color and symbol definitions. Core recovery column from the “Site M0029” chapter (Expe-dition 313 Scientists, 2010d).