Data Processing Basics

8/8/2019 Data Processing Basics

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DATA PROCESSING BASICS


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Multiprogrammingy CPU and Peripheral Devices comparision

y Our aim is to keep CPU busy for most of the time.

y Concurrent processing of programs

y Memory Layout

OS

Job 1

Job 2

Job 3

Job 4


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Multiprogrammingy Services provided by OS in a multiprogramming

environment:

y Memory Protection

y Concurrency Controly Multiprogramming refers to the ability of a computer

to run more than one program concurrently.


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Multiprocessingy Multiprocessing environment uses two or more CPUs

linked together to optimize data processing.

y Also known as:

y Parallel Systemy Tightly Coupled System

y Services provided by the OS:

y Scheduling and balancing

y I/Oy Processing capabilities of systems


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Multiprocessing

CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU n..

Memory

Multiprocessing Architecture


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Multiprocessing

y What is Symmetric Multiprocessing?y What is Asymmetric Multiprocessing?


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Multitaskingy Also known as Time Sharing System.

y Logical extension of multiprogramming system.

y Multitasking enables a computer to be used by morethan one user for more than one application at thesame time. (Multiple users can access the samesystem).

y Such a system switches the attention of CPU amongusers on a time basis.


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Multitasking

Ready Running

Blocked

New

Jobs

Job allocated to CPU

for Execution

Allocated time slice over

Job must wait for I/O

completionI/O Completed

Process Cycle

or

Process state Diagram


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Computer Languagesy Types of Computer languages:

y Low Level Language

y a low-level programming language is a programminglanguage that provides little or no abstraction from acomputer's instruction set architecture.

y The word "low" refers to the small or nonexistent amount ofabstraction between the language and machine language;because of this, low-level languages are sometimesdescribed as being "close to the hardware."


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Computer Languagesy Assembly Language

y An assembly language is a low-level programming languagefor computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and otherintegrated circuits.

y It implements a symbolic representation of the binarymachine codes and other constants needed to program agiven CPU architecture.

y This representation is usually defined by the hardwaremanufacturer, and is based on mnemonics.

y An assembly language is thus specific to a certain physical(or virtual) computer architecture.


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Computer Languagesy High Level Language

y A high-level programming language is a programminglanguage with strong abstraction from the details of thecomputer.

y In comparison to low-level programming languages, it mayuse natural language elements, be easier to use, or be moreportable across platforms.

y The first high-level programming language to be designedfor a computer was Plankalkl, created by Konrad Zuse


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Programming Languagesy Definition:An artificial language used to write

instructions that can be translated into machinelanguage and then executed by a computer.


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Programming Languagesy Types of programming languages:

y Assembled Languages

y Fastest of all the languages.

y

These uses assembly macro commands for equivalentmachine code command.

y Scripted Languages (Batch languages orJob ControlLanguages)

y These require a specific environment to run, and cannot run

without it.y "Scripts" are distinct from the core code of the application,

as they are usually written in a different language and areoften created or at least modified by the end-user.


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Programming Languagesy Interpreted Languages

y an interpreted language is a programming language inwhich programs are 'indirectly' executed ("interpreted") byan interpreter program. Ex. HTML, BASIC

y Compiled Languagesy A compiled language is a programming language whose

implementations are typically compilers (translators whichgenerate machine code from source code), and notinterpreters (step-by-step executors of source code, whereno translation takes place).

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