Data Management, Data Assimilation and Modeling

Data Management, Data Assimilation and Modeling

David R. MaidmentDirector, Center for Research in Water Resources

University of Texas at Austin

Presented at Subcommittee on Water Availability and Quality

National Science and Technology CouncilWashington DC, April 12, 2007

Water Availability

Water Availability

• Water Availability in Texas

• Water Availability in Australia

• Water Use in the United States

• National Monitoring and Modeling System

Water Availability



• Water Availability in the United States


Water Availability in Texas

• 1996 Texas drought– Governor Bush asks “how much water do we

have? How much are we using? How much do we need?” -- Ooops. No good answers!

• 1997 Senate Bill 1 passed by Legislature – Regionalizes water planning in Texas and

establishes surface water availability modeling

• 2001 Senate Bill 2 passed by Legislature– Establishes groundwater availability modeling

and initiates instream flow assessment

Improvements from Senate Bill 1:Water Modeling and Planning

• Before Senate Bill 1, water planning was done state-wide by TWDB

• SB1 established 14 water planning regional groups, who are now responsible for planning water supply in their area

Water Availability Modeling (TNRCC)

Improvements from Senate Bill 1: Water Availability Modeling

Rio Grande

Colorado

Brazos SulphurTrinity

Nueces

City of Austin

8000 water right

locations

23 main river basins

Inform every permit holder of thedegree of reliability of their withdrawalduring drought conditions (TCEQ)

Water Rights in the Sulphur Basin

Water right locationStream gage location

Drainage areas delineated fromDigital Elevation Models are used to estimate flow at water right locations based on flow at stream gage locations

CRWR Mission for Senate Bill 1

• CRWR (UT Austin) aids in the response to Senate Bill 1 by providing to TNRCC watershed parameters defined from geospatial data for each water right location

• These data are input by TCEQ contractors to a Water Rights Assessment Package (developed at TAMU) which determines the % chance that the water will actually be available at that location

• TCEQ sends the owner of the water right a letter specifying the availability of water

Water Availability Maps and Charts (from WRAP model output)

Plot a map for a time point Plot a graph for a space point

Space Time A set of variables ……

Space-Time Datasets

Groundwater Availability Models (Modflow)

Texas Summary

• A state-wide geospatial data system

• Monthly simulation models for surface and groundwater availability for major river basins and aquifers

• Challenges– Surface and groundwater are modeled

independently– Modeling is not “real-time”

Water Availability





CUAHSI Observations Data Model

Space-Time Datasets

Sensor and laboratory databases

Australia Summary

• Prime Minister Howard has established a 10-year, $10 billion plan for “water security”

• Includes $480 million for an Australian Water Resources Information System

• Rob Vertessy will lead this effort

• Focus on water use: “You can’t manage what you don’t measure”

Water Availability





1

State Water Use Databases - Survey undertaken with the assistance of

USGS water use specialists• Category 1 (10 states)

–Arkansas, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Vermont

• Category 2 (12 states)–Alabama, Illinois, Maryland,

Minnesota, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Utah, Virginia

• Category 3 (28 states + PR)–Alaska, Arizona, California,

Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

Category23

Monthly data on surface and groundwaterwith all diversion points known

Annual data

A mixture

Arkansas Site-Specific Water-Use Database

~50,000 points with monthly water withdrawal estimates

Surface and Groundwater Points

Groundwater: 39,100 pointsSurface water: 5,600 points

Data are reported to AWSCC in acre-ft per month or yearData are reported to USGS national summary in MGD

Number of Samples RequiredArkansas, irrigation from groundwater

Desired standard error = 549,273 MGrequires 111 samples

2

22

NV

Nn

T

Random sampling:

Total use = 5,492,730 MG

% Standard Error

No. of Samples

10% 111

5% 445

1% 8600

National Water-Use Databases

EPA SDWIS Public Water Supply Surface Water Intakes (Marilee Horn, USGS)

Economic and Population Data(Bureau of Economic Analysis)

Industrial wastewater dischargers.

(T. Dabolt, EPA)

US Water Use Summary

• Water use data varies widely by state

• Stratified random sampling is very efficient, especially for irrigation water use from groundwater

• Large national datasets of withdrawal and discharge points to surface waters exist at EPA

Water Availability





Animation

Water Resource Regions and HUC’s

NHDPlus for Region 17E

NHDPlus Reach Catchments ~ 3km2

Reach Attributes

• Slope• Elevation• Mean annual flow

– Corresponding velocity

• Drainage area• % of upstream

drainage area in different land uses

• Stream order

Groundwater Wells in USGS National Water Information System

(NWIS)

1,122,738 wells (CUAHSI catalog not complete yet)

Texas Wells Database (Texas Water Development Board)

132,195 wells

NWIS + Texas wells

Wells in Arizona

43,016 wells

Arizona Groundwater Site Inventory(ADWR-USGS)

33,868 wells

Arizona Well Registry(ADWR)

NWIS + Arizona wells

Build a federated National Wells Information System

Hydrologic Science

Hydrologic conditions(Fluxes, flows, concentrations)

Hydrologic Process Science(Equations, simulation models, prediction)

Hydrologic Information Science(Observations, data models, visualization

Hydrologic environment(Dynamic earth)

Physical laws and principles(Mass, momentum, energy, chemistry)

It is as important to represent hydrologic environments precisely with data as it is to represent hydrologic processes with equations

National Hydrologic Information System

The CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System (HIS) is a geographically distributed network of hydrologic data sources and functions that are integrated using web services so that they function as a connected whole.

Observation Stations

Ameriflux Towers (NASA & DOE) NOAA Automated Surface Observing System

USGS National Water Information System NOAA Climate Reference Network

Map for the US

Observations CatalogSpecifies what variables are measured at each site, over what time interval,

and how many observations of each variable are available

Point Observations Information Model

Data Source

Network

Sites

Variables

Values

{Value, Time, Qualifier}

USGS

Streamflow gages

Neuse River near Clayton, NC

Discharge, stage (Daily or instantaneous)

206 cfs, 13 August 2006

• A data source operates an observation network• A network is a set of observation sites• A site is a point location where one or more variables are measured• A variable is a property describing the flow or quality of water• A value is an observation of a variable at a particular time• A qualifier is a symbol that provides additional information about the value

http://www.cuahsi.org/his/webservices.html

Locations

Variable Codes

Date Ranges

WaterML and WaterOneFlow

GetSiteInfoGetVariableInfoGetValues

WaterOneFlowWeb Service

Client

STORET

NAMNWIS

DataRepositories

Data

DataData

EXTRACTTRANSFORMLOAD

WaterML

WaterML is an XML language for communicating water dataWaterOneFlow is a set of web services based on WaterML

NWISNWIS

ArcGISArcGIS

ExcelExcel

NCARNCAR

UnidataUnidata

NASANASAStoretStoret

NCDCNCDC

AmerifluxAmeriflux

MatlabMatlab

AccessAccess JavaJava

FortranFortran

Visual BasicVisual Basic

C/C++C/C++

Some operational services

CUAHSI Web ServicesCUAHSI Web Services

Data SourcesData Sources

ApplicationsApplications

Extract

Transform

Load

http://www.cuahsi.org/his/

http://www.cuahsi.org/his



HIS Server and AnalystHIS Server

Implemented at San Diego

Supercomputer Center and at

academic departments and research

centers

Implemented by individual hydrologic

scientists using their own analysis

environments

HIS Analyst

Web Services

Sustainable – industrial strength technology

Flexible – any operating system, model, programming language or application

Details of HIS Analyst are here

http://www.cuahsi.org/his/webservices.html

Animation

Data Cube

Space, L

Time, T

Variables, V

D

“What”

“Where”

“When”

A simple data model

Continuous Space-Time Model – NetCDF (Unidata)

Space, L

Time, T

Variables, V

D

Coordinate dimensions

{X}

Variable dimensions{Y}

mm / 3 hours

Precipitation Evaporation

North American Regional Reanalysis of Climate

Variation during the day, July 2003

NetCDF format

Space, FeatureID

Time, TSDateTime

Variables, TSTypeID

TSValue

Discrete Space-Time Data ModelArcHydro

OpenMI Conceptual Framework

VALUES

Interconnection of dynamic simulation models

Space, L

Time, T

Variables, V

D

€10 million project sponsored by European Commission

Hydrologic Flux Coupler

Precipitation

Evaporation

Streamflow

Define the fluxes and flows associated with each hydrovolume

Groundwater recharge

ArcGIS ModelBuilder Application for Automated Water Balancing

Fields Series

Geospatial

Continental Water Dynamics ModelUse 50,000 processor supercomputerto determine flow simultaneously in 2.3 million reaches and water bodies of the United States and update using real-time measurements

Data Management, Data Assimilation and Modeling

Documents

water modeling

water planning

australiawater availability

texaswater availability

water securityincludes

planning water supply

planningbefore senate

australiawater use