Data Interchange Standards in Healthcare Rev'd Sunday A. Folayan General Data Engineering Services, Ibadan, Nigeria [email protected] http://www.skannet.com.ng
Jan 06, 2018
Data Interchange Standards in Healthcare
Rev'd Sunday A. FolayanGeneral Data Engineering Services,
Ibadan, [email protected] http://www.skannet.com.ng
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The Semiotic Triangle
Thought to Symbol is correctness
Thought to Referent is Adequateness
Symbol to referent is Truth
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Representation Constraints The English Language, or Russian, or
German. If you cannot describe it, you cannot document it.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). All Computers use ASCII Characters for Communication
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Data
Data represents quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer, stored and recorded on varied storage devices and transmitted in the form of digital electrical signals.
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DatabaseA database is an organized collection of data
whose content must be quickly and easily Accessed Managed Updated
Data need not be used where it is stored. This means there must be some common format for exchanging data while maintaining its integrity.
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Database Tables (Relations) Each column is an attribute Each row is a record or tuple
Attribute 1(column 1)
Attribute 2(column 2)
Record 1(tuple 1)
Record 2(tuple 2)
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Primary An attribute or group of attributes which uniquely
identifies each record in a table May not be a Null value
Foreign When a primary key in a table it used in another
table, it is called a foreign key used primarily for enforcing referential integrity,
but also for establishing relationships between the two tables
Keys
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One-to-one (1-to-1) One-to-many (1-to-M or 1-to-) Many-to-Many (M-to-M or -to-)
Key Relationships
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The Entity-Attribute Model
Entities are Doctors, Patients, Invoices
Attributes include Name, Ailment, Amount etc.
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First Normal Form (1NF) All attributes are single valued & non-repeating
Second Normal Form (2NF) Must be 1NF & must have primary key Each non-primary key attribute must be
functionally dependent on primary key Third Normal form (3NF)
Must be 2NF Each non-primary key attribute must be
dependent only on primary key
Normalization(logical organization)
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The OSI ModelLayered Approach to Data Communications
Seven Layers AltogetherEach Layer Performs a Unique FunctionEach Layer Has Its Own ProtocolProtocol Messages in Upper Layer is Data to Layer Below
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The OSI ModelLayered Approach to Data Communications
Seven Layers AltogetherEach Layer Performs a Unique FunctionEach Layer Has Its Own ProtocolProtocol Messages in Upper Layer is Data to Layer Below
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The OSI Model
The Seven Layers
Physical
Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Unreliable Wire, Telco Line
Reliable Across Physical Line
Unreliable Thru Multi-Node Network
Reliable End to End
Sync Points and Dialogs
Data Representation & Syntax
User Level Processing
RS232, T1, 802.x
LAPB, HDLC
X.25 Pkt, IP
TCP
ISO Session
ISO Presentation
Telnet, FTP, Mail
Layer Name Description Examples
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Health Level 7
Health Level-7 or HL7 refers to a set of international standards for transfer of clinical and administrative data between software applications used by various healthcare providers. These standards focus on the application layer, which is "layer 7" in the OSI model.
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Health Level 7HL7 specifies a number of flexible standards,
guidelines, and methodologies by which various healthcare systems can communicate with each other. These data standards are meant to allow healthcare organizations to easily share clinical information. Theoretically, this ability to exchange information should help to minimize the tendency for medical care to be geographically isolated and highly variable.
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HL7 Standards
Version 2.x Messaging Standard – an interoperability specification for health and medical transactions
Version 3 Messaging Standard – an interoperability specification for health and medical transactions
Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) – an exchange model for clinical documents, based on HL7 Version 3
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HL7 Standards (Cont.)
Continuity of Care Document (CCD) - a US specification for the exchange of medical summaries, based on CDA.
Structured Product Labeling (SPL) – the published information that accompanies a medicine, based on HL7 Version 3
Clinical Context Object Workgroup (CCOW) – an interoperability specification for the visual integration of user applications
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Guiding Principles for Sharing Data Stakeholder Inclusiveness
– Industry-wide collaboration– Open cooperation across geographic
boundaries whether local, regional, national or international
– Market competition should be valued to achieve cost effectiveness
Data Protection [Authentication, Authorization] Innovation – Intellectual property Management
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