Data for Radon-222 and Other Radionuclides In Ground Water, Nevada, 1986-89 By Michael S. Lico U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 91-488 Prepared in cooperation with the NEVADA BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY and the NEVADA BUREAU OF CONSUMER HEALTH PROTECTION SERVICES Carson City, Nevada 1992
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Data for Radon-222 and Other Radionuclides In Ground Water, Nevada, 1986-89
By Michael S. Lico
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Open-File Report 91-488
Prepared in cooperation with theNEVADA BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY and theNEVADA BUREAU OF CONSUMER HEALTH PROTECTION SERVICES
Carson City, Nevada 1992
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Dallas L. Peck, Director
Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is fordescriptive purposes only and docs not constitute endorsement by
the U.S. Government.
For additional information Copies of this report may bewrite to: purchased from:
U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological SurveyRoom 227 Federal Building Books and Open-File Reports Section705 North Plaza Street Federal CenterCarson City, NV 89701 Box 25425
Purpose and scope ............Methods of sample collection and analysis
Radionuclide data ..............References cited ..............
Page
11224
17
ILLUSTRATIONS
(plate is in pocket at back of report)
Plate 1. Map showing location of ground-water sites in the Carson, Truckee, and Walker River basins, northwestern Nevada, where water samples were collected and analyzed for radioactive constituents
Figure 1. Map showing location of areas in figures 2-4and plate 1 and hydrographic areas in Nevada . . .
2-4. Maps showing location of sampling sites:2. Smoke Creek Desert hydrographic area ....3. Marys Creek hydrographic area ........4. Amargosa Desert hydrographic area ......
Table 1.
2.
TABLES
Statistical summary of radon-222 activities in ground- water samples collected in Nevada, 1986-89 ......
Radionuclide analyses and other information for wells and springs sampled in parts of Nevada, 1986-89 . .
ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS USED IN THIS REPORT
L (liter)H.g/L (micrograms per liter){Jin (micrometer)mg/L (milligrams per liter)mL (milliliter)pCi/L (picocuries per liter)
111
DATA FOR RADON-222 AND OTHER RADIONUCLIDES IN GROUND WATER, NEVADA, 1986-89
By Michael S. Lico
ABSTRACT
The U.S. Geological Survey collected an extensive amount of radionuclide data from ground water in many parts of Nevada during 1986-89. Data presented in this report include a statistical summary of all radon-222 data in the U.S. Geological Survey NWIS data base, location and other information on the 278 wells and springs sampled, and results of chemical analyses that include radon-222 activity, gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity, radium-226 activity, and uranium concentrations. Maps are provided to show locations of sampled wells and springs.
INTRODUCTION
Radon is a naturally occurring, colorless, odorless, inert gas formed by the radioactive decay of uranium-238 (Wanty and Schoen, 1991). Uranium-238 is present in trace concentrations in all rocks, but certain types such as granitic rocks, late-stage volcanic rocks, shales, and limestones generally contain the highest concentrations (Lanctot and others, 1985, p. 68).
Radon and its decay products are radioactive and, if present at sufficient activities in air, can cause lung cancer in humans (Cothern, 1987, p. 7). Radon released to air from drinking-water sources has been estimated to cause as much as 7 percent of the 5,000 to 20,000 lung-cancer fatalities per year in the United States (Cothern and others, 1986, p. 40). Radon gas can be released from water to the atmosphere by any one of several household activities, including showering and laundering (Lowry and others, 1987, p. 363). Human exposure to radon and its radioactive decay products occurs primarily in two ways: (1) inhalation of radon gas or decay products that have adhered to small dust particles, directly affecting the lungs, and (2) ingestion of radon-containing water, increasing the net dose of radiation to the stomach and intestines (Brutsaert and others, 1981, p. 407). Potential health effects are greatest to private domestic well-water users because of the generally short time between pumping and consumption of well water. The half-life of radon is relatively short (3.82 days); thus, long storage times in supply tanks and aeration with subsequent loss of radon to the atmosphere can greatly decrease the amount of radon in the well water by the time of actual use.
-I-
Recent increases in the population of Nevada have resulted in the construction of many new private and municipal wells for domestic water supplies. Many of these new wells are constructed in areas where pre vious studies indicate high activities of radon may exist. However, little is known about the distribution and occurrence of radon (specifi cally radon-222) in ground water of Nevada and further study is needed to determine the extent of high radon activities. Otton and others (1985, p. 21) found anomalously high activities of radon (as much as 345 pCi/L) in water from springs in the Lake Tahoe basin. A study of public drinking-water supplies (Horton, 1985, p. 123) found high activities of radon in the Gardnerville (724 pCi/L), Reno (1,104 pCi/L), and Yerington (1,348 pCi/L) areas (fig.l).
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this report is to release data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1986 through 1989, in cooperation with the Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology and the Nevada Bureau of Consumer Health Protection Services. Data included in this report are all analyses for radon-222 activity, gross alpha radioactivity, gross beta radioactivity, radium-226 activity, and uranium concentrations in ground-water samples. Most of the data are from northern Nevada, but data from three sites in the Amargosa Desert also are included. The 278 sample-collection sites are shown in figures 2 through 4 and on plate 1.
Methods of Sample Collection and Analysis
Water samples were obtained at each well by pumping or bailing until water temperature, specific conductance, and pH were constant, and a minimum of three well-bore volumes of water was extracted. Existing in-well pumps were used to sample public-supply and domestic wells. Samples were collected as near to the well as possible, and in all cases samples were taken before the water entered a pressure tank. Observation wells were sampled using a positive-displacement bladder pump or a Teflon bailer. Samples were collected from a polyethylene tube fitted to the pump discharge, or they were taken directly from the bailer.
Samples obtained from springs were collected as close as possible to the orifice using a syringe or a peristaltic pump.
Water samples for gross alpha and beta, radium, and uranium analysis were filtered through a 0.45-micrometer nitrocellulose membrane into 1-liter, acid-cleaned, polyethylene bottles and acidified to a pH of about 1 with concentrated hydrochloric acid (Thatcher and others, 1977, p. 11).
Gross alpha and beta radioactivity were determined by evaporating an aliquot of sample and counting the emitted alpha and beta radiation. The measured radiation was compared to the radiation emitted by standard materials natural uranium in the case of alpha and an equilibrium mixture of strontium-90/yttrium-90 for beta. A detailed description of this analytical method is given by Thatcher and others (1977, p. 29-32). This method is regarded as a semiquantitative measure of gross sample activity.
2
42
Reno
Carson City ^ Lake Tahoe ~39°
Gardnervi
PLATE 1
75 MILES
75 KILOMETERS
35°-*
FIGURE 1.--Location of areas shown in figures 2 through 4 and plate 1 (this report) andhydrographic areas in Nevada. Modified from Rush (1968). Names and numbers of hydrographic areas where radon samples were collected are listed in table 1.
-3-
Radium-226 activity was determined by coprecipitating radium with barium sulfate, centrifuging to collect the precipitate, dissolving the precipitate in an alkaline sodium diethylene triamine pentacetate solution, allowing time for the ingrowth of alpha-emitting daughters, and counting the alpha activity (Thatcher and others, 1977, p. 43-49).
Dissolved uranium concentration was determined by evaporating an aliquot of sample, fusing the residue with a flux of sodium fluoride, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate, and allowing the residue-flux mixture to dry into a small disk. If a sample contained more than 10,000 mg/L of dissolved solids, a different procedure was followed: The uranium was first purified prior to evaporation by coprecipitation on aluminum phosphate, dissolving the precipitate in dilute nitric acid, and extracting the uranium with ethyl ether in the presence of magnesium nitrate. The fluorescence of the disk under ultraviolet light was measured in a reflection-type fluorimeter (Thatcher and others, 1977, p. 83-92).
Samples for laboratory analysis of total radon activity were obtained by bottom filling a 500 mL plastic beaker and allowing several beaker volumes of water to overflow, withdrawing a 10-mL aliquot of sample with a syringe from near the bottom of the beaker, carefully injecting the aliquot beneath 10 mL of a mineral-oil-based scintillator contained in a 30-mL glass scintillation vial, and tightly capping and shaking the vial. The vials were then shipped by express mail to the U.S. Geological Survey laboratory in Arvada, Colo., for analysis by liquid-scintillation counting (Prichard and Gesell, 1977). Samples were shipped as soon as possible after collection (within 24 hours) to minimize radon decay prior to analysis.
Dissolved-radon concentrations were also measured, using a field- screening method. A 1-liter polyethylene bottle was filled with 750 mL of water and capped with a septum cap. The bottle was shaken vigorously for 30 seconds to evolve radon gas in solution, then allowed to settle for 3 minutes. A 50-mL sample of the head-space gas was removed through the septum cap with a syringe and needle. The gas sample was injected, through a septum connector, into an evacuated Lucas-type, phosphor- coated cell. The cell was inserted into an EDA-200 alpha-scintillometer and the gas activity counted for 30 minutes. The counts were converted to radon activities, in pCi/L.
Duplicate water samples were collected from each well for radon analysis. If the duplicate analyses agreed to within 5 percent, the average of the two analyses was used; if not, the larger value was used. Loss of radon gas due to aeration during pumping may be significant for samples from public-supply wells, so these analyses probably represent lower radon activities at the wellhead than in the undisturbed aquifer.
RADIONUCLIDE DATA
A statistical summary of all radon-222 analyses of ground-water samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in Nevada during 1986-89 is presented in table 1. This table lists statistics for radon-222 activities in the entire State as well as for selected hydrographic areas. Table 2 contains all data collected for radon-222, gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity, radium-226, and uranium, and other infor mation for the 278 wells and springs sampled during 1986-89.
-4-
120° 119 °45' 119 °30'
40°45' 3*
40°30' *
40°15f ~:
^ i /Sierra. Army i /(Depot I, / \n s \ / Pyramid
f Lake
15 MILES
15 KILOMETERS
EXPLANATION
-- BOUNDARY OF HYDROGRAPHIC AREASAMPLED WELL OR SPRING-Showing
site number. Value in parentheses is concentration of radon-222, in picocuries per liter (see table 2)
Well *4 Spring (690) (450)3
FIGURE 2.--Location of sampling sites in the Smoke Creek Desert hydrographic area.
-5-
116° 30' 116° 151 116° 115°45'
40° 451
BOUNDAflYbFHYOROGRAPHICAREA
FIGURE 3.-Location of spring-sampling site in the Marys Creek hydrographic area. Concentration of radon-222 was 530 picocuries per liter.
-6-
116° 45' 116° 15'
36° 45'
36° 15'
BOUNDARY OF HYDROGRAPHIC AREA
FIGURE 4.-Location of well-sampling sites in the Amargosa Desert hydrographic area. Concentrations of radon-222 at sites 275-278 ranged from 320 to 460 picocuries per liter.
-7-
TABLE 1. Statistical uooary of radon-222 aotiviti** in pround-watar aaapl**ooll*ot*d in ffevada, 1986-89
[Radon-222 activities are in picocuries per liter; "<," activity is less than the indicated value; " ," statistical parameters not computed for fewer than eight sites.)
Hydrographicarea /number (figure 1)
Smoke Creek Desert/21Marys Creek Area/52Fernley Area/76Spanish Springs V./85
Illll Illllll Illll Illll Illll Illll Illll Illllr-l O O O O O r-l r-l O r-l O O OOOOO O rH O O O OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO
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D O O D D P P D P P P D D D D O P D D O P P I D I D P N D P D O N I D
Lithology
of
aquifer
Basi
n fill
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Basi
n fill
Basi
n fill
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Granite
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Granite
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Granite
Basi
n fill
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Basi
n fill
Basin
fill
Basi
n fill
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Basi
n fill
Basin
fill
Basi
n fill
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Basin
fill
Basi
n fill
Basi
n fill
Basin
fill
Date
08-1
8-88
02-28-89
05-31-89
03-07-89
05-31-89
08-26-88
08-19-88
08-16-88
05-24-88
05-24-88
08-11-88
08-15-88
05-24-88
08-12-88
08-15-88
07-28-88
08-20-87
05-04-88
08-23-88
07-07-87
08-20-87
08-20-87
08-12-86
07-07-87
08-20-87
08-20-87
08-20-87
06-16-88
07-11-88
07-06-87
08-23-88
08-23-88
07-21-88
07-25-88
05-04-88
07-14-88
08-20-87
08-24-87
07-21-88
08-10-88
08-24-87
07-07-87
08-24-87
07-07-88
07-07-88
07-30-86
07-07-87
09-20-88
08-18-86
08-27-87
222,
total
(pCi/L)
1,300
1,400
1,100
1,000
700
1,300
690
830
1,200
1,200
930
2,300
1,100
2,500
7,100
3,200
7,100
550
5,600
700
840 940
860
1,200
1,300
760
1,100
_ 1,400
1,500
_1,800
1,70
0 70
0
Radon-
222
(pCi/L)
__ _ __
220 _
3,600
10,100
7,200
5,020
3,610
5,500
2,700
480 440
530
800
763
<100 601
593
704
380
Alph
a (H
g/L
as U)
3.1
144.5
1.4
2.7
2.9
6.6
4.3
2.7
42 184.
0 2.
2
5.3
.8
1.4
_4.
94.9
7.2
1.1
2.0
<.4
_ .6
7.9
__ 1.
71.
8 1.
6
Beta
(pCi
/L
as Sr/
Y-90)
3.6
__ _5.6
2.6
1.3
2.1
2.4
3.1
3.6
2.5
18 174.8
2.7
5.0
__ 1.5
14 __5.0
5.5
4.2
2.9
3.6
2.0
__ 2.0
5.5
__ 2.
22.3
2.
7
Radium-
226
(pCi/L)
_ ___ __ __ _ __ __
0.56_ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ .06_ .09
Uranium
(Hg/
Las U)
1.2
_ _ __ 8.5
2.8 .6
2.7
_ 5.9
2.8
3.2
38 14 _.8
5.5
_ _ _ _ _ 3.6
<.4
_ 3.2
5.7 .80
1.5 .50
__ .5
06.
1_ __.5
0 _ <.40
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Site location de
(f be
Map Local . la
No. identification Latitude Longitude sur
it. 3 M 16 TJ 1- Oi a 0 fl> r^ M8 *rt:r
* a CD O 10Mill 161
0, £>a <f
Grossradioactivity
Radon- Beta
lology 222, Radon- Alpha (pCi/L Radium- Uranium >f total 222 Oig/L as Sr/ 226 (|ig/L
lifer Date (pCi/L) (pCi/L) as U) Y-90) (pCi/L) as U)
TABLE 2. Radionaclide analyses and other information for wells and springs sampled in parts of Nevada, 1986" -Continued
TABLE 2. Padionuclid* analy««« and other information for tr
ail*
and spring* «aapl«d in part* of Navada, 1986-89 Continued
Map
No.
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
Site
location
Loca
l -
identification
105
N15
E20
106
N10
E22
106
N10
E22
106
N10
E22
230
S13
E47
230
S13
E47
230
S13
E47
230
S13
E47
33CC
DD1
15DC
B1
29CADA1
32BAAB2
26DC
CB1
35ACBA1
35BA
D135BDBA1
Latitude
39e06'53"N
38°43'33
HN
38e41'56-N
38e41'
36"N
36e46'15
HN36°45'57"N
36e45'57-N
36e45'56
HN
Longitude
119e44'
43"W
119e3
0'17
"W
119e32'
33"W
119e32'39
HW
116e4
1'24
HW116e41'
18"W
116e4
1'30
HW116e41'
35"W
Well
depth
(feet
belo
wland
surface)
235 183
105
307
326
575
404
Use of
well P P D D O O O O
Lith
olog
yof
aquifer
Gran
ite
Basi
n fill
Basin
fill
Basi
n fill
Basi
n fill
Basi
n fill
Basi
n fill
Date
08-0
1-88
08-04-86
08-1
9-87
08-1
9-87
08-18-87
08-01-86
08-1
9-87
08-19-87
08-15-89
08-1
7-89
08-1
4-89
08-17-89
Radon-
222,
tota
l(p
Ci/L
)
1,700 __ 430
320
410
460
Gros
s ra
dioa
ctiv
ity
Beta
Radon-
Alph
a (p
Ci/L
222
(Jig/L
as Sr
/(pCi/L)
as U)
Y-90
)
3.0
2.5
339
480
301
1 410
836
.1450
365
Radi
um-
Uranium
226
(ng/
L(pCi/L)
as U)
2.5
0.06
_
_
The
local
site
-ide
ntif
icat
ion
system used in this report is based on an index
of hy
drog
raph
ic ar
eas
in Nevada (R
ush,
19
68)
and
the
rectangular
subdivision
of th
e public lands
referenced to the
Mount
Diablo ba
se line and meridian.
Each si
te designation
consists of
fo
ur un
its:
Th
e first
unit is
th
e hydrographic ar
ea nu
mber
. The
second unit is the
township,
preceded by
an N
or S to
indicate lo
cati
on
nort
h or south of t
he base line.
The
third
unit is the
rang
e, preceded by
an E to
in
dica
te location ea
st of th
e meridian.
The
four
th
unit
consists of
th
e section
number and
letters
desi
gnat
ing
the
quarter
sect
ion,
quarter-quarter
sect
ion,
and
so on
(A,
B, C,
and
D indicate th
e northeast, northwest, southwest, and
southeast
quarters,
resp
ecti
vely
), followed by
a
number in
dica
ting
th
e sequence in
whic
h th
e si
te was
reco
rded
. Fo
r ex
ampl
e, si
te 105
N12
E20
04ADA1 is in Carson Va
lley
(hydrographic
area
10
5).
It is
the
first
site
re
cord
ed in
the
northeast
quar
ter
of the
southeast
quar
ter
of the
northeast
quarter
of section
4, To
wnsh
ip 12 No
rth,
Range
20 Ea
st,
Mount
Diablo base li
ne and
meri
dian
.
REFERENCES CITED
Brutsaert, W.F., Norton, S.A., Hess, C.T., and Williams, J.S., 1981, Geologic and hydrologic factors controlling radon-222 in ground water in Maine: Ground Water, v. 19, no. 4, p. 407-417.
Cothern, C.R., 1987, Development of regulations for radionuclides indrinking water, in Graves, Barbara, ed., Radon, radium, and other radioactivity in ground water: Chelsea, Mien., Lewis Publishers, p. 1-11.
Cothern, C.R., Lappenbusch, W.L., and Michel, Jacqueline, 1986,Drinking-water contribution to natural background radiation: Health Physics, v. 50, p. 33-47.
Horton, T.R., 1985, Nationwide occurrence of radon and other natural radioactivity in public water supplies: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency report 520/5-85-008, 208 p.
Lanctot, E.M., Tolman, A.L., and Loiselle, Marc, 1985, Hydrogeochemistry of radon in ground water: Eastern Regional Ground Water Conference, Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers, National Water Well Association, Portland, Maine, July 1985, Proceedings, p. 66-85.
Lowry, J.D., Hoxie, D.C., and Moreau, Eugene, 1987, Extreme levels of Rn and U in a private water supply, in Graves, Barbara, ed., Radon, radium, and other radioactivity in ground water: Chelsea, Mich., Lewis Publishers, p. 363-375.
Otton, J.K., Zielinski, R.A., and Been, J.M., 1985, Uranium inHolocene valley-fill sediments, and uranium, radon, and helium in waters, Lake Tahoe-Carson Range area, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-389, 30 p.
Prichard, H.M., and Gesell, T.F., 1977, Rapid measurements of Rnconcentrations in water with a commercial liquid scintillation counter: Health Physics, v. 33, p. 577-581.
Rush, F.E., 1968, Index of hydrographic areas in Nevada: Nevada Division of Water Resources, Information Report 6, 38 p.
Thatcher, L.L., Janzer, V.J., and Edwards, K.W., 1977, Methods for determination of radioactive substances in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 5, Chapter A5, 95 p.
Wanty, R.B., and Schoen, Robert, 1991, A review of the chemicalprocesses affecting the mobility of radionuclides in natural waters, with applications, in Gundersen, L.C.S., and Wanty, R.B., eds., Field studies of radon in rocks, soils, and water: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1971, p. 183-194.