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2-1©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Data Communications Data Communications and and
Networking OverviewNetworking OverviewRaj Jain
Washington UniversitySaint Louis, MO 63131
[email protected]
These slides are available on-line at:http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-05/
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2-2©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
OverviewOverview
! Data Comm vs Networking vs Distributed Systems ! Communications Tasks! Types of Networks! Protocol Layers! ISO/OSI Reference Model! TCP/IP Reference Model
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2-3©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Data Communication vs NetworkingData Communication vs Networking
! Communication: Two Nodes. Mostly EE issues.
! Networking: Two or more nodes. More issues, e.g., routing
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2-4©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Distributed Systems vs NetworksDistributed Systems vs Networks! Distributed Systems:
! Users are unaware of underlying structure. E.g., trn instead of \n\bone\0\trn
! Mostly operating systems issues. ! Nodes are generally under one organization’s
control.! Networks: Users specify the location of resources.
http:\\www.cse.wustl.edu\~jain\! Nodes are autonomous.
ServerServer
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2-5©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Simplified Communications ModelSimplified Communications Model
! Transmitter: encodes the information
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2-6©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Data Communications: ExampleData Communications: Example
! Modem is used to transmit/receive digital information over analog phone system
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2-7©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Communications TasksCommunications Tasks! Transmission System Utilization (Multiplexing)! Interfacing! Signal generation (Coding)! Synchronization between transmitter and receiver! Exchange management (Connection Management)! Error detection and correction! Flow control! Addressing! Routing! Recovery! Message formatting! Security! Network Management
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2-8©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Types of NetworksTypes of Networks
! Point to point vs Broadcast
! Circuit switched vs packet switched
WAN Bus LANRingLAN
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2-9©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Types of Networks (Cont)Types of Networks (Cont)! Enterprise vs Telecom Networks
Ethernet is the most common interface in EnterpriseFrame relay and ATM are common in Telecom Networks
! Local Area Networks (LAN) 0-2 km, Single OwnershipMetropolitan Area Networks (MAN) 2-50 km, Wide Area Networks (WAN) 50+ km
! Telecom Networks:! Access: Between subscriber and the service provider! Metro: Covering a city! Core: Between cities
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2-10©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
An Example ConfigurationAn Example Configuration
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2-11©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Protocol LayersProtocol Layers
Philosopher
Translator
Secretary
I believe there is a God!
! Problem: Philosophers in different countries speak different languages. The Telex system works only with English.
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2-12©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
A Sample Protocol ArchitectureA Sample Protocol Architecture
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2-13©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
ISO/OSI Reference ModelISO/OSI Reference Model
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetworkDatalinkPhysical How to transmit signal: Coding
Two party communication: EthernetRouting, Addressing: IPEnd-to-end communication: TCP
File transfer, Email, Remote LoginASCII Text, SoundEstablish/manage connection
1
2
3
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2-14©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Service and Protocol Data UnitsService and Protocol Data Units
! Service Access Points (SAPs)! Service Data Units (SDUs)! Protocol Data Units (PDUs)
Application 1
Transport
Network Access
Application 2 Application 1
Transport
Network Access
Application 2
PDU
SDU
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2-15©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Service Data Unit (SDU)Service Data Unit (SDU)Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
PSDU
SSDU
TSDU
NSDU
DSDU
PhSDUPhysical
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2-16©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
APDU, Message
PPDUSPDUTPDU
NPDU, Packet
DPDU, FramePhPDU, Frame
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
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2-17©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Use of a RelayUse of a Relay
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2-18©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Service PrimitivesService Primitives
! Indication = Interrupt
1. Request2. Indication
Higher Layer
Lower Layer
Higher Layer
Lower Layer
1 234
3. Response4. Confirm
Unconfirmed service: No confirmation or response
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2-19©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
TCP/IP Reference ModelTCP/IP Reference Model! TCP = Transport Control Protocol! IP = Internet Protocol (Routing)
Internetwork
Host to Network
IP
Ethernet
Application
Transport
FTP
TCP
Telnet HTTP
UDP
PacketRadio
Point-to-Point
TCP/IP Ref Model TCP/IP Protocols
Physical Coax Fiber Wireless
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2-20©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
OSI vs TCP/IPOSI vs TCP/IP
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2-21©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
OSI vs TCP Reference ModelsOSI vs TCP Reference Models! OSI introduced concept of services, interface,
protocols. These were force-fitted to TCP later ⇒ It is not easy to replace protocols in TCP.
! In OSI, reference model was done before protocols.In TCP, protocols were done before the model
! OSI: Standardize first, build laterTCP: Build first, standardize later
! OSI took too long to standardize. TCP/IP was already in wide use by the time.
! OSI became too complex.! TCP/IP is not general. Ad hoc.
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2-22©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
TCP/IP ConceptsTCP/IP Concepts
! Network Attachment Point (NAP)
Sub Sub
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2-23©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
PDUsPDUs in TCP/IP Architecturein TCP/IP Architecture
Sub Sub
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2-24©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
TCP/IP ApplicationsTCP/IP Applications
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2-25©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
SummarySummary
! Communication, Networks, and Distributed systems! ISO/OSI’s 7-layer reference model! TCP/IP has a 5-layer model! PDU, SDU, SAP! Request, Indication, Response, Confirmation
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2-26©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
Reading AssignmentReading Assignment
! Read Chapters 0, 1, and 2 of Stallings 7th EditionAppendix 2A can be skipped at this time
! 0.2 Internet and Web Resources! 0.3 Standards! Visit some of the web sites mentioned in 0.2 and 0.3
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2-27©2005 Raj JainCSE473sWashington University in St. Louis
HomeworkHomework
! Visit www.ietf.org and find the titles of RFC 1 and RFC 780
! Submit answers to Problems 2.2 and 2.7 of Stallings 7th Edition! Problem 2.2: Communications between France and
China! Problem 2.7: Segmentation and Blocking