Data Base Fundamentals

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

1

Organizing Data and Information


2

Principles and Learning Objectives

• The database approach to data management provides significant advantages over the traditional file-based approach.


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• A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making.


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• Further improvements in the use of database technology will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits.


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The Traditional Approach To Data Management


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The Database Approach to Data Management


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Advantages of the Database Approach


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Disadvantages of the Database Approach


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Data Modeling

• Entity-relationship diagrams


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Entity-Relationship Diagram for a Customer Ordering Database


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Relational Database Model


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Relational Models

Describe data using a standard tabular format with all data elements placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations.

– Domain– Selecting– Projecting– Joining


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Linking Database Tables to Answer an Inquiry


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Database Management Systems


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Providing a User View

• Schema - a description of the entire database• Subschema - a file that contains a description

of a subset of the database and identifies which users can modify the data items in that subset


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The Use of Schemas and Subschemas


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Creating and Modifying the Database

• Data definition language (DDL) - a collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and data relationships in a specific database

• Data dictionary – detailed description of data in a database


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Typical Uses of a Data Dictionary

• Provide a standard definition of terms and data elements• Assist programmers in designing and writing programs• Simplify database modification• Reduce data redundancy• Increase data reliability• Speed program development• Ease modification of data and information


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Storing and Retrieving Data


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Structured Query Language


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Database Output


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Database Applications


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Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining

• Data Warehouse - a database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers.

• Data Mart – a subset of a data warehouse.

• Data Mining - an information analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse.


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Elements of a Data Warehouse


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Common Data Mining Applications


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Business Intelligence

Gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form.

– Competitive intelligence– Counterintelligence– Knowledge management


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Comparison of OLAP and Data Mining

Data Base Fundamentals

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