Das Lied der Deutschen
Dec 14, 2015
Pre-1848 Social Groupings• Aristocracy: high nobility (Hochadel), aristocracy
of the courts (Hof- and Dienstadel)—core of the counterrevolution, minor aristocracy (Kleinadel), and aristocracy of the towns.
• Middle classes: the commercial middle class (bourgeoisie), civil servants and educated middle class, freelance intelligentsia, and the lower middle class (Kleinbürgertum or petit bourgeoisie).
• Peasantry: highly stratified depending upon region and regional history.
• Growing underclass.
Political Oppression
• Press Censorship
• Outlaw of any political associations
• Radicalization of political groups
Internal Pressures
• Hungry 40s
• Demographic Changes
• Rise in prices of basic goods
• Food riots
• Dissatisfaction with Political System
Int’l Developments
• Succession in Schleswig-Holstein
• Swiss Reforms
• Italian nationalism against the Austro-Hungarian Empire
End of the July MonarchyParis Barricades of February 1848
H. Vernet, Barricade in the Rue Soufflot, Paris1848
Republican Uprising in Baden, 1848
http://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/cross-search/search/_1255276722/?search[page]=6
March Demands
• A people’s army with freely elected officers
• Freedom of the press
• Trial by jury
• Creation of a German parliament
Bundestag Decrees
• Press Freedom
• Revision of the Federal Constitution
• Recognition of the colors red, black, and gold as federal colors
• Creation of the Committee of Seventeen to oversee the creation of a constitution
Rough Breakdown of Political Associations
• Workers’ Associations
• Democrats
• Constitutionalists
• Catholics
• Conservatives
Counterrevolution
• European context-late spring/summer/fall 1848
• Poland
• Prague
• Paris
• Northern Italy
• Frankfurt / Baden