Darwin’s Theory of Evolution mage from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Dec 29, 2015
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
WRITE A DEFINITION:EVOLUTION:
THEORY:
FOSSIL:
change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
a well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
the preserved remains of ancient organisms
evolution
fossiltheory
The _______ that Darwin found caused him to ask questions that led to his proposal of the theory of
_________. _______ provide
evidence to support the theory of
_________.
________ is a______; a testable explanation of naturally-occurring phenomena
The _____ record provides for some of the evidence that supports the ______ of evolution
Evolutiontheory
fossils
evolutionFossils
evolution
fossil
theory
What scientific explanation can account for the diversity of life?
ANSWER:A collection of ______________,__________, and ___________ known as
________________________
Scientific factsobservations hypotheses
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
The person who contributed themost to our understanding of evolution was ______________________
In 1831, at age 22, he joined the crew of
the _______________ as a naturalist fora ________ voyage around the world.
Charles Darwin
H.M.S. Beagle
http://harrier.users.netlink.co.uk/Darwin_sm.jpg
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
5 year
After his voyage, Darwin spent a great deal of time thinking about his findings.
He began to wonder if animals living ondifferent islands had once been membersof the ____________ that haddeveloped _________ characteristicsafter becoming _______ from oneanother in different habitats.
same speciesdifferent
isolated
Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
In 1785 ______________proposes that the ______________ by_________________occurring over__________ periods of time, and is_______________ old.
very long
James Hutton
Earth was shapedgeological forces
millions of years
http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorInMindsMen/TaylorIMMc03.htm
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
In 1833 ___________ explains that the geological processes still ___________ have shaped Earth’s features over ________________
Charles Lyell
occurring now
http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Sir_Charles_Lyell
long periods of time
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgsnps/animate/A08.gif
Theory of Pangaea
…and continentaldrift
Living things must compete for food, shelter, space, mates
competition
REMEMBER !
http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
_____________________
He observed that babies were being bornfaster than people were dying. Hereasoned that if the human populationcontinued to grow, sooner or later therewould be _______________________
Thomas Malthus (1798)
insufficient space & food
http://www.nndb.com/people/250/000024178/malthus.jpg
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
___________________________was one of first scientists to recognize living things_______________ and thatall species were ________ fromother species.
Lamarck published his hypothesis of________________________ the year Darwin was born.
changed over time
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809)
descended
Inheritance of Acquired traits
http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm
The male fiddler crab uses itsfront claw to attract mates andward off predators.
Through repeated use, the frontclaw becomes larger.
The fiddler passes on this acquired characteristic to its offspring
What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis?Lamarck didn’t know aboutgenes and how traits are
_______.
If you lifted weights yourwhole young adult life, andthen you had children, wouldyour kids be more muscular?
inherited
NO! Acquired traits may help the individual organism, but they won’t be passed on to offspring.
http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pictures/
What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck was first to develop a scientifichypothesis about _______and recognize that organisms are________________________
evolution
adapted to their environments
http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~he599900/giraffeeating.jpg
a. The earth is really old, and slowly changesb. Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changesc. Sooner or later growing populations run out of resourcesd. Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,
and pass those changes on to their offspring
Hutton
Lyell
Malthus
Lamarck
Match the letter of the idea withthe man or men who proposed it:
a. The earth is really old, and slowly changesb. Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changesc. Sooner or later growing populations run out of resourcesd. Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,
and pass those changes on to their offspring
Hutton
Lyell
Malthus
Lamarck
a.
c.
b.
d.
In 1859____________________presented _______ and proposed a________ for evolution that Darwin called__________________
On the Origin of Species
evidence
mechanism
NATURAL SELECTION
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION:
1.________________2.________________3. _______________4. _______________5. _______________6. _______________7. _______________
Fossil recordGeographic Distribution
Homologous structures
EmbryologyDNA
See Natural selection happen
Artificial selection
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION• In artificial selection, nature provides the
variation through mutation and sexual reproduction and humans select those traits that they find useful
EX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk,turkeys with more breast meat, etc.
http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/turkey.gifhttp://www.pp3moo.com/hm2cow.jpg
Breeds of Dogs
Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexicoby Mayans, had religious significance
Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A.D. to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the
Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland
Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to hunt wolves and elk
Dachshund – bred in Germany as earlyas the 15th century to hunt badgers
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How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
2. The Fossil Record – ______ are the ________________________found in layers of rock in the Earth.
Fossilsof ancient organisms
remains
How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
The layers of rock tell the history of the_____, while the _____ found withinthe rock tell a history of ___.
The fossils are thought to be the ________ as the rock theyare found in.
Earth fossilslife
same age
If Darwin’s theory is correct you would expect to find ____________ yet _______________ living in a _________ region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve.
different speciesclosely related
geographic
That’s EXACTLY what we do see!
3. Geographic distribution
REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISEShttp://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher©2006
Little vegetationLong necks
Lots of vegetationShort necks
Intermediate vegetationIntermediate necks
Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they spread from the mainland to the different islands.
= DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION
GALAPAGOS FINCHES
The _____ of Galapagos finches have ______ to eating a _____ of _____.
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif
beaksadapted variety foods
Whales and sharks have a _____ body designeven though they are very _______ organisms (one is a fish; the other, a mammal)because they have _________________ to living in a _____ environment.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/scars.JPG
= CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
similardifferent
independently adaptedsimilar
Whales are closely related to wolves, but don’t look or act much like them = divergent evolution
Whales are distantly related to sharks, but look and act morelike them =convergent evolution
Conclusion:The pressure ofthe environmentdrives evolution
4. _____________________
Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
HOMOLOGOUS Structures
4. Homologous Body Structures – Structures, like the limbs of vertebrates, look very _______, but are made from the __________, because they are made fromthe same clump of _____________ cells in the _______.
same bones
embryoundifferentiated
Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
different
4. Homologous Body Structures – Some _______________________are _______ and have no usefulfunction even though they are still present, like ________in whales and boa constrictors, or a ____ and ________________in humans.
homologous body structuresvestigial
hipbonestail
cecum (appendix)
http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html
5. _____________________________ of many animals with back-bones are very similar.
Similarities in EmbryologyEmbryos
Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml
It is clear that the same groups of _____________ cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, suggesting that they all _______ from a _______________.
undifferentiated
evolvedcommon ancestor
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing©2005
6. _______________
Similarities in ____ and ________ sequencessuggestrelatedness
Similarities in DNA
PROTEINDNA
Similar _________ suggest an ___________________.
Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.pngChimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.
Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes
karyotypesevolutionary relationship
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own _________, but humans need to eat fresh fruit or they end up with ________.
http://www.med.uc.edu/departme/cellbiol/Image7.gifhttp://www.rachelleb.com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy.jpg
VITAMIN C
SCURVY
Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make vitamin C, but it is ________________.
Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own Vitamin C?
NONFUNCTIONAL
http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg
PRIMATES…which includes chimpanzees, orangutans,gorillas, and other apes.
Humans have many other nonfunctional vestigial genes called ________________.
EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more than 70% of them are ___________.
http://www.animationplayhouse.com/new/dogs2.html
http://unraveling.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1.jpg
PSEUDOGENES
nonfunctional
7.____________________________
EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and __________.
_______
___
__________________________
http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg
http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif
Can see Natural selection happen
Bird flu
Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis
HIV
new diseases
Go to Section:
Concept Map
Section 15-3
includes
Evidence of Evolution
Physical remains of organisms
Common ancestral species
Similar genes Similar genes
which is composed of which indicates which implies which implies
The fossil recordGeographic
distribution of living species
Homologous body structures
Similaritiesin early
development