Darwin's Medieval Folly

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Creationism

2. The 'Boundless' as principle anaximander

from proof anaximander pro creation. Creation 2 fileAccording to Aristotle and Theophrastus, the first Greek philosophers were looking for the 'origin' or'principle' (the Greek word 'arch' has both meanings) of all things. Anaximander is said to haveidentified it with 'the Boundless' or 'the Unlimited' (Greek: 'apeiron', i.e. 'that which has noboundaries'). Already in ancient times, it is complained that Anaximander did not explain what hemeant by 'the Boundless'

JTexas Giant Human Skull

From Evidence giants doc

anuary 7, 2008by David Allen Deal

There are groups in our society that have always tried to suppress any evidence that supports biblicalhistory, such as the flood of Noah, or existence of giants, wherever and whenever they have beenfound in the past. Sometimes the evidence is sent to the Smithsonian or a state university from whichit disappears, never to be seen again. As time passes these efforts are ever increasing, and now wesee attacks against all religion by wild-eyed fanatic atheists. The famous Davenport Iowa, Academy ofNatural Sciences dispute with and report about the arrogance of Mr. Henshaw of the Smithsonian byCharles Putman in 1885 is another example of honest academics going up against the SmithsonianInstitute and the erroneous and spiteful policies of its director, Major John Wesley Powell

Creation notes.docown little summary

Darwin taught eugenics

Darwin also taught that morality has no essential authority, but is something that itself evolved, hecontinued. These simple (and simplistic) ideas are certainly accessible to disturbed adolescents whofeel nothing stops them from taking natural law into their own hands. And Darwin himself wrote in1881, Looking to the world at no very distant date, what an endless number of the lower races willhave been eliminated by the higher civilized races throughout the world.

Early fathers and creationism--- beautiful pdf

Fathers unanimous on the flood

The Extent of the FloodThe Extent of the FloodThe Extent of the Flood

The Extent of the FloodTable 6.1: The Opinion of Ancient Writers Concerning the Extent of Noahs FloodExtent of FloodWriter Date Local Global ReferencePhilo c.20 BC-c.AD 50 X Abraham, 41-44Josephus AD 37/38 - 100 X Antiquities, 1.3.4 (1.89)Justin Martyr c.100 - c.165 X Dialogue, 138Theophilus of Antioch Wrote c.180 X Autolycus, 3.18-19Tertullian c.160 - c.225 X Pallium, 2; Women, 3Gregory of Nazianzus 330-390 X 2nd Theol. Orat. 18John Chrysostom 374-407 X Genesis, 25.10Augustine of Hippo 354-430 X City 15.27

Anaximander and pro creation ancient greeks

Anaximander claimed that the cosmic order is notmonarchicbut geometricand this causes the

equilibrium of the earth which is lying in the centre of the universe.This is the projection on nature of anew political order and a new space organized around a centre which is the static point of the systemin the society as in nature.[10] In this space there is isonomy (equal rights) and all the forces are

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symmetrical and transferrable. The decisions are now taken by the assembly ofdemosin theagorawhich is lying in the middle of the city.[11]

Dinosaurs reference in the bibleThe book of Job is considered to be one of the oldest books of the Bible by many scholars. Jobdescribes two large creatures called behemoth and leviathan. Behemoth was obviously as big as adinosaur as it is described as having a tail like a cedar. Leviathan is an equally massive creature of thesea.There are sound reasons to identify behemoth with a Sauropod dinosaur and leviathan with theKronosauru

7. Darwin Married His First Cousin

Darwin was a logical man, and he approached the important issue of marriage like he would any

problem. In The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Darwin made careful pro and con list of marriage

to his first cousin, Emma Wedgwood:

Image: Cambridge University Library -The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online

Marry - Marry - Marry Q.E.D.

It is ironic that the man who gave rise to the importance of genetics in natural selection chose tomarry his first cousin (Darwin wasn't alone in this - Einstein also married his cousin), but one thing isfor sure: Darwin cleverly avoided adding more relatives to visit!

English trying to use greeks as support of their medieval follyThinkers as far

back as the Ancient Greeks discussed the merits of the theory. As

Darwin noted in his Historical Sketch at the beginning of The Originof Species, Aristotle (B.C.E. 384322) wrote in one of his best-knownbooks that, In cases where a coincidence created a combination

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which seems as though it might have been arranged on purpose, thecreatures, it is urged, having been suitably formed by the operationof chance, survived; otherwise they perished, and still perish. . . .2Darwin, who was told about the statement by the British philologistClaire Grece (18311905), latched on to the fact that Aristotle recog-nized that some change occurred in nature.3 In fact, Darwin hadmisunderstood Aristotle: Aristotle was quoting a philosopher withwhom he disagreed. Aristotle was no proponent of evolution

A scientific study of the myth of vestigialorgans: "Vestigial Organs" Are Fully

Functional.

For a long time, the concept of "vestigial organs" appeared frequently in evolutionist literature as

"evidence" of evolution. Eventually, it was silently put to rest when this was proved to be invalid. Butsome evolutionists still believe in it, and from time to time someone will try to advance "vestigialorgans" as important evidence of evolution.

The notion of "vestigial organs" was first put forward a century ago. As evolutionists would have it,there existed in the bodies of some creatures a number of non-functional organs. These had beeninherited from progenitors and had gradually become vestigial from lack of use.

The whole assumption is quite unscientific, and is based entirely on insufficient knowledge. These"non-functional organs" were in fact organs whose "functions had not yet been discovered." The bestindication of this was the gradual yet substantial decrease in evolutionists' long list of vestigial organs.S. R. Scadding, an evolutionist himself, concurred with this fact in his article "Can vestigial organsconstitute evidence for evolution?" published in the journal Evolutionary Theory:

Since it is not possible to unambiguously identify useless structures, and since the structure of the

argument used is not scientifically valid, I conclude that 'vestigial organs' provide no special evidencefor the theory of evolution.312

The list of vestigial organs that was made by the German Anatomist R. Wiedersheim in 1895 includedapproximately 100 organs, including the appendix and coccyx. As science progressed, it wasdiscovered that all of the organs in Wiedersheim's list in fact had very important functions. Forinstance, it was discovered that the appendix, which was supposed to be a "vestigial organ," was infact a lymphoid organ that fought infections in the body. This fact was made clear in 1997:

Other bodily organs and tissues-the thymus, liver, spleen, appendix, bone marrow, and smallcollections of lymphatic tissue such as the tonsils in the throat and Peyer's patch in the small intestine-are also part of the lymphatic system. They too help the body fight infection.313

It was also discovered that the tonsils, which were included in the same list of vestigial organs, had asignificant role in protecting the throat against infections, particularly until adolescence. It was found

that the coccyx at the lower end of the vertebral column supports the bones around the pelvis and isthe convergence point of some small muscles and for this reason, it would not be possible to sitcomfortably without a coccyx.

The appendix (above), which evolutioniststhought to be a vestigial organ, has nowbeen understood to play an importantpart in the body's immune system. Thecoccyx at the lower end of the vertebralcolumn is also not a vestigial organ butprovides an attachment for our pelvicorgans so that they will not collapse.

In the years that followed, it was realized that the thymus triggered the immune system in the humanbody by activating the T cells, that the pineal gland was in charge of the secretion of some important

hormones such as melatonin, which inhibits secretion of luteinizing hormone, that the thyroid glandwas effective in providing steady growth in babies and children and in metabolism and body activity,and that the pituitary gland controlled skeletal growth and the proper functioning of the thyroid,

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adrenals, and reproductive glands. All of these were once considered to be "vestigial organs." Finally,the semi-lunar fold in the eye, which was referred to as a vestigial organ by Darwin, has been found infact to be in charge of cleansing and lubricating the eyeball.

There was a very important logical error in the evolutionist claim regarding vestigial organs. As wehave just seen, this claim was that the vestigial organs in living things were inherited from theirancestors. However, some of the alleged "vestigial" organs are not found in the species alleged to be

the ancestors of human beings! For example, the appendix does not exist in some ape species that aresaid to be ancestors of man. The famous biologist H. Enoch, who challenged the theory of vestigialorgans, expressed this logical error as follows:

Apes possess an appendix, whereas their less immediate relatives, the lower apes, do not; but itappears again among the still lower mammals such as the opossum. How can the evolutionistsaccount for this?314

Beside all of this, the claim that an organ which is not used atrophies and disappears over time carriesa logical inconsistency within it. Darwin was aware of this inconsistency, and made the followingconfession in The Origin of Species:

There remains, however, this difficulty. After an organ has ceased being used, and has become inconsequence much reduced, how can it be still further reduced in size until the merest vestige is left;and how can it be finally quite obliterated? It is scarcely possible that disuse can go on producing anyfurther effect after the organ has once been rendered functionless. Some additional explanation ishere requisite which I cannot give.315

Simply put, the scenario of vestigial organs put forward by evolutionists contains a number of seriouslogical flaws, and has in any case been proven to be scientifically untrue. There exists not oneinherited vestigial organ in the human body.

312 S. R. Scadding, "Do 'Vestigial Organs' Provide Evidence for Evolution?," Evolutionary Theory, vol.5, May 1981, p. 173.313 The Merck Manual of Medical Information, Home edition, Merck & Co., Inc.The Merck Publishing Group, Rahway, New Jersey, 1997.314 H. Enoch, Creation and Evolution, NewYork, 1966, pp. 18-19.315 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species,http://www.zoo.uib.no/classics/darwin/origin.chap14.html.

Democrituss un westernized idea of happiness

5. Ethics. Democritus's moral system -- the first collection of ethical precepts which deserves the name-- strongly resembles the negative side of the system ofEpicurus. The summum bonum is themaximum of pleasure with the minimum of pain. But true pleasure is not sensual enjoyment; it has itsprinciple in the soul. It consists not in the possession of wealth or flocks and herds, but in good humor,in the just disposition and constant tranquillity of the soul. Hence the necessity of avoiding extremes;too much and too little are alike evils. True happiness consists in taking advantage of what one hasand being content with it.

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unenglish Democritus democracy

The ethics and politics of Democritus come to us mostly in the form of maxims. He says that "Equality

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is everywhere noble," but he is not encompassing enough to include women or slaves in this

sentiment. Poverty in a democracy is better than prosperity under tyrants, for the same reason one is

to prefer liberty over slavery. Those in power should "take it upon themselves to lend to the poor and

to aid them and to favor them, then is there pity and no isolation but companionship and mutual

defense and concord among the citizens and other good things too many to catalogue." Money when

used with sense leads to generosity and charity, while money used in folly leads to a common expense

for the whole society excessive hoarding of money for one's children is avarice. While making money

is not useless, he says, doing so as a result of wrong-doing is the "worst of all things." He is on the

whole ambivalent towards wealth, and values it much less than self-sufficiency. He disliked violence

but was not a pacifist: he urged cities to be prepared for war, and believed that a society had the right

to execute a criminal or enemy so long as this did not violate some law, treaty, or oath.[2] [27]

Goodness, he believed, came more from practice and discipline than from innate human nature. He

believed that one should distance oneself from the wicked, stating that such association increases

disposition to vice. Anger, while difficult to control, must be mastered in order for one to be rational.

Those who take pleasure from the disasters of their neighbors fail to understand that their fortunes are

tied to the society in which they live, and they rob themselves of any joy of their own. He advocated a

life of contentment with as little grief as possible, which he said could not be achieved through either

idleness or preoccupation with worldly pleasures. Contentment would be gained, he said, through

moderation and a measured life; to be content one must set their judgment on the possible and be

satisfied with what one hasgiving little thought to envy or admiration. Democritus approved of

extravagance on occasion, as he held that feasts and celebrations were necessary for joy and

relaxation. He considers education to be the noblest of pursuits, but cautioned that learning without

sense leads to error.[2][27]

[edit]

Mathematics

A right circular cone and an oblique circular coneDemocritus was also a pioneer of mathematics and geometry in particular. We only know this throughcitations of his works (titled On Numbers, On Geometrics, On Tangencies, On Mapping, and OnIrrationals) in other writings, since most of Democritus' body of work did not survive the Middle Ages.Democritus was among the first to observe that aconeor pyramid has one-third the volumeof acylinder orprism respectively with the same base and height. Also, a cone divided in a plane parallelto its base produces two surfaces. He pointed out that if the two surfaces are commensurate with eachother, then the shape of the body would appear to be a cylinder, as it is composed of equal rather thanunequal circles. However, if the surfaces are not commensurate, then the side of a cone is not smoothbut jagged like a series of steps.[34]

Start of social welfare and Darwinism losing its strength in politics

fter the 1906 election,David Lloyd George and Winston Churchillbegan to reform society according tothe Rowntree Report. The report detailed poor people fromYorkand explained that although they triedhard to lift themselves out of their poverty, it was nearly always impossible. This contributed to

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changing the prevalent social view that the poor were lazy and stupid, and new policies were madeconcerning the 'Deserving Poor'. These social reforms earned the Liberal Party the title 'Fathers of theWelfare State' and were largely due to the implementation of Social Darwinist philosophies.

Early geologists in Darwin time

The main question, which became a serious scientific problem in Darwins day, came from the growing

science of geology, specifically from the study of rock layers (called stratigraphy) and debates about

the age of the earth. The question: Where do species come from?

Early geologists had begun to see that each fossil species appeared only in certain rock layers but notothers.(1) Other scientists proposed that the earth was much older than the Bible seemed to indicate.They believed that the rock layers represented countless eons of time.(2)These ideas inspired the

belief that fossil species were laid down in layers over eons oftime

Darwinism a religious zeal

YOU WILL NOTICE THAT THE EVOLUTIONISTS HAVE CHOSEN SOME VERY LONG AND DIFFICULT-TO-PRONOUNCE NAMES FOR THEIR "MISSING-LINKS", the foundation stones, or bones, on which their faithis built. Doing this sort of thing envelopes it all with a shroud of mystery and even puts a littlesuperstitious awe into the minds of the average laymen. Like many other religious authorities, the highpriests of the "sacred cow" of false-science has done this to give credence to their faith and to gainreverence for themselves!

Start of social welfare and Darwinism losing its strength in politics

fter the 1906 election,David Lloyd George and Winston Churchillbegan to reform society according to

the Rowntree Report. The report detailed poor people fromYorkand explained that although they triedhard to lift themselves out of their poverty, it was nearly always impossible. This contributed tochanging the prevalent social view that the poor were lazy and stupid, and new policies were madeconcerning the 'Deserving Poor'. These social reforms earned the Liberal Party the title 'Fathers of theWelfare State' and were largely due to the implementation of Social Darwinist philosophies.

Bible reference to turning bible into myths and fablesThis same "Last Days" passage also warned that "THE TIME WILL COME WHEN THEY WILL NOTENDURE SOUND DOCTRINE (the truth); but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselvesteachers, having itching ears (ears that want to be tickled with lies!). And THEY SHALL TURN AWAYTHEIR EARS FROM THE TRUTH, AND SHALL BE TURNED UNTO FABLES!" This time has come, and thesedays are here, and their ears have turned from the truth and they are turned unto fables!--Likeevolution!

ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS FAKES EXPOSED BY SCIENTIFIC PROOF WAS

PILTDOWN MAN, found in Sussex, England ... and thought by some to be 500,000 years old. After

much controversy, it turned out to be not a primitive man at all, but a composite of a skull of modern

man and the jawbone of an ape. ... The jawbone had been 'doctored' with bichromate of potash and

iron to make it look mineralized."

PILTDOWN MAN'S TEETH ALSO REVEALED SOME NOT-TOO-PRIMITIVE DENTAL WORK: They had allbeen filed down to make them appear more ancient. In fact, Reader's Digest pointed out: "Everyimportant piece proved a forgery. Piltdown Man was a fraud from start to finish! ... All thecircumstantial evidence points to Dawson as the author of the hoax." 33 --HA!

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HE ANCIENT TRADITIONS (2500 B.C. to 500 A.D.)noah ark

The oldest known written record of a deluge story seems to be the tablets from Ebla (Tel Mardik)in Syria dating from about 2500 BC. While still largely untranslated at this time, there is a report of a

deluge story very similar to that in Genesis and written in a proto-Hebrew language (Horn, 1980).Unfortunately, we must await their translation to see exactly what is said about the ark and "Mt.Ararat".

The next document known to mention the flood and ark, as well as a definite landing place for

the ark is the Gilgamesh Epic. The now famous story was recovered from the library of Assurbanipal inNinevah and dates from about 650 BC. It identifies the landing place of the ark as " Mt. Nisir". Exactlywhere "Mt. Nisir" is remains unclear. A mountain or mountain range of that name is reported from theannals of King Ashurnasurpal II of Assyria (833-859 BC). The annals place it south of the Lower Zab(Wallis Budge and King, 1902, fide Montgomery, 1972).

Near 275 BC, A Chaldean priest named Berossus wrote a history of Babylon in Greek which he

complied from native documents. His works have not survived, but are quoted by several laterauthors, including Alexander Polyhistor (last century BC), Josephus (37 to circa 100 AD), and Moses ofChorene (5th century AD). In his discussion of the Gilgamesh Epic, he places the landing site of the arkin the Gordyaean Mountains.

Josephus cites several other writers in addition to Berossus in whose works the existence of theark is discussed. The only one to mention a landing place for the ark was Nicholas of Damascus (fromabout the time of Christ). He states:

"There is above the country ofMinyas in Armenia a great mountain called Baris, where, the story goes,many refugees found safety at the time of the flood, and one man, transported upon an ark, groundedupon the summit; and relics of the timber were for long preserved; this might well be the same man ofwhom Moses, the Jewish legislator, wrote."

Montgomery (1972, p. 62) suggests that Minyas is the same as Minni of the Old Testament and

Mannu of Assyria. The Seventh Day Adventist Bible Commentary (vol. 8, p. 722) agrees that Minni andMannu are the same, and further states that it lies "east and southeast of Lake Urmiah" in Iran.

Several writers of the first century AD mention the existence of the ark. Theophilus of Antioch

(circa 115-185) reports that the ark can be seen in his day "in the Arabian mountains." Epiphanes of

Salamis (circa 315-403), Chrysostoma (circa 345-407), and Isidore of Seville (circa 560-636) report theexistence of the ark in their times, but do not give a location where it can be found.In one of the more important works of the early Christian era, Faustus of Byzantium (4th century

AD) reports the experiences of a bishop who traveled to the region of "Gortouk" to see the ark. Hefailed to complete the ascent and an angel of the Lord brought him a piece of the ark as a symbol ofhis faith. The bishop was reported to have been from the town of Nesbin, a town that today lies innortheastern Syria. The naming of this city is important because it is mentioned again in a later report.Montgomery believes Gortouk to be equivalent to the region of Cortaea of Ptolemy in which theGordyaean Mountains are located. Faustus (in the 4th century AD) appears to be the firstauthor to use the term "Mount Ararat" as a specific mountain (versus a region) for theresting-place of the ark, which he places in the "Gortouk" region which is probablyequivalent to the Gordyaean Mountains.

THE DARK AGES (700 A.D. to 1200 A.D.)

History after the 7th century AD saw the rise of Islam in the Middle East and the Dark Ages inEurope. The next records in the historical progression are all from Muslim writers. They use "Jebel Judi"instead of "Ararat" for the location of the ark because that is the name used in the Koran to describethe landing place of Noahs ark. Al-Masudi (956 AD) expounding on the Koran version of the floodsays,

"El-Judiis a mountain in the country of Masur, and extends to Jezirah Ibn Omar which belongs to theterritory of el-Mausil. This mountain is eight farsangs [about 32 miles] from the Tigris. The place wherethe ship stopped, which is on top of this mountain, is still to be seen." (Montgomery (1972).

Ibn Haukal, in the last half of the 10th century, places Al-Judi near the town of Nesbin.

Remember that this is the mountain named by Faustus 700 years earlier as the town in which thebishop started his journey to see the ark. Ibn Haukal also states that Noah built a village at the foot ofthe mountain that he called Themanin.

The last of the Muslim commentators of the Dark Ages was George Elmacin (or Al-Makin or Ibn

Al-Amid, 1223-1274 AD). He describes the desire of an emperor of Byzantium to climb Al-Judi in theearly part of the 7th century. Whether or not he accomplished his goal is unknown; he left from theregion of Themanin.

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THE RENAISSANCE TO THE PRESENT (1250 A.D. to present)

About the same time that George Elmacin was writing, William of Rubruck wrote The Journey ofWilliam Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World (1253-1255). He did not see the ark himself, butdescribes an Armenian tradition placing the ark atop Mt. Masis near the Araxes River. He furtherrelates the story of a monk who attempted to scale the mountain, but was unable to finish. An angel ofthe Lord brought him a piece of the ark and told him to attempt no more. This story of the monk isvery similar to the story written by Faustus of Byzantium in the 4th century AD, 900 years prior, butwho placed the incident further to the south in the Gordyaean Mountains. This 13th century ADaccount appears to be the first reference to place the ark on the mountain that today iscalled Mt. Ararat". All prior accounts placed the ark further south.

Shortly after William of Rubruck published his work, Vincent of Beausais was writing his massive

Speculum Quadraplex(1256-1259). In it he also describes the attempt of a monk to climb Mt. Ararat.Again, as in the account of Faustus, the monk failed to climb the mountain and an angel of the Lordbrought him a piece of it as a symbol of his faith. Montgomery (1972, p. 76) states, "This narrativeappears almost certainly to depend on the account of Faustus of Byzantium" I would further suggestthat Vincent borrowed this story not from Faustus, but from William of Rubruck. Vincent located thelanding site of the ark near the Araxes River, as did William, but not Faustus. In both the accounts ofVincent and William, it is a monk, who makes the climb, while in Faustus, it is a bishop.

By the end of the 13th century, it would seem that the tradition of Mt. Masis being Mt. Ararat

had become firmly entrenched. All of the remaining authors cited by Montgomery follow this tradition.They include Jordanus (1329-1338), Odoric of Pordenone (circa 1330), Francesco Pegolotti (circa1340), Sir John Mandeville (circa 1360), Gonzalez de Clavijo (1412), Adam Olearius (1662), JansJanszoon Struys (1677), and Sir John Chardin (1684). All of these authors are reporting traditions of thepeople living around Agri Dagh at the time. None claim to have seen the ark themselves.

Nevertheless, the consensus was by no means unanimous. There are several authors not sited

by Montgomery who did not follow the 13th century AD Armenian tradition. Sebastian Munsterpublished an edition of Ptolemys Geographia in 1548 in which he add the following annotation toPtolemys "Gordaei" mountains (translated from the Latin),

"These are the mountains of Armenia in which it is said Noahs ark rested after the flood. Boccatiusand Haithonus call the mountains Ararat from whom this land of Ararat is mentioned in the book ofKings." (Munster, 1548, p. 97).

Nicolas de Nicolay, by 1558, had completed a trip to Turkey for the King of France as the court

geographer. In his account of the trip, he mentions the following of Armenia,

"To come now to the original country of the Armenias, you must understand that Armenia is a region inAsia In this region (as Isidore says) is the Mount Ararat, otherwise called Mount Gordian, upon thetop whereof rested and remained the ark of Noah, after the great deluge was ceased." (Nicolas deNicolay, 1558, p. 134).

In 1734, George Sale published an English translation of the Koran. In a footnote to Al-Judi (the

Koran equivalent to Ararat) he wrote the following statement. It is quoted here in its entirety since it isotherwise not generally available.

"This mountain is one of those which divide Armenia on the south, from Mesopotamia, and that part ofAssyria which is inhabitated by the Curds, from whom the mountains took the name Cardu, or Gardu,by the Greeks turned into Gordyae, and other names. (See Bochart. Phaleg. 1. 1, c. 3.) Mount Al-Judi(which seems to be a corruption, though it be constantly so written by the Arabs, for Jordi, or Giordi) isalso called Thamanin (Geogr. Nub. p. 202), probably from a town at the foot of it (D'Herbel. Bibl.Orient. p. 404 and 676, and Agathiam, 1. 14, p. 135), so named from the number of persons saved inthe ark, the word thamanin signifying eighty, and overlooks the country of Diyar Rab ah, near thecitles of Mawsel, Forda, and Jazirat Ebn Omar, which last place one affirms to be but four miles fromthe place of the ark, and says that a Mohammedan temple was built there with the remains of thevessel. by the Khalif Omar Ebn Abd'alaziz, whom he by mistake calls Omar Ebn Khattab (Benjamin.Itiner. p. 61). The tradition which affirms the ark to have rested on these mountains, must have beenvery ancient, since it is the tradition of the Chaldeans themselves (Berosus, apud Joseph. Antiq. 1. 1, c.4): The Chaldean paraphrasts consent to their opinion (Onkelos et Jonathan, In Gen. viii. 4), whichobtained very much formerly, especially among the Eastern Christians (Eutych. Annal. P. 41 ). Toconfirm it, we are told that the remains of the ark were to be seen on the Gordyaen mountains :Berosus and Abydenus both declare there was such a report in their time ( Berosus, apud Joseph. ubisup. Abydenus, apud Euseb. Praep. Ev. 1. 9, c. 4): the first observing that several of the inhabitantsthereabouts scraped pitch from off the planks as a rarity, and carried it about them for an amulet: andthe latter saying that they used the wood of the vessel against many diseases with wonderful success.The relics of the ark were also to be seen here in the time of Epiphanius, if we may believe him (Epiph.Haeres. 18); and we are told the emperor Heraclius went from the town of Thamanin up to themountain A I -Judi, and saw the place of the ark (Elmacin. 1. 1. c. 1 ). There was also formerly a famousmonastery, called the monastery of the ark, upon some of these mountains, where the Nestoriansused to celebrate a feast day on the spot where they supposed the ark rested; but in the year of Christ

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776, that monastery was destroyed by lightening, with the church, and a numerous congregation in it(Chronic. Dionysii Patriarch, Jacobitar, apud Asseman. Blbl. Orlent. t. 2. p.ll3). Since which time itseems the credit of this tradition hath declined, and given place to another, which obtains at present,and according to which the ark rested on Mount Masis, In Armenia, called by the Turks Agri Dagh orthe heavy or great mountain, and situated about twelve leagues south-east of Erivan (al Beldawi)."(Sale, 1734; p. 214-215).

In 1842, Ainsworth, recounting his travels to Persia, makes the following statement in reference

to Jebal Judi,

"It would scarcely be proper to leave Zakhu, with the lofty peaks of Jebel Judi, ...without saying a wordupon a question agitated among Oriental travelers, concerning the comparative authenticity of thetraditions which have reference to the site of the mountain called Ararat in the Old Testament. Factsi11ustrative of so remote an antiquity are naturally not numerous, and difficulty tangible. Mount Ararathas, however, been allowed by most of the ancient- profane or inspired writers, to belong to Armenia;but so do the Gordyene mountains, of which the Jebel Judi constitute a part, and to which traditionassigns its Thenanin, or Mountain of the Ark, as well as the Armenian Masis,--the Mohammedan AghriTagh (the Painful Mount*.)

"[*Mr. Consul Brant remarks that at Bayazid there are no traditions respecting the ark, andthe natives know the mountain by no other name than Aghri Tagh.]

"The only Chaldean historian adopts the tradition current among the Chaldeans and Syrians as well asthe Arabs and other Mohammedans of the present day that Ararat is in the Gordyaean chain, and thememory of this was preserved till A.D. 776, by a Chaldean monastery, now supplanted by aMohammedan mesjid, which is a monument consecrated by another worship to record the sameevent." (Ainsworth, 1842; Vol.. II, p. 340-341.)

The Islamic tradition that the ark rests on Jebal Judi is still extant today. Fraya Stark, in

describing her travels in Kurdistan, says,

"We were crossing the Tigris watershed, and now the land broke westward, and the long promontoryof Judi Dagh, that hangs over North Mesopotamia, appeared on our left, divided Into three more or lessequal portions by ravines that were unapparent in the night. On the western tip or the most easterlyravine--the one, that Is to say, attached to the central highlands--is the chapel that commemorates thestepping-out of Noah from the ark. Gertrude Bell In Amurath to Amurath, that excellent book,describes it, for we were now approaching lands visited by most of the Mesopotamian travelers duringthe last hundred years. Wigram, too, refers to the legend as a tale of unknown antiquity in the yearA.D. 300, and adds that 'no people here save the Armenians, look on...Ararat...as the spot where theArk rested' (pg. 335), and I myself remember seeing the snow-powdered line of Judi from the Shammartents and being told how Nuh the prophet landed there, after first hitting Jebel Sinjar with his hull...The actual tomb of Noah, and his vineyard, are 'lower down on the hillside hard by the Nestorianvillage of Hasana' . . . " (Stark, 1959; pg. 90-91.)

PART 2:

MODERN CLAIMS TO HAVE SEEN THE ARK

NATIVE OBSERVERS FROM SOUTHEASTERN TURKEY

The previous reports presented above all represent various traditions or folklore. There are alsoseveral reports that claim to come from first-hand observation of the ark, rather than reports of localtraditions. To our knowledge, however, only two of these reports (Hagopian and Reshit, below) are

from direct interviews with the person who claims to have seen the ark, and none of those claiming tohave seen the ark is still alive. Therefore, we have not been able to interview any of these sourcesourselves. Their stories are quoted here in greater detail than those of the previous section, since weintend to compare them in detail for internal consistency, as well as for information to help locate theark. Unless otherwise indicated, these stories are from Cummings, 1987.

The story of Haji Yearam is the first known to us where a person claims to have seen the ark

himself. He was born in 1832 in Armenia, moved at sometime to Oakland, California, where he liveduntil he died in 1920. He related the following story to the people who were taking care of him shortlybefore he died. This story was related from memory by the people taking care of Haji, to Mr.Cummings, 32 years later.

"Haji Yearam' s parents and family lived at the foot of Greater Mount Ararat in Armenia. According totheir traditions, they were descended directly from those who had come out of the ark, but who hadnever migrated from that country. The descendants of Ham and his sympathizers had migrated overinto the land of Shinar and built the tower of Babel, and others had migrated to other countries, but

Haji's forebearers had always remained near the mount where the ark had come to rest in a littlevalley surrounded by some small peaks about three-quarters or more up on the mountain.

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"For several hundred years after the flood his forebearers had made yearly pilgrimages up to the arkto make sacrifices and to worship there. They had a good trail and steps in the steep places. Finallythe enemies of God undertook to go to Ararat and destroy the ark, but as they neared the locationthere came a terrible storm that washed away the trail, and lightening blasted the rocks. From thattime on, even the pilgrimages ceased, because they feared to betray the way to the ungodly andfeared God' s wrath. They took that terrible storm to be a token that God did not want the arkdisturbed until near the end of the world, when they believed that its presence would be revealed tothe whole world. However, the tribesmen there handed down the legends from generation to

generation, and from time to time lonely shepherds or hunters In very hot summers came back withstories that they had reached the little valley and had actually seen one end of the ark where it hadbeen made visible by the melting of snow and ice.

"When Haji was a large boy, but not yet a man fully grown, there came to his home some strangers. If Iremember correctly there were three vile men who did not believe the Bible and did not believe in theexistence of a personal God. They were scientists and evolutionists. They were on this expeditionspecifically to prove the legend of Noah's Ark to be a fraud and a fake. They hired the father of youngHaji Yearam as their official guide. (Haji at that time had not yet become a Haji, and was just a largeboy). They hired the boy to assist his father as guide.

"It was an unusually hot summer, so the snow and glaciers had melted more than usual. TheArmenians were very reticent to undertake any expedition to the Ark because they feared God'sdispleasure, but the father of Haji thought that possibly the time had come when God wanted theworld to know the ark was still there and he wanted to prove to those atheists that the Bible story ofthe flood and the Ark is true.

"After extreme hardship and peril the party came to the little valley up on Greater Ararat, not on thevery top, but a little down from the top. This little valley is surrounded by a number of small peaks.There the ark came to rest in a little lake, and the peaks protected it from the tidal waves that rushedback and forth as the flood subsided. On one side of the valley the water from the melting snows andglacier spills over in a little river that runs down the mountain As they reached this spot, there theyfound the prow of a mighty ship protruding out of the ice. They went inside the ark and didconsiderable exploring. It was divided into many floors and stages and compartments and had barslike animal cages of today. The whole structure was covered with a varnish or lacquer that was verythick and strong, both outside and inside the ship. The ship was built more like a great and mightyhouse on the hull of a ship, but without any windows. There was a great doorway of immense size, butthe door was missing. The scientists were appalled and dumbfounded and went into a Satanic rage atfinding what they had hoped to prove nonexistent. They were so angry and mad that they said theywould destroy the ship, but the wood was more like stone than any wood we have now. They did nothave tools or means to wreck so mighty a ship and had to give it up. They did tear out some timbersand tried to burn the wood, but it was so hard it was almost impossible to burn it.

"They held a council, and then took a solemn and fearful death oath. Any man present who would everbreathe a word about what they had found would be tortured and murdered." (Cummings, 1972;pg.190-192; emphasis ours).

Prince Nouri, the Chaldean Archbishop of Babylon, is the next to report having seen the ark

himself. Prince Nouri was traveling from Malabar, India, to Kochanis, Turkey (see fig. 4). He wasmaking the trip to be consecrated as bishop. After departing from Kochanis, he went to Urmiah inPersia, five days from Kochanis, where he met Dr. Frederick B. Coan. He related to Dr. Coan how,during that trip, he succeeded, after three attempts, in making his way to the ark, on April 25, 1887.He later went to Belgium to recruit a company to bring the ark to the World's Fair to be held in Chicagoin 1893. He could not find sufficient financial support to remove the ark to Chicago, but he did deliveran address to the World Parliament of Religions at the Chicago Fair on the existence of the ark. Nostatements survive, though, stating the location of the mountains where he saw it.

The last of the Middle East people to reach the ark, and whose reports have reached the West, is

George Hagopian. As a small boy he and his uncle reached the ark in 1902. He again visited the arktwo years later. He is the only person we believe to have seen the ark that has been extensivelyinterviewed prior to his death. These interviews were taped and are maintained by Mr. Lee, Mr.Cummings and Dr. Montgomery. The party left from Van, and traveled seven days to reach the ark.The ark was long, and made of wood like stone. It was near a very high cliff, sitting on a large rock,surrounded by snow. Elfred Lee has made a painting of the ark according to Hagopian's descriptionandunder his supervision. (See figure 5.)

THE WESTERN OBSERVERS

World War I saw a large influx of "outsiders" into eastern Turkey. The Turks were fighting CzaristRussian troops, and from 1914 to 1923, the front was constantly changing (see fig. 4). It is from thistime that we have several reports of the ark being seen. Apparently, a Russian aviator first sighted theark, and from his report an expedition was mounted to investigate. The following is the report of theson-in-law of a soldier from the Russian expedition.

"While in the Russian Army, they were ordered to pack for a long tramp up into the Mountain of Ararat.A Russian aviator had sighted what looked to him like a huge wooden structure in a small lake. About

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two-thirds of theway up, probably a little farther, they stopped on a high cliff, and in a small valleybelow them was a dense swamp in which the object could be seen. It appeared as a huge ship orbarge with one end under water, and only one corner could be seen from where these men stood.Some went closer, especially the Captain. They could not get out to it because of the water and themany poisonous snakes and insects. The Captain told them of the details." (Cummings, 1972; pg. 114-115; emphasis ours.)

Following World War I, six or seven Turkish soldiers were returning home from duty in Iraq and

passed by "Ararat". Few details of their sighting remain, and what exists is in a letter to whom it mayconcern offering their services as guides (see Cummings, 1972; pg. 259-261; see also fig. 4 above).

World War II again brought many "outsiders" to eastern Turkey. This time they were American

and Australian aviators who were flying supplies to Erivan in southwestern Russia from Tunisia innorthern Africa. There are rumors of several independent sightings and of photographs being taken ofthe ark, but none have yet been authenticated. However, several people remember a photograph ofthe ark that was published in the military weekly newspaper, Stars and Stripes. Unfortunately, nocopies of that issue have been located. As can be seen in figure 4, Erivan is only about 30 miles fromAgri Dagh. We suggest that if the ark was on that mountain, the pilots effecting daily passages overand around Agri Dagh would have seen it much more often.

Shortly after the war, a Swedish physician was talking to a Russian aviator in Hamburg,

Germany. The aviator showed him several pictures recently taken from the air and marked as havingbeen taken at "4500 meters", about 13,000 to 14,000 feet in elevation.

"One of the pictures showed the ship protruding out of the ice approximately 80 to 90 feet and it wastilted slightly downwards. In the bottom of that area was a little melted pond or lake. The glacier wasshown in the mountain summit in the upper right of the picture and the other pictures were taken at asimilar angle. To me it appeared that they were taken on the north side." (Cummings, 1972; pg. 330;emphasis ours.)

In 1948, there was another sighting of Noah's ark by a local native. This time the report reached thewestern world through Associated Press from Istanbul.

"The petrified remains of an object peasants insist resembles a ship has been found high up Mt. Ararat,Biblical landing place of Noah's Ark. This is the story: Early in September a Kurdish farmer namedReshit was about two-thirds of the way up the 16,000 foot peak when he came on an object he hadnever seen before. Reshit climbed down to it and with his dagger tried to break off a piece of the prow.It was so hard it would not break. It was blackened with age..." (Cummings, 1972; pg. 163; emphasisours.)

In the summer of 1952 or 1953, George Greene, an oil-pipeline engineer, discovered the ark and

photographed it while working for an oil pipeline company in eastern Turkey. In 1954, he showed thepictures to Fred Drake, who he had met in Kanab, Utah. Greene later went to British Guyana, were hewas subsequently murdered. His photos, maps, etc. all disappeared.

Mr. Drake has related what is known about the ark. Reportedly, Greene was flying when he

sighted the ark and he took half a dozen pictures. According to Drake, the ark was on the northeastflank of the mountain, with the prow pointing north and slightly west. Only one side of the ark wasvisible, as it sat in a morass of brush and ice. It was resting on an "imbricate fault" system, near theedge of a large cliff(see fig. 6).

Exactly what type of aircraft Greene was in, as well as exactly where he was, remains a matter

of controversy. Mr. E. Cummings (pers. comm., 1983) states that Greene was flying in a Mobile 0ilCompany helicopter and had official permission to fly around Agri Dagh, but records including theAAPG Bulletin show that Mobil was not present in Turkey during the years 1952-1953. Other accounts(P. Watson, pers. comm., 1976) allow the possibility that he was actually in a fixed wing aircraft.

There is also the problem of where in Turkey Greene was working. As can be seen in figure 4,

the oil fields of eastern Turkey are far to the south of Agri Dagh, nearer the area of the GordyaeanMountains and Al-Judi. It is difficult to imagine, during the Cold War years of the early 1950's, theTurkish government sponsoring an oil pipeline project from its southern region toward the SovietUnion! Regardless of where Greene was actually working, the context of a pipeline engineerprospecting near southern Turkey fits well with the historical development of oil fields in that region(see AAPG Bulletins for 1951-1955).

PART 3:

DISCUSSION

THE TRADITIONS

As can be seen in Table I, there is a clear trend in the history of traditions surrounding thelanding place of the ark. Mt. Nizer is the first, but its exact location remains uncertain. The Gordyaean

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mountains appear very early in tradition, continuing through to the 19th century. The name"Gordyaean" is an Anglicization of the Greek word "gordyae" which means Kurds, the people stillinhabiting the area (Sale, 1734). Kurd is variously spelled Cardu, Gardu, Qardu, Cortae, etc.,depending on the language of the particular author. The Gordyaean mountains are literally "themountains of the Kurds". Sale's suggestion (1734) that Al-Judi is a corruption of Jordi or Giordi andequals the Gordyaean mountains is an interesting one. It follows what later authors such as Ainsworth(1842) say.

The location of the Gordyaean Mountains is difficult to ascertain. Early maps, such as found inSchott (1513) and Munster (1548), are difficult to interpret; different sources disagree on exactlywhere to place the Gordyaeans. The information was obviously incomplete, as the relationship ofThospitis Lake (modern Lake Van ) to the Gordyaean Mountains in the two editions of Ptolomy ' s workas illustrated in figure 7 are different. This should not be surprising, since the term probably nevermeant a particular range, but an area. The same is true for Ararat in the Bible, and both probably referto the same area. Modern examples of this practice include the Rocky Mountains, Alps, Himalayans,etc. These are really broad tectonic areas composed of many individual ranges, such as the Wind Riverrange, the Bighorn Range, etc., within the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming.

The tradition for Agri Dagh to be the landing place for the ark is comparatively young. The first

reference we could find to it was William of Rubruck in the 13th century A.D., although from that timeon it seems to be well entrenched in the Christian world. Both it and the Al-Judi traditions are the mostpopular today.

THE OBSERVATIONS

That the ark has been seen in this century, there can be little doubt. Key characters concerningthe ark that were listed by seven of the many accounts are illustrated in Table II, where the charactershave been grouped according to the number of sources that share them. It should be readily apparentthat there is close harmony between them. Most sources describe the ark as being between two-thirdsand three-quarters of the way up the north/northeast side of the mountain, in a small wooded valleysurrounded by small peaks, near a high cliff, with part of the ark submerged in a small lake or swampand partly covered with snow and ice. Most also describe the ark as being made of a dark brown woodas hard as stone, but with the grain still visible--like petrified wood. The importance of this generalconcordance is that these reports are completely independent and span over one hundred years.

Most of the reports mention Mount Ararat as the place where the ark was seen. This should not

be surprising since, as previously noted, to western minds, any mountain found to hold the ark would,by definition, be called Mount Ararat.

PART 4:

CONCLUSIONS

We have derived the following conclusions from this study:W

Noah's ark is still in existence and has been seen many times in this century. It seems most unlikelythat reports from so wide a cultural diversity and spanning so large an interval, could beentirely fictional and still share so many fine details.

1. We do not believe the ark rests on Agri Dagh for the following reasons:0 The associated details of where the ark is located cannot be reconciled with the

topography of Agri Dagh. The mountain has been extensively explored, and no smalllake in a wooded valley, especially surrounded by several small peaks, can beassociated with the known topography of the two volcanic cones of Agri Dagh.

1 The tradition that Agri Dagh holds the ark is a relatively recent one, the most recent oneknown to us.

2 At the time Moses wrote Genesis, Agri Dagh was not within the kingdom of Ararat (Urartu),but the area containing Jebel Judi was (see fig. 2). Although archeology has broughtto light some remains from the 3rd and 2nd millenia B.C. from the area we call theKingdom of Urartu (Plotrovsky, 1969); "there is at present no sound evidenceattesting to the existence of The Kingdom [of Urartu] before the ninth century B.C."(Burney and Lang, 1971; pg. 127). Even if we accept that Urartu is equivalent withUruatri mentioned in the annals of Shalmaneser I (1280 to 1261B.C.), Uruatridesignates a group of "eight countries ... situated in a mountainous area southeastof LakeVan-- perhaps in the upper valley of the Great Zaab." (Plotrovsky, 1969; pg43. Emphasis ours). That area does not include Agri Dagh.

3 The topography of Agrl Dagh is also inconsistent with the description of the landing site ofthe ark given by Yearam and White where the ark was harbored by a cluster ofmountains, resting first on one the another, and they were mountains God hadpreserved through the flood. Two volcanic cones do not qualify.p

We suggest that the more ancient traditions of the Gordyaean mountains and Jebel Judi area befurther searched.f

Fernand Navarra (1974) has not found any part of the ark, as he has claimed. We believe thisbecause:

0 His discoveries were on Agri Dagh, which we have excluded on other grounds.

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1 The wood he found has a radiocarbon date too young (see Noorbergen, 1974; pp. 142-161)and its composition is not "hard like stone". Since the wood found in the fossil recordhas an infinite radiocarbon age, and we believe that the bulk of the fossil record wasdeposited during the deluge of Noah, we would expect the wood from Noah ' s ark toalso have an infinite radiocarbon age.

2 Navarra "forgot" where he found the wood, and despite several subsequent attempts, hasnot been able to re locate the ark.

It seems unlikely that the mountain referred to by most eyewitnesses as Mount Ararat (AgriDagh) is the Biblical Ararat. If one returns to figure 1, it can be seen that there are no little lakesnoted, especially near a high cliff and in a small, wooded valley surrounded by small peaks. Agri Daghconsists of twin, giant volcanic cones generally void of vegetation.

Other reasons to doubt Agri Dagh as the landing site include the account of the Turkish soldiers

returning home from Iraq following World War I, and the account of George Greene. The Turkishsoldiers were returning from Baghdad to their home in Adana (Benzatyan, pers. comm., 1983). As canbe seen in figure 4, travelers to Adana would traverse the area of the Gordyaen Mountains, but wouldbe unlikely to pass through the area of recent fighting along the Russian border. That would be far outof the way, as well as being a good excuse to be drafted into the war again.. This is especially truesince they encountered the ark "by chance".

The final reason to doubt Agri Dagh involves the account of George Greene. As previously

mentioned, it seems very unlikely that anyone would be flying near the Soviet border during the ColdWar. In addition, is seems more likely that an oil pipeline engineer would be working near the oil fields,which are further to the south, near the Gordyaean Mountains and Al-Judi.

REFERENCES

Ainsworth, H. 1622. Annotations vpon the five books of Moses, and the Booke of thePsalmes...(comparing Hebreue words wlth Greek and Chaldeen versions...) -- annotationsvpon Gen. VIII:4. Iohn Harlland for Iohn Bellanie, London. pp. 292.

Ainsworth, W. 1842. Travels and researches In Asia Minor Mesopotamia, Chaldea, andArmenia. J. W. Parker. London. Vol. I I., PP. l-xll, 1-399.Burney, C. and D. Lang. 1971. The peoples of the hills: ancient Ararat and Caucasus.Weldenfield and Nocolsen. London. PP. l-xv, 1-324.

Cummings, V. 1972. Noah's Ark: fact of fable. Creation-Science Research Center, San Diego. PP. 1-352.Horn, S. 1960. Seventh-day Adventist Bible Dictionary. Review and Herald. Washington, D.C. PP.l-xxxli, I-II99...... 1980. The spade confirms the Book, 2nd Ed. Review and Herald. Washington, D.C. PP. 1-320.Kurkjian, V. 1959. A history of Armenia. Armenian Gereral Benevolent Union. New York. PP. 1-526.Montgomery, J. 1972. The quest for Noah's Ark. Bethany Fellowship. Minneapolis. PP. 1-335.Munster, S. 1540. Claudius Ptolemaeus Geographia. Basle. Facsimile reproduction by TheatrumOrbis Terrarum, Amsterdam, 1966.

Navarra, F. 1974. Noah's Ark: I Touched It. Logos International. Plainfield, N.J. PP. l-xv, 1-137.de Nicolay, N. 1558. The Nau I gat Ions into Turkie. London.Facsimile reproduction by Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Amsterdam,1968. PP. I-17 I.Noorbergen, R. 1974. The Ark file. Pacific Press. Mountain View, CA. PP. 1-207.Plotrovsky, B. 1969. The ancient civilization of Urartu. Cowles Book Co. New York. PP. 1-224.Translated from the Russian by James Hogarth.Sale, G. 1734. The Koran, translated into English, with explanatory notes from the most approvedcommentators.Frederick Warne, London, unknown date, PP. l-x I v, 1-608.

Schott, J. 1513. Claudius Ptolemaeus Geographia. Strassburg. Facsimile reproduction by TheatrumOrbis Terrarum, Amsterdam, 1966.

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Stark, F. 1959. Riding to the Tigris. Harcourt, Brace, and Co. New York. PP. l-x I, I-I I 4.White, E. 1864. Spiritual Gifts. Steam Press, Battle Creek, MI. Facsimile reproduction by Review andHerald, Washington, D. C., 1945. Vol. III, PP. l-v I, 1-304.

Creation support doc. below

Creation summary points[not all]

concept of plate tectonics has revolutionized thinking in theEarth sciencesin the last 10 years and

combines many of the ideas about continental drift and sea-floor spreading.[1] The theory of

continental drift was put forth by acreation scientist named Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, who published

the concept in his book, La Cration et ses mystres dvoils (Creation and its Mysteries Unveiled), in

1858.[2] In 1912 by Alfred Wegener furthered developed the theory of continental drift

(Kontinentalverschiebung), and sea-floor spreading was suggested originally by Harry Hess of

Princeton University.[1]

To form his theory, Sniderdrew from Genesis 1:9-10 where it is explained that God gathered the seasinto one place, suggesting the possibility of one single landmass at that point in time. He alsoobserved the close fit of the Eastern South American coast and the Western African coast. Heconcluded that the Flood of Noah had caused subsequent horizontal movement of the supercontinentcausing it to break, thus forming the tectonic plates. Snider's idea was overlooked, possibly due to thefact that Darwin's book had been published in the same year. Snider wrote a book and even had ittranslated into French, but still, his theory went unnoticed until the early twentieth century. At thattime, the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener wrote a book on the idea of one originalsupercontinent calledPangaea.

But still, for about 50 years this thought was neglected due to a small group of seismologists who

professed that the strength of the mantle rock was too great to allow continents to drift in the way

Wegener had calculated. They estimated the rocks strength by watching the behavior of seismic

waves as they went through the earth. But they were calculating the strength of the rocks at the time

of their testing, not from back when the earth was in it's pre-flood state. During those 50 years,

scientists who believed in the theory of one original supercontinent were considered ignorant people

who didn't look at the facts. But today, that view has reversed.

Today, most scientists believe in the fact that the earth was once a supercontinent. Now we have

more information on our planet due to mapping the ocean floor using sound waves, measuring the

magnetic field above the seafloor, timing geomagnetic reversalsof the past by unlocking the magnetic

memory of the continental rocks, and locating earthquakes with a world-wide network of

seismometers. [3]

Supporting evidence

In particular, four major scientific developments spurred the formulation of theplate-tectonics theory::

Demonstration of the ruggedness and youth of the ocean floorD

Confirmation of repeated reversals of the Earth magnetic field in the geologic pastC

Emergence of the seafloor-spreading hypothesis and associated recycling of oceanic crustPrecise documentation that the world's earthquake and volcanic activity is concentrated along oceanictrenches and submarine mountain ranges.[4]

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History and Development

One of the most prominent geologic thinkers was Niels Steensen (16381686) who was responsible for

the development and observation of superposition. The term superposition describes the process of

sedimentary rock deposition in a successive, mainly horizontal fashion. In his book entitled,

Forerunner(1669) Steensen implied a roughly 6,000-year-oldEarth and that fossils within the rock

strata laid down through superposition were deposited by Noahs Flood. The century after Seensen's

death saw several prominent authors stand firm in the principles put forth in Steensen's book. The

English geologist John Woodward (16651722) and the German geologist Johann Lehmann (1719

1767), to name a few, wrote books ultimately reinforcing that view.[1]

The idea of an old earth is based on the principle ofuniformitarianism, which is the doctrine thatgeologic processes have acted in the same regular manner and intensity throughout geologic time.

This concept was begun in 1795 byJames Huttonand further developed byCharles Lyellwho isconsidered the father of modern geology. Charles Darwintook Lyell's book "Principles of Geology"during his historic voyage on the Beagle. Lyell's book inspired Darwin to form his theory of slowbiological change known as gradualism.

The Global Flood or Biblical Flood of Noah (17 Bul 1656 AM) is an event described in the Biblical

book of Genesis, wherein the entire world was covered with water as divine punishment, and only a

small number of humans and animals survived.

In The Genesis Record, Henry Morrisstates:

The word for flood (mabbul), used here for the first time, applies only to the Noahic Flood; other floods are denoted by

was the mabbul, unique in all history...Similarly, when the Genesis Flood is referred to in the New Testament, the Gree

(Matthew 24:39; Luke 17:27; 2 Peter 2:5; 3:6) instead of the usual Greek word for flood. This Flood was not to be com

be absolutely unique in all history.[1]

The account in Genesisis the best known and the most detailed account, but the event recorded inancient historiesin various forms across cultures worldwide. It is described in theIslamicQur'an, theBook of Jubilees, and the Book of Enoch. Direct references occur in theCritias andTimaeus ofPlato,and the ancientBabylonianEpic of Gilgamesh.

Reduction of Life Expectancy

Main Article: Human longevityAncient historical records (includingGenesis) state that prior to the flood of Noah, humans lived toapproximately 10 times our current life expectancy.Methuselah is known for living longer than anyother human in history, dying at the age of 969.[6]This longevity is believed to be so extraordinarilylong in part because environmental conditions were optimal before theEarth was destroyed. However,immediately after the flood, the lifespans recorded in theBiblical genealogydropped quickly.Creationists have proposed a number of explanations for this, and it can not be overlooked assignificant that immediately prior to proclaiming the coming of the global flood, God states that "Man'sdays shall be 120 years;"(Genesis 6:3). This statement may well indicate that one of the purposes ofthe flood was to reduce the lifespan of humans.[7]

Extrabiblical Sources

Main Article: Flood legends

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Native globalflood stories are documented as history or legend in almost every region on Earth. In TheAntiquities of the Jews, first-century historianJosephus cites myriad ancient histories recording theflood, including those by Berosus the Chaldean, Hieronymus the Egyptian, Mnaseas, and Nicolaus ofDamascus. (Antiquities I:3:93-95.) In addition to these written accounts, scores of oral traditions aboutthe flood exist throughout the world even today, including Native American and Aboriginal societies.Old world missionaries reported their amazement at finding remote tribes already possessing legendswith tremendous similarities to the Bible's accounts of the worldwide flood. H.S. Bellamy in Moons,Myths and Men estimates that altogether there are over 500 Flood legends worldwide. Ancient

civilizations such as (China, Babylonia,Wales, Russia, India, America, Hawaii, Scandinavia,Sumatra,Peru, and Polynesia) all have their own versions of a giant flood.

"You covered it with the deep as with a garment; the waters stood above the mountains. But at your

rebuke the waters fled, at the sound of your thunder they took to flight; they flowed over the

mountains, they went down into the valleys, to the place you assigned for them. You set a boundary

they cannot cross; never again will they cover the earth." - Psalm 104:6-9

This passage tells us that mountains rose and valleys sank during the Flood. Mount Everest rose up

during the Flood, so the Flood did not need to reach the height that Mount Everest is today.

There is enough water on earth for a global flood. If the earth was smoothed out, the water in the

oceans would cover it to a depth of about 8,813 feet (2.6 kilometres). This does not include the water

in rivers, lakes, glaciers, and other sources. They would add about another 23 thousand feet (600-900

metres). In reality, the Flood would only need to be a little over 7,000 feet (2.1 kilometres) deep.

So the real question is whether it is possible for Mount Everest to have risen to its current height fast

enough to fit a time-scale consistent with the Flood. The earthquake that caused the Indonesian

tsunami of December 26, 2004 caused an uplift of at least 20 feet (six metres) in a few minutes, which

is a speed of about 240 feet per hour (84 metres per hour). At that rate Mount Everest could have

reached its current height in about five days. Forces observed in earthquakes are sufficient, if

extended long enough, to quickly raise the highest mountain to its current height in just a few days.

supporting sudden change

The result is that, based on the amount of water on earth, and observed tectonic forces, there was thepotential to quickly raise mountains. So the global Flood of the Bible is theoretically possible. You cansee a seafloor study that traces culprits behind Indian Ocean tsunami[10] for further explanation.

In many casesTalk Origins' "refutation" of out of place human traces such as thePaluxy footprints

does not withstand examination. This assertion is also challenged by Human Skeletons that were

found in Cretaceous strata, this is severely damaging to evolutionary theory. It was reported in Desert

Magazine in 1975. Many other out of place fossils have been found but are rarely reported in the

"scientific" literature because of the overwhelmingly corrupt scientific establishment where if you do

not favor evolution you do not favor science.

Unfossilized dinosaur bones

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Unfossilized (or unmineralized) dinosaur bones have been found at various locations in Canada

and Northern Alaska. Unfossilized or carbonized wood has also been found at various other locations in

strata associated with dinosaurs, or even (supposedly) "older"strata. Both the dinosaurand woody

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materials have been dated by Carbon-14, and the dates obtained are between 9,800 and 50,000

years.

Contents [hide]]

1 Soft Tissue1

2 Unfossilized Wood2

3 Axel Heiberg

FossilsF

4 The Rate of

Organic DecayO

5 Related

ReferencesR

6 See Also

Soft Tissue

Soft tissue would only be preserved in specimens (i.e. bones) that were either not mineralized like

ordinary beef or chicken bones, those that are partially mineralized, or those that are mineralized but

still retain their original organic material. In other words, in some cases where bones or wood appear

to be completely "fossilized", or "mineralized", if the minerals are leached out of the wood or bones,

what is left is the original (now demineralized) organic remains. John W. Dawson did this with wood

that is said to be over 300 million years old, and what was left behind was a piece of wood that could

be flexed or burnt in a fire. See the, "Organic Material Intact" section of a paper called, The "Fossil

Forests" of Nova Scotia[1].

Unfossilized Wood

Unfossilized Wood has also been found on Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere Islands [2] in northern Canada.The wood from these trees thaws out every year, and can be sawed, or burned in a fire, and yet theyare said to be 45-60 million years old: even though the wood carbon-dates quite young. Frozen treesfrom northern Siberia have been dated to only 7000 years old. See above link for more information.

Radiocarbon Dating Dinosaurs?

"Carbon dating dinosaur bones is ludicrous, and the fact they yielded numbers ismeaningless,"

says a museum curator. Is it ludicrous or is it the bias of evolutionists that is ludicrous?

DIRECT RADIOCARBON DATING OF DINOSAUR BONE FRAGMENTS:

The dating of dinosaur fossils is not as simple a matter as the media and mainstream science wouldlike us to believe. There are no magical dating machines generate a report which reads 70 million yearold; rather most dating of fossils is done by dating nearby lava flows or other igneous or metamorphicrock assumed to have lost all daughter products and been "set" at the time of the dinosaur or otherfossil formation. Then stratagraphic correlation is used to reconstruct the sequence and time. The only

method that dates the fossils themselves is carbon dating but evolutionists believe that dinosaurs aretoo old for carbon dating. This begs the question, are they really that old? In 1970, Professor RobertWhitelaw of Virginia Polytechnic Institute examined the radiocarbon data reported in the journal,

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Radiocarbon. He was surprised to find that several of these came from specimens which would beconsidered several million years old by evolutionary dating. Examples are:

Sabre-toothed tiger: 28,000 years (evolution: a few million)

Petrified wood: 10,000 years (evolution: several million)

Carboniferous coal:1,680 years (evolution: above 300 million)

Bone fragments from the 30 ft. long Acrocanthosaurus dinosaur were excavated by members of CEM(Creation Evidence Museum) of Glen Rose TX and CRSEF of Columbus OH. These were subjected tothe radiocarbon dating process at three different laboratories. The table below lists these datesand those of four other samples from four separate excavations of other dinosaurs; three came fromthe Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh PA. The dates ranged from about 9,890 to36,500 Radiocarbon years (Beta system) before the present (B.P.). Evolutionists insist these bone arebetween 65 Million and 150 Million years old.

Carbon-14 dating and mass spectroscopy dating are best for specimens up to 50,000 years or so," saidanother.

"If a scientist believes the bones are millions of years older, the usual procedure is to date the age of

the surrounding rock strata using potassium argon dating, all of which measure the amount of decayof those elements." These are some of the more kind remarks noted in major AP releases.

In other words to date a fossil you need to know how "old" it is first. How is that for objectivity! Theselective use of dating methods and the underlying circular reasoning of evolutionary geology speaksfor itself. Meanwhile the carbon dating of fossils seems to indicate a recent flood catastrophe is aviable working hypothesis for the formation of many of the Earth's features. Further research is stillneeded but it appears global patterns of young C14 dates will continue to be a thorn in the paw ofevolutionary geology.

With regards potassium argon dating of recent volcanic eruption material it must be pointed out thatsuch material from Mt. St. Helens eruptions of the 1980's gave very old ages in the range of 300,000to 2.7 million years

This is not only so for Mt. St. Helens but also for modern volcanism in Hawaii and New Zealand. It'sthen logical to ask the question, if you can not get the age right for modern volcanism how can you get

a correct age for unknown magma such as that in Africa, from where our alleged ancestors came?Indeed, French sedimentologist Guy Berthault of France also discovered that the 17th centuryprinciples of sediment formation in the geologic column is badly flawed based on recent flask andflume studies

He has challenged geologists to come to grips with these lab, flume and field studies that support theconclusions that (1) the geologic column needs to be completely restudied based upon paleohydraulics(sediments in moving waters) and (2) date the fossils not the rocks (www.geology.ref.ac.berthault).Unfortunately for the advancement of science these so-called 17th observations (assumptions) weretreated as principles and had never been thoroughly evaluated in the lab until the late 20th century;scientists from other nations are just now beginning to look at the new d