DAQ and Signal Processing - National Instrumentsdownload.ni.com/.../measurement_and_signal_processing_seminar_2011.pdfMeasurement and Signal Processing Seminar ... Professional report

Measurement and

Signal Processing Seminar

2011

2

Agenda

• About National Instruments

• ACQUIRE

Different hardware platforms for different

applications

• ANALYSE

Different programming approaches for analysis

needs

• PRESENT

Professional report and User Interface creation

3

NI HQ

National Instruments• Leading supplier of computer-based

measurement and automation

• Approx. 5,500 employees in over 40 countries

• Customers in over 30,000 companies

• Investment in R&D: 16% of annual revenue

• Over 600 certified NI Alliance Partners

4

Today’s Engineering Challenges

• Doing more with less

• Managing global operations

• Getting increasingly complex products to market faster

• Adapting to evolving application requirements

• Maximizing operational efficiency

• Minimizing power consumption

• Protecting system and resource investments

5

The NI Approach to Meeting Today’s Challenges

Low-Cost, Modular

Measurement and

Control Hardware

Productive Software

Development Tools

Highly Integrated,

Expandable Platforms

Used by thousands of engineers and scientists for automated test,

industrial control, and embedded design applications.

6

More than 30,000 companies and >90% of Fortune 500 manufacturing companies collaborate with NI for defining their test strategy.

Broad Adoption of Virtual Instrumentation

7

• Ab 20. März 2010:

Ausbrüche an

verschiedenen Stellen

• Ab 14. April Sperrung des

Flugverkehrs in Europa

• Ab wann ist eine sichere

Freigabe wieder möglich?

Eyjafjallajökull

8

Eyjafjallajökull

• Wanted: Measurement and analysis system Flexible

Portable

Powerful

Rugged

User-defined programming of measurement and analysis capabilities

9

Eyjafjallajökull

• Needed: Ash concentration / composition on location

• Solution: Software-defined PXI-based measurement system

GPS synchronized acquisition of laser reflections

Tests and analysis automated with NI LabVIEW

10

Using LabVIEW, PXI, and DIAdem to Create an FMCW Phased

Array Radar for Avalanche Imaging

"Using tightly integrated NI LabVIEW software and PXI Express data

acquisition hardware, we successfully made measurements of three

natural avalanche events during the winter, and expect to record more

data."

12

Virtual Instrumentation:

13

A Single, Unified Platform

Global Services and Support

System Management SoftwareNI TestStand, Switch Executive, DIAdem, Requirements Gateway

LabWindows/CVI Measurement Studio

Drivers and Measurement ServicesNI-DAQmx, NI-VISA, Measurement and Automation Explorer (MAX)

LabVIEW

Instrument

CommunicationModular Instruments Programmable

Automation Controllers

Data Acquisition and

Signal Conditioning

14

LabVIEW: Graphical System Design

15

LabVIEW: Graphical System Design

Textual Math

Parallel

I/O integration

Statecharts

Timing

Simulation

Data Flow

C and HDL Code

DAQ Hardware Options

DAQ Hardware Options

Rugged and Modular Test

18

DEMO with X-Series 3 Icon

PresentAnalyzeAcquire

19

PresentAnalyzeAcquire

20

Requirements for Modern Measurement Systems

Requirements vary greatly depending on application area

Complexity / Precision

Typical requirements of today’s complex systems:

•High channel count, distributed

measurements

•High digitizer speeds, high resolution

•RF technology (smart phones, GPS)

Typical requirements of today’s simple systems:

•Plug-and-play experience

•Little or no programming

•Short time to first measurement

21

22

Components of DAQ System

23

Sensor Overview

Converts physical phenomena into a

measurable electrical signal.

SignalPhysicalPhenomena

Transducer or

Sensor

24

Signal Conditioning

• Signal Conditioning improves a signal that is difficult for your DAQ device to measure

• Signal Conditioning is not always required

Noisy, Low-Level Signal Filtered, Amplified Signal

Signal Conditioning

25

Signal Classification

Digital Analog

Rate State

Shape

Level

Frequency

26

The Three R’s of Data Acquisition

Resolution Range Rate

3-bit Resolution

Original Waveform

6-bit Resolution

27

The Three R’s of Data Acquisition

Resolution Range Rate

3-bit Resolution

Original WaveformRange

Of

10V to -10V

Range

Of

2V to -2

28

The Three R’s of Data Acquisition

Resolution Range Rate

3-bit Resolution

Original WaveformRange

Of

10V to -10V

Range

Of

2V to -2

29

The Three R’s of Data Acquisition

Resolution Range Rate

3-bit Resolution

Original WaveformRange

Of

10V to -10V

Range

Of

2V to -2

30

The Three R’s of Data Acquisition

Resolution Range Rate

Original Waveform (10Hz)Sampling Rate = 11 HzSampling Rate = 25 HzSampling Rate = 100 Hz

31

Storing Acquired Data

Acquire

Acquire

Acquire

Acquire

Store

32

The TDM Data Model

• Simple and flexible

• 3 levels of hierarchy

root (e.g. file)

groups (e.g. test steps)

channels (e.g. signals)

• User defined properties

on each hierarchy level

• Description

• Title

• Author

• UUT

• Test Rig

• Test Procedure

• Signal Name

• Comment

• Unit

• Sensor ID

33

One Model, Two Flavors

.TDM

• XML based header file

• Separate binary bulk data file

.TDMS

• Optimized for high-speed streaming

• Binary header and bulk data in single file

• Supported on real-time software platforms

34

TDM-File Format: Optimized for Data Storage and Search

• Simple: Easiest approach for storing

measurement data in NI software

• Flexible: Add custom attributes to every file,

channel group and channel

• Fast: TDMS, the TDM file for streaming

applications

• Open:– Microsoft Excel and Open Office Add-In

– Public documentation

– C DLL for creating files in 3rd party applications

35

DEMO with X-Series

36

New 1-Slot CompactDAQ Chassis

NI cDAQ-9181

1-Slot Ethernet Chassis NI cDAQ-9171

1-Slot USB Chassis

NI cDAQ-9191

1-Slot Wi-Fi Chassis

37

Distributed Measurement Systems

38

Application Areas for Distributed Measurement Systems

Energy EfficiencySmart grid, power monitoring

Environmental MonitoringCO2 emission, climate change

Structural Health Monitoring Bridge infrastructure, building monitoring

Industrial Measurements Machine monitoring, hazardous area measurements

39

Structural Test Systems for a Space Exploration Vehicle

The Challenge:

Designing three test systems within a six-month timeframe for performing

structural tests on the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle.

The Solution:

Using concurrent development and off-the-shelf NI hardware and software

tools, such as NI LabVIEW and an array of PXI, SCXI, and CompactRIO

hardware, to rapidly deliver all three systems.

40

Ethernet CompactDAQFor remote distributed measurement systems

NI CompactDAQ system with

Gigabit Ethernet connectivity and

familiar NI-DAQmx driver support

Simple network connectivity

with “Zeroconf Networking“

Configuration with Web

interface

41

Ethernet CompactDAQPossible network architectures

42

DEMO with NI 9188

43

Distributed System in Hard to Access Fields

•Cutting wires, cuts cost

•Eliminating wires simplifies installation

•Addressing needs of new applications

44

Biofuels from Algae

• Algae converts sunshine into chemical

energy

• More efficient (water and land) than

crop-based biofuels

45

Biofuels from Algae

• Algae converts sunshine into chemical

energy

• More efficient (water and land) than

crop-based biofuels

“The newly released WSN product family combines many attractive features …wireless

networking, low power consumption, LabVIEW compatibility, and a flexible IO portfolio…”

46

WSN System Architecture:

Hardware

WSN Ethernet

Gateway

Voltage

Temperature

Host

Controller

Up to 300m

WSN

Measurement

Nodes

Host

Controller

47

WSN System Architecture:

Hardware

WSN Ethernet

Gateway

Voltage

Temperature

NI Ethernet

Switch

Wired Measurements

Wireless Measurements

One Program…

Up to 300m

WSN

Measurement

Nodes

Host

Controller

48

WSN System Architecture:

Hardware

WSN Ethernet

Gateway

Voltage

Temperature

Host

ControllerNI Ethernet

Switch

Wired Measurements

Wireless Measurements

One Program…

Up to 300m

WSN

Measurement

Nodes

Host

Controller

Can work as

Stand-Alone

or Wired

49

NI WSN-9791Wireless Sensor Network Ethernet Gateway

Features

• 2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.15.4 radio

• 10/100 Ethernet

• Outdoor range up to 300 m

• 9-30 VDC power input

Specifications

• 2U Compact Form Factor

• Panel or DIN rail mounting

• Industrial ratings

• Operating temperature -30 to 70 ºC

• 50 grms shock 5 g vibration

• Status LEDs

50

NI 9792: Programmable WSN Gateway

• Basically a cRIO controller +

WSN gateway

• 533MHz processor, 2GB

onboard storage

• 2.4GHz radio

• Integrated Web Server

• Dual Ethernet, USB, Serial

51

vs.

52

• Elegantly add wireless I/O to your NI CompactRIOsystem

• Insert into any slot in your CompactRIO chassis

• With the LabVIEW WSN Module, you can deploy graphical code to perform onboard analysis of strain data or perform local query, command, and parse algorithms on the serial nodes

WSN C Series Gateway

53

New NI WSN Nodes

• NI WSN 3226 RTD Node for resistance-based

measurements

(RTDs, thermistors, potentiometers)

• NI WSN-3214 4 Ch, Quarter-/Half-/Full-Bridge

and Strain Gage Node ideal for wireless

structural health monitoring applications

• NI WSN-3230/3231 Programmable 1-Port

RS232/RS485 Serial Node, programmable,

autonomous interface to serial sensors,

instruments, and control boards

54

DEMO with WSN

TemperatureRTDSolar Cell

55

Range of Applications

1 to 10,000 Sensors(and beyond!)

USB Single Channel DAQ

USB and PCI Multifunction DAQ

NI CompactDAQ

SCXI

PXI and SC Express

56

The ISIS Proton Synchrotron: Beam Data Acquisition and

Analysis Using NI PXI and LabVIEW

"With guidance from NI engineers, we rapidly created easy-to-use,

well-designed LabVIEW user interfaces to control the systems and

process and display data. These PXI-based systems have contributed

towards a 20 percent increase in accelerator performance."

57

Analysis functions

Channel count and properties

Processing power

Software-defined analysis function

Additional modules

Controller performance

Software-Defined Measurement SystemsComparison with Traditional Instruments (Box Devices)

Acquisition

Display

Settings

Processing / Analysis

Vendor-defined User-defined

58

PXI – A Standardized Measurement Platform

High flexibility

High performance

Low costs

Compact design

Longevity

Scalability

59

Software-Defined Measurement Systems Modular Instruments for

Custom Development of Measurement SystemsD

C p

ow

er s

up

ply

Osc

illo

sco

pe

Dig

ital

mu

ltim

eter

Fu

nct

ion

gen

erat

or

60

Data Acquisition and Control

Multifunction I/O

Analog Input/Output

Digital I/O

Counter/Timer

FPGA/Reconfigurable I/O

Machine Vision

Motion Control

Signal Conditioning

Temperature

Strain/Pressure/Force/Load

Synchro/Resolver

LVDT/RVDT

Many More. . .

Modular Instrumentation

Digital Waveform Generator

Digital Waveform Analyzer

Digital Multimeter

LCR Meter

Oscilloscope/Digitizer

Source/Signal Generator

Switching

RF Signal Generator

RF Signal Analyzer

RF Power Meter

Frequency Counter

Programmable Power Supply

Many More. . .

Bus Interfaces

Ethernet, USB, FireWire

SATA, ATA/IDE, SCSI

GPIB

CAN, DeviceNet

Serial RS-232, RS-485

VXI/VME

Boundary Scan/JTAG

MIL-STD-1553, ARINC

PCMCIA/CardBus

PMC

Profibus

LIN

Many More. . .

Others

IRIG-B, GPS

Direct-to-Disk

Reflective Memory

DSP

Optical

Resistance Simulator

Fault Insertion

Prototyping/Breadboard

Graphics

Audio

Many More. . .

PXI Products. . .Over 1,500 and Counting

61

PXI – A Standardized Measurement PlatformFrom Laboratory via Industry and Mobile Applications

Mobile/EmbeddedLaboratory

• Manufacturing test

• Design validation

• DAQ systems

• Hardware-in-the-Loop

• Mobile test systems

• Design validation

• Rapid control prototyping

Industry

• Production test

• DAQ systems

• Machine condition

monitoring

62

4-Slot PXI Express Chassis

NI PXIe-1071

•NI PXIe-1071

•Up to 4 slot wide embedded or

remote controller

•3 peripherial modules

•x4 PCI Express connection

•Peripherial slots accept PXI Express

or PXI hybrid-compatible

63

9-Slot PXI Express Chassis

NI PXIe-1078

•NI PXIe-1078

•Up to 4 slot wide embedded or

remote controller

•8 peripherial modules

•x1 PCI Express connection

•Peripherial slots accept PXI Express

or PXI hybrid-compatible

65

66

The Role of Signal Processing, Analysis and Math

Acquire Present

Signal Processing, Analysis and Math:

Fundamental Components of

Virtual Instrumentation and Graphical System Design

Analyze

67

Three Common Data Processing Strategies

Inline Data Processing

Data processing occurs in the same

application as data acquisition.

Inline Data Processing Example

68

Three Common Data Processing Strategies

Inline Data Processing

Data processing occurs in the same

application as data acquisition.

Offline Data Processing

Data processing occurs in a separate

application from data acquisition.

Offline Data Processing Example

69

Three Common Data Processing Strategies

Hybrid Processing Example

Hybrid Data Processing

Only imperative processing is done inline before data

is saved to file for offline processing at a later time.

70

Comparing Data Processing Strategies

Provide instant feedback to operator

Required for control applications

Enables reduced storage space through data reduction (if needed)

Processor load is increased, but extra memory operations are avoided

Original raw measurement data integrity is preserved

Application is more scalable because new analysis can be added later

Software is simplified, modular and easier to maintain

Processor load is reduced while taking measurements

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

Inline Processing Benefits Offline Processing Benefits

71

Built-in VIs for Signal Processing, Analysis and Math

72

Built-in VIs for Signal Processing, Analysis and Math

• Signal Processing & Analysis Waveform Generation

Waveform Conditioning

Waveform Monitoring

Waveform Measurements

Signal Generation

Signal Operations

Windows

Digital Filters

Spectral Analysis

Transforms

Point-by-Point

• Mathematics Numeric

Elementary and Special Functions

BLAS/LAPAC-based Linear Algebra

Curve Fitting

Interpolation / Extrapolation

Probability and Statistics

Optimization

Ordinary Differential Equations

Geometry

Polynomial

Formula Parsing

1D & 2D Evaluation

Calculus

Zeros

73

Domain-Specific Signal Processing and Analysis

Advanced Signal

Processing

Digital Filter Design

•Wavelets Time-Series Analysis

•Independent Component Analysis

•Principal Component Analysis

•Model-Based Spectral Analysis

•Time-Frequency Analysis

•Gabor

•STFT

•FIR / IIR Filter

•Design

•Analysis

•Quantization

•Fixed-point Modeling

•Fixed-point Simulation

75

Wavelet coefficients

where:

s(t) – input function

Ψ(t) – wavelet function

a – scaling coefficient

b – translation coefficient

Sum over all time of the signal

multiplied by scaled, shifted versions of

the wavelet function

76

Fourier transform vs. Wavelet transform

77

Wavelet Applications

• Noise removal (denoise)

• Extracting high frequency content (detrend)

• Signal compression

• Compression post-processing

• Image analysis (edge detection)

• Seismic analysis

• Engine knock detection

78

DEMO with Wavelet Analysis

79

Sound and Vibration Order Analysis

Distortion, Octave Analysis, Swept

Sine, S&V Level, Frequency

Measurements, Limit Testing,

Transient, Time-Domain Integration,

Weighting, Waterfall Plot, …

Order Tracking, Order Extraction,

Online Order Analysis, Order

Spectrum Selection, Tachometer

Signal Processing, Waterfall

Displays, Orbit / Polar Plots, Bode

Plots, …

Domain-Specific Signal Processing and Analysis

80

DEMO with Order Tracking

DATA

Analyze

81

Modulation Spectral Measurements

Analog / Digital

Modulation/Demodulation, Channel

Models, Bit Generation, Bit Error

Rate, Channel Coding, Modulation

Measurements, AWGN, Phase

Noise, Constellation Plots, Eye

Diagrams, …

Zoom FFT, Power-in-Band,

Adjacent Channel Power, Tone

Detection, …

Domain-Specific Signal Processing and Analysis

82

Select the Right AlgorithmsFrequency

Analysis

Order

Analysis

Time-Frequency

Analysis

Quefrency

Analysis

Wavelet

Analysis

Model

Based

t

f

83

LabVIEW for Inline Data Processing

Visualization

Reporting

Analysis

Integration

.NET Assembly, C DLL, .m File

84

Solve Problems Effectively with a Variety of Programming Models

Packaging User Experience Value

Express VIs Immediate interactive feedback

Fixed functionality

Mostly configuration, minimum wiring

Ease-of-Use

Interactive

Up-and-running quickly

Waveform

Measurements

Focused domain-specific functionality,

nomenclature

Dataflow execution

Reduced wiring

Direct interface to HW

Benchtop equivalence

Follow Nyquist theorem

Array-based /

Point-by-Point

Processing

Flexible building blocks

Generic functionality, nomenclature

Dataflow execution

Requires wiring

Comprehensive

Enables custom

implementation

Interactive

MathScript

Window

Immediate feedback

Sequential execution

Command line or batch script

Textual syntax

Interactive

Implement, Debug, Optimize

Up-and-running quickly

MathScript

Node

Sequential & dataflow execution

Batch script

Textual & graphical syntax

Combined graphical / textual

experience

Graphical

Dataflow

Graphical

+ Textual

Textual

85

Choose the Most Appropriate Syntax

• Graphical, Textual, or a combination

86

Choose the Most Appropriate Syntax

• Graphical, Textual, or a combination

87

Configuration-Based Analysis

Configuration window

88

• Text-based Signal Processing, Analysis and Math within LabVIEW Over 700 built-in functions

Reuse many of your .m file scripts created with The MathWorks, Inc.’s MATLAB® software and others

Based on original math from MATRIXx

• A native LabVIEW solution Does not require 3rd party software

Interactive GUI

Programmatic: Graphical plus textual math

MathScript

MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. All other

trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

89

Interactive Math with the MathScript Window

• Fully integrated into LabVIEW Access from LabVIEW menubar (ToolsMathScript Window) No need for 3rd party applications

• Interactive interface Enter .m file script commands,

see immediate response Open / run saved .m file scripts View:

• Text output• Command history• Variables• Plots

Textual

Output

Command

Window

MathScript

Window

Variables /

Script /

Command

History

90

Programmatic Math with the MathScript Node

• Combine graphical system design with textual math

• Implement equations and algorithms with text

• Deploy with LabVIEW graphical programming Input and Output variables created on the border

MathScript

Node

91

Instrument Your Algorithms with LabVIEW

MathScript

Window

MathScript

Node

92

DEMO with MathScript Node and Window

93

Formula Node

• Perform mathematical operations

• If statements, while loops, for loops, and

do loops

•Useful for equations that have many

variables

94

DEMO with Formula Node

95

Inline Processing with LabVIEW FPGA

Flexibility

• Reconfigurable through software

True parallel processing

• Simultaneous parallel circuits

• No CPU time sharing

High Performance

Reliability

Offload processing

Cost

Compact Vision

SystemPCI R Series

Multifunction RIO

FlexRIO

PXI R Series Multifunction

RIOCompactRIO

RIO InstrumentsSingle-Board

RIO

96

Decision Making in Hardware

LabVIEW FPGA System

I/O

Operating S

ystem

Driver A

PI

Application S

oftware

Calculation

25 ns*

Response

Outputs

UUT

* Faster response for 80 and 120 MHz clocks

Highest Reliability

97

AnalyzeAcquire Present

98

NI DIAdem for Offline Data Processing

Ready-to-use data search and mining

Easy, flexible access to databases and files

Interactive analysis and report generation

Completely automatable environment

99

Report Results Load Data

Analyze Data Inspect Data

The Typical Data Processing

WorkflowFind Data

100

The Typical Data Processing

WorkflowFind Data

Load Data

Inspect DataAnalyze Data

Report Results

101

DIAdem is Designed for Offline Processing

Find and Load Data

102

DIAdem is Designed for Offline Processing

Find and Load Data

Inspect Data

103

DIAdem is Designed for Offline Processing

Find and Load Data

Inspect Data

Analyze Data

104

DIAdem is Designed for Offline Processing

Find and Load Data

Inspect Data

Analyze Data

Report Results

105

DIAdem is Designed for Offline Processing

Find and Load Data

Inspect Data

Analyze Data

Report Results

Automate DIAdem

106

NI DataFinder and DataPlugin

Technology

How do I get data out of my files and into NI DIAdem for offline data processing?

107

A Scalable Data Management

Solution…

•Description•Title•Author

...etc

•Name•Comment•Unit•Sensor Info

...etc

DataPlugins extract metadata from any

custom file format (including TDMS)

NI DataFinder builds searchable

database index automatically

•UUT•Procedure

...etc

…built right into NI DIAdem for free

108

1 Toolbar with various graphics

cursors

2 Group bar with various screen

partitions

3 2D axis system

4 Axis toolbar

5 Worksheet tab

6 Textbox

7 Curve symbol in legend

8 Coordinate window

9 Channel table

Viewing, Measuring, and Editing Data

DIAdem Main Components - VIEW

109

1 Toolbar with Calculator

2 Group bar with standard

mathematical functions

3 Protocols of the calculations

4 Data Portal with the original

data and the result data

Analyzing Data

DIAdem Main Components - ANALYSIS

110

1 Toolbar with alignment

functions

2 Format bar

3 Group bar with axis systems,

tables, graphics, and

decorations

4 2D axis systems

5 Worksheet tab

6 2D table

7 Integrated graphic

8 Text

Documenting Data

DIAdem Main Components - REPORT

111

1 Toolbar with recording mode

and editing functions

2 Group bar with dialog box

definitions

3 Script editor with script

4 Information area

Automating Recurring Work Sequences

DIAdem Main Components - SCRIPT

112

DEMO with DIAdem

113

User Interface in LabVIEW

decibel.ni.com/content/groups/ui

114

Three Commandments to Think of

I. Think About Your User

II. Don’t Be Innovative

III. Less Is More

115

• Do they know as much as you (they never do)?

• How will they interact with the application?

• Why are they using your software?

The software (and UI) should support their goal

Think About Your User

116

Don’t Be Innovative

• Use familiar elements

• Don’t change expected functionality

• Polish – don’t reinvent

System controls mimic common operating system controls and are familiar to most users

117

Giving your UI a Custom Look

118

UI Customization Techniques

• Make default controls transparent

• Add an image via menu Edit » Paste

Front Panel Images and Decorations

• Use to customize cosmetics of controls and indicators

• Access via front panel right-click context menu Advanced » Customize

Custom Controls

• Use to customize the functionality or cosmetics of controls and indicators

• Access via menu File » New

XControls

119

Adding an Image to the Front Panel

• As simple as Copy and Paste!

• Use an image editor to erase, add transparency

• Populate native LabVIEW controls

Start: PowerPoint Clipart

120

Differences in the Control EditorN

orm

al F

ront

Pan

elC

ontr

ol E

dito

r W

indo

w

121

When you should use Controls• To create cosmetically different, reusable controls

• Example: resizing a Stop button to make it easier to click

When you should use Type Defs• To automatically update data type in custom controls

• Example: reusing an Enum whose values may change

When you should use Strict Type Defs• To create reusable controls that are identical copies

• Example: propagating changes to Gauge size and color

122

Edit Mode vs. Customize Mode

Edit Mode

• Change size or color of a control or indicator

• Access a right-click shortcut menu

Customize Mode

• Make extensive changes to controls or indicators

• Change individual parts of a control or indicator

123

Components of a Control (Slide)

Needle, Fill

and Scale

Array

Index

Pixel

Decrement

Pixel

Increment

Cosmetic

Housing

124

Components of a Control (Gauge)

Needle, Ramp

and Scale

Array Index

Extra Frame

Part

Housing

Frame

125

Viewing Control Components

• View individual control components using menu

Window » Show Parts Window

126

Customizing a Gauge Control

127

NI Days 2011• In-depth Technical Sessions

Software and Data Acquisition

Automated Measurements and Test

Industrial and Embedded Technology

Academic and Research Solutions

• Networking with NI Product Users

• Exhibition Floor

• Hands-on Experience. Try the tools by yourself.

• Free a Certified LabVIEW Associate Developer (CLAD) Exam

• To register please visit: (NIDays link)

Dates and Locations

• October 13, 2011 - Ljubljana, Slovenia

• October 18, 2011 - Zagreb, Croatia

• October 20, 2011 - Belgrade, Serbia

• October 27, 2011 - Budapest, Hungary

• November 3, 2011 - Bucharest, Romania

• November 8, 2011 - Bratislava, Slovakia

• November 10, 2011 - Prague, Czech Republic

• November 17, 2011 - Katowice, Poland

• November 22, 2011 - Warszaw, Poland

128

Thank you!