Dale Roberts 1 Department of Computer and Information Science, School of Science, IUPUI Dale Roberts, Lecturer Computer Science, IUPUI E-mail: [email protected].

Dale Roberts 1

Department of Computer and Information Science,School of Science, IUPUI

Dale Roberts, Lecturer

Computer Science, IUPUI

E-mail: [email protected]

SQL UtilitiesSQL Utilities

Dale Roberts 2

SQL UtilitiesSQL Utilities

1.1. SQL*LoaderSQL*Loader

2.2. Data Pump Export and ImportData Pump Export and Import

3.3. Accessing Remote Data (Database Links, Oracle Accessing Remote Data (Database Links, Oracle Net)Net)

4.4. Materialized Views (aka Snapshots)Materialized Views (aka Snapshots)

5.5. Data Dictionary ViewsData Dictionary Views

Dale Roberts 3

SQL*Loader – Bulk LoadSQL*Loader – Bulk LoadSQL*Loader, executed as sqlldr, loads data from external files into tables in SQL*Loader, executed as sqlldr, loads data from external files into tables in Oracle.Oracle.

Very common utility used to process external input interfaces from other Very common utility used to process external input interfaces from other applications.applications.

Uses a control file to describe the input data files.Uses a control file to describe the input data files.

Control file is flexible and supports the following features:Control file is flexible and supports the following features:

Variable and fixed length record formatsVariable and fixed length record formats

Many-to-one physical to logical recordsMany-to-one physical to logical records

One-to-many physical to logical recordsOne-to-many physical to logical records

Data transformationsData transformations

NULLIFNULLIF

Functions – UPPER(:Authorname)Functions – UPPER(:Authorname)

Expressions - :taxamount / 100Expressions - :taxamount / 100

Formatting – DATE(:birthdate, ‘MM-DD-YYYY’)Formatting – DATE(:birthdate, ‘MM-DD-YYYY’)

Default column values – SYSDATEDefault column values – SYSDATE

Row selection - WHENRow selection - WHEN

Batch and interactive interfacesBatch and interactive interfaces

Supports partial loads set error and discard tolerance levelsSupports partial loads set error and discard tolerance levels

Dale Roberts

SQL*Loader ArchitectureSQL*Loader ArchitectureSQL*Loader runs locally on the SQL*Loader runs locally on the client, therefore all files resides on client, therefore all files resides on the client except for the database the client except for the database tables.tables.

Input files contain data to be Input files contain data to be loaded.loaded.

Control file contains instructions Control file contains instructions to sqlldr, including describing the to sqlldr, including describing the input files.input files.

Log file contains a detailed Log file contains a detailed summary of the load, including a summary of the load, including a description of any errors that description of any errors that occurred. Can set max allowed.occurred. Can set max allowed.

Discard file contains rows that are Discard file contains rows that are filtered out by the control file and filtered out by the control file and did not make it to the database. did not make it to the database. Can set max allowed.Can set max allowed.

4

Dale Roberts 5

SQL*Loader Control File ExamplesSQL*Loader Control File ExamplesVariable-length field control fileVariable-length field control file

Fixed-length field control fileFixed-length field control file

Dale Roberts

Data Pump OverviewData Pump Overview

Oracle Data Pump technology enables very high-speed Oracle Data Pump technology enables very high-speed movement of data and metadata from one database to movement of data and metadata from one database to another.another.

Data Pump Export is a utility for unloading data and Data Pump Export is a utility for unloading data and metadata into a set of operating system files called a metadata into a set of operating system files called a dump file set. dump file set.

The dump file set can be moved to another system and The dump file set can be moved to another system and loaded by the Data Pump Import utility.loaded by the Data Pump Import utility.

Data Pump Import is a utility for loading an export dump Data Pump Import is a utility for loading an export dump file set into a target system. The dump file set is made file set into a target system. The dump file set is made up of one or more disk files that contain table data, up of one or more disk files that contain table data, database object metadata, and control information. database object metadata, and control information.

The files are written in a proprietary, binary format.The files are written in a proprietary, binary format.

6

Dale Roberts 7

Data Pump Export OperationData Pump Export Operation

Network

Export File(s)

expdp.exe

Oracle Database

Dale Roberts

Types of ExportsTypes of Exports

TableTable

SchemaSchema

TablespaceTablespace

DatabaseDatabase

Transportable TablespaceTransportable Tablespace

INCLUDE / EXCLUDE object filtersINCLUDE / EXCLUDE object filters

QUERY and SAMPLE data filtersQUERY and SAMPLE data filters

CONTENTS = data | metadata | bothCONTENTS = data | metadata | both

Dale Roberts

Directory ObjectsDirectory Objects

Created as a database objectCreated as a database object

Requires Requires CREATE_ANY_DIRECTORYCREATE_ANY_DIRECTORY privilege privilege

Permissions (read, write) granted on the Permissions (read, write) granted on the object to specific user(s)object to specific user(s)

Not validated – existence, syntax, OS Not validated – existence, syntax, OS privilegeprivilege

Accessed as user “oracle” at the OS levelAccessed as user “oracle” at the OS level

Default Default DATA_PUMP_DIR DATA_PUMP_DIR maps tomaps to … …

Dale Roberts

Data Punp Interactive ModeData Punp Interactive Mode

NOT the same as old imp/exp!NOT the same as old imp/exp!

Default starts schema mode exportDefault starts schema mode export

Use command line arguments or par fileUse command line arguments or par file

““logging” logging” vsvs “interactive command” mode “interactive command” mode

Default logging mode logs to terminalDefault logging mode logs to terminal

Ctrl-C to enter interactive command modeCtrl-C to enter interactive command mode

Job will continue to run even if client Job will continue to run even if client disconnects!disconnects!

expdp scott/tiger@fred parfile=myjob.parexpdp scott/tiger@fred parfile=myjob.par

Dale Roberts

Interactive Mode CommandsInteractive Mode Commands

STATUS Status of current job

CONTINUE_CLIENT Resume “logging” mode

EXIT_CLIENT Exit client, leave job running

STOP_JOB Stop current job, do not delete

START_JOB Re-start current job

KILL_JOB Delete current job

PARALLEL Add/remove worker processes

ADD_FILE Add dump file during export

HELP Get help

Dale Roberts

Data Pump SQL FileData Pump SQL File

Import can generate an SQL file instead of Import can generate an SQL file instead of actually performing the import using SQLFILE actually performing the import using SQLFILE parameterparameter

Contains DDL that would have been executed Contains DDL that would have been executed based on job parametersbased on job parameters

Passwords excludedPasswords excluded

No change to target DBNo change to target DB

Does not include DML for data. (i.e. no inserts)Does not include DML for data. (i.e. no inserts)

Dale Roberts 13

Database LinksDatabase Links

Database links allow you to access data in another Oracle database.Database links allow you to access data in another Oracle database.

Requires that Oracle Net (aka Oracle SQL*Net or Net8) be running on both Requires that Oracle Net (aka Oracle SQL*Net or Net8) be running on both database servers.database servers.

Links specify:Links specify:Protocol (eg. TCP/IP)Protocol (eg. TCP/IP)

Host name of remote server.Host name of remote server.

Database name on the remote serverDatabase name on the remote server

The database account and password to access the data.The database account and password to access the data.

Database links expressed with @ sign: practice.ledger@firebirdDatabase links expressed with @ sign: practice.ledger@firebird

Dale Roberts 14

Database LinksDatabase Links

Create Database Link syntax:Create Database Link syntax:CREATE DATABASE LINK MYLINKCREATE DATABASE LINK MYLINKCONNECT TO DALE IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORDCONNECT TO DALE IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORDUSING ‘FIREBIRD’;USING ‘FIREBIRD’;

Using a database link:Using a database link:SELECT COUNT(*) FROM DALE.MYTABLE@MYLINK;SELECT COUNT(*) FROM DALE.MYTABLE@MYLINK;

Using a synonym with a database link (location independence):Using a synonym with a database link (location independence):CREATE SYNONYM MYTABLE FOR DALE.MYTABLE@MYLINK;CREATE SYNONYM MYTABLE FOR DALE.MYTABLE@MYLINK;SELECT COUNT(*) FROM MYTABLE;SELECT COUNT(*) FROM MYTABLE;

““Dynamic” links using SQL*Plus’s copy command:Dynamic” links using SQL*Plus’s copy command:COPY FROM DALE/PASSWORD@MYLINKCOPY FROM DALE/PASSWORD@MYLINKCREATE NEWTABLECOPY CREATE NEWTABLECOPY USING USING SELECT * FROM MYTABLE;SELECT * FROM MYTABLE;

Dale Roberts 15

Oracle NetOracle Net Oracle Net is Oracle’s networking software. Formerly called SQL*Net (7.x) and

Net8 (8.0.x and 8i). Oracle Net’s local configuration files are sqlnet.ora and tnsnames.ora. These

are located in $ORACLE_HOME\network\admin. Example tnsnames.ora entries below.

LOCAL = (DESCRIPTION = (SOURCE_ROUTE = OFF) (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = DALE)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = ORACLE) ) )FIREBIRD = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = firebird.cs.iupui.edu)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = cs10gorc.cs.iupui.edu) ) )

Dale Roberts 16

Materialized ViewsMaterialized Views

Materialized Views (formerly called Snapshots) pre-aggregate data, index the data, and therefore improve query performance. Oracle creates a table that holds the data that otherwise might be accessed from queries/views.

Materialized views are commonly used in reporting applications.• Why materialized views instead of views?• Classic space vs time trade-off.

When you create a materialized view, you must specify:• The query the materialized view is based on.• The refresh schedule.• How the update is performed (update vs. complete refresh)• The key type (rowid vs. primary key)

Dale Roberts 17

Data Dictionary - MetadataData Dictionary - Metadata

Oracle’s Data Dictionary views stores all the information about what is stored in the database.

Three types of data dictionary views:• DBA_% views are only available to DBAs (granted DBA role) .• ALL_% views show all objects the user has privileges on.• USER_% views show only objects in your schema.

The Road Map views “meta metadata data”: DICT and DICT_COLUMNS• DICTIONARY (DICT) – describes other dictionary views• DICT_COLUMNS – describes columns of DICT views

Data Dictionary views can be found in the SYS tablespace but have public synonyms so no schema owner is necessary.

Access to production source code:• Viewing production source code requires compilation privilege,

which is not normally allowed in production.• Granting select access to DBA_SOURCE is one workaround.

Dale Roberts 18

Data DictionaryData Dictionary

Important Data Dictionary views:• USER_TABLES (TABS) – tables• USER_TAB_COLUMNS (COLS) – columns of tables• USER_VIEWS – views• USER_SYNONYMS (SYN) – synonyms• USER_SEQUENCES (SEQ) – sequences• USER_CONSTRAINTS – constraints• USER_CONS_COLUMNS – columns of the constraints• USER_INDEXES (IND) – indexes• USER_IND_COLUMNS – columns of indexes

Dale Roberts 19

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Loney, Oracle Database 10g The Complete ReferenceLoney, Oracle Database 10g The Complete Reference

Calgary Oracle User‘s Group, Calgary Oracle User‘s Group, www.coug.ab.ca..