DAFTAR ISI - ITERArepo.itera.ac.id/assets/file_upload/SB1909180002/PEG0078_2_11041… · BAB II TEORI DASAR ... DAFTAR PUSTAKA ... DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1 Koefisien P dan Q untuk beberapa

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DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................................ i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .................................................................................. ii

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ................................................. iii

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ............................ iv

ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... v

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... vi

KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................... vii

DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... x

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................. xii

DAFTAR SIMBOL .......................................................................................... xiii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................................... 1

1.2 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................................. 2

1.3 Batasan Masalah .............................................................................................. 2

1.4 Lokasi Penelitian ............................................................................................. 2

1.5 Perangkat Lunak .............................................................................................. 2

1.6 Sistematika Penulisan ...................................................................................... 3

BAB II TEORI DASAR...................................................................................... 4

2.1 Tinjauan Umum Batuan Karbonat .................................................................... 4

2.2 Analisis Data Sumur ................................................................................ 5

2.3 Konsep Dasar Fisika Batuan ..................................................................... 7

2.3.1 Estimasi Modulus Elastik Fluida .............................................................. 7

2.3.2 Kecepatan Gelombang-P dan Gelombang-S ............................................. 9

2.3.3 Densitas ................................................................................................. 10

2.3.4 Porositas ................................................................................................ 10

2.4 Effective Medium Theory ............................................................................... 11

2.4.2 Teori Inklusi .......................................................................................... 13

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2.4.3 Metode Kuster Toksoz ........................................................................... 13

2.4.4 Persamaan Biot Gassmann ..................................................................... 15

2.4.5 Persamaan Castagna ............................................................................... 16

BAB III TINJAUAN GEOLOGI....................................................................... 17

3.1 Tinjauan Umum Geologi Regional ................................................................. 17

3.2 Tektonostratigrafi dan Struktur Geologi ......................................................... 18

3.3 Stratigrafi Regional ........................................................................................ 19

BAB IV METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ........................................................... 22

4.1 Diagram Alir ................................................................................................. 22

4.2 Data ............................................................................................................... 23

4.3 Voight dan Reuss Bound ................................................................................ 24

4.6 Kuster Toksoz Model ..................................................................................... 25

4.7 Subtitusi Biot Gassmann ................................................................................ 25

4.8 Persamaan Castagna ...................................................................................... 25

BAB V HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................................................. 26

5.1 Crossplot Vp vs Porositas .............................................................................. 26

5.2 Penentuan Litofasies ...................................................................................... 27

5.3 Pemodelan Kuster Toksoz .............................................................................. 29

5.3 Analisis Perbandingan Vp,Vs Prediction dan Measurement ............................ 32

BAB VI PENUTUP ........................................................................................... 35

6.1 Kesimpulan.................................................................................................... 35

6.2 Saran ............................................................................................................. 35

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ 36

LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................................... 38

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Tipe pori pada batuan karbonat (Choquette dan Pray, 1970). ......................5

Gambar 2.2 Respon log Gamma Ray terhadap batuan (Malcolm Rider, 2002) ................6

Gambar 2.3 Respon log densitas terhadap batuan (Malcolm Rider, 2002) .......................7

Gambar 2.4 Arah perambatan gelombang P dan gelombang S (Hampson, dan Russell,

2009). ..........................................................................................................9

Gambar 2.5 model Voigt-Reuss-Hill (Mavko, 2009) .................................................... 12

Gambar 2.6 Skematik pore aspect ratio ........................................................................ 13

Gambar 2.7 Kurva referensi pemodelan Kuster Toksoz (Wang et al, 1997). ................. 15

Gambar 2.8 Data ultrasonik laboratorium untuk water-saturaed limestone. ................... 16

Gambar 3.1 Peta lokasi area studi blok F3. Terletak di sektor Belanda, Laut Utara. ...... 17

Gambar 3.2 Kerangka tektonik dan penampang regional Laut Utara (Rondeel, Batjes and

Nieuwenhuijs,1996). Kotak merah menunjukkan blok F3 (area studi). ...... 18

Gambar 3.3 Stratigrafi di lapangan “F3”. Formasi Zechstein salt, ZE1, ZE2, ZE3

Carbonate merupakan zona yang diminati pada penelitian ini (Rondeel, Batjes

and Nieuwenhuijs,1996). .......................................................................... 19

Gambar 3.4 Detail stratigrafi dan kerangka tektonik di Cekungan Laut Utara. .............. 20

Gambar 4.1 diagram alir penelitian .............................................................................. 22

Gambar 4.2 Ilustrasi pemodelan fisika batuan .............................................................. 23

Gambar 4.3 Data Log F03-2. (a) Gamma Ray, (b) densitas, (c) Vp, (d) porositas.......... 24

Gambar 5.1 crossplot persebaran Vp vs porositas sumur “F03-2”.................................. 26

Gambar 5.2 Crossplot Vp dan porositas lapisan batuan karbonat. .................................. 27

Gambar 5.3 Litofasies Batuan Karbonat sumur F03-2. ................................................. 28

Gambar 5.4 Litofasies Batuan Karbonat sumur F06-1. ................................................. 28

Gambar 5.5 Plotting kurva Kuster Toksoz model menggunakan Python. (a) sumur F03-2

(b) sumur F06-1......................................................................................... 30

Gambar 5.6. Ilustrasi model geometri pori pada batuan karbonat beserta thin section

(Wang et al, 1997). .................................................................................... 31

Gambar 5.8 Plotting Vp measurement, Vs Castagna dan Vp-Vs prediction terhadap

kedalaman dengan nilai aspek rasio yang berbeda pada (a)Sumur F03-2 (b)

Sumur F06-1. ............................................................................................ 33

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Gambar 5.9 (a) Crossplot Vp measurement vs Vp prediction, (b) Vs Castagna vs Vs

prediction pada Sumur F03-2 dan Sumur F06-1. ............................................................ 34

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Koefisien P dan Q untuk beberapa bentuk geometri pori (Berryman,

1996) ................................................................................................. 13

Tabel 4.1 Ketersediaan data log ........................................................................ 23

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DAFTAR SIMBOL

K = bulk modulus (GPa)

𝐾m = bulk modulus mineral batuan

𝜇m = shear modulus mineral batuan

𝐾i = bulk modulus fluida batuan

𝜇i = shear modulus fluida batuan

𝐾KT = bulk modulus mineral Model Kuster Toksoz batuan

𝜇KT = shear modulus mineral Model Kuster Toksoz batuan

Qmi, Pmi = koefisien yang menggambarkan efek inclusion fluida didalam

mineral batuan

fi = fraksi modulus elastik mineral batuan (%)

Sw = saturasi air (%)

Vp = kecepatan gelombang P (km/s)

Vs = kecepatan gelombang S (km/s)

α = aspek rasio

µ = shear modulus (GPa)

ρ = densitas (kg/m3)

𝜙 = porositas (%)