ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design
2013
V.D MICROWAVE LOS DESIGN(SITE C to REPEATER 2)ANGELES CITY HALL
SITE C
The name Angeles is derived from El Pueblo de los ngeles (The
Town of the Angels, in Spanish) in honor of its patron saints, Los
Santos ngeles de los Custodios(Holy Guardian Angels), and the name
of its founder, Don ngel Pantalen de Miranda.
Site Coordinates: Lat Long : 15 9'55.61"N : 12036'32.05"E
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
114 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Designa) Map
View GOOGLE MAP VIEW
2013
b) Site Description Angeles City (Filipino: Lungsod ng Angeles;
Kapampangan: Ciudad ning
Angeles/Lakanbalen ning Angeles), located within the province of
Pampanga in thePhilippines is locally classified as a first-class,
highly-urbanized city. It is bordered by Mabalacat City to the
north; Mexico to the east; San Fernando to the
southeast; Bacolor to the south; and Porac to the southwest and
west. The city administers itself autonomously from Pampanga and,
as of the 2010 census, it has a population of 326,336.
c) Power Availability ANGELES ELECTRIC CORP.
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
115 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System DesignCLARK
ELECTRIC DITRIBUTION CORP.
2013
d) Geological and Seismic Data
On June 15, 1991, Angeles was affected by the cataclysmic
eruption of nearby Mount Pinatubo, with up to 60,000 people being
evacuated from the city. It was the second-largest volcanic
eruption of the twentieth century and, by far, the largest eruption
to affect a densely populated area. The province of Pampanga, Clark
specifically, were badly hit and the agricultural lands, as well as
other businesses, were covered by tons of lahar. There were no
casualties reported inside Clark two days from the initial eruption
because the 18,000 personnel and their families were transported to
Guam and the Subic Naval Base in Zambales.
The eruption of Mount Pinatubo forced the leadership of the U.S.
to prematurely abandon its military installation at Clark Air Base.
This is in addition to the voting by the Philippine Senate in 1991
to no longer extend the LaurelLangley Agreement, which allows the
presence of U.S. military forces on Philippine territory, thus
ending the long chapter of Filipino-American relations in the
history of Angeles. The U.S. military never returned to Clark,
turning over the damaged base to the Philippine government on
November 26, 1991
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
116 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Designe)
Weather Data AVERAGE CLIMATE
2013
AVERAGE RAINFALL
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
117 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Designf) Local
Zoning Restrictions CLARK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
2013
The Clark International Airport (CRK) is located at the heart of
Central Luzon, making it the most viable and convenient airport of
choice for travellers from NorthCentral Luzon and the northern
Metro Manila area who wants to avoid the hustle and bustle of the
city streets. It is easily accessible by shuttle bus from various
points of Metro Manila and North Luzon.
g) List of EMI
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
118 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System DesignPATH
PROFILE (SITE C to REPEATER 2) a) Path
2013
Site C to Repeater 2 has a distance of 8 miles apart with each
other. The elevation of site C is 259 (ft) while Repeater 2 has an
elevation of 72 (ft). GOOGLE MAP VIEW
PATH ELEVATION
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
119 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Designb) Path
Profile
2013
Frequency 14.4 =
Ant. Height E = Ant. Height F =
80.00 140.00
Path Obstacle Location d1 (mi)
Elevation (ft) d2 (mi)8.00 7.50 7.20 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.20 5.00
4.21 4.00 3.30 2.80 2.30 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 259 256 243 225
223 205 199 190 176 170 154 140 140 123 108 93 78 72
EC (ft)
T&G
F1
Fresnel Zone
Total Height
Site D a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Repeater 2
0.00 0.50 0.80 1.50 2.00 2.50 2.80 3.00 3.79 4.00 4.70 5.20 5.70
6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00
0.00 1.88 2.88 4.88 6.00 6.88 7.28 7.50 7.98 8.00 7.76 7.28 6.56
6.00 4.88 3.50 1.88 0.00
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
0.00 13.01 16.12 20.98 23.27 24.91 25.63 26.02 26.83 26.87 26.46
25.63 24.32 23.27 20.98 17.77 13.01 0.00
10.00 17.81 19.67 22.59 23.96 24.95 25.38 25.61 26.10 26.12
25.87 25.38 24.59 23.96 22.59 20.66 17.81 10.00
319.00 325.68 315.55 302.46 302.97 286.82 281.66 273.11 260.08
254.13 237.63 222.66 221.15 202.97 185.46 167.17 147.68 132.00
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
120 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Designc)
Graph350.00 300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00
2013
EC (ft) Elevation T&G Fresnel
d) LOS Obstacle d1 (mi)0.00 0.50 0.80 1.50 2.00 2.50 2.80 3.00
3.79 4.00 4.70 5.20 5.70
Location
Yi127.00 119.06 114.30 103.19 95.25 87.31 82.55 79.38 66.83
63.50 52.39 44.45 36.51
LOSi339.00 331.06 326.30 315.19 307.25 299.31 294.55 291.38
278.83 275.50 264.39 256.45 248.51
HE - HF127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127
HD339.00 339.00 339.00 339.00 339.00 339.00 339.00 339.00 339.00
339.00 339.00 339.00 339.00
HE212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00
212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00
LOSi + F339.00 344.07 342.42 336.16 330.52 324.22 320.18 317.39
305.67 302.37 290.84 282.08 272.84
LOS - F339.00 318.05 310.18 294.21 283.98 274.40 268.92 265.36
252.00 248.63 237.93 230.82 224.19
LOSi + FZ349.00 348.87 345.97 337.77 331.21 324.26 319.93 316.99
304.93 301.62 290.26 281.83 273.11
LOS FZ329.00 313.26 306.63 292.60 283.29 274.37 269.17 265.76
252.73 249.38 238.51 231.07 223.92
Site D a b c d e f g h i j k l
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
121 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design m n o p
Repeater 26.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 31.75 23.81 15.88 7.94 0.00
243.75 235.81 227.88 219.94 212.00 127 127 127 127 127 339.00
339.00 339.00 339.00 339.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00
267.02 256.79 245.65 232.95 212.00 220.48 214.84 210.10 206.93
212.00
2013267.71 258.40 248.54 237.74 222.00 219.79 213.23 207.21
202.13 202.00
e) LOS Graph
400.00 350.00 300.00 EC (ft) 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00
0.00 Elevation T&G LOSi LOSi + F LOS - F LOSi + FZ LOS - FZ
329.00
2.00
6.50
0.00
0.50
0.80
1.50
2.50
2.80
3.00
3.79
4.00
4.70
5.20
5.70
6.00
7.00
7.50
f) ComputationsCOMPUTATION: Earths Curvature ( )( ) ( ) ( )(
)
8.00
( )
(
)(
)
( )
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
122 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design( )( ) (
) ( )( )
2013( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
(
)(
)
( )
COMPUTATION: Fresnel Zone [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( )( )( ) )( )( ) )( )( ) )( )( ) )( )( ) )( )( ) )( )( )
)( )( ) )
[ ( ) [
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
)( )( ) )( )( ) )( )( ) )( )( ) )( )( ) )( )( ) )( )( ) )( )(
)
)
] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
)
)
( ) [ ( ) [ ( ) [ ( ) [ ( ) [ ( ) [ ( )
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
123 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design[ ( ( )(
)( ) )
2013( )
]
( )
[
( (
)( )( )
)
]
COMPUTATION: Line of Sight [ ( ) ( ) ( )] ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( )] ( )
[ ( ) ( ) ( )] ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( )] ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( )] ( ) [ ( ) ( )
( )] ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( )] ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( )] ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( )] ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[
(
)
(
)
(
)] ( )
(
)
[
(
)
(
)
(
)] ( )
(
)
[
(
)
(
)
(
)] ( )
(
)
[
(
)
(
)
(
)] ( )
(
)
[
(
)
(
)
(
)] ( )
(
)
[
(
)
(
)
(
)] ( )
(
)
[
(
)
(
)
(
)] ( )
(
)
[
(
)
(
)
(
)] ( )
(
)
[
(
)
(
)
(
)] ( )
(
)
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
124 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System
DesignREFLECTION AREA Site B (Moncada Municipal Hall) to Site C
(Repeater 1) Ant. Height Site B = 90 ft Ant. Height Site C = 100
ft
2013
Computation
0.45 (15) = 6.75 miles 0.41 (15) = 6.15 miles
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
125 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design
2013
PATH ANALYSIS UNFADED C/NSITE C (ANGELES CITY HALL) to REPEATER
2 1. Site Angeles City Hall to site Repeater 2 2. Latitude /
Longitude: 15 9'55.61"N / 12036'32.05"E to Latitude / Longitude: 15
3'56.52"N / 12040'21.50"E 3. Path Length: 8 miles 4. Site D
Elevation: 259 ft Antenna Height: 80 ft 5. Site E Elevation: 33 ft
Antenna Height: 140 ft 6. Azimuth from True North (Site A): 148.70
Angle of Inclination: 7. Azimuth from True North (Site B): 328.93
328.93 - 148.70 = 180.23 8. Signal Type: Digital 9. Frequency Band:
14.4 GHz - 14.88 GHz Frequency: 14.43 GHz 14.85 GHz 10. FDM
Channel: 8 Channels 11. Type of Transmitter Equipment: Model FLR 15
Transmitter Output Power: Po = 1 Watt Po = 30 dBm 12. Tx
Transmission Line Losses a) Waveguide Type: EWP132 - 144 Length: 80
+ 50 = 130 Ft b) Waveguide Loss/Length: 4.70 dB / 100 Ft Waveguide
Loss: 6.11 dB c) Flex Guide Loss: 0 dB d) Connector / Transition
Loss: 0.04 dB e) Directional Coupler Loss: 0 dB f) Circulator /
Hybrid Loss: 0 dB g) Other Losses: 0 dB h) Total Transition Losses:
6.11 dB + 0.04 dB TLL(Tx): 6.15 dB 13. Tx Antenna Type: High
Performance Antenna / Dual Polarized (HS10-144) Diameter: 10 Ft
Computed Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log(10 Ft) + 20log(14.43 GHz) =
50.69 dB 14. Radome Loss = 50.69 50.8 Antenna Gain = 50.8 dB Radome
Loss = 0.11 dB 15. Effective Isotropic Radiated Power: EIRP =
Po(dBm) + G(Tx) - TLL(Tx) UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
126 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System DesignEIRP = 30
dBm + 50.8 dB 6.15 dB EIRP = 74.65 dBm Free Space Loss: 96.6 +
20log(8 miles) + 20log(14.79 GHz) FSL = 138.06 dB Unfaded IRL =
EIRP FSL = 74.65 dBm 138.06 dB Unfaded IRL = -63.41 dBm Rx Antenna
Type: High Performance Antenna / Dual Polarized (HS10-144)
Diameter: 10 Ft Computed Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log(10 Ft) +
20log(14.43 GHz) = 50.69 dB Rx Transmission Line Losses a)
Waveguide Type: EWP132 - 144 Length: 140 + 50 = 190 Ft b) Waveguide
Loss/Length: 4.70 dB / 100 Ft Waveguide Loss: 8.93 dB c) Flex Guide
Loss: 0 dB d) Connector / Transition Loss: 0.04 dB e) Directional
Coupler Loss: 0 dB f) Circulator / Hybrid Loss: 0 dB g) Other
Losses: 0 dB h) Total Transition Losses: 8.93 dB + 0.04 dB TLL(Rx)
= 8.97 dB Unfaded RSL = Unfaded IRL + G(Rx) TLL(Rx) = -63.41 dBm +
50.8 dB 8.97 dB Unfaded RSL = -21.58 Type of Receiver Equipment:
Model FLR 15 Rx Noise Figure: 4dB Rx IFBW: 70 MHz Rx Thermal Noise
Threshold: - 84 dBm Unfaded C/N = -21.58 dBm (-84 dBm) Unfaded C/N
= 62.42 dB
2013
16. 17. 18.
19.
20.
21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
127 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design
2013
FADED C/NSITE C (ANGELES CITY HALL) to REPEATER 2 o System
Availability: 99.99% o Required Availability:
o
Reliability per Link : 99.998% Time Availability 90 % 99 % 99.9
% 99.99% 99.999 % Fade Margin (dB) 8 18 28 38 48
o
Rayleigh Method: 48 x 38 99.99 99.998 99.999
Required Availability: 99.99% Fade Margin: 46.87 dB o Siemens
Method: Radio Link Type: Type B Required Availability: 99.99%
Unavailability (W): 0.002% Frequency (f): 14.85 GHz Path Length
(d): 12.87 km 128 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System DesignFading
Depth in dB (A): W = 8x10-7 fd2.5 x 10-A/10 0.00002 = (8x10-7)
(14.85 GHz) (12.87)2.5 x 10-A/10 A = 25.47 dB o ITU-R METHOD C
(Lat) = 0 C (Long) = 0 = 20 Geo-climatic factor (k): ( ) k= -6.5
1.5 = 10 (20 ) = 28.28 x 10-6 Frequency (f) = 14.85 GHz Path Length
(d) = 12.87 km Required Availability = 99.99% Unavailability (w) =
0.002% Height: Site D = 259ft + 80ft = 339 (ft) 103.33 (m) Repeater
2 = 33ft + 140ft = 173 (ft) 53.73 (m) Path Inclination in mrad: | |
| | | | Fade Margin (A): ( ( )( ) ( | |) ) ( | |) ( ) | |
2013
A = 22.27 dB Attenuation Losses o Due to Atmospheric Absorption:
Path Length (miles) 2.4 6 GHz 20 0.2 40 0.4 60 0.6 80 0.8 Y 0.38 0
12 14.4 129 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT Attenuation in dB 8 GHz 10 GHz
0.26 0.32 0.52 0.64 0.78 0.96 1.04 1.28
12 GHz 0.38 0.76 1.14 1.52
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design0.47 x 0
o 8 20
2013
Due to Atmospheric Gases: Frequency 2 GHz 8 GHz 14 GHz
Losses(dB)/mile 0.0002 0.002 0.01
x 0.01 x
0
14
14.4
o
Due to Oxygen ( ( ) ) ( ( ( ( ) ) )( ) )( ) ( ( )) ))
o
Due to Water Vapor ( ) ( ( ( ) ( ( ( ) ( ) ) )( ( ( )) )
) )( (
( ) ( ))
)
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
130 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Designo Due to
Fog Frequency: 14.4 GHz Attenuation in fog or cloud: 0.032 gm/m3
(F) Attenuation: 0 dB / km o Due to Rainfall Rate Frequency: 14.4
GHz Soln Attenuation in rainfall intensity of: 4.0 mm/hr (moderate
rain 0.16 Attenuation: 0 dB / km o Atmospheric Losses Atmospheric
Losses = A + B + C + D + E + F = 0.19 + 0.08 + 0.10 + 0.24 + 0 + 0
= 0.61 dB o o Diffraction Loss = 0 dB FM
2013
in/hr (F)
Since the computation of Rayleigh Method is greater than the
other two computations. Therefore. FM = 46.87 dB o Total Faded Loss
FADED IRL = EIRP FSL FM ATM DIFF LOSS = 74.65 138.06 46.87 0.61 - 0
= -110.89 dBm FADED RSL = FADED IRL + GRx TLLRx = -102.02 + 50.8
8.97 = -69.06 dBm FADED C/N = FADED RSL Rx(Threshold) = -69.06
(-84) = 14.94 dB
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
131 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design
2013
Adjusted C/N & ReliabilityReqd: C/N = 56 dB
For 6 Links: Avail / Link = 99.998 % Computed: Faded C/N = 17.62
dB Soln Set C/N Link = 56 dB = RSL faded Pn (dBm) RSL (faded) = 56
+ (-84 dBm) RSL (faded) = - 28 dBm RSL (faded) = IRL (faded) + G
(Rx) TLL (Rx) IRL (faded) = -28 dBm 50.8 + 8.97 IRL (faded) =
-69.83 dBm IRL (faded) = EIRP FSL all Atm. losses FM FM = 74.65
138.06 0.61 + 69.83 FM = 5.81 dB Solve for FM (or A) = dB
Next: comp. for the availability / unit a) Rayleigh 99
90X 5.81 8 18
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
132 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Designb)
Siemens Method W = 8x10-7 fd2.5 x 10-A/10 W = (8x10-7) (14.85 GHz)
(12.87)2.5 x 10-5.81/10 W = 0.00185 Availability = 1 Unavailability
Availability = 1 0.00185 Availability = 99.81% c) ITU-R Method ( (
)( ) ( | |) ) ( | |) ( )
2013
Availability = 1 Unavailability Availability = 1 0.0008867
Availability = 99.91%
Improving C/N using diversityLet F1 = 14.43 GHz Let F2 = 14.67
GHz
Fade Margin = 25 dB C/N (Improved) = EIRP FSL Atm. Losses Diff.
Loss FM (Improved) Pn TLL(Rx) + G(Rx) C/N (Improved) = 74.65 138.06
0.61 0 25 + 84 8.97 + 50.8 C/N (Improved) = 31.81 dBm
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
133 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design
2013
Space DiversityFormula: ( )( )( )(
)
where: f = frequency in GHz. s = vertical antenna spacing in ft.
FM = fade margin in dB associated to the 2nd antenna. Soln ( )( )(
)(
)
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
134 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Design
2013
SPECIFICATIONSa) Antenna Specifications
b) Transceiver and Receiver Specifications
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
135 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT
ECE 525N 1ECF Microwave LOS Communication System Designc)
Waveguide Specifications
2013
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN CAMPUS
136 | P a g e ECE DEPARTMENT