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The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of the authorand do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper andaccepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Terminology usedmay not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.
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Outlookon
WaterGovernance
inThailand
Panjarat Champathong PureeSirasoontoon • Supruet
Thavornyutikarn
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Objectives
• InstitutionalArrangementonWater
Governance• Drawbacks
• ImminentProblems• AttemptsforReformandFuture
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Area:51.31mil ha
•Rainfall:1,634mm
•25RiverBasins
•ArableLand:20.85mil ha
•40.64%oftotalarea
•IrrigatedArea:4.54mil ha
•8.85%oftotalarea•21.77%ofarableland
Source: AtlasofThailand:SpatialStructuresand
Development .EditedbyDoryaneKermelTorres.Paris:
IRDEditions.
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Source: AtlasofThailand:SpatialStructuresand
Development .EditedbyDoryaneKermelTorres.Paris:
IRDEditions.
•IrrigatedArea:4.54mil ha
•8.85%oftotalarea
•21.77%ofarableland
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DominanceofAgriculturein
WaterUsage
• 94percentofwaterisusedbyagricultural
sector• 4percentbyhouseholdsector
• 2percentbyindustrialandservicesectors
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MainActors
• SurfaceWater
– RoyalIrrigationDepartment
• UnderMinistryofAgricultureandCooperatives• IrrigatedAreas
– DepartmentofWaterResources
• UnderMinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment
• RemainingAreas
• UndergroundWater – DepartmentofUndergroundWaterResources
• UnderMinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment
l
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RoyalIrrigation
Department(RID)• OPERATOR
• 3ActsgoverningRID’sauthority
• Mainstayinwaterallocation:105years• Main/OriginalObjective:waterforagriculture
• CurrentObjective:ensuresufficientwatersupplyforusages
bystakeholders
• Legalpriorityisdestinedfor‘agricultural’purpose(under
Acts)
• Water Distribution Plan, however, prioritise household use
(verysmallproportion)
• RemainingareasareunderDWR
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Departmentof
WaterResource(DWR)• POLICYMAKER(designed)
• HaslimitedauthoritygivenbytheCabinet;notAct
¾RelativelyweakerintermoflegalauthoritythanRID¾OPERATORfornonirrigatedareas
¾SECRETARIAT forNationalWaterResourcesCommittee
• Inprocessofdrafting‘WaterAct’ since1992
• WaterActsupposestobethemaingoverninglegislationof
waterinThailand+waterpricing
• DWRwouldbethemainpolicymaker ofwaterasapartof
othernaturalresourcepolicies
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NationalWater
ResourcesCommittee
• FOCALPOINT:exchangeofvariousneeds/requirement
onwater
• Delegatesfromexistingorganisations =protectingown
interestsinCommittee
• Nopower/authoritytodeterminethedirectionofnationalwaterpolicy
/
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Functional/Purposive
ApproachtoWater• Eachinstitutionhasitsownagendaonhowthe
watershallbeused
• Overlappingauthorities:policymakingvs operator• Mostofthemhavelegalauthoritiestododepending
ontheirpurposesbutlegislationsareoutdatedand
notsuitableforcurrentsituation
• Lackofunityandcomprehensivewatermanagement
=no‘resourcebased’centralauthoritytooverseethematterofwater
• Spaceforintegration andcoordination
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WaterPricing
• FREE • RID
– RawWaterFee:discretionaryandnopropermonitoring
• ChargingWaterworksFacilitiesforuseofwatertoproducepiped/tapwater
• Charginglargescaleusers– farmsandindustries
– Freeforagriculturalpurpose• Excessiveuseofwater
• Controversyonwhethertolevyfeesforfarmerstorealisetherealcost
ofwater
• WaterworksincludingMWA/PWA/PrivateWorks
– WaterCharges:directtotheendusers(Householdand
Industry)
• Treatmentofwaterandpiping
• Channelingwaterforindustrialestates(privatewaterworks)
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PronetoWaterCrisis
• Situationofwaterinadequacyandimbalance
watersupplyareloomingandescalating
• Competitionandconflictsonwater
– Agriculturevs Others
– Ruralvs Urban – Usagevs Preservation
– Savingcitiesvs savingfarmland(duringflood)
• Nopredictablesolution– largelysolvedbypoliticswhichwouldintensifyfutureconflicts
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MissingPerspectives
• Sustainabilityofnaturalwatersources
– Forest,reforestation,andpreservationofwatersource
• ManagementofSewageandWastewater – Notreatmentforhouseholdsectoryet
– Nonpointsourcesofpollutants(mostlyfrom
agriculturalsectorwherebyalmost100%fertilizerand90%pesticides)
• DemandsideManagement
• Regeneratingwaterafterconsumption
• RolesofPrivates,Locals,andNGOs
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RecentAttempts(i)
• Unifyandcooperate:setup‘NationalWaterResourceCommittee’ tobethecentreforwater
solutionorthefocalpoint(since1989)• Legislation
– Draftingof‘WaterAct’(since1992):
• GraduallyincludingWaterFeesforAgriculture(2000)
• AuthoriseDWRasacentralorganisationforwater
governance
– Draftingof‘WaterworksAct’
• Separatingoperational andregulatory tasks
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RecentAttempts(ii)
• Encouragemoreparticipationfromusers/locals
– Selfdetermination
• Introducing‘IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM)’targetedat25riverbasinsmostlyunderRID
– Requirealotofcooperationandcoordination:tremendous
transactioncost=goodinstitutionalframeworkisneeded – Requiremanyacademicfieldsworkingtogethertoprovide
knowledgebase
¾ Remaining ‘unsettled’
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Conclusion• Legislation/CentralOrganisationwhichis‘resource
based ’and‘multidimensional+multifunctional ’is
calledforbutnotyetmaterialised
• Priorityinagriculturehasbeenshiftedtowardmore
balanceddistribution
• WaterPricingremainsdebatable – Especiallyagriculturalusers
– Pricing to incorporate environment impact from water use
• Crisisinwatermayputtheseinstitutionalsetupin
disarrayandcausehavoc
• Cooperationwithusers/stakeholdersandlocalcommunities
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THANKYOUFORYOURATTENTION
CommentsandQuestionsarewelcomed
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
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Source: AtlasofThailand:SpatialStructuresand
Development .EditedbyDoryaneKermelTorres.Paris:
IRDEditions.
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