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:
:
: 2018
: 77
):
: TMI-18-6.Ru
8).
: Ursula Hermelink ([email protected])
- www.ntmsurvey.org
: © Shutterstock
© International Trade Centre ( )
–
iii
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–
iv
ii iii vii viii
1
2
2
7
9
10
10
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16
30 30 30 31 40
- 40
42 42 42
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50
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-47
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7
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- 12
13
14
14
15
18
18
20
21
-23
23
–
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- 24
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-
29
30
31
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42
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HACCP
KGS
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-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Agriculture
16%
Industry28%
Services56%
Agriculture
Services
Industry
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2 , 2001–2015
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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Exports Imports
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: (2016)
669
13275 63 56
0100200300400500600700800
HS-2)
Natural or cultured pearls, precious stones, precious metals,metals clad with precious metal; imitation jewellery (HS 71)
Commodities not elsewhere specified (HS 99)
Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation;bituminous substances; mineral waxes (HS 27)
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, andparts and accessories thereof (HS 87)
Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers (HS 7)
Switzerland39%
28%
10%
7%
6%
3%
2% 5%
Switzerland
28%
V
(HS 71)
HS 99)
HS 27)
(HS87)
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8 38 12.2% 13.4% 13.4% 100 1004 6 14.6% 16.2% 0.0% 37.5 22.4
6 9 10.3% 4.4% 4.4% 100 1004 8 5.9% 3.6% 2.8% 43.2 83.67 14 14.2% 9.9% 0.0% 1.8 3.8
1 1 2.4% 0.0% 0.0% 65.8 10024 103 8.5% 7.2% 7.2% 100 100
1 1 4.1% 0.0% 0.0% 18.2 100
16 25 9.1% 4.4% 4.4% 100 1003 5 3.0% 0.3% 0.0% 77.5 96.2
: WTO (2016).
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Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminoussubstances; mineral waxes (HS 27)
Machinery, mechanical appliances, nuclear reactors, boilers; partsthereof (HS 84)
Iron and steel (HS 72)
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts andaccessories thereof (HS 87)
Electrical machinery; sound recorders, television image andreproducers, and parts (HS 85)
HS 27)
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Stage 1: Phone screening
Exporters Exporters & Importers Importers
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12% 7%
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26%
16%
4%
8%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Agriculture
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Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Asia (excl EAEU) Europe North America South America
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-
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Women
17%
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Owned and managed by a woman
Managed by a woman
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401,379 49% 107 79%
420,141 51% 191 47%
821,520 100% 298 58%580,058 17% 17 18%
2,925,207 83% 77 14%
3,505,265 100% 94 15%310 57%
: , , 2015 , 2016.
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12 ,
54%
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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Small
Medium
Large
54%
56%
42%
81%
76%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Chemicals and other manufacturing
Metal and other basic manufacturing
Clothing, textiles and leather
Processed food and agro-based products
Fresh food and raw agro-based products
(58%)
–
19
26
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13 ,
-
-
18%
63%
3%
4%
8%Technical requirements
Conformity assessment
Preshipment inspections
Quantity control measures
Chargers,taxes and price control measures
Finance measures
Anti-competitive measures
Distribution restriction
Rules/Certificate of origin
Export related measures
14%
66%
2%6%
10%
23%
59%
4%
2%3%
6%
20%
61%
3%
4%
10% 9%
74%
2%8%
3%2%
–
21
12%
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72%Regulatory obstacles: Regulations too strict/difficult to comply with
Both regulatory and procedural obstacles
Procedural obstacles
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14
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301,037 36.6% 116 84.5% 309 37.8%75,078 9.1% 87 79.3% 245 30.0%13,016 1.6% 7 85.7% 23 2.8%
170 0.0% 2 100.0% 9 1.1%389,301 47.4% 212 82.5% 586 71.7%130,834 15.9% 29 69.0% 41 5.0%
7,940 1.0% 3 33.3% 2 0.2%63,611 7.7% 7 71.4% 16 2.0%
202,385 24.6% 39 66.7% 59 7.2%34,755 4.2% 26 57.7% 21 2.6%1,664 0.2% 5 60.0% 5 0.6%972 0.1% 2 50.0% 2 0.2%
2,785 0.3% 2 50.0% 2 0.2%785 0.1% 3 33.3% 1 0.1%
-- 0.0% 1 100.0% 2 0.2%
40,961 5.0% 39 56.% 33 4.0%
(
)
3,566 0.4% 1 100.0% 3 0.4%
964 0.1% 2 100.0% 2 0.2%12,135 1.5% 2 100.0% 2 0.2%
16,084 2.0% 1 100.0% 1 0.1%28 0.0% 1 100.0% 1 0.1%
32,777 4.0% 7 100.0% 9 1.1%
Oth
er E
urop
e 83,430 10.2% 12 41.7% 8 1.0%6,557 0.8% 2 50.0% 2 0.2%
21 0.0% 1 100.0% 2 0.2%2,849 0.4% 1 100.0% 4 0.5%
92,857 11.3% 16 50.0% 16 2.0%
EC
28
4,962 0.6% 15 93.3% 32 3.9%1,798 0.2% 5 100.0% 18 2.2%1,586 0.2% 1 100.0% 1 0.1%319 0.0% 5 80.0% 13 1.6%229 0.0% 2 100.0% 5 0.6%676 0.1% 2 100.0% 3 0.4%92 0.0% 2 50.0% 2 0.2%
108 0.0% 1 100.0% 2 0.2%77 0.0% 1 100.0% 1 0.1%
9,847 1.2% 34 91.2% 77 9.4%1,119 0.1% 11 81.8% 37 4.5%
1,119 0.1% 11 81.8% 37 4.5%
Total 769,247 93.6% 358 77.7% 817 100.0%; , 2015.
*.
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–
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15 - , 2015
, 2015.
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16
.
0.12%
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10%
8%
2%
4%
5%
0.14%
16%
9%
37%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Iraq
Armenia
Turkey
Tajikistan
Belarus
China
EU28
United States
Uzbekistan
Russia
Kazakhstan
Share of export
Share of export NTM
EC 28
4%
25%
14%
10%9%
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–
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11
21
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29
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184
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61
41
37
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216
143
164
10
4
13
8
0 100 200 300 400
Others
Other limited/inappropriate facilities, related to reportedcertificate/regulation
Other procedural obstacles
Informal payment
Other problems with international recognition
Limited/inappropriate facilities for testing
Information on selected regulation is not adequately publishedand disseminated
Facilities lacking international accreditation/recognition
Delay related to reported regulation
High fees and charges
Partner Country Kyrgyzstan Transit Country
Facilities lacking international accreditation/recognition
formation on selected regulation is not adequately publishedand disseminated
Limited/inappropriate facilities for testing
Other problems with international recognition
Informal payment
Other procedural obstacles
Other limited/inappropriate facilities, related to reportedcertificate/regulation
Others
Partner Country- Kyrgyzstan ransit CountryTr
–
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No impact14%
Not aware of EDP 2015-
1767% -
Positive
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Yes
6%
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Positive
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No impactEDP 2015-17-2017
–
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7%
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Lack of accredited testing laboratories
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Corruption
Time delays
Lack of human resources in the agencies
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Road blocks and checkpoints
Inconsistent/ arbitrary behavior of officials
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Limited transportation system
Problems with electricity supply
Limited or extremely expensive airline transportation
Lack of storage facilities, including cooling
Need to hire a local customs agent to get shipment unblocked
Other technological constraints
Lack of electronic/ computerized procedures
Situation imporived Situation remained the same
90%
86%
82%
73%
55%
48%
48%
45%
39%
34%
26%
24%
23%
23%
22%
19%
16%
15%
13%
0%20%40%60%80%100%
-
Situation imporived Situation remained the same
7%
3%%33333
19%
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5%5
16%
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%%11
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13%
5%
11%
26%
10%
13%
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0% 20%
Lack of accredited testing laboratories
Lack of access to information, no enquiry point
Corruption
Time delays
Lack of human resources in the agencies
Lack of access to inputs for production
Limited or lack of access to trade finance services
Lack of accessible business oriented legal support
Road blocks and checkpoints
Inconsistent/ arbitrary behavior of officials
Complex clearance mechanism
Ineffective legal enforcement
Limited transportation system
Problems with electricity supply
Limited or extremely expensive airline transportation
Lack of storage facilities, including cooling
Need to hire a local customs agent to get shipment unblocked
Other technological constraints
Lack of electronic/ computerized procedures
%
%
%
0%%
-
–
30
-
- ,
,
-
-
5
).
20 , 2015
, 2016
39%
20%
13%
11%
4%3%
3% 7%
Edible Vegetables And Certain Roots And Tubers
Tobacco And Manufactured Tobacco Substitutes
Dairy Produce; Birds' Eggs; Natural Honey; Edible Products Of AnimalOrigin, Not Elsewhere Specified Or Included
Edible Fruit And Nuts; Peel Of Citrus Fruit Or Melons
Preparations Of Cereals, Flour, Starch Or Milk; Pastrycooks' Products
Miscellaneous Edible Preparations
Live Animals
Other
Ediddd ble Vegetables And Certain Roots And Tubers
Tobooo acco And Manufactured Tobacco Substitutes
Daiaaa ry Produce; Birds' Eggs; Natural Honey; Edible Products Of AnimalOrirr gin, Not Elsewhere Specified Or Included
Ediddd ble Fruit And Nuts; Peel Of Citrus Fruit Or Melons
Prerrer parations Of Cereals, Flour, Starch Or Milk; Pastrycooks' Products
Misiisisiisi lllcelllllaneou EEEs Edibdibdibdiblllle PPPPrepar ititiations
Livvvve Animals
Othtt er
–
31
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21
.
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6%
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3%
25%
58%
4%
2%8%
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; , 2015.
– -
.
0%
1%
2%
4%
6%
32%
45%
13%
12%
9%
3%
2%
6%
45%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
EC 28
Kazakhstan
–
33
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Bot
h
-
30 45 17
34 12 46
21 21
5 5 10
21 3 24
18 151 74
88 19 107
59 37 96
93 1 94
52 40 92
47 0 47
18 1 19
5 13 18
10 3 13
11 1 12
14 2 16
15 1
10 108 8
5 5
4 4
2 2
2 15 5
1 1
1 5 2 1 1
4 0
10 2 1 4 4
1 1 1
6
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1 1
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65 225 96 485 148 633
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95 54 149
12 25 37
74 1 75
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68 1 69
20 18 38
22 2 24
534 170 704
5.
–
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-
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2015.
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--
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17%
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3%1%
5%11%
90%
2%8%
Technical requirements
Conformity assessment
Preshipment inspections
Quantity control measures
Chargers,taxes and price control measures
Rules/Certificate of origin
Export related measures
Technical requirements
Conformity assessment
Preshipment inspections
Quantity control measures
Chargers,taxes and price control measures
Rules/Certificate of origin
Export related measures
–
43
-
(64%)(
-
-
--
23 -
5.
1%
3%
1%
3%
8%
8%
14%
29%
30%
11%
3%
6%
3%
0.2%
19%
8%
12%
28%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
Turkey
Belarus
China
Tajikistan
United States
Uzbekistan
EU28
Russia
Kazakhstan
Share of export Share of export NTM
–
44
7 - -
-
27 40 8
24 24
16 6 22
14 4 18
16 2 18
2 299 30
17 130 147
147 147
22 71 93
86 86
50 11 61
53 53
36 36
15 1 1628 23 51
11
12 12
11 11
5
3
2 22 2
1 1
27
17 1710 10
3 3
2 234 380 38 557 275 832
2016.
–
45
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2002/61/EC
, ,
.30
-
-
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30 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:243:0015:0018:en:PDF
–
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2016.
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-
2 2 4
6 2 8
101 0 101
5 0 5
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18 2 20
9 0 9
57 88 145
70 136 206
25 15 40
92 0 92
36 0 36
147 0 147
50 11 61
19 19 38
640 275 915
2015.
–
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d=0,1.: Cochran, W. G. 1963. Sampling Techniques, 2nd
Ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
–
60
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–
62
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A» — —
-
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C» ——
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F» — «» —
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H» — —
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J» — —
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-
L» — —
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–
63
N» — —
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-
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Source: International Trade Centre, NTM classification adapted for ITC surveys, January 2012 (unpublished document).
–
64
III
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
CC
C
DD
D
EE
E
F
F
F
-
F
GG
G
H H
–
65
IV
09:00
09:30- -- - ITC
- -
09:45 ITC
- - ITC
10:15- - ITC
- - -
11:00- - ITC
- -- - -- -
- - -
12:00
13:00- - ITC
- -
- -- -
- - -
14:00
:-- - - -- - ITC
15:00- - ITC- -
–
66
ADB. (2012). Technical Assistance to the Kyrgyz Republic for Support for Strategic Assessment of the Kyrgyz Economy to Promote Inclusive Economic Growth
Bertelsmann Stiftung's Transformation Index (2016), Kyrgyzstan Country Report
Calvin, L. and Kristoff, B. (1998). Technical Barriers to Trade: A Case Study of Phytosanitary Barriers and U.S. –Japanese Apple Trade. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 23(02), 351-366.
Cochran, W. G. (1963). Sampling Techniques, 2nd Ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Dean, J. M., Signoret, J. E., Feinberg, R. M., Ludema, R. D., and Ferrantino, M. J. (2009). Estimating the Price Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 9(1), 1–41.
Deardorff, A.V. and Stern, R.M. (1998). Measurement of non-tariff barriers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Eurasian Economic Commission (2016), Eurasian Economic Integration Facts and Figures 2015,
European Commission Trade Policy Countries and regions Development Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP), Available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=1006
Eurasian Economic Union Observer (2016), Issue 1 / 2016 (1th quarter)
Heritage Foundation (2016), Index of Economic Freedom, Kyrgyz Republic
International Monetary Fund (2016), Kyrgyz Republic: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 16/56
International Monetary Fund (2015). World Economic Outlook Database. Available at: http://www.imf.org/en/Data.
International Trade Centre (2011). Export Quality Management: A Guide for Small and Medium-Sized Exporters.Geneva.
International Trade Centre (2015). Trade Map. Available at: www.trademap.org.
International Trade Centre (unpublished). NTM classification adapted for ITC surveys, January 2012.
Kee, H. L., Nicita, A., & Olarreaga, M. (2008). Import Demand Elasticities and Trade Distortions. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(4), 666–682.
Kee, H. L., Nicita, A., & Olarreaga, M. (2009). Estimating Trade Restrictiveness Indices. Economic Journal, 119(534), 172–199.
Multi-Agency Support Team (2009). Report to the Group of Eminent Persons on Non-Tariff Barriers. Final Report.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2005). Looking Beyond Tariffs: The Role of Non-Tariff Barriers in World Trade. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Roman Mogilevskii (2012), Re-Export Activities in Kyrgyzstan: Issues and Prospects, Central Asia University of Central Asia, Institute of Public Policy And Administration Working Paper No. 9
Serova, E., Prikhodko, D. and T. Ferenczi (2009), “Kyrgyz Republic: Value Chain Analysis and Recommendations for Possible Technical Assistance under World Bank’s Agribusiness and Marketing Project”, FAO, Rome.
Transparency International (2015). Corruption Perceptions Index 2015. Available at: https://www.transparency.org/cpi2015/#results-
UNECE (2016), Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade in Kyrgyzstan: Needs Assessment.
World Bank (2016), Doing Business 2016: Measuring Regulatory Quality and Efficiency. Available at: http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
World Bank (2015). World Development Indicators. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi.
World Economic Forum (2015), Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015
World Trade Organization (2014). Trade Policy Review: Kyrgyz Republic. Geneva: WTO publication.
World Trade Organization (2014). World Tariff Profiles 2015. Geneva: WTO publication.
Yue, C., Beghin, J., and Jensen, H. H. (2006). Tariff Equivalent of Technical Barriers to Trade with Imperfect Substitution and Trade Costs. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 88(4), 947-960.
World Bank (2015).Kyrgyz Republic: Adjusting To a Challenging Regional Economic Environment, Kyrgyz Republic Economic Update No. 1, 2015
–
67
ITC SERIES ON NON-TARIFF MEASURES
Available reports
Country reports
The reports are accessible free of charge at ITC publications page:
www.intracen.org/ntm/publications/
NTM Survey results are also available online at:
www.ntmsurvey.org.
Burkina Faso (2011)Benin (2017)
Côte d’Ivoire (2014)Guinea (2015)Mali (2018)Senegal (2014)
Morocco (2012)State of Palestine (2015)
Tunisia (2014)
Egypt (2016)
Jordan
Cambodia (2014)
Kazakhstan (2014)Indonesia (2016)
Bangladesh (2017)
Nepal (2017)
Kyrgyzstan (2018)
Thailand (2016)
Philippines (2017)
Sri Lanka (2011)
Available reportsForthcoming reports
Navigating Non-Tariff Measures: Insights from a Business Survey in the European Union (2016)
Making regional integration work – Company perspectives on non-tariff measures in Arab States (2015)
How businesses experience non-tariff measures: Survey-based evidence from developing countries (2015)
Non-Tariff Measures and the fight against malaria: Obstacles to trade in anti-malaria commodities (2011)
Paraguay (2013)Peru (2012)Uruguay (2013)Colombia
Ecuador (2018)
Jamaica (2013)Trinidad and Tobago (2013)Dominican Republic
Malawi (2013)Madagascar (2013)
Mauritius (2014)
Kenya (2014)
Rwanda (2014)
United Republic of Tanzania (2014)
Uganda (2018)
Seychelles
Comoros
Ethiopia (2018)
www.intracen.org/publications
Напечатано компанией ITC Reprographic Service на бумаге СКЛ (экологическая бумага без хлора) с использованием чернил, изготовленных из овощей. Печатная продукция пригодна для вторичной переработки.
www.intracen.org
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