D. Nikolik, CompArch, 2004 1 Computer Systems Architecture D. Nikolik, Ph.D Maastricht School of Management Maastricht, The Netherlands.

D. Nikolik, CompArch, 2004

1

Computer Systems Architecture

D. Nikolik, Ph.D

Maastricht School of Management

Maastricht, The Netherlands


2SummaryThe Outline The Need for Frameworks and Models Work System Framework & PrinciplesRelation between Information Systems and Work Systems Principle-based System Analysis Method: The Work System Framework Need for a Balanced View of a System Principle-Based System Analysis MethodComputer Systems OverviewA Computer: A Complex SystemBasic FunctionsSystems Performance Overview of Computer Systems Looking Inside the Black Box or how computers manipulate data Data Input: Capturing Data Storing and Retrieving Data Data Output: Displaying Data Studying Approaches Top-down decomposing vs. Bottom-up building-up Modular Development


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Summary (cont.)Brief History Later Generations: Microprocessors (Intel) Client ArchitectureServer ArchitecturesComputer Interconnection StructuresInternal and External MemoryInput / OutputDirect Memory Access (DMA)Software, Programming, and AI Programming Viewed as a Business Process Four Generations of Programming Languages Other Major Developments in Programming Operating Systems Steps Toward “Intelligent” ComputersOperating Systems ArchitectureCPU Structure & FunctionControl Unit OperationParallel OrganizationsFault - Tolerance SystemsReduced Instruction Set ComputersRISC Pipelining (Graph Colouring)


4

The Outline Frameworks and Models

An Overview: Introduction; A Brief History

Computer Structure Decisions

Computer Memory Hierarchy

Input/Output Performance

Operating Systems - Resource Sharing

CPU Architectural Constraints

CPU Performance Issues

Efficiency, Reliability and Fault-tolerance

New Computer Architecture Trends - RISC


5

The Need for Frameworks and Models

Viewing Businesses as Systems

Information Systems and Work Systems

Framework for Thinking About Any System in Business

Five Perspectives for Viewing a Work System

Analyzing an IT-Enabled System from a Business Professional's Viewpoint


6

Work System Framework & Principles

Businesses as Systems consisting of

Business Processes: core & support, info/management

within its own Added Value Chain or as

part of a broader Supply Chain: up/down-stream.

Types of Business Processes and

its Functional Areas of Business: management,product development, sales & marketing, production,accounting, finance & investment, logistics & delivery


7

Relation between Information Systems and

Work Systems

Which "System" Are We Talking About?

Increasing Overlap Between Information Systems and Business-based Work Systems


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Principle-based System Analysis MethodThe Work System Framework

Customers

Product

Business Process

Participants

Information

Technology

Source: S. Alter, MIS, The foundation of e-Business, AWL, 2002


9

Need for a Balanced View of a System

Business Results Focus: How well the System Operates

People & Organization; Organizational, Competitive, and Regulatory Environment Surrounding the System

Technology & Information Focus: System Components & How do they Operate Together

Infrastructure: Essential Resources Shared with Other Systems

Risks: Foreseeable Things that Can usually Go Wrong


10

Principle-Based System Analysis Method

The General Idea of Systems Analysis

System’s Thinking: system analysis steps

Organizing the Analysis around Work System Principles

Defining Problems and Computer - based Work Systems

Applying PBSA to Work Systems, IS, and Projects

Limitations and Pitfalls

Measuring Work System Performance

Classification Related to the Elements of a Work System


11

William Stallings Computer Organization

and Architecture6th Edition

Chapter 1Introduction

http://www.williamstallings.com/COA6e.html




12

Computer Systems Overview

Basic Model of a Computer System:

Computer Architecture

Computer Organisation

Architecture vs. Organisation Dilemmaex.: Multiplication oper. vs. Fmult. unit

Implementation technology: IBM AS/400

IBM System/370 vs. IBM Station/9370


13

A Computer: A Complex System

A hierarchic system: is a set of interrelated subsystems each of the latter in turn, hierarchic in structure until lowest level of elementary subsystem.

The hierarchic nature of complex systems is essential to both their design and to their descriptions.

The behavior at a level depends only on a simplified, abstract characterization of the system at the level next, beneath. At each level the designer is concerned with:a level functionality appropriate to its structure.


14

Data movement

Control mechanism

Data storage Data processing

Operating Environment

source & destination data

Backup processing I/O processing

processing

Basic Functions

Data storage,

Data processing,

Data movement,

Control

System Operations


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and Architecture 6th Edition

Chapter 2Computer Evolution and

Performance


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Systems Performance

Performance Variables for IT

Bits and Bytes: Technical Terms for Describing and Measuring Technology Operation

Technology Performance from a Business Viewpoint

Overview of Computer Systems

Looking Inside the Black Box

Data Input: Capturing Data

Storing and Retrieving Data

Data Output: Displaying Data


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Overview of Computer Systems

Basic Model of a Computer System

Types of Computers: Hosts and C/S

Four Approaches to Computing:Centralized, Personal, Distributed, Network

Computer System Architectures

Client-Server (C/S) and Beyond

Thin vs. Fat Clients and Servers


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Looking Inside the Black Box orhow computers manipulate data

Coding Data for Computer Processing: programming

Machine Languages: assembling, compiling, debugging

Programming Languages & Systems Development

Approaches for Increasing Computer Performance: modular, broader/wider, faster, in parallel, code/data

Impact of Miniaturization & Integration on Performance

Other Approaches for Improving Performance


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Data Input: Capturing Data

Keyboards and Pointing Devices

Optical Character Recognition

Capturing Pictures, Sounds, and Video

New Digital Devices (wireless WAP & JINI standards)


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Storing and Retrieving Data

Paper and Micrographics

Magnetic Tapes and Disks (RAID)

Lossy vs. Lossless Compression

Optical Disks

Flash Memory

Smart Cards


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Data Output: Displaying Data

Screen Outputs

Paper Outputs

Audio Outputs

Intelligent Reasoning:

Neural Networks

Fuzzy Logic

Case-Based Reasoning

Intelligent Mobile Agents


22

COMPUTER

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

CONTROL UNIT

Peripherials Communication lines

I/O Main memory

System interconnection

ALU Registers

CPU Transfer Bus

Sequencing Control RO memory

CU Registers & Decoder

OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

Studying Approaches Top-down decomposing vs. Bottom-up building-up

Hierarchical computer structure

The CPUs

CPU Interconnection Structures

System Components


23

Modular Development

Brief history;

Interconnection structures - data and control signals exchange;

Internal & External Memories - memory hierarchy;

Input-Output - programmed and interrupt I/O, DMA;

Operating System - resource management and scheduling;

CPU Structure and Function - executing machine instructions;

Control Unit Operations - micro-operations and control;

Parallel Organization - sequential vs. parallel machine;

RISC Architecture - a new trend in CPU architecture;

Parallel PC NUMA Networks - the Beowulf Project.


24

The Mill

Arithmetic function

The Store

Memory function

Printer & Card Punch

Operational cards - what Variable cards - where

Brief History

The Structure of Babbage's Analytical Engine: the layout

John Atanasoff, Clifford Berry: ABC, 1939;

John Mauchly & John Eckert:ENIAC, 1946, First GP Comp.,

IAS - Prototype of Subsequent General Purpose Computers Structure

First Commercial Computers: IBM System/360; DEC PDP-8

The Second Generation: Transistors

The Third Generation : Integrated Circuits

Micro Electronics: a New Technology in Electronics


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Later Generations: Microprocessors (Intel)

Contemporary computers

Characteristics of some contemporary computers

Personal Computer (WinIntel): Component-based bus architectures

Minicomputer

Mainframes

Super computers

Cray Y-MP IBM 3090/600 VAX 8842 IBM AS/400 IBM PS/50

Memory

Instruction

Data

01234

CPUMAR

MBR

I/O AR

I/O BR

next address

r/w memory

I/O addressI/O data

I/O Module

buffer memory


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Chapter 3

System Buses


27

Client Architecture

CacheMMXMMXs

DRAMs

Audio Video

BusBus

LAN Bridge GraphicsSCSI

I/Os

Exp. BusExp. Bus


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CPU CPU

I/O BusI/O BusI/O BusI/O Bus

Systembus

MEMMEMMEMCPU

CPU MEM

MEM CPU

CPUMEM

Massively Parallel Processing (MPP)Symmetrical Multi-Processing (SMP)

Non Uniform Memory Access (NUMA)

MEM CPU

MEM CPU

MEM CPU

MEM CPU

MEM CPU

MEM CPU

MEM CPU

MEM CPU

Scalable InterConnect Systembus

SMP SHV clusters

Server Architectures


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.... ....CPU Memory Memory I/O I/O

Control lines

Address linesData lines

BUS

Computer Interconnection

StructuresComputer components

Programming in Hardware

Programming in Software

Interrupt cycle

I/O function

Interconnection structures

Bus interconnection

Elements of the Bus design

Data ResultsGeneral-purposeArithmetic andLogic functions

Instr. interpreter

Data ResultsSequence ofArithmetic andLogic functions

Start

Fetch next instruction

Execute instruction Halt

Fetch cycle

Execute cycle

Check & process interupt

Disabled EnabledInterupt cycle


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Chapter 4

Cache Memory


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Chapter 5

Internal Memory


32



Chapter 6

External Memory


33

CPU

RegisterCache Main

memoryBuffer

memory

RAaccessdisk

Sequen.accesstape

internal external

Internal & External

MemoryComputer Memory System Overview

Memory Hierarchy

Organisation

Error Correction (ECC)

Cache Memory

Magnetic Disk

Characteristics of Disk Systems: direct-access device DAD

Magnetic Tape: sequential access device - Archive memory

Optical memory: compact drives - CD memory

CPU Cache Main memory

word transfer block transfer


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Chapter 7

Input/Output


35

Data

Lines

Lines

Lines

Address

Control

Interface to the system bus

Interface to the external device

Data

ControlStatus

DataStatusControl

I/OLogic

ExternalIntefaceLogic

ExternalIntefaceLogic

Data Register

Status & Control Register

Control Status

I/O Module I/O Module

Data bits to/from

Buffer memoryControl Logic Transducer

Data store conversion

Data (device unique)to/from environment

not/readyin/out

Input / Output

External Devices

Visual Display Units (VDU)

Disk Drive

I/O Modules

Programmed I/O

Interrupt-driven I/O


36

System Bus

CPU DMA I/O I/O Memory:

Inexpensive, but inefficient - 2 bus cycles/transfer, data transfer

System Bus

CPU DMA

I/O I/O

Memory: DMA

I/O

Integrated DMA & I/O aside the system bus

System Bus

CPU DMA Memory:

Integrated DMA & I/O bus

I/O I/O I/O

I/O bus

Direct Memory Access

(DMA)

I/O Channels and Processors


37

Software, Programming, and AI

Thinking about the Current Limits of Software

Types of Software

Programming Viewed as a Business Process

Four Generations of Programming Languages

Other Major Developments in Programming

Object-Oriented Component-Based Development

Operating Systems (Windows vs.Unix/Linux)

Steps Toward Programming Intelligence into Machines


38

Programming Viewed as a

Business Process Programming as a Translation Process

Organizing Ideas: Modelling vs. Workflow of Thought,

Creating, Developing, Testing & Deploying Programs

The Changing Nature of Programming & Data Structures

The Trend Toward Object-Oriented Programming - OOP:

State of Objects, Class Instances, Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism


39

Four Generations of Programming Languages

Machine Languages

Assembly Languages

Higher-Generation Languages

4GL & Scripting Languages


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Other Major Developments in Programming

Special-Purpose Languages

Spreadsheets & Macro Routines

Structural vs. OO Programming

Computer Aided Software Engineering: CASE Tools

Component-Based Software Development: CBD Tools


41



Chapter 8

Operating System Support


42

Operating Systems

Operating Systems for Personal & Mobile Computers:

Windows CE vs. Symbian OS

Operating Systems for Multi-User Computer Systems:

8/16 bit vs. 32/64 bit OS Architectures

MS DOS/Windows 3.1/95/98/NT/2000/XP vs. Unix/Linux

Why Operating Systems Are Important?


43

Steps Toward “Intelligent” Computers

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Expert Systems (ES)

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

Fuzzy Logic

Case-Based Reasoning

Intelligent Agents (IA)


44

Virtual address

TLBmiss

hit

Page# Offset

Page table +

Cache operationReal address

Tag Cachemiss hit

Main Memory Value

Remainder

End User

Application Programs

Utilities

Operating System

System's Hardware

Programmers's view

OS designer's view

Operating Systems Architecture

High-level Job Scheduling

Short-term Job Scheduling – a Dispatcher

Memory Management

Virtual Memory Concept

State Management, Threads


45



Chapter 9

Computer Arithmetic


46



Chapter 10

Instruction Sets:

Characteristics

and Functions


47



Chapter 11

Instruction Sets:

Addressing Modes

and Formats


48



Chapter 12

CPU Structure

and Function


49

Interrupt

Fetch

Execute

Indirect

CPU

ALU Control Unit

Registers

Control

Bus Address

Data

System Bus

Status Flags

Shifter

Complementer

Arithmetic & Boolean Logic

Registers

ControlUnit

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

System CPU Bus

Control Paths

CPU Structure & Function

Inside the CPU: Cycles

Instruction’s Fetch

Indirect Cycle

Interrupt Cycle Processing

Execution

CPU Data Flow


50



Chapter 14

Instruction Level Parallelism

and Superscalar Processors


51

1 2

3b5

Control BusAddress Bus Data Bus

4

6low 78 high

3a

PC MAR

IR MBR

ControlUnit

Memory

Program Execution

::Instruction Instruction

Cycle Cycle

Fetch Indirect Execute Interrupt Fetch Indirect Execute Interrupt

mOP mOP mOP mOP mOP mOP: :

Control Unit Operation

Micro-code operations

Execute micro-cycles

Hardwired implementation (Firmware)


52



Chapter 18

Parallel Processing


53

CPU CPU

Cache CacheI/O I/O Memory Memory

System Bus

CPU CPU CPU

I/O

I/O

Interconections

Main Memory

: : :

...

Parallel Organizations

Computer - a Sequential Machine?

Multiprocessing of Multiprocessors Systems

Time-shared Bus

Multiport Memory System

Central Control Unit System (CCU) concept

Uniform Multiprocessor OS

Vector Computational Systems

Non-Uniform Memory Architectures (NUMA) Systemsvs. Pool of Linux Networked PCs - the Beowulf Project

P1

Pm

I/O1

I/On

M1 M2 Mk:

......


54

CPU

CPU

InputArbitration Switch

Output

Input

CPU

CPU

CPU

VoterOutput

Fault - Tolerance Systems

Fault-tolerance - continue to process reliably even when a component fails

Failure Conditions

Software vs. Hardware Failures

Characteristics of Fault-tolerant Systems

Fault-tolerant Organisations

Availability, Scalability, Reliability

Compare Logic

microprocessor

microprocessor

microprocessor

microprocessor

Compare Logic

Gate Gate Control Control

Bus


55



Chapter 13

Reduced Instruction

Set Computers


56

Instruction R(shorter code)

Window # DecoderRegister file Data

Instruction A(full address)

Data

DataTagsCompare

Select

Cache

window-based register file approach

cache-approach

parameter

parameter

registers

registers

local

local

registers registers

temporary

registers registers

call/return

level j+1

level j

Reduced Instruction Set

Computers

Instruction Execution Characteristics

The use of a Large Register File

Large Register File vs. Cache Memory

Why the Trend in Reduced Instruction

Set Architecture Technology?

RISC Pipeline IssuesParallel Execution Resolving ConflictsMaintaining optimal Data Flow Data Tags: operation, data, mode/type


57

RISC Pipelining (Graph

Colouring)a b

ce

r1 register assignementsr2

r3 r2 r3f register memory store

symbolic registersda b c e f

time instances

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X - register incidence

d


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Chapter 15

IA-64 Architecture

D. Nikolik, CompArch, 2004 1 Computer Systems Architecture D. Nikolik, Ph.D Maastricht School of Management Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Documents

systems information

work systems framework

businessbased work systems

computer systems architecture

work system framework

enabled system

system business results

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