DIAGNOSING ABSTRACTION FAILURE IN SEPARATION LOGIC- BASED ANALYSES Arlen Cox Josh Berdine Samin Ishtiaq Christoph Wintersteige
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DIAGNOSINGABSTRACTION FAILUREIN SEPARATION LOGIC-
BASED ANALYSES
Arlen CoxJosh BerdineSamin Ishtiaq
Christoph Wintersteiger
The Abstraction Refinement Dream
StartVerification
Pick Abstraction
AttemptProof
Pick New Abstraction
Success
Fix Bug
Success
FindCounterexampl
e
Failu
re
Diagnose Failure
Failure
State of the ArtSeparation Logic Analysis
StartVerification
Pick Abstraction
AttemptProof
Pick New Abstraction
Success
Fix Bug
Success
FindCounterexampl
e
Failu
re
Diagnose Failure
FailurePreviously Unexplored
1
2
Traditional Abstraction Refinement
Not Our Contributio
n
Pick Abstract/Attempt Proof
Proof Fails
Diagnosing Abstraction Failure
WeakestPrecondition
1. An Abstract State2. Concrete State
• Unreachable• Reaches Error• Contained in
Abstract State
Partition the Abstract State
No WP() in Separation Logic
WeakestPrecondition
No WP() in Separation Logic
int* p;
…
*p = 17;PSPACE-
complete*due to aliasing
* Calcagno, C., Yang, H., O’Hearn, P.W.: Computability and complexity results for a spatial assertion language for data structures. In: FSTTCS (2001)
Separation Logic-based Analyses
Restricted Logic• Does not support separating implication ( ),
general negation ( ), general conjunction ( )
Do not support backward reasoning• No weakest precondition
Contribution: A method to use forward analysis to diagnose failures
Contribution: A method for efficiently performing forward counterexample searches
…l
l
Example
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);while(*) { l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);}while(l != NULL) { n = l->next; free(l->data); free(l); l = n;}
NULL
Background: Pick Abstraction
StartVerification
Pick Abstraction
AttemptProof
Pick New Abstraction
Success
Fix Bug
Success
FindCounterexampl
e
Failu
reDiagnose Failure
Failure
Pattern-Based Abstraction
…l
NULL
Pattern-Based Abstraction
…l
NULL
Pattern-Based Abstraction
…l
NULL
Background: Proof Attempt
StartVerification
Pick Abstraction
AttemptProof
Pick New Abstraction
Success
Fix Bug
Success
FindCounterexampl
e
Failu
reDiagnose Failure
Failure
Proof Search (SLL)
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);while(*) { l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);}while(l != NULL) { n = l->next; free(l->data); free(l); l = n;}
Proof Search (SLL)
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);while(*) { l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);}while(l != NULL) { n = l->next; free(l->data); free(l); l = n;}
Proof Search (SLL)
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);while(*) { l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);}while(l != NULL) { n = l->next; free(l->data); free(l); l = n;}
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
Proof Search (SLL)
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);while(*) { l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);}while(l != NULL) { n = l->next; free(l->data); free(l); l = n;}
Counterexamples
StartVerification
Pick Abstraction
AttemptProof
Pick New Abstraction
Success
Fix Bug
Success
FindCounterexampl
e
Failu
reDiagnose Failure
Failure
Traditional Bounded Model Checking
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);free(l);l = n;
assume(l == NULL)
1.Unroll Transition System
2.Check Property
3.Repeat- Can explode for deep properties
- Doesn’t help proof process
Not Our Contributio
n
Contribution: BMC Over Abstract Transition System
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);
1.Unroll Abstract Transition System
2.Check Property3.Repeat+ Restricted
search space+ Finds counter-
examples that caused this proof failure
Contribution: BMC Over Abstract Transition System
Contribution: BMC Over Abstract Transition System
Contribution: BMC Over Abstract Transition System
Must End in Error
Contribution: BMC Over Abstract Transition System
Contribution: BMC Over Abstract Transition System
Unroll up to a bound
Contribution: BMC Over Abstract Transition System
Stay in Error
Contribution: BMC Over Abstract Transition System
Otherwise Transition
According to Program
Contribution: BMC Over Abstract Transition System
Send to SMT solver; quantifiers and all.
Contribution: BMC Over Abstract Transition System
Send to SMT solver; quantifiers and all.
Encoding of
Data
Allocated
Size
Address
p = malloc(size);
Data
Allocated
Size
Address
p = malloc(size);q = malloc(size);
Encoding of
Data
Allocated
Size
Address
p = malloc(size);q = malloc(size);
Encoding of
Data
Allocated
Size
Address
p = malloc(size);q = malloc(size);r = p + size;*r = 3; //(no error)
Encoding of
Data
Allocated
Size
Address
p = malloc(size);q = malloc(size);r = p + size;*r = 3; //(error)
Encoding of
Counterexample Search
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
Counterexample Search
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);Just need structure.
Don’t need separation logic
formulas
Counterexample Search
No Error
Counterexample Search
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
No Error
l
NULL
Counterexample Search
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
Error Unreachabl
e
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);
No Error
NULL
l
Counterexample Search
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
Error Unreachabl
e
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);
No Error
NULL
l
Counterexample Search
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
Error Unreachabl
e
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);
No Error
Error Unreachabl
e
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);
NULL
l
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
Counterexample Search
Produces concrete counterexamples
Contribution: Only explores failed proof• Finds counterexamples that would cause
this particular proof failure
Contribution: Relies on SMT solver for unrolling• Property-guided, intelligent backtracking
Bit-precise memory model
Contribution: Diagnosing Failure
StartVerification
Pick Abstraction
AttemptProof
Pick New Abstraction
Success
Fix Bug
Success
FindCounterexampl
e
Failu
reDiagnose Failure
Failure
Diagnosing the Failure
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);
Was the abstraction here responsible for
failure?
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
Diagnosing the Failure
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);
Delete Program
Before Join Point
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
Diagnosing the Failure
l = NULL
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);
l = new ListNode(*, l);
Synthesize Program Prefix that Creates
Abstract State Precisely
Error Found!
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
Re-run Counterexam
ple Search
Non-deterministic
data field
Diagnosing the Failure
Diagnosing the Failure
Diagnosing the Failure
Diagnosing the Failure
Diagnosing the Failure
for p in Join_Points(ATS) { ATS’ = Synthesize_Prefix(p, ATS) CEx = Find_Counterexample(ATS’) if(exists CEx) { ATS = Refine(ATS, p, CEx); }}
Picking New Abstraction
StartVerification
Pick Abstraction
AttemptProof
Pick New Abstraction
Success
Fix Bug
Success
FindCounterexampl
e
Failu
reDiagnose Failure
Failure
Picking New Abstraction
Partial order of abstractions
Pick next best abstraction
Proof Search with SLL_OBJ
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), NULL);
l = new ListNode(new Obj(), l);
assume(l != NULL)n = l->next;free(l->data);free(l);l = n;
assume(l == NULL)
Conclusions
StartVerification
Pick Abstraction
AttemptProof
Pick New Abstraction
Success
Fix Bug
Success
FindCounterexampl
e
Failu
re
Diagnose Failure
Failure
Conclusions
StartVerification
Pick Abstraction
AttemptProof
Pick New Abstraction
Success
Fix Bug
Success
FindCounterexampl
e
Failu
re
Diagnose Failure
Failure ✔
New BMC Approach• Search abstract
transition system instead of program• Only finds causes for
proof failure• Use monolithic
encoding• Take advantage of
intelligent backtracking
Conclusions
StartVerification
Pick Abstraction
AttemptProof
Pick New Abstraction
Success
Fix Bug
Success
FindCounterexampl
e
Failu
re
Diagnose Failure
Failure ✔
✔
New Approach to Diagnosis• Synthesize program
prefix• Use guided
counterexample search to diagnose• Find failing
abstraction• Find failing concrete
value contained by abstraction
Conclusions
StartVerification
Pick Abstraction
AttemptProof
Pick New Abstraction
Success
Fix Bug
Success
FindCounterexampl
e
Failu
re
Diagnose Failure
Failure ✔
✔
-
Questions?
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