d i s e r t a c i apress.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/Disertaciebi/mamuka... · 2014-12-17 · Tavi III: TavdacviTi ... gamoyenebuli sabrZolo iaraRis istoria specialurad aravis Seuswavlia,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

saqarTvelos istoriis instituti

mamuka wurwumia

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqari (900-1700)

organizacia, taqtika, SeiaraReba

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis

mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori goCa jafariZe

Tbilisi

2014

avtoris stili daculia

2

sarCevi

Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3

Tavi I: feodaluri saqarTvelos samxedro organizacia --------------------------------- 16

qarTuli laSqris socialuri Semadgenloba da kompleqtacia ---------------------- 16

samxedro organizacia feodalur saqarTveloSi --------------------------------------------- 37

Tavi II: qarTuli laSqris taqtika Sua saukuneebSi ----------------------------------------- 53

Tavi III: TavdacviTi saWurveli --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74

1. muzaradi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 74

1.1. sferokonusuri muzaradi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76

1.2. Cabalaxi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85

1.3. CaCqani --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87

1.4. rkinis qudi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 88

2. sxeulis abjari ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89

2.1. qerclovani abjari ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90

2.2. lamelaruli abjari -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92

2.3. laminaruli abjari --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104

2.4. jaWvis abjari ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105

2.5. begTari ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112

2.6. Car-aina ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115

3. kidurebis dacviTi saSualebebi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 117

3.1. sabarkuli ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 117

3.2. samuxle ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118

3.3. sawvive ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 119

3.4. qafi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 120

3.5. samklave --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122

3.6. TaTmani ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124

4. fari ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125

Tavi IV: SeteviTi iaraRi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129

1. saZgerebeli iaraRi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130

2. mkveTeli iaraRi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 138

2.1. maxvili ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139

2.2. palaSi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 144

3

2.3. moxrili xmali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 146

2.4. culi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 154

3. dasartymeli iaraRi (laxti) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 157

4. distanciuri iaraRi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162

4.1. mSvild-isari ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162

4.2. Surduli ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 177

qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsi Sua saukuneebSi ------------------------------------------ 179

Semoklebebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 197

bibliografia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 198

4

Sesavali

Sua saukuneebis samxedro saqme qarTuli istoriografiis erT-erTi

yvelaze sustad Seswavlili dargia. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom dRemde ar aris

gamokvleuli qarTuli laSqris brZolis stili da misi transformacia Sua

saukuneebis manZilze; calkeuli cdebis miuxedavad, ar aris fundamenturad,

monografiulad Seswavlili Sua saukuneebis qarTveli mebrZolis SeiaraReba

da aRWurviloba. Sedegad, qarTveli xalxi ar icnobs Tavis mebrZolebs, ar

icis Tu rogor gamoiyureboda qarTveli moyme ganviTarebis sxvadasxva

etapze, ra ecva an riTi iyo SeiaraRebuli.

SeiaraRebisa da samxedro istoriis kvlevis mxriv saqarTveloSi

arsebuli saxarbielo mdgomareoba karga xania aRiarebulia qarTul

istoriografiaSi: „samxedro saqmis araerTi sakiTxis CaRrmavebuli kvleva

qarTuli istoriografiis gadaudebeli amocanaa“, werda e. xoStaria-brose

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi (xoStaria-brose 1991: 179). aTi wlis Semdeg ukve p.

zaqaraia aRniSnavda, rom `saqarTveloSi aTasi wlebis ganmavlobaSi

gamoyenebuli sabrZolo iaraRis istoria specialurad aravis Seuswavlia,

magram aris calkeul saxeobaTa nawilobrivi warmodgenis cdebi~ (zaqaraia

2002: 223). amave problemebze gulaxdilad wers i. gagoSiZec: „raoden

paradoqsuladac ar unda mogveCvenos, faqtia, rom dRes swored samxedro

xelovnebisa da omebis istoriaa saqarTvelos istoriis yvelaze naklebad

Seswavlili sfero“ (margiSvili 2008: 5). aseT viTarebaSi, rodesac samxedro

saqmis kvleva istoriografiul problemadaa qceuli, aSkaraa sakvlevi Temis

aqtualuroba.

aRniSnul viTarebas, sxvadasxva subieqtur da obieqtur mizezebTan

erTad, isic ganapirobebs, rom samxedro xelovnebisa da SeiaraRebis kvleva

TavisTavad rTuli saqmea, dargTaSorisi disciplinis kategorias miekuTvneba

da mravali dargis (momijnavisa Tu daSorebulis, humanitarulisa Tu

teqnikuris) miRwevebis gamoyenebas saWiroebs. bizantiuri samxedro saqmis

cnobili mkvlevari t. koliasi marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom SeiaraRebis

kvleva moiTxovs socialuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro istoriis Seswavlas,

iseve rogorc zogadad istoriis, arqeologiis, teqnologiisa da xelovnebis

istoriis codnas (Kolias 1988: 29). rogorc vxedavT, samxedro istoria da misi

dargi iaraRTmcodneoba aris sfero, romelic iTxovs interdisciplinarul

5

midgomebs da istoriis, arqeologiis, xelovnebaTmcodneobis, eTnografiis,

wyaroTmcodneobis, lingvistikis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebas. mxolod am

SemTxvevaSi miiReba xelSesaxebi Sedegi da kvleviTi siaxle.

samxedro saqmis Seswavlis procesSi erTmaneTTan ganuyreladaa

dakavSirebuli SeiaraRebis, taqtikisa da samxedro organizaciis sakiTxebi.

taqtikisa da samxedro xelovnebis srulfasovani Seswavla SeuZlebelia

aRWurvilobis Seswavlis gareSe. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT omis warmoebis

xerxebi, upirvelesad unda gamovikvlioT SeiaraRebis teqnikuri sakiTxebi,

radganac samxedro xelovnebis istoriaSi aseTi sakiTxebi umniSvnelovanesia

(Vale 1981: 100). cnobilia, rom SeiaraReba gansazRvravs taqtikas (Glover 1996:

177). taqtika da SeiaraReba ganuyrelia, SeiaraRebis Seswavla SeuZlebelia

brZolis velisagan mowyvetilad: brZolis meTodebis Seswavlis dros unda

iswavlebodes am dros gamoyenebuli iaraRi da maTi urTierTgavlena (Tantum

1979: 188). aseve warmoudgenelia samxedro organizaciis gancalkeveba

sabrZolo taqtikisagan, radganac brZolis saWiroeba didwilad ganapirobebs

armiis struqturas (Hollister 1962: 127).

iaraRi eris kulturis nawils warmoadgens (Квасневич 2005: 18).

SeiaraRebisa da samxedro saqmis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloTY

eris materialur yofaze, samWedlo da saiuveliro xelobis

SesaZleblobebze, vaWrobisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis doneze (Кирпичников

2006: 42). saukunenaxevris win iozef lepkovski, iagelonis universitetis

reqtori werda: `SeiaraReba SeiZleba iyos gasaRebi im adamianTa Semecnebis

donis gasarkvevad, romlebic maT iyenebda; aCveneT specialists romelime

eris SeiaraReba da is getyviT misi ganviTarebis dones~ (Szymczak 2006: 5).

arc erTi qveynis, miTumetes evropa-aziis Sesayarze mdebare

saqarTvelos samxedro saqmis kvleva ar SeiZleba izolirebulad, misi

garemomcveli samyaros samxedro saqmis Seswavlis gareSe. samxedro saqme

mgrZnobiarea garemomcveli samyaros mimarT, igi Taviseburi lakmusis

qaRaldia, romelic yovelgvar cvlilebebze reagirebs (Медведев 1987: 206).

iSviaTad Tu vrceldeboda raime ise swrafad, rogorc siaxle samxedro

saqmeSi. swrafad xdeboda teqnikuri siaxleebis danergvac, rac saboloo

jamSi iwvevda erTiani an msgavsi SeiaraRebis kompleqsis Camoyalibebas did

6

sivrceebze (Бехайм 1995: 6; Соловьев 1987: 49-50).1 es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs

mezobeli kulturebis magaliTebis mixedviT vimsjeloT erovnul SeiaraRebis

kompleqsze da SevavsoT ucnobi detalebi.

winamdebare naSromi feodaluri saqarTvelos laSqris taqtikisa da

SeiaraRebis kompleqsuri Seswavlis pirveli cdaa qarTul istoriografiaSi,

raSic gamoixateba naSromis siaxle. am procesSi avtoris mier Tavmoyrili da

gaanalizebulia 800 wlis manZilze arsebuli cnobebi da masala, samecniero

mimoqcevaSi Semotanilia an axleburad interpretirebulia aqamde ucnobi

wyaroebi Tu artefaqtebi, dadgenilia iaraRis tipologia da terminologia

da mocemulia maTi saerTo klasifikacia.

kvlevis mizania Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqris organizaciis,

taqtikisa da SeiaraRebis Seswavla. kvlevis miznidan gamomdinare,

gadasawyvetia Semdegi amocanebi: qarTuli laSqris organizaciisa da

taqtikis Seswavla da saukuneebis manZilze maTi transformaciisaTvis Tvalis

gadevneba; qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsis Seswavla da misi ganviTarebis

periodebis dadgena; qarTul SeiaraRebaSi gareSe zegavlenebisa da

nasesxobebis dadgena; Sesabamisi masalis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiaraRebis

calkeuli elementebis tipologiis dadgena da tipologiuri sqemebis

SemuSaveba.

kvlevis miznis misaRwevad da dasaxuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad

Semdegi sqema aris arCeuli:2 jer Seswavlilia feodaluri saqarTvelos

samxedro organizacia, Semdeg – mis mier warmoSobili laSqari da am

laSqris sabrZolo taqtika; calke aris garCeuli Sua saukuneebis qarTveli

mebrZolis panoplia da misi Semadgeneli nawilebi. yovelive es ganxilulia

istorizmis principebis dacviT, saukuneebis manZilze gancdili cvlilebebis

asaxviT; kvlevaSi mocemulia periodizacia da mTlianobaSia aRwerili

yoveli periodis SeiaraRebis kompleqsi.

naSromis qronologiuri CarCoebi mosazRvrulia im xangrZlivi

periodiT, romlis ganmavlobaSic mZime cxenosanTa dartyma prioritetul

1 mezobel qveynebSi axali iaraRis gamoCena metnaklebad drois erT SualedSi xdeboda

(Шервашидзе 1964: 59).

2 i. xudiakovis mixedviT, yoveli eris Tu kulturis samxedro saqmis Seswavlisas ikvleven mis

iaraRs, SeiaraRebis kompleqss, samxedro organizacias da samxedro xelovnebas (Худяков 1986:

7).

7

taqtikas warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi. es periodi iwyeba X saukuneSi, rodesac

saqarTveloSi cxenosanTa brZolis axali wesi – wagrZelebuli SubiT

brZola inergeba, rasac Tan mosdevs axali taqtikis – cxenosanTa taranuli

dartymis damkvidreba. zeda qronologiuri zRvari ki XVIII saukunea, rodesac

cecxlsasroli iaraRis axalma teqnologiebma saukuneebis manZilze arsebuli

brZolis wesi Secvala.

marTalia, cecxlsasroli iaraRi saqarTveloSi XV saukuneSi Cndeba

(wurwumia 2011: 65-88), xolo XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTul

SeiaraRebaSic gvxvdeba, magram brZolis velze sagrZnob rols mxolod XVIII

saukunidan TamaSobs, ris gamoc mas arc vikvlevT naSromis farglebSi da

civi iaraRis SeswavliT vifarglebiT. SubiT brZola, romelsac

Suasaukuneebis manZilze yovelTvis iyenebda qarTuli laSqari, mxolod XVIII

saukunis SuaxanebisaTvis kargavs mniSvnelobas (Анчабадзе 1990: 204).3 XVII

saukunis pirvel naxevarSic ki, miuxedavad Tofis gavrcelebisa, qarTveli

aznauri anu laSqris cxenosani Semadgenloba mas praqtikulad arc iyenebda.

g. anCabaZe sworad aRniSnavs, rom kastelis suraTebSi ar gvxvdeba TofiT

aRWurvili didgvarovani (anCabaZe 1985: 69). isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

XVII saukuneSic ki, didi gamanadgurebeli Zalis miuxedavad, cecxlsasroli

iaraRi kvlavac Camouvardeboda mSvilds srolis siSoresa da siswrafeSi.

rac mTavaria, cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba mxolod XVIII

saukuneSi axdens Zireul gavlenas qarTul brZolis wesze da iwvevs

taqtikur cvlilebebs brZolis velze. amitomac, cecxlsasroli iaraRis

ufro adreuli gavrcelebis miuxedavad, XVIII saukunemde qarTuli samxedro

xelovnebisa da SeiaraRebis kompleqsis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT

erTi taqtikuri monaxazis (cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis) farglebSi da

erT teqnologiur (civi iaraRis ganviTarebis) WrilSi.

sakiTxis istoriografia. qarTul istoriografiaSi dRemde ar

arsebobda sagangebo naSromi, romelic feodaluri qarTuli laSqris

taqtikasa da SeiaraRebas ganixilavda. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom

3 p. zaqariasac miaCnia, rom cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebaSi radikaluri gardatexa, ris

Semdegac is gadamwyveti faqtori xdeba, XVIII saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi moxda (zaqaraia 2002:

233). praqtikulad igive azrisaa v. elaSvilic, romelic Tvlis, rom cecxlsasrol iaraRs

saqarTveloSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mxolod XVII saukunis dasasrulidan eniWeba

(elaSvili 1959: 24).

8

saqarTveloSi es sakiTxebi saerTod Seuswavlelia. qarTuli saWurvelis

Sesaxeb kvlevebidan yuradRebis Rirsia i. javaxiSvilis `masalebi qarTveli

eris materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis~, romlis meoTxe tomi saomar

saWurvelsa da samxedro saqmes eZRvneba. qarTveli meomris samxedro

aRWurvilobas TiTo Tavi aqvs daTmobili n. CofikaSvilis, (`qarTuli

kostiumi~) g. akofaSvilis (`raindoba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~), s.

margiSvilis (`miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb~) da j.

SaraSeniZis (`qarTuli samxedro xelovneba~) SromebSi. qarTul

iaraRTmcodneobaSi yvelaze vrclad dRemde moRweuli eTnografiuli iaraRi

aris Seswavlili, romelsac eZRvneba v. elaSvilis, g. gasitaSvilis, k.

ColoyaSvilis, m. qafianiZis Sromebi. arqeologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad

mopovebuli Sua saukuneebis saWurvlis calkeuli aspeqtebia ganxiluli l.

WilaSvilis kvlevebSi. SeiaraRebis kvlevis kuTxiT qarTuli ikonografiuli

masala daviTnis miniaturebis magaliTze yvelaze farTod aqvs gamoyenebuli

l. ServaSiZes (К Вопросу о Средневековой Грузинской Светской Миниатюре

(Миниатюры Батальной Тематики в Джручской Псалтыри).

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqris taqtika da brZolis wesi

sistematurad iyo ganxilvis sakiTxi g. anCabaZis SromebSi. qarTuli samxedro

saqmis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis Sesaxeb kvlevebi aqvT l. garsiaSvils, i.

gedevaniSvils, i. SaiSmelaSvils, q. CxataraiSvils, a. klimiaSvils, k. kaxaZes,

j. samuSias, s. margiSvils, j. SaraSeniZes. feodaluri saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Seswavlisas samxedro organizacia ganxilulia m.

berZniSvilis (`saqarTvelo XI-XII saukuneebSi~), i. anTelavas (`saqarTvelos

centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi~), j. stefnaZis

(`saqarTvelo XII da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi~), m. baxtaZis

(èrisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi~) gamokvlevebSi. samxedro saqmis

socialuri mxares ikvlevda n. berZeniSvili, e. xoStaria-brose, d. gogolaZe,

g. akofaSvili, g. jamburia, z. ratiani, m. sanaZe, t. axalaia.

yvela es Sroma gamoyenebulia warmodgenil sadisertacio naSromSi.

amasTan, garda qarTveli avtorebisa, masSi maqsimaluradaa gaTvaliswinebuli

sakvlevi Temis garSemo arsebuli ucxoel avtorTa publikaciebi da

monografiebi, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs yovlismomcvelad, Tanamedrove

istoriul mecnierebaSi arsebuli codnisa da uaxlesi miRwevebis

9

gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixiloT, SevafasoT da gadavwyvitoT kvlevisas

wamoWrili sakiTxebi.

werilobiTi wyaroebi. samxedro saqmis srulyofili Seswavla mxolod

yvela saxis monacemTa kompleqsuri analizis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. Cvens

xelT arsebuli wyaroebis – werilobiTi, gamomsaxvelobiTi da arqeologiuri

– rigidan yvelaze didi da mravalferovani informacia werilobiT

wyaroebSia daculi.

iaraRis taqtikuri daniSnulebis gamosarkvevad mniSvnelovania misi

tipologiis dadgena, rac Tavad nimuSis mixedviT xdeba, Tumca iaraRis

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadamwyvet informacias werilobiT wyaroebSi

vkiTxulobT. miuxedavad imisa, rom werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebi xSirad

wyvetili da SemTxveviTi xasiaTisa,4 maTi sistemaSi moyvana da tipuris

gamokveTa mniSvnelovan Sedegs iZleva (Кирпичников 1971: 62).

werilobiTi wyaroebis kompleqsi moicavs naratiul da dokumentur

Zeglebs. naratiul wyaroebs miekuTvneba istoriuli matianeebi da qronikebi,

romelTac Tavisuflad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT qarTuli istoriuli poemebic

(`didmouraviani~, `Sahnavaziani~, `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~),

agiografiuli mwerloba, mxatvruli literatura, xalxuri Semoqmedeba

(gansakuTrebiT, mTis xalxebis poezia), samecniero da leqsikografiuli

naSromebi (vaxuSti batoniSvili, sulxan-saba orbeliani,5 Teimuraz

bagrationi). dokumentur wyaroebs Seadgens qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi,

samefo karis reglamenti, aRweris wignebi, epigrafikuli Zeglebi (Анчабадзе

1990: 5-7). samxedro wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi Tavis droze safuZvlianad

aqvs damuSavebuli g. anCabaZes (Анчабадзе 1985: 90-95; Анчабадзе 1990: 1-256), rac

gvaTavisuflebs maTi dawvrilebiTi ganxilvisagan; qvemoT mxolod calkeuli

momentebis aRniSvniT davkmayofildebi.

4 g. anCabaZis samarTliani SeniSvniT, „miuxedavad imisa, rom saistorio werilobiT wyaroebSi

xSirad ixsenieba qarTvelTa brZolebi da omebi, cnobebi qarTuli laSqris moqmedebis

strategiuli da taqtikuri formebis Sesaxeb mainc mwiria“ (anCabaZe 1984: 93). Zunwia cnobebi

qarTuli laSqris ricxovnebis, SeiaraRebisa da organizaciis Sesaxebac (Анчабадзе 1985: 93).

5 sulxan–saba orbelianis enciklopediuri xasiaTis leqsikons uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs

ara marto qarTuli samxedro terminologiis dadgenisaTvis, aramed iaraRis calkeuli

tipebis, maTi gavrcelebis drois, gamoyenebis xasiaTis da sxv. sakiTxebis kvlevis saqmeSi.

10

Sua saukuneebis naratiuli wyaroebis ganxilvis dros SesamCnevia, rom

nawarmoebebis umetesoba sasuliero pirebs ekuTvnis,6 rac Tavisebur daRs

asvams Txrobas. isini iSviaTad Tu aqcevdnen yuradRebas brZolisa da

samxedro saqmis detalebs. am mxriv, pirvelxarisxovan wyaroTa Soris

sasiamovno gamonaklisia Tamaris pirveli istorikosi da JamTaaRmwereli.

kvlevisas qarTuli wyaroebis fragmentulobis da sxva naklis

kompensacias SeZlebisdagvarad vaxden ucxouri wyaroebis gamoyenebiT,

samxedro yofis rekonstruqcias ki vcdilob bizantiuri da islamuri

samxedro traqtatebis daxmarebiT.

sagangebod minda SevaCero yuradReba mxatvruli xasiaTis

literaturaze da misi sandoobis sakiTxze, radganac aseT cnobebs uxvad

viyeneb sadisertacio naSromSi. wyaroebis mimarT iseTi kritikulad

ganwyobili istorikosic ki, rogoric iyo ivane javaxiSvili, Tamamad iyenebda

literaturul wyaroebs Tanadrouli socialur-kulturuli realiebis

gadmosacemad. saqarTvelos ekonomikur istoriaze muSaobisas is eyrdnoboda

rusTavels, arCils, „visramians“ da sxva mxatvrul Zeglebs. erTgan,

„vefxistyaosanTan“ dakavSirebiT SeniSnavs, rom poemaSi aRwerili

ucxoqveynelebi „azrovneben, cxovroben, ibrZvian“, rogorc qarTvelebi

(sarTania 2004: 166-167).7 saliteraturo wyaroebs mravlad vxvdebiT i.

javaxiSvilis naSromSi „masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis

istoriisaTvis“, romlis erTi nawili samxedro saqmes eZRvneba.

epikuri da rainduli literatura samxedro wrisaTvis iqmneboda,

maTTvis vinc win uZRoda da wamyvan rols TamaSobda Sua saukuneebis

armiebSi. am auditoriisaTvis misaRebi rom yofiliyo, maT garkveulwilad

realisturad unda aesaxaT samxedro yofa. radganac epikuri da rainduli

literatura mSobliur enaze iwereboda, isini iyeneben imave leqsikons, rasac

6 sulxan-saba mwignobrul qarTuls saerTod samRvdelo enas uwodebs (sulxan-saba

orbeliani 1991: 321).

7 „vefxistyaosnis“ mniSvneloba samxedro istoriisaTvis kargad aris cnobili qarTveli

istorikosebisaTvis. l. garsiaSvilis azriT, „vefxistyaosani“ samxedro xelovnebis

istoriisTvisac metad saintereso da sagulisxmo masalas gvaZlevs“ (garsiaSvili 1937: 4). mas

kvers ukravs i. gedevaniSvili, romlis mixedviTac „vefxistyaosanSi“ aRwerili „brZolebis

warmoeba, taqtika da strategia, sxvadasxva sabrZolo xerxebi da ileTebi da agreTve

SeiaraReba, wyobileba sinamdvilidan aris aRebuli da istoriulad savsebiT gamarTlebuli“

(gedevaniSvili 1939: 16).

11

meomrebi da gvawvdian abjris, iaraRisa da armiis nawilebis swor

dasaxelebebs (Nicholson 2004a: 9). swored amitom didia „vefxistyaosnis“,

àmirandarejanianis~, `rusudanianis~, òmainianis~ mniSvneloba Sua

saukuneebis saqarTvelos samxedro saqmis kvlevasa da terminologiis

dadgenaSi.

samxedro yofa asaxulia naTargmn literaturaSic, sadac xSirad Zveli

ambebic ki mTargmnelis Tanamedrove realobas gadmogvcems (Кирпичников 1971:

62). amave dros, naTargmni literaturis gamoyenebisas gansakuTrebuli

sifrTxilea saWiro, rom SecdomiT ucxo qveynis realiebi (brZolis wesi,

taqtika) qarTulSi ar agverios. amitom, sagangebod avaride Tavi naTargmni

literaturis farTod gamoyenebas da `Sah-names~ qarTul versiebs mxolod

terminologiis dazustebis TvalsazrisiT viyeneb.

arqeologiuri monacemebi. SeiaraRebis dadgenisa da Seswavlis

TvalsazrisiT yvelaze realur da xelSesaxeb monacemebs arqeologiuri

aRmoCenebi iZleva. samwuxarod, im monacemebs Soris, romelTa mixedviTac

unda moxdes Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos samxedro saqmis rekonstruireba,

swored arqeologiuri masala aris yvelaze mwirad warmodgenili.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze qristianobis adreuli (IV s.) gavrcelebisa

da dasaflavebis qristianuli wesis damkvidrebis gamo feodaluri epoqis

samarxebis inventari sakmaod Raribia.8 gansakuTrebiT es exeba iaraRs,

romelsac sagangebod ufrTxildebodnen maRali fasisa da socialuri

prestiJis gamo (Медведев 1959: 121).

ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos

arqeologiaSi jerjerobiT ar aris aRmoCenili SeteviTi Tu TavdacviTi

iaraRis mniSvnelovani nimuSebi (mag., sxvadasxva tipis xmlebi, muzaradi,

abjari), rac metad arTulebs Tanadrouli qarTuli SeiaraRebis kvlevis

sakiTxs.

arqeologiuri masalis naklebobis dros, aRWurvilobisa da

SeiaraRebis rekonstruqciisas, paralelebsa da analogiebs mezoblad eZieben

(Sarnecki, Nicolle 2008: 19), raRa Tqma unda, arsebuli werilobiTi Tu

ikonografiuli monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ase magaliTad, arqeologiuri

masalis simciris gamo, adreuli periodis bizantiis SeiaraRebis Sesaswavlad

8 cnobili rusi arqeologi a. arcixovski pirdapir wers, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi

qristianuli samarxebi sruliad usargebloa arqeologiisaTvis (Арциховский 1946: 5).

12

mkvlevrebi iZulebuli arian daeyrdnon imperiis garSemo arsebuli

sxvadasxva xalxis warmarTuli samarxebis monacemebs (Haldon 2002: 65). aseve,

qarTuli aRWurvilobis aRdgenisas, SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi sxvadasxva drois da sxvadasxva xalxis (momTabarisa Tu

adgilobrivis) Sesaxeb arsebuli arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi.

amave dros, bunebrivia, rom `mwiri arqeologiuri masalis gamo,

mkvlevari metad unda daeyrdnos xelovnebis nimuSebis gamosaxulebebsa da

werilobiT wyaroebs~ (Hoffmeyer 1966: 31). arqeologiuri masalisa da

sxvadasxva gamosaxulebis Sejerebis dros, Zalze mniSvnelovania `gvaxsovdes,

rom yvelaferi, risi gamosaxulebac gvaqvs, ar aris napovni arqeologiurad,

magram yvelaferi rac napovnia, ukve warmodgenilia gamosaxulebebSi~ (Yotov

2011: 116).

ikonografiuli wyaroebi. ikonografiuli gamosaxulebebis mixedviT

samxedro aRWurvilobis rekonstruqcia nacadi meTodia, romelsac

pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba sxva (pirvel rigSi, arqeologiur)

monacemTa simciris pirobebSi.

ra Tqma unda, ikonografiuli masalis mixedviT aRWurvilobis

rekonstruqciisas garkveuli sifrTxile gvmarTebs. am dros unda

gaviTvaliswinoT zogadad marTlmadidebluri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

normebi da kanonebi, adgilobrivi, qarTuli xelovnebis mimarTeba

bizantiurTan, unda gavarkvioT rodis misdevs is brmad bizantiur tradicias

da rodis aris damoukidebeli, unda vicodeT ramdenad aris saeklesio

mxatvroba konservatuli da ra doziT asaxavs is realobas; Tuki

SesaZlebelia, yovelTvis unda vcadoT gamosaxulebis Sejereba arqeologiur

artefaqtTan, raTa sabolood davrwmundeT mis sandoobaSi. aseve, unda

gvaxsovdes, rom saqme gvaqvs sam-ganzomilebiani obieqtis (aRWurvilobis)

gadmocemasTan or-ganzomilebian gamosaxulebaSi (freska, miniatura,

ilustracia) (Grotowski 2006: 2). gasaTvaliswinebelia mxatvris teqnikuri

SesaZleblobebic, Tu ra masalaze (liTonze, qvaze) uwevs mas muSaoba da

aqedan gamomdinare, ra SezRudvebis winaSe dgas igi.

dResdReobiT, SeiaraRebis rekonstruqciis procesSi ikonografiuli

wyaroebis sandoobis sakiTxi yvelaze amomwuravad ganxiluli aqvs p.

grotovskis (Grotowski 2010). mas sagangebod aqvs gamokvleuli bizantiur

samyaroSi wminda mxedarTa aRWurviloba da misi daskvnebi aqtualuria

13

qarTuli ikonografiis mimarTac, romlis monacemebs Tavadac aqtiurad

iyenebs. avtoris daskvniT, romelsac mec veTanxmebi, bizantieli mxatvrebi

mxolod klasikur ikonografiul sqemebs ki ar imeorebdnen, aramed aqtiurad

nergavdnen axal elementebsac, rac Tanadroul realobas efuZneboda. p.

grotovski kargad aCvenebs im cvlilebebs, romelsac bizantiuri ikonografia

ganicdida SeiaraRebaSi momxdari realuri cvlilebebis kvaldakval, agreTve,

imas, Tu rodis da ramdenad unda vendoT ikonografias imdroindeli

aRWurvilobis aRdgenisas (Tsurtsumia 2012a: 363-369.] p. grotovskis SefasebiT,

rac ufro daSorebulia mxatvari (an samxatvro skola) imperiis centrs, miT

ufro naklebi konservatizmia mis SemoqmedebaSi. is miuTiTebs qarTuli

xelovnebis mniSvnelovan damoukideblobaze da SeiaraRebis calkeuli

elementebisa da konstruqciis mimarT iseT yuradRebaze, rac mTel rig

SemTxvevebSi rekonstruqciis karg SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs (Grotowski 2010: 401-

402).

kanonikuri ikonografiuli gamosaxulebebis (xatebi, freskebi) garda,

informaciis didi masivia Semonaxuli miniaturebSi, romelTac a. arcixovskim

moxdenilad uwoda „sarkmeli gamqral samyaroSi“ (Арциховский 1944: 4). Tumca,

aqac unda gvaxsovdes, rom Sua saukuneebis mxatvari sulac ar cdilobda

dokumenturi mowmobis datovebas momavali TaobebisaTvis da mas sakuTari,

xSirad CvenTvis ucnobi, mizani amoZravebda (Porter 2000: 6, 18). aseve xSiri iyo

aslis gadaReba, romlis drosac dedani maxinjdeboda (Porter 2000: 18). amis

saukeTeso magaliTi ori qarTuli dasuraTebuli daviTnia – H1665 da H75. es

ukanaskneli pirvelis Seryvnil da uxeS asls warmoadgens. sabednierod,

dedani gadarCenilia da pirvelxarisxovan informacias gvawvdis Tanadrouli

epoqis SeiaraRebaze.

samwuxarod, arc Sua saukuneebis saero mxatvrobiT varT

ganebivrebulni, romelic SesaZleblobas mogvcemda ufro meti sizustiT

dagvedgina SeiaraReba. qarTul xelnawerebSi „XVI sauk. damlevamde, TiTqmis

ar Cans (e. i. ar SemogvrCa) wminda saero siuJetebis Semcvel xelnawerTa

dasuraTebis nimuSebi“ (xuskivaZe 1976: 5-6).9

saero miniaturuli mxatvroba sakmao masalas gansjisaTvis mxolod

XVII saukuneSi iZleva. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa `rostomianis~ (S1580 9 iSviaTi gamonaklisia 1188 wlis „astronomiuli traqtati“, magram misi dasuraTeba Cven

sagans cotas Tu matebs.

14

manuskripti) da TavaqaraSviliseuli `vefxistyaosanis~ (H559 manuskripti)

miniaturebi. rogorc Tavis droze SeniSna l. ServaSiZem, `vefxistyaosnis~

miniaturebis avtori cdilobs yovelTvis zustad asaxos aRWurviloba da

misi detalebi, sworad gadmogvces misi tarebisa da gamoyenebis wesebi

(Шервашидзе 1964: 131, 141). uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom avtori, romelic

saero piria, zustad gadmogvcems Subis Werisa da brZolis maneras.

vrceli bataluri scenebic mxolod svaneTSi SemogvrCa. laSTxveris

mTavarangelozTa da CaJaSis macxovris eklesiis gareTa kedlebze

gamosaxuli amiranis eposis amsaxveli scenebi eklesiis kedelze gamosaxuli

saero siuJetis erTaderT magaliTebad rCeba (Шервашидзе 1964: 136).10

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia italieli misioneris don kristoforo de

kastelis mier XVII saukuneSi Sesrulebuli Canaxatebis albomi. misi

Canaxatebi TviTmxilvelis mier gadmocemuli unikaluri wyaroa imdroindeli

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romlis mniSvneloba Znelia gadaWarbebiT Seafaso.

sabolood rom davaskvnaT, arsebul viTarebaSi yvela is

ikonografiuli wyaro, romelTac Cvenamde moaRwia (bareliefebi, xatebi,

freskebi, miniaturebi, numizmatikuri masala), fasdaudebel da, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, erTaderT monacems gvawvdis Sua saukuneebis qarTveli

mebrZolis aRWurvilobis rekonstruqciis saqmeSi.

naSromSi gamoyenebuli sakvlevi meTodologia, zogadistoriulis

garda, moicavs istoriul-eTnografiuli, xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi da

lingvisturi kvlevis meTodebs; kvlevisas daculia qronologiuri da

istorizmis principebi. monacemebi damuSavebulia kompleqsuri sistemuri

midgomis safuZvelze, romlis drosac xdeba werilobiTi wyaroebis

monacemebis Sejereba ikonografiul masalasa da materialur nimuSebTan.

SedarebiT-tipologiuri analizis Sedegad xdeba tipologiis dadgena da

Sesabamisi sqemebis SemuSaveba. gansakuTrebiT farTod aris gamoyenebuli

SedarebiT-istoriuli kvlevis meTodi, rodesac qarTuli samxedro saqme

10 Cvenamde ar mouRwevia batalur scenebs, romlebiTac saqarTvelos mefeTa sasaxleebi

yofila moxatuli. giorgi III-is gardacvalebisas mematiane aRwers sasaxlis kedlebs: „ixiles

kedlebica srisa savse meomarTa, razmebi, spebi, monaspebi, qalaqebi da cixeebi awyuedili da

oÃer-qmnili“ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 25). rusi elCebi n. toloCanovi da a. ievlevi,

romlebic 1650-52 wlebSi stumrobdnen imereTs, aRweren quTaisis sasaxlis kedlis

mxatvrobas, romelic Zvel mefeTa brZolebs asaxavda (rexviaSvili 1978: 202).

15

ganixileba garemomcveli samyaros taqtikuri da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis

konteqstSi.

kvlevis Sedegebs aqvs praqtikuli mniSvneloba yvela istorikosisaTvis,

vinc qarTul samxedro saqmes Seiswavlis. mas xelT aqvs Sua saukuneebis

qarTuli SeiaraRebisa da taqtikis suraTi, icis qarTuli laSqris

SesaZleblobebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlia Seiwavlos qarTvelTa

mier Catarebuli samxedro kampaniebi Tu brZolebi da moaxdinos warsulis

obieqturi rekonstruqcia. naSromis mixedviT SesaZlebelia Tvali gavadevnoT

sxvadasxva regionisa da qveynis zegavlenas qarTul materialur kulturaze;

SevafasoT qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done sxvadasxva epoqebSi.

naSromi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT aRWurvilobis konkretuli nimuSebis

atribuciisaTvis, katalogebis Sesadgenad Tu gamofenebis mosawyobad, rac

gansakuTrebiT faseulia muzeumis TanamSromelTaTvis.

naSromis aprobacia. sadoqtoro naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi

asaxulia avtoris sakonferencio moxsenebebsa da publikaciebSi, rogorc

qarTul, ise ucxour gamocemebSi.

naSromis struqtura. naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, 4 Tavisa da

daskvnisagan. mas erTvis bibliografia da ilustraciebis albomi.

16

Tavi I. feodaluri saqarTvelos samxedro organizacia

qarTuli laSqris socialuri Semadgenloba da kompleqtacia

yoveli eris samxedro organizacia misive socialur wyobas asaxavs, ise

rom, erTis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, meorec icvleba: socialuri cvlilebebi

aisaxeba samxedro organizaciazec. socialuri organizacia ganapirobebs eris

samxedro komponentis Semadgenlobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs taqtikas.

cxadia, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos socialuri organizaciis

dadgenas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba samxedro saqmis kvlevisas. qarTul

istoriografiaSi sayovelTaod miRebuli azria, rom Sua saukuneebis

qarTuli sazogadoebrivi wyoba hgavs dasavleTevropul feodalizms

(akofaSvili 1990: 4; jamburia 2007: 5).11 am debulebas yvela qarTveli

istorikosi iziarebs.12

riT emsgavseba qarTuli feodalizmi evropuls? m. blokis

formulirebiT, sazogadoebas mxolod maSin SeiZleba ewodos feodaluri,

Tuki dadgindeba misi msgavseba evropuli feodalizmis ZiriTad niSnebTan

(Bloch 1961: 441, 446). aseT niSnebad bloks miaCnda daqvemdebarebuli glexoba,

profesional meomarTa klasis batonoba, piradi damokidebuleba

mfarvelobisa da morCilebis pirobiT (vasaliteti), miwa (jamagiris nacvlad)

msaxurebis sazRaurad, Zalauflebis fragmentacia (Bloch 1961: 443-446).

uklebliv yvela es niSani saxezea qarTul sinamdvileSi: evropis

msgavsad, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi naturaluri meurneoba iyo

gabatonebuli da miwa sakuTrebis umTavresi formas warmoadgenda; miwaze

11 qarTuli feodalizmis kvlevis dasawyisis istoriografiuli mimoxilva ix. janaSia 1987:

276-309. qarTuli patronymobis kvlevis sakiTxSi, s. janaSia akademikos mari broses yvelaze

did damsaxurebad miiCnevda, rom man pirvelma warmogvidgina saqarTvelos socialuri wyoba

feodalizmis saxiT da aRniSna misi msgavseba evropis qveynebTan (janaSia 1987: 283-284).

12 ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, „qarTuli patronymoba gasaocrad miemsgavseba da gvagonebs

dasavleT evropis saSualo saukuneebis feodalurs weswyobilebas“ (javaxiSvili 1982: 249).

mas eTanxmeba s. janaSiac, romelic Tvlis, rom patronymoba aris ùrTierToba, romelic

damyarebulia saadgilmamulo damokidebulebaze, samxedro samsaxuris pirobiT~ (janaSia 1952:

434). g. mamulias da e. xoStaria-broses azriT, qarTuli patronymobis instituti igive

evropuli vasalitetia (mamulia 1987: 5; xoStaria-brose 2006: 89-90). i. anTelava qarTul

feodalizms tipologiurad dasavleTevropulis msgavsad Tvlida (anTelava 1978: 169-170).

17

monopoliur sakuTrebas feodalebi flobdnen; daymevebuli glexoba Tavisi

SromiT (begariT) inaxavda Tavad-aznaurTa klass, romelic profesional

mebrZolebs warmoadgendnen; Camoyalibebuli iyo saero da sasuliero

miwaTmflobelobis senioraluri sistema;13 qveyana daqsaqsuli iyo feodalur

samflobeloebad (`simravle mTavarTa~); feodali flobda imunitets

(„Seuvaloba“) anu sagadasaxado, sasamarTlo da administraciul

privilegiebs;14 saqarTveloSi arsebobda mravalsafexuriani ganviTarebuli

vasaliteti.15

feodalizmis, rogorc sistemis safuZveli iyo patronsa da qveSevrdoms

Soris pirad urTierTobebze da miwis flobaze dafuZnebuli samxedro

valdebuleba (Nicholson 2004a: 46).16

vasaliteti seniorisa da vasalis

urTierTvaldebulebebs emyareboda. mfarvelobis wil, seniori vasalisagan

13 risi utyuari niSanic saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganfenili feodaluri cixesimagreebis

farTo qselia (musxeliSvili 1980: 157; musxeliSvili 1986: 171-172).

14 i. javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom dasavleT evropasTan SedarebiT qarTuli imuniteti naklebi

masStabebisa da uflebebis iyo (javaxiSvili 1982: 252). imave azrisaa m. dumbaZec, romlis

mixedviTac, evropisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi Seuvaloba ZiriTadad sagadasaxado

sferoze vrceldeboda da mxolod mogvianebiT, saTavadoebis gaCenisa da gaZlierebis Semdeg,

gvxvdeba xandaxan sasamarTlo Seuvalobac (dumbaZe 1980: 88-89). maTgan gansxvavebiT, g.

jamburiam aCvena, rom qarTuli imuniteti Tavisi SinaarsiT evropuls uaxlovdeboda

(jamburia 2007: 46-64).

15 es ierarqiuli kibe (kldekaris erisTavi, aznauri, msaxuri) erisTavTerisTav liparitis

vasalebis (`yovelni erTgulni~) magaliTze ganxiluli aqvs m. berZniSvils (berZniSvili 1970:

59, 95). 1047 wliT daTariRebuli xelnaweris minawerSi vkiTxulobT: „ufalo, Seiwyalen

yovelni erisTavni da aznaurni, mRdelni da yovelni msaxurni erisTavTa erisTvisa,

makistrozisa liparitisni, da daicven“. aseTive Sinaarsis minaweria 1048 wlis xelnawerzec:

„ufalo iesu qriste, Seiwyalen da daicven yovelni erisTavni da aznaurni, mRdelni da

diakonni, msaxurni da, rasaRa ganvamravlebde sityuaTa, yovelni erTgulni, adiden RmerTman,

Zlierisa erisTavTa erisTvisa da magistrozisa liparitisni“ (silogava, `baRvaSTa

feodaluri saxlis memorialuri wignebi da maTi anderZ-mosaxseneblebi~, Dedicatio: istoriul-

filologiuri Ziebani (Tbilisi, 2001), 265, 272). liparitis èrTgulni~ misi vasalebi arian.

16 feodalizmis Teoria dRes mZafr kritikas ganicdis zogierTi istorikosis mxridan,

romlebic aRniSnaven, rom aseTi modeli Zalian martivia Sua saukuneebis evropaSi samxedro

valdebulebis yvela aspeqtis axsnisaTvis. marTlac, miwas yovelTvis samxedro samsaxuris

pirobiT ar flobdnen da laSqrad gamosvlas, miwis garda, Tanamdebobac ganapirobebda

(Nicholson 2004: 44-46). feodalizmis koncefciis yvelaze mZafri kritikisaTvis ix. s.

reinoldsis naSromi (Reynolds 1994). miuxedavad amisa, mTeli rigi daSvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

am etapze feodalizmis tradiciuli Teoria mainc rCeba istorikosis samuSao iaraRad.

18

erTgulebasa da samsaxurs eloda. savsebiT sworad SeniSnavs m. dumbaZe, rom

evropis msgavsad, saqarTveloSi vasaliteti gamoixateboda seniorisadmi

erTgul samsaxurSi da, pirvel rigSi, mxedrul samsaxurSi. [dumbaZe 1980: 86.]

vasaluri xelSekrulebis gaformebis (komendaciis) qrestomaTiuli

aqtia IX saukuneSi liparit baRvaSis mier daviT I kurapalatis patronad

gamocxadeba: `Seipyrna liparit queyanani TrialeTisani, aRago cixe

kldekarTa da ipatrona daviT bagratis Ze~ (matiane qarTlisa 1955: 258).

lipariti kurapalatis vasali xdeba dapyrobili miwiT, am aqtSi

gaerTianebulia fiefi (feodi) da vasaloba, rac swored feodalizmisaTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli da Cans vasaluri kavSiris ori mTavari elementi:

`pirovnuli~ (ymobis aRiareba) da `realuri~ (miwa, fiefi).17 vasalis

(liparitis) upirvelesi movaleoba patronis (daviT kurapalati) winaSe

samxedro samsaxuria, rasac is asrulebs kidec, rodesac daviTis mxardamxar

ibrZvis nasras, guaram mamflis Zis, winaaRmdeg. (matiane qarTlisa 1955: 258-9;

jamburia 2007: 26.]

Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebaSi, sadac soflis meurneoba dominirebda,

miwa iyo simdidrisa da Zalauflebis wyaro. miwis, mamulis floba ki

pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli samxedro samsaxurTan, rac kargad aris

gadmocemuli XVII saukunis erT sabuTSi: `mefes mamulic eZlia sadidkaco,

radgan mamulis mqonebels laSqari, piroba da samsaxuri mefisa qoniaT...~

(qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1970: 527). miwis nakveTis mflobelidan iaraRiT

samsaxurs elodnen, amitomac, miwis micema-wyaloba uSualod iyo

dakavSirebuli amirspasalaris, umaRlesi samxedro moxelis, saxelosTan:

àmir-spasalari sabatio veziri aris da Tavadi laSqarTa da umisod qveyana

ar gaicemis, arca vin samamulod Seiwyalebis~ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa

1965: 96). giorgi brwyinvalis Zeglis dadebaSi Cans, rom mamulis floba

dakavSirebulia samxedro samsaxurTan da es valdebuleba memkvidres

mamulTan erTad gadaecemoda: Tu siberis gamo `mamas samsaxuri ar SeeZlos...

Svilman mamuliT gumsaxuros~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 409). imave

samarTlis normiT, upatronod darCenili mamulis (`beiTalman partaxtis~)

mimRebs `sajaro da salaSqro~ samsaxuri ekisreboda (qarTuli samarTlis

Zeglebi 1963: 413).

17 vasaluri kavSiris klasikuri gagebisaTvis ix. Poly, Bournazel 1991: 47.

19

amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom jaris formirebis principi

feodalur sazogadoebaSic ar iyo erTgvarovani da miwis flobis garda, sxva

valdebulebazec iyo dafuZnebuli. ase magaliTad, samxedro valdebulebi

iyvnen da omis dros laSqari gamoyavdaT erTiani qarTuli monarqiis

didmoxeleebs – erisTavebs, romelTac es valdebuleba dakavebuli

Tanamdebobis kvalobaze hqondaT dakisrebuli.18

feodalizmis da masTan dakavSirebuli samxedro valdebulebis zogadi

principebis mimoxilvis Semdeg, ukve SegviZlia gadavideT qarTuli

feodaluri laSqris socialuri Semadgenlobis ganxilvaze.

feodalTa wre: didebuli (Tavadi) da aznauri

sityva „eri“ qarTuli mwerlobis uZveles ZeglebSi xalxsac aRniSnavda

da jarsac (javaxiSvili 1982: 192). adrefeodalur sazogadoebaSi jari xalxis

farTo masebisagan gamodioda, sadac yoveli mamakaci samxedrovaldebulad

ganixileboda. SemdgomSi, feodaluri urTierTobebis ganviTarebasTan erTad,

„eri“ jaris mniSvnelobas hkargavs da mis nacvlad „spa“ da „laSqari“

Semodis (javaxiSvili 1982: 193).19 a. bogveraZe samarTlianad miiCnevda, rom

axali terminebis damkvidreba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mimdinare Rrma

cvlilebebs asaxavda da eris zeda fenebis socialuri dawinaureba maT

ukeTesi SeiaraRebis saSualebas aZlevda, rac samxedro organizaciaSic

iwvevda cvlilebebs (bogveraZe 1979: 211). adrefeodalur xanaSi Tavisufali

miwismoqmedni SeiaraRebuli Zalebis safuZvels da yvelaze mravalricxovan

nawils warmoadgendnen. feodalur urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebas moyva maTi

daymeveba da cxenosani laSqris rolis da raodenobis zrda. cxenosani

brZolis taqtikis ganviTareba da SeiaraRebis Semdgomi gaumjobeseba anu

simZimis da, Sesabamisad, fasis zrda sazogadoebis sul ufro mcire nawils

aZlevda misi flobis saSualebas. miwis nakveTis sidide pirdapir iyo

dakavSirebuli misi patronis aRWurvilobis xarisxTan. sazogadoebis zeda

18 Sua saukuneebSi TanamdebobasTan dakavSirebuli samxedro valdebuleba karolingebis

magaliTze aRniSnuli aqvs s. reinoldss (Reynolds 1994: 111-114).

19 sityva „laSqari“ X saukuneSi ukve damkvidrebulia qarTul metyvelebaSi, ris gamoc i.

javaxiSvili mis Semosvlas IX saukunis meore naxevridan varaudobs (javaxiSvili 1962: 213-215).

es diferencirebuli, erisagan gamoyofili spa da laSqari i. javaxiSvils dasavleTevropul

raindobas agonebs (javaxiSvili 1982: 223).

20

fena (didebul-aznaurebi) upirvelesi miwismflobelebi iyvnen, rac

ganapirobebda maT samxedro potencials da valdebulebasac. am wrisaTvis

samxedro saqmianoba ukve profesias warmoadgens.20

Sua saukuneebis evropas xSirad uwodeben `sazogadoebas organizebuls

omisaTvis~, rac imas niSnavda, rom imdroindeli sazogadoebisa da misi

elitisaTvis omi iyo Cveuli, yoveldRiuri saqmianoba (Morillo 1994: 19-20). es

sityvebi Tamamad SegviZlia gavimeoroT qarTul feodalur sazogadoebasTan

mimarTebaSic. aristokratiisaTvis samxedro samsaxuri, movaleobis garda,

privilegiac iyo. aristokratiis wevri aznaurni, Seracxilni21 samefo karze

arian warmodgenilni da `mxedarTa~, meomarTa socialur kategorias

miekuTvnebian. es kargad Cans `mamaTa swavlanSi~, sadac mxedarTa wreSi yofna

aSkara privilegiaa, gansxvavebiT imaTgan, `romeli divansa mefisasa ara

daweriln arn da ricxusa mÃedarTasa ara Seracxil arn~ (mamaTa swavlani

1955: 107; axalaia 1987: 72). laSqarSi yofna, evropis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic

yoveli keTilSobilis sapatio ufleba iyo. dasjis mizniT, damnaSaves am

uflebas CamoarTmevdnen xolme. 1263 wlis saeklesio krebis Zeglisweris

mixedviT, Serisxuli kaci xelisuflebis mier „laSqarTa Sigan ar

SeSuebula“ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1970: 163; javaxiSvili 1982: 223-224).

eris dawinaurebul fenas, aristokartias, saqarTveloSi aznauri erqva.

aznauri iranuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs cnobils, warCinebuls

(andronikaSvili 1966: 220-221). aznauris Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba

`Tavisufali~ iyo, rogorc es Cans qarTuli oTxTavisa da bibliis uZveles

teqstebSi (janaSia 1987: 310; bogveraZe 1961: 92-93). droTa ganmavlobaSi aznauri

keTilSobilis mniSvnelobiT mkvidrdeba. leonti mrovelis cnobaSi,

saurmagis mier aznaurTa warCinebulebad gaxdomis Sesaxeb (`warCinebul yvna

aznaurni~) (leonti mroveli 1955: 27) uTuod areklilia TavisufalTa (azatTa)

erTi nawilis gakeTilSobilebis procesi samxedro samsaxuris gziT

(bogveraZe 1961: 95).

aznauris upirvelesi movaleoba samxedro samsaxuri iyo; amitomacaa,

rom vaxuSti aznaurobis mTavar maxasiaTeblad, Camomavlobis (gvaris) Semdeg,

cixes (`simagre raÁme~), cxen-iaraRs (`Zal-edvas gamoslva marqafiTa~) da

20 mebrZolis, rogorc profesionalis Camoyalibeba iwyeba maSin, rodesac misi aRWurvilobis

safasuri sagrZnobi xdeba (Barber 1995a: 4).

21 Seracxilis socialuri SinaarsisaTvis ix. axalaia 1987: 68-73.

21

karavs (`karaviTa da maTiTa gawyobilebiTa~) asaxelebs: „xolo aznaursa

aqunda guari da Camomavloba, da simagre raÁme mTaTa anu barTa, da dabnebni,

da Zal-edvas gamoslva marqafiTa, karaviTa da maTiTa gawyobilebiTa, da

TÂnier amisa ara iwodeboda aznaurad“ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 17-18).

vaxuStis mixedviT, aznaurs, sul cota, ori cxeni, sabrZolo da saTadarigo

(marqafa), unda hyoloda. mas mesame cxenic – satvirTo (satalaxe), romelic

aRWurviloba-karvis sazidad iyo aucilebeli, eyoleboda.

mZime aRWurviloba (liTonis muzaradi, abjari da a.S.) aznaurTa wris

damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo. t. axalaiam yuradReba miaqcia, rom oSkis

bibliis (X s.) qarTvelma mTargmnelma mefeTa pirveli wignis berZnul

teqstSi aRweril SeiaraRebul goliaTSi aznauri àmoicno~ da asec Targmna

es monakveTi: „saxeli misi goliad... aznaurad Wurvili jaWÂT CabalaxiTurT~

(I mefeTa, 17.4-5). mkvlevris samarTliani ganmartebiT, ìs garemoeba, rom

qarTvelma mTargmnelma `jaWv-Cabalaxosan~ meomarSi socialurad aznauri

Seicno, imis ucilebeli mowmoba unda iyos, rom `jaWv-Cabalaxi~ qarTlis

warCinebulTa socialuri fenis garegnuli `miucilebeli~ niSani iyo da rom

`jaWv-CabalaxSi~ Cajdoma àznauruli wesiT~ SeWurvas niSnavda~ (axalaia 1992:

54).

aznaurTa fena IX-X saukuneebisaTvis ukve diferencirebulia da maTSi

gamoirCeva `didi aznauri~.22 `didi aznauri~, `didebuli aznauri~ (didebuli)

msxvil feodalur aristokratias warmoadgenda da ekonomikuri SeZlebiT

(didi mamuli) da politikuri gavleniT (Tanamdeboba, cixeebi,

mravalricxovani yma) xasiaTdeboda. memamule, STamomavlobiT aznaurTa

gverdiT arsebobdnen mosakargave aznaurebic, romlebic samefo

xelisuflebidan droebiTi mflobelobis formiT da samsaxuris pirobiT

iRebdnen sakargavs (umravles SemTxvevaSi, miwis nakveTs) (janaSia 1987: 310-311).

XV saukuneSi saqarTveloSi didebulebi TavadTa wodebis saxiT

Camoyalibdnen. XV saukunis Semdeg saTavadoTa sistemaSi moqceuli aznaurTa

fena ganicdis damcrobas da kargavs damoukideblobas. aznauri aRar aris

Tavisi mamulis erTaderTi mesakuTre da iyofs am uflebas batonTan.23 XVI-

22 mxolod `SuSanikis wamebis~ XI s. xelnaweris cnobaze dayrdnobiT, ufro adre, V-VII

saukuneebSi, aznaurTa diferencireba usafuZvlo Cans, ix. bogveraZe 1961: 97-101, 141-142.

23 g. akofaSvili Tvlida, rom kaxeTis samefoSi aznaurebma, gamonaklisis saxiT, ZiriTadad

moaxerxes damoukideblobis SenarCuneba (akofaSvili 1968: 89-103). sawinaaRmdego azri gaaCnia

22

XVII saukuneebSi aznauroba sabolood moeqca mefis, Tavadisa da eklesiis

damokidebulebaSi (janaSia 1987: 311-312). saqme iqamde mivida, rom dasavleT

saqarTveloSi, zog SemTxvevaSi, aznaurebi, msaxurTa msgavsad, msubuqad

daibegrnen kidec gamaspinZlebiT (`puris WamiT~) (kakabaZe 1928a: 13; kakabaZe

1928b: 28; sanaZe 1979: 163.). am droisaTvis vaxtang VI-is samarTali sami xarisxis

aznaurs ganarCevs: did, Sua da calmogv aznaurs, romelTa sisxlis fasi

erTiorad aRemateba ufro dabal safexurze mdgomisas (qarTuli samarTlis

Zeglebi 1963: 489).

feodalur saqarTveloSi aznaur-didebulTa fena miwis yvelaze did

nakveTebs flobda, rac apirobebda maT finansur keTildReobas da,

Sesabamisad, SeiaraRebis maRal xarisxs. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

aznaurebi da didebulebi (Tavadebi) warmoadgendnen SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

elitas da qarTuli laSqris yvelaze kargad aRWurvil mebrZolebs – mZimed

SeiaraRebul cxenosnebs. sabrZolo wyobaSi isini aravis dauTmobdnen wina

xazze brZolis prestiJs, rasac xels uwyobda maTi saukeTeso TavdacviTi

aRWurvilobac.

msaxuri

didebul-aznaurTa fena sakmaod mcirericxovani iyo da kargi

SeiaraRebisa da elitarulobis miuxedavad, SeuZlebelia damoukideblad

SeesrulebinaT saxelmwifos winaSe mdgomi samxedro amocanebis mTeli

speqtri. metic, isini sakmarisi ar iyvnen armiis, Tundac, mxolod cxenosani

komponentis srulfasovani dakompleqtebisTvis. amisaTvis maT damxmare

esaWiroebodaT. Tavad-aznaurTa garda, vin iyo molaSqre saqarTveloSi, vin

Seadgenda qarTuli feodaluri laSqris yvelaze mravalricxovan nawils?

n. berZeniSvilis azriT, XII saukunemde qarTuli feodaluri laSqris

ZiriTad nawils e.w. mdabior-molaSqreni qmnidnen, romlebic erTis mxriv,

materialuri dovlaTis mwarmoeblebi da piradad Tavisufalni iyvnen, meores

mxriv ki, laSqroba evalebodaT: `mdabior-molaSqris feodaluri movaleobis

Sesrulebis safuZveli srulfuZianoba iyo~. XII saukuneSi gaRaribebul

mdabior-molaSqreTa fena gaqra, is glexobaSi gadavida (berZeniSvili 1973: 55-

am sakiTxze g. jamburias, romelmac daasabuTa, rom kaxeTis samefoSic aznaurebi Tavadebze

iyvnen damokidebulni (jamburia 2007: 153-161).

23

60). mdabior-molaSqreTa Sesaxeb am Sexedulebas iziarebda m. berZniSvili

(berZniSvili 1970: 25, 83).

n. berZeniSvilis mosazreba gaakritika q. CxataraiSvilma, romelmac

mdabior-molaSqres xelovnuri termini uwoda da evropel ministerialebTan

asociaciiT, msaxuri, qveda fenebidan dawinaurebuli cxenze amxedrebuli

mebrZoli, CaTvala qarTuli „laSqris ZiriTad, yvelaze ufro

mravalricxovan masad~ (CxataraiSvili 1979: 32, 107-119). CxataraiSvilis

pozicia gaiziara g. akofaSvilma, romelmac msaxuri miiCnia feodaluri

saqarTvelos molaSqred. misi logikuri argumentiT, mdabior-molaSqreTa

fena, romc arsebuliyo, XII saukuneSi ver gaqreboda, radganac es epoqa xSiri

da warmatebuli laSqrobebis xanaa, rac piriqiT, xels Seuwyobda molaSqreTa

aRmavlobas (rac moxda kidec msaxurTa fenasTan mimarTebaSi) (akofaSvili

1984: 69-71). msaxurTa Sesaxeb igive azris iyo z. ratiani: „msaxurTa institutma

udidesi roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos istoriaSi. swored msaxurni ... iyvnen

saqarTvelos samxedro potencialis mTavari Zala“ (ratiani 1974: 152).

n. berZeniSvilis koncefcia daicva e. xoStaria-brosem. qarTuli

wyaroebis èri~, `wvrili eri~ anu adrefeodaluri xanis Tavisufali

miwismoqmedni man gaaigiva mdabior-molaSqresTan da uaryo am terminis

xelovnuroba. misi azriT, XII saukunemde, „swored „eri“ („wvrili eri“) iyo am

xanis qarTuli laSqris, kerZod, misi „arafeodaluri“ nawilis „ZiriTadi

masa“ (xoStaria-brose 1981: 114, 118; xoStaria-brose 1990: 123-4, 128). e. xoStaria-

brosem eWvi Seitana msaxurTa wris mravalricxovnobaSi da laSqris

socialuri Semadgenlobis ganmsazRvrelad raodenobrivi kriteriumi

Semoitana. mkvlevari Tvlida, rom evropulisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli

laSqari mravalricxovani iyo da aTeulobiT aTas meomars moiTvlida:

„qarTuli laSqris socialur Semadgenlobaze msjelobisas raodenobrivi

mxarec unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. marto msaxurebi, albaT, ver Seqmnidnen

am laSqris „ZiriTad masas“ (xoStaria-brose 1981: 114-115).24

24 avtoris Secdomis saTave gaxlavT mosazreba, rom aRmosavluri armiebi asobiT aTas

meomars iTvlida (xoStaria-brose 1981: 115).

24

berZeniSvilis da CxataraiSvilis poziciebis morigeba scada d.

gogolaZem. misi azriT, berZeniSvilis `mdabior-molaSqre~ igive `msaxur-

molaSqrea~ (gogolaZe 1981: 161).25

rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli feodaluri laSqris Semadgenlobis

dadgenisas, mTavari problema, rasac qarTuli istoriografia awydeba,

gaxlavT molaSqris socialuri Sinaarsis gansazRvra. yvela Tanxmdeba

umaRlesi eSelonis – didebul-aznaurTa Sesaxeb, magram davas iwvevs

molaSqris (msaxuri Tu e.w. mdabior-molaSqre) vinaoba da adgili qarTul

samxedro organizaciaSi. sakiTxis gadasawyvetad jer unda gavarkvioT kamaTis

sagani – Tu ras warmoadgenda molaSqre da Semdeg vimsjeloT mis socialur

Semadgenelze. feodalur saqarTveloSi molaSqre iyo mZimed SeWurvili

cxenosani mebrZoli, romelic ZviradRirebul TavdacviT da SeteviT

aRWurvilobas, cxenebs da brZolis specifikur xerxebs flobda. cxenze

amxedrebuli mZimed SeWurvili mebrZoli ki SeuZlebelia masobrivad

gamodiodes èrisgan~ anu Tavisufali miwismoqmedebisgan, rogorc es miaCndaT

n. berZeniSvils da e. xoStaria-broses. imdroindeli samxedro realiebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, Tavisufali miwismoqmedis mier molaSqred gasvla

praqtikulad gamoricxuli iyo ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo:

a) VIII saukunidan, uzangis masobrivi gavrcelebis Semdeg, cxenosnis

aRWurviloba damZimda da gaZvirda. SeiraRebis damZimebam da gaumjobesebam

gaxada is Zviri, da, amave dros, Znelad mosaxmaric da kidev ufro gaaZnela

misi floba maTTvis, vinc SeZlebuli ar iyo (Bloch 1961: 290-291). sakmarisia

iTqvas, rom ukve IX saukunis dasawyisSi mZimed SeWurvili mxedris

gamosayvanad saWiro miwis odenoba Crdilo-dasavleT safrangeTSi 12 manss

anu adgilisda mixedviT, 120-216 heqtars udrida (Ganshof 1996: 37). yvelaze ufro

kargad aRWurvilobis siZvire Cans imdroindel sasoflo-sameurneo fasebTan

da rigiTi, Tavisufali miwaTmoqmedis SesaZleblobebTan SedarebiT:

ripuaruli kanonis (Lex Ripuaria) mixedviT VIII saukuneSi frankTa samefoSi

cxenosnis aRWurvilobis fasi 45 solidi iyo, rac 45 Zroxas an TiTqmis 23

xars Seesabameboda (Дельбрюк 2001: 7; Кардини 2000: 298-299; Verbruggen 1997: 23). X

saukunis espaneTSi saSualo xarisxis SeiaraRebis mqone cxenosanic ki 250

solidis Rirebulebis aRWurvilobas atarebda, rac 4 saSualo sididis

25 mkvlevris es mcdeloba ar iTvaliswinebda n. berZeniSvilis mTavar Secdomas, romelic

molaSqres miwismoqmedad miiCnevda (berZeniSvili 1965: 51).

25

mamuls an 250 cxvars Seesabameboda (Кардини 2000: 302). es mravalricxovani

magaliTebi imitom movixmeT, rom TvalnaTliv warmogvedgina, Tu ra Zviri

jdeboda cxenosani molaSqris aRWurva da rogori warmoudgenelia am

simdidris matareblad davsaxoT XI-XII saukuneebis Tavisufali qarTveli

miwaTmoqmedi, meTeme, herovani Tu wvrili erisgani. qarTvel mxedars

movaleobis srulyofilad Sesasruleblad esaWiroeboda sabrZolo da

marqafa cxeni, xmali, Subi, fari, muzaradi, jaWvis perangi, rom aRaraferi

vTqvaT qafze, sabarkulze, karavze da sabargo cxenebze (karavi da cxeni

`maTiTa gawyobilebiTa~).26 yovelive es ki did saxsrebs moiTxovda. m. blokis

lakonuri TqmiT, `sabrZolo cxenis yola da TaviT fexebamde aRWurva

SeeZloT mxolod mdidrebs an mdidris daxmarebiT~ (Bloch 1961: 152; Brown 1984:

28-29). SeiaraRebis siZvire qarTuli wyaroebSic Cans. nikorwmidelis

dawerilidan vigebT, rom XI saukuneSi meomarTa fena iZulebulia gayidos

miwa, raTa SeiZinos saWiro aRWurviloba da SeinarCunos profesionalis

statusi: deborianis Ze yidis miwas da glexebs da yidulobs cxens, jaWvis

abjars, qafs da Cabalaxs; aseve, worbeli da vaxtangi miwis sanacvlod or

jaWvs yiduloben; abulaTaÁs Ze venaxis da yanis nacvlad karg anu sabrZolo

cxens yidulobs; farsmanisZeni yanas Tmoben jaWvis abjris sanacvlod;

abulaxtari glexs cvlis cxenebSi da rkinis avSaraSi; sawireSi jaWvs da

Cabalaxs cvlian yanaSi (qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi 1984: 40, 42-43). XI-XII

saukuneebSi mZimed SeiaraRebuli qarTveli moymis aRWurviloba daaxl. 37-44

oqro Rirda, rac amave raodenobis Zroxis Rirebulebas Seesabameboda.27

b) aRWurvilobaze ufro Zviri profesionalizmi jdeboda. mxolod

iaraRisa da cxenis floba da masze jdoma ar iyo sakmarisi. mZime

aRWurvilobiT damZimebul mxedars mudmivad unda evarjiSa, rom brZolaSi

cxeni emarTa da unagiridan iaraRi efeqturad gamoeyenebina (Bloch 1961: 152,

184). aseT wvrTnasTan erTad, cxenosans monawileoba unda mieRo sxvadasxva

sportul TamaSobebSi, nadirobaSi da a.S. mZime aRWurvilobis qonasTan

erTad, kargi wvrTnis gavla Sua saukuneebSi mmarTveli klasis socialur

movaleobadac ki iTvleboda (Keen 1984: 226). cxenosan meomrad yofna

gulisxmobda adreuli asakidanve, mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi Sesabamis

26 damatebiT, molaSqres unda hqonoda cxenis nalebi lursmnebiT, sagzali da sxvadasxva

samzareulo (qvabi da sxv.) da sameurneo (najaxi da sxv.) mowyobiloba (Verbruggen 1997: 26).

27 SeiaraRebis fasebisaTvis ix. wurwumia 2013-2014: 156-159.

26

wvrTnas, cxenosnobisa da iaraRis dauflebas da wyobaSi brZolis aTvisebas

(Brown 1984: 29). xSirad damowmebuli karolinguri andazis mixedviT, `mxedari

ymawvilobidan Tu gaxdebi, Semdgom es SeuZlebelia~ (Bloch 1961: 152). rogorc

cnobili minezingeri hartman fon aue ambobda, `vinc Tormet wlamde

swavlobda da cxeni ar gauWenebia, misgan mxolod mRvdeli Tu dadgeba~ (Bloch

1961: 293-294). cxenosani mebrZoli TiTqmis mTel dros profesiul srulyofaze

xarjavda da mas dro ar rCeboda miwis dasamuSaveblad. gamomdinare, is

aucileblad saWiroebda sxvisi Sromis eqspluatacias.28

rogorc vxedavT, Tavisufal miwaTmoqmedTa fenas arc SeeZlo tipuri

molaSqris anu mZime cxenosnis gamoyvana; Tavad termini `mdabior-molaSqre~

Seicavs Tavis TavSi winaaRmdegobas: mdabiori molaSqre ver iqneboda, mas

amisaTvis saWiro materialuri SeZleba ar hqonda. amrigad, sakiTxis

ganxilvis Semdeg SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom molaSqred Tavisufali ver

gamovidoda da es movaleoba mxolod patronis mier aRWurvil msaxurs

SeeZlo etvirTa.

vin iyo da ras warmoadgenda msaxuri? msaxuri nawarmoebia sityvidan

„sax-l-i“: m-sax-uri anu saxlis kaci da aRniSnavs adamians, romelic

feodalis karze sameurneo, administraciul da samxedro-policiur

saqmianobas eweva (Ciqobava 1942: 147; akofaSvili 1981: 139).29 qarTveli msaxuri

igivea, rac evropeli ministeriali, orive es termini – msaxuri da ministerialis –

erTi Sinaarsis da warmoSobisaa: minister iTargmneba rogorc msaxuri, TanaSemwe

28 amitom aradamakmayofilebelia n. berZeniSvilis poziciis axsnis mcdeloba d. gogolaZis

mier, romelic miiCnevda, rom msaxuri mSvidobianobis periodSi saxlSi Tavis meurneobas

uvlida da rodesac salaSqrod midioda, am saqmes misi ojaxi agrZelebda (gogolaZe 1981: 159-

160). aq ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli is faqti, rom profesionali mxedari mSvidobianobis

periodSic wvrTnas saWiroebda da, rac mTavaria, mxolod erTi komlis Semosavali sakmarisi

ar iyo cxenosani meomris Sesanaxad. amisaTvis, sul cota, 8 komlis Semosavals Tvlidnen

saWirod. sxvadasxva qveynebSi 9 saglexo meurneobidan erTi mebrZolis gamoyvanis Sesaxeb ix.

CxataraiSvili 1979: 19-21.

29 b. lominaZis saintereso SedarebiT, msaxuris movaleobas qristianobac msgavsad

ganmartavda: „zecis ierarqiaSi angelozebi iTvlebian „msaxurebad“, romlebic RmerTis

(patronis) „winaSemdgomelni“ da molaSqre-„mxedrebi“ arian“ (lominaZe 1979: 765, Sen. 4).

27

da niSnavs araTavisufal an naxevrad Tavisufal adamians, romelic senioris

karze msaxurobs (akofaSvili 1981: 145).30

msaxurebi adrefeodalur xanaSive Canan diferencirebulni da maTgan

`dawinaurebulia samxedro-administraciuli samsaxuris aRmasrulebel

`msaxurTa~ fena~ (sarjvelaZe 1998: 102). am xanaSi msaxurTa kontingenti

ZiriTadad Tavisufal miwaTmoqmedTa fenidan – „eridan“ gamodioda,

SDemdgomSi ki dawinaurebul glexTa wridan (xoStaria-brose 1981: 112). 1084

wels petriwonis monastrisaTvis Sedgenili grigol bakurianis Zis tipikonis

mixedviT, msaxuri is piria, vinc Tan axlavs patrons laSqrobebSi da exmareba

mas yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi (berZniSvili, 1977: 59).

aznaurTa wodeba Sevsebas msaxurebisgan iRebda (gogolaZe 1990: 61;

lominaZe 1979: 766-767). samxedro sarbielze Tavis gamoCena maT socialuri

dawinaurebis saSualebas aZlevda (CxataraiSvili 1979: 75; xoStaria-brose 1988:

184). rogorc n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavda, „saqarTveloSi feodaluri

sazogadoeba kastobamdis arasodes misula da aznaurTa wodebaSi Sesasvleli

arasodes daxSula“ (berZeniSvili 1974: 84).

Tavisi profesiuli movaleobis (molaSqreoba) Sesasruleblad msaxuri

mZime da ZviradRirebul aRWurvilobas saWiroebda. is an batons unda

aReWurva da mudmiv kmayofaze hyoloda (saxleuli, taZreuli) an Tavisi

patronisagan mudmivi Semosavlis wyaro (miwis nakveTi) unda hqonoda.

saqarTveloSi anazRaurebis orive meTodi Cans, Tumca naturaluri

meurneobis siWarbis pirobebSi, miwis nakveTiT dakmayofileba ufro

gavrcelebuli iqneboda.31

1782 wlis vaxtang batoniSvilis ganCineba barisa da mTiurTa adgilTa

garkveviT ambobs, rom msaxurs miwas samsaxuris sanacvlod, beneficiumis

saxiT aZleven, raTa Tavisi movaleobis Sesruleba SeZlos: `msaxuri Tavis

mamuls ver gahyidis, amitom rom is mamuli, Cvenis samsaxuris sanuqfoTa aqvs

micemuli~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1965: 452).

30 qarTul istoriografiaSi msaxurTa sakiTxi Seswavlili aqvs q. CxataraiSvils

(CxataraiSvili 1979). germaneli ministerialebis Sesaxeb ix. Arnold 1985. aSkaraa qarTveli

msaxurebis da evropuli ministerialitetis msgavseba warmoSobis, Sesrulebuli rolis da

funqciebis mixedviT, raSic d. gogolaZe evropuli da qarTuli feodalizmis siaxlovis

kidev erT dasturs xedavda (gogolaZe 1981: 153).

31 m. sanaZis azriT, msaxuris karvosnoba mamulis qonaze miuTiTebs (sanaZe 1979: 34). msaxuris

mamulisaTvis ix. CxataraiSvili 1979: 94.

28

XV saukunidan saqarTvelos politikur-ekonomikuri dacemis da

saTavadoTa Camoyalibebis Semdeg, msaxurTa fena daqveiTebas ganicdis. XVI

saukunidan maT, cxeniT samsaxuris garda, garkveul glexur valdebulebebsac

akisreben (ZiriTadad maspinZloba, xandaxan ufro mZime begarac).32 es asaxavs

qveynis gauaresebul ekonomikur mdgomareobas, rodesac patronisaTvis

mxolod salaSqro samsaxuri ar iyo sakmarisi.33 cxadia, dabegrili msaxuri

nakleb dros dauTmobda Tavis profesiul srulyofas da nakleb efeqturi

iqneboda brZolis velze. XVII saukuneSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi msaxurTa

fenis dakninebis gamo mniSvnelobas kargavs msaxurTuxucesis Tanamdebobac.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi es ufro adre, XVI saukuneSi xdeba. gansakuTrebiT

swrafad qveiTdeba msaxurTa fena saqarTveloSi saTavadoebis Camoyalibebis

Semdeg, rodesac isini metad damokidebulni xdebian miwis mepatroneze,

Tavadze (kaxaZe 2004: 27-31).

miuxedavad garkveuli daqveiTebisa, msaxurTa wodeba qarTuli

feodaluri wyobis bolomde arsebobda da, rac mTavaria, bolomde

inarCunebda samxedro funqcias, asrulebda ra profesionali molaSqris

movaleobas. rac Seexeba maT adgils brZolis velze, qarTul sabrZolo

wyobaSi, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Sua saukuneebSi „mebrZolTa“ kategorias,

socialuri statusis garda, maT xelT arsebuli iaraRisa da cxenebis

raodenobac gansazRvravda (Housley 1999: 126). beqas samarTali adgens msaxuris

sisxlis fass da, amave dros, aRwers mis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs:

„qoTlosnisa da abjrosnisa, da karvosnisa, da patronTan rom xeli aqvndes

anu hqonebodes, misi sisxli Tormeti aTasi TeTri iyos, amad rome karvosnoba

ese yovelTa wesia, aznauruli sWirs, da romelsa msaxursa isi yvela saqme

sWirs, – isre srulad“ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 428).34 qoTlosan-

abjrosan-karvosani msaxuri aznaurTa darad msaxurebs laSqarSi, igi

SeiaraRebuli da aRWurvilia (abjrosani), salaSqrod karavi miaqvs da

32 dasavleT saqarTvelos magaliTisaTvis ix. kakabaZe 1928b: 12-13, 15, 20.

33 aseT ekonomikur viTarebas unda mowmobdes glexTa gadidebuli begarac XVI saukuneSi

(kakabaZe 1928b: 19).

34 feodalur sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda da privilegiebi gaaCnda

meomar fenas. es kargad Cans beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis diferencirebul midgomaSi sxvadasxva

funqciebis mqone msaxurTa mimarT: msaxurTa im nawilis, romelic meomari da molaSqre iyo,

sisxlis fasi 6-12,000 TeTria, sxva saqmianobiT (administraciul-policiuri) dakavebulebis ki

– mxolod 1,000 TeTri (axalaia 1992: 59).

29

ramdenime cxeni, maT Soris qoTali, hyavs. i. doliZis da q. CxataraiSvilis

azriT, qoTali marqafa cxenia (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 768;

CxataraiSvili 1979: 100-101). es termini gamowvlilviT Seiswavla d. gogolaZem,

romelmac daadgina, rom somxur da sparsul enebSi qoTali satvirTo cxens

niSnavs (gogolaZe 1985: 142-143). mkvlevari savsebiT marTalia, rodesac Tvlis,

rom mZimed SeWurvil msaxurs karavis, saWurvelis da sursaTis sazidad

satvirTo cxeni sWirdeboda (gogolaZe 1985: 142). miuxedavad amisa, mainc

migvaCnia, rom qoTali qarTul enaSi samarqafo cxens niSnavda, rogorc aris

is ganmartebuli sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi.35 es mosazreba Sua saukuneebis

samxedro saqmis specifikidan gamomdinareobs. saqme imaSia, rom Sua

saukuneebSi satvirTo cxenis fasi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda marqafa cxenis

fass.36 cxadia, rom beqas samarTalSi kanonmdebeli aqcents ufro Zvir cxenze

gaakeTebda, radganac ubralo satvirTo (`satalaxe~) cxenis floba ar iyo

iseTi privilegia, rom is sabrZolo da samxedro aRWurvilobis

(àbjrosnobis~ da `karvosnobis~) rigSi moexsenebinaT. am mosazrebas isic

amagrebs, rom t. axalaias dakvirvebiT, beqas samarTlis wignis qoTali

vaxuSti batoniSvilis marqafas Seesabameba (axalaia 1992: 55-56). aseT msaxurs

ukve sami cxeni gamoudis: sabrZolo, samarqafo da satvirTo (satalaxe).37

gasakviri ar aris, rom feodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis misi mniSvneloba

(sisxlis fasi) aznaurisas eTanadeba.

msaxurTa aRWurvilobaSi sagangebodaa xazgasmuli karvis floba, rac

laSqrobaSi aucilebeli iyo da misi mflobelis privilegirebul

mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs (`karvosnoba aznaurulia~). karavi ukve niSnavs, rom

misi mflobeli marto ar aris salaSqrod wasuli, mas Tan mxleblebic

35 am garemoebaze pirvelad Tavad d. gogolaZem miuTiTa (gogolaZe 1981: 158).

36 nikorwmidelis dawerilis mixedviT, marqafa cxeni 3-jer Zviri iyo (wurwumia 2013-2014: 143).

kidev ufro didi iyo es sxvaoba evropaSi (Davis 1989: 67).

37 d. gogolaZe miiCnevs, rom aseT msaxurs mxolod ori cxeni – sabrZolo da satvirTo

(qoTali) – hyavda da ar gaaCnda marqafa, radganac misi azriT, saTadarigo cxenis brZolaSi

gamoyeneba mebrZols gauWirdeboda (gogolaZe 1985: 143-144). am azrs ver gaviziareb, radganac

samarqafo cxenis arqona niSnavs, rom meomari sabrZolo cxenze amxedrebuli

gadaadgildeboda da brZolaSi ukve daRlili cxeniT Sedioda, rac Zneli warmosadgenia.

amasTan, marqafa cxeni brZolaSi Tavad meomars ki ar mihyavda, aramed mis damxmares. marqafas

midevnebis wesi aRwerilia qarTul cxenis karabadinSic (CxataraiSvili 1979: 196).

30

axlavs.38 am mxriv, karavi pirovnebis sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis erTgvari

indikatori iyo. aseTive situaciaa XII saukunis espaneTSi, sadac leonis

mefeebis brZanebiT, srulad aRWurvili da karviani raindis fiskaluri

privilegiebi 8 kacze vrceldeboda, maSin rodesac fariT, SubiT da

muzaradiT aRWurvili, magram ukarvo raindis – mxolod orze (Lourie 1966: 57).

ra Tqma unda, yvela msaxurs ver eyoleboda mxlebeli da arc misi

aRWurviloba iqneboda yovelTvis didebul-aznaurTa aRWurvilobis dari

sisruliTa Tu xarisxiT. msaxurebi Seadgendnen qarTuli cxenosani laSqris

yvelaze mravalricxovan nawils, magram feodalebTan SedarebiT naklebi

SeZleba hqondaT da, Sesabamisad, maTze naklebad iyvnen SeWurvilni (Tumca,

gamonaklisic iqneboda). logikuria vivaraudoT, rom brZolis dros msaxurebi

Tavad-aznaurTa ukan iqnebodnen dawyobilni da cxenosanTa momdevno rigebs

Seqmnidnen.

glexoba da samxedro saqme

Sua saukuneebis cnobili formula, – „samRvdeloeba loculobs,

raindebi omoben, eri muSaobs“, – romelic Semdgom ase aitaces laTinma

saeklesio mwerlebma, pirvelad, IX saukunis bolos, ueseqsis mefe alfred

didma (871-99) Camoayaliba (Barber 1995a: 14). es mocemuloba, romelic srulad

ver asaxavs Sua saukuneebis sinamdviles da klasTa Soris rTul

urTierTobas, SemdgomSi idealad iqna miCneuli.39 am formulis sufTa saxiT

ganxorcieleba Sua saukuneebSi arasodes ar momxdara.40 „sami wodebis“

38 velze aRmarTul karavs, rogorc keTilSobilis droebiT sasaxles, garkveuli socialuri

funqciac hqonda. ufro vrclad ix. axalaia 1992: 52-53.

39 saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi es formula SoTa rusTavelTan gvxvdeba: `raca vis ra bedman

misces, dasjerdes da mas ubnobdes: muSa miwyiv muSakobdes, meomari gulovnobdes~ (SoTa

rusTaveli 2009: str. 11). am SedarebisaTvis ix. CxataraiSvili 1979: 19. mas imeorebs s.

margiSvili, romelic aseT socialur diferenciacias feodaluri samyaros erT-erT mTavar

maxasiaTebladac ki miiCnevs (margiSvili 2008: 36). rusTavelis es striqonebi, garda

sazogadoebis wodebebad dayofisa, maTi SenarCunebis aucileblobazec miuTiTebs. aq

mocemulia Sua saukuneebSi moqmedi kidev erTi debuleba, romelic pavle mociqulis, netari

avgustinesa da tertulianis ideebs efuZneboda da Camoyalibebuli iyo Sarlemanis kanonebSi:

ùklebliv yoveli adamiani unda mihyves Tavis cxovrebiseul daniSnulebas da profesias~

(Duby 2009: 70-71).

40 a. gureviCi aRiarebs, rom `sami wodebis~ mwyobri sqema Zireulad gansxvavdeboda socialuri

cxovrebis prozisagan (Гуревич 2006: 357).

31

socialuri modelis Tanaxmad glexebs unda eSromaT da ar ebrZolaT; magram,

sakmaod xSirad, isini iZulebulni iyvnen ebrZolaT, TavianTi patronis

daZaxilze an Tavis dasacavad (Nicholson 2004a: 59-60).41

gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvs am sakiTxze qarTvel istorikosTa erTi

nawils, romlebic, savsebiT marTebulad, miuTiTeben ra molaSqreobis

socialur arsze da mis privilegirebulobaze, Tvlian, rom aseT viTarebaSi

glexs ar SeeZlo monawileoba mieRo feodalur samxedro organizaciaSi da

es krizisis niSnadac ki miaCniaT. glexis laSqarSi monawileobas

feodalizmis TvalTaxedviT „simaxinjes“ uwodebs q. CxataraiSvili

(CxataraiSvili 1979: 23). is kategoriulad acxadebda, rom glexi samxedro

organizaciaSi monawileobas ar Rebulobda (CxataraiSvili 1991: 12).42 aseTive

Sexeduleba aqvs s. margiSvilsac (margiSvili 2008: 35-36). qarTuli samxedro

organizaciis krizisad miiCnevs e. xoStaria-brose „eris“ gaqrobasa da

glexobis monawileobas omSi.43

es mosazrebebi zedmetad maqsimalisturia da ar iTvaliswinebs erT

metad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: qveiTTa faqtors Sua saukuneebis armiebSi da,

rac mTavaria, qarTul jarSi qveiTi nawilebis arsebobas da maT socialur

Semadgenlobas. jaris dayofa qveiTebad da cxenosnebad asaxavda maT, rogorc

funqciur, aseve, socialur sxvaobas. aq unda ganvasxvaoT glexis

molaSqreoba da omSi monawileoba. molaSqreoba niSnavda cxenze

amxedrebulad brZolas, omSi monawileoba ki qveiTadac SeiZleboda. qveiTis

iaraRi sakmaod martivi iyo (Subi an mSvildi), ZviradRirebuli cxeni da

abjari aucileblobas ar warmoadgenda (sakmarisi iyo fari, daliandagebuli

qsovilis abjari, SesaZloa – muzaradic), amis SeZleba ki glexTa garkveul

kategorias yovelTvis hqonda. ra Tqma unda, mciremasStabian brZolebSi,

SetakebebSi Tu reidebSi monawile44 mcirericxovani feodaluri razmebis

SemadgenlobaSi, ZiriTadad, swored cxenosani aznaur-msaxurebia sagulisxmo,

41 avtoris xatovani formulirebiT, socialuri Teoriis miuxedavad, Sua saukuneebSi òmSi

yvela da yoveli iyo Cabmuli~ (Nicholson 2004: 65).

42 mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom glexi samxedro saqmianobaSi iSviaTad, mxolod ukiduresi

gasaWiris, TavdacviTi omis dros monawileobda. iqve, 10-11.

43 mkvlevari Tvlis, rom eridan cxenosani gamodioda da misma gadaSenebam laSqris ricxvi

Seamcira (xoStaria-brose 1985: 435; xoStaria-brose 1988: 183.

44 samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom feodaluri epoqis samxedro moqmedebebi xSirad aseTi

gaxldaT.

32

magram qveiTTa gareSe SeuZlebelia cixe-simagreTa alya, romelic Sua

saukuneebSi brZolis erT-erTi ZiriTadi forma iyo.45 saalyo moqmedebebis

warmoebisaTvis, sxvadasxva saxis specialistebTan (inJinrebi, mesangreebi)

erTad, sakmao odenobiT rigiTi fexosnebi iyo saWiro. aseve, mniSvnelovani

brZolebis dros, rodesac brZolis velze mravalricxovani laSqari

gamodioda, jaris ZiriTad masas qveiTebi qmnidnen, romlebic mosaxleobis

dabali fenis warmomadgenlebiT kompleqtdebodnen (wvrili eri, glexoba).

glexebze aseTi valdebulebis dakisreba saqarTveloSic moxdeboda. es

bunebrivicaa, radgan XII saukunis Semdeg, batonymobis gamarjvebisa da dabali

fenebis saboloo daymevebis Semdeg, qveiTi jaris gamosayvan wyarod baris

saqarTveloSi mxolod glexi rCeba.46 ufro adre, XI-XII saukuneebSi, Sereuli

iqneboda qveiTTa dakompleqteba feodalTa razmebSi, sadac wvrili eris

garda, glexic moxvdeboda. SesaZloa, es procesi ufro adrec iyo dawyebuli,

X saukunidan mainc, rodesac glexTa ricxvi sagrZnobi gaxda.47 senioris

(patronis) mier mosaxleobis yvela fenis (maT Soris, glexebis) gawvevis

ufleba garkveviT Cans Cvenamde moRweul salaSqro valdebulebebaTa

amsaxvel davTrebSi. samwuxarod, aseTi adreuli wignebi ar mogvepoveba,

magram senioris am uflebas vxedavT gelaTisadmi bagrat mefis 1545 wlis

Sewirulebis wignSi, sadac mefis mier eklesiisaTvis Sewirul glexebs

laSqar-nadiroba mainc evalebaT (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1965: 185).48

45 amisaTvis ix. wurwumia 2012a: 121.

46 aRbuRas samarTali, romelic XIV saukunis Zeglia, icnobs SemTxvevebs, rodesac glexis

ojaxSi abjari inaxeba da memkvidreobiT gadaecema: daqvrivebulis qonebis ganawilebisas

„glexTa ese qnan: ...Tu vaJica darCes, abjari vaJsa, da saqoneli qalsave“ (qarTuli samarTlis

Zeglebi 1963: 456-457). bunebrivia, samarTali zrunavs, rom abjar-iaraRi glexis vaJs gadaeces,

raTa momavalSi manve gamoiyenos omsa da laSqrobaSi.

47 X-XI ss. xelnawerebSi glexis xsenebisa da misi mniSvnelobisaTvis ix. abulaZe 1959: 169-175;

berZniSvili 1960: 139; bogveraZe 1979: 220-224. qarTuli soflis socialuri suraTis

Seswavlisas d. gogolaZe im daskvnamde midis, rom X saukunis Semdeg, anu XI-XII saukuneebSi

mdabiorTa miwaze mimagreba ZiriTadad dasrulebulia da Tavisufali miwismoqmedi ukve

gaglexebulia. X saukunidan termin glexis gavrcelebac am procesze miuTiTebs (gogolaZe

1992: 51-59).

48 am sabuTSi asaxuli mebegre glexTa salaSqro valdebulebebis Sesaxeb ix. sanaZe 1979: 149.

glexebis salaSqro valdebuleba Cans aleqsandre II-is 1579 wlis sigelSic, romliTac

glexebs araferi ar evalebaT „Tvinier laSqar-nadirobisa“ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi

1965: 201). sxva aseTi sabuTebisaTvis ix. CxataraiSvili 1979: 156.

33

gasawvevTa siaSi glexi Cans XIV saukuneSic. giorgi V-is 1339 wlis sigelSi

Salva meabjreTuxucesisadmi vkiTxulobT: `da vinc amisi xarT

aznaurisSvili, msaxuri da glexi, yuelai msaxurebdiT erdgulad da

TavdadebiT. vinc laSqars wagitanos, laSqars wahyeviT, vinca Sina dagagdos,

Sina msaxurebdiT~ (qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi 2013: 39).

glexi yovelTvis monawileobda Sua saukuneebSi mimdinare omebSi,

mxolod misi roli da wili mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda aznaurisagan. ra Tqma

unda, ar unda warmovidginoT, rom omSi glexTa farTo fenebi

monawileobdnen. samxedro saqmianobaSi CarTuli iyo maTi mxolod mcire

nawili, saerTo jamSi, glexTa fenis metad mcire wili.

miuxedavad im uyuradRebobisa, rasac, Cveulebriv, matianeebi iCenen

glexTa mimarT, maTSi gabneuli kanti-kunti cnobebic adasturebs glexTa

monawileobas sabrZolo moqmedebebSi. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi

aRniSnavs, rom didgoris brZolaSi glexebsac ki dautyvevebiaT muslimi

didebulebi: „da rameTu glexTa ixilemca, odes arabTa mefeni mohyvandes

tyued. da sxuaTa goliaTTaTÂs radRa ramca gÂndoda Tqmad“ (daviT

aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 341-342). am cnobis safuZvelze g. meliqiSvili

uTiTebda socialuri ierarqiis yvelaze dabal safexurze mdgomTa (glexTa)

monawileobas samxedro organizaciaSi (`zogierT SemTxvevaSi mainc~)

(meliqiSvili 1973: 74). taSiskaris brZolis analogiiT, rodesac gaqceul

TaTrebs dedakacebic ki iWerdnen, amis uaryofas Seecada q. CxataraiSvili da

CaTvala, rom „daviTis istorikosis am sityvebidan ... ar Cans, rom glexebi

molaSqreebi iyvnen...“ Tavisi mosazrebis Sesamagreblad, mkvlevarma metad

ucnauri da ararealuri taqtikuri xerxi miawera daviT aRmaSenebels:

„gamoricxuli arc isaa, rom... daviTma laSqarTan erTad glexobac („qudze

kaci“) gamoiyvana da didgoris midamoebSi rezervad daayena“ (CxataraiSvili

1979: 18). saubars aRar gavagrZeleb samxedro TvalsazrisiT „rezervad

dayenebuli“ glexTa masis srul mizanSeuwonelobaze, mxolod vityvi, rom

warmodgenili analogia ver uaryofs mematianis cnobas omSi dabali fenebis

monawileobis Taobaze: daviTis istorikosi garkveviT (da socialuri

statusis erTgvari dapirispirebiT) CamoTvlis qarTuli jaris wevrebs –

glexebs da goliaTebs (raindebs). mematianis es cnoba araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs

n. berZeniSvilSi, romelic masze dayrdnobiT pirdapir acxadebs: „aqedan

cxadia, glexi meomarTa rigebSi aris“ (berZeniSvili 1979: 95). metic, mkvlevari

34

iqve ganmartavs, rom es glexi arc Tavisufali miwismoqmedia da arc msaxuri,

aramed socialuri kibis udables safexurze mdgomi, dabegrili da omSi

msubuqi iaraRiT gasuli piri (berZeniSvili 1979: 96). n. berZeniSvils kargad

esmoda, Tu ra formiT monawileobda glexi omSi: „glexis laSqroba martivi

iyo. is qveiTi iyo da batonis uSualo momsaxureobas eweoda...“ (berZeniSvili

1979: 186).49

qarTul jarSi glexebs moixseniebs arabi istorikosi abd al-latif

al-baRdadic (1161/2-1231), romelic 1221 wels monRolebTan brZolaSi

qarTvelTa damarcxebaze mogviTxrobs: `da roca [TaTrebma] qarTvelTa

qveyanas miaRwies, qarTvelebma Sehyares TavianTi jarebi da Sexvdnen maT,

magram damarcxdnen. moikla maTgan [qarTvelTagan] 8 aTasi rCeuli meomari da

didZali qveSevrdomi da glexi (min al-iTba va l-fallahina)“ (jafariZe 1980:

135; jafariZe 2012: 237). rCeuli meomari aq aznaurs Seesatyviseba, qveSevrdomSi

(al-iTba) aznaurulad msaxuri unda vigulisxmoT, al-fallahuna ki

glexebia,50 romlebic brZolis velze dacemulTa Soris moixseniebian.

ìstoriani da azmanis~ avtori mogviTxrobs erT SemTxvevaze, rodesac

muslimTa uecari Tavdasxmisagan damarcxebuli giorgi III-is jari mZime

danakargebis gareSe gadarCenila: „ara didebuli, ara aznauri, ara vargi da

sacnauri aznauris ymaca daklebul iqmna maT laSqarTa Sina“ (istoriani da

azmani 1959: 14). am cnobis safuZvelze, n. berZeniSvili CamoTvlis omSi

monawileebs: didebuli, aznauri da aznauris ymebi, romlebic ori kategoriis

iyvnen („vargi da sacnauri“ da Cveulebrivi) (berZeniSvili 1979: 127). Cemi

azriT, es aznauris ymebi misi msaxurebia: 1) „vargi“ – cxenosani da 2)

Cveulebrivi – qveiTi. orive es kategoria dabali fenidanaa gamosuli –

pirvel kategorias cxeniT „aznaurulad“ samsaxuri SeeZlo, meores ki

patronis samsaxuri (karvis gaSla, cxenebis movla, aRWurvilobis movla da

SekeTeba, patronis SeWurva, sakvebis momzadeba, aseve, banakis dacema,

49 marTalia, n. berZeniSvili bevrgan wers, rom glexi molaSqre ar iyo da laSqroba ar

evalebodao, magram aman ar unda Segvacdinos. mkvlevari erTmaneTisagan asxvavebda

molaSqreobas (cxenosnad) da omSi monawileobas (qveiTad): „omSi gasvlas molaSqreoba ar

ewodeboda. omSi yvela SeeZloT gaewviaT. amiT isini molaSqreebi ver xdebodnen... laSqars

wasvla an laSqrad wasvla mÃedr wasvlas gulisxmobda. cxadia, laSqroba da omSi wasvla

erTi da igive araa. laSqroba ki niSnavs omSi wasvlas, magram yoveli meomari molaSqre

araa“ (berZeniSvili 1979: 218).

50 Sdr. z. buniatovi, romelic aseve Targmnis – крестьян. (Буниятов 1982: 162).

35

Txrilebis (`xandakis~) gaTxra, meseris (`sxrtis~) Semovleba, brZolis velis

daTvaliereba, tyveTa mixedva, nadavlis akrefa, daWrili patronis movla da

a.S.51 SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT, rom yvela am „Sav samuSaos“ aznaurulad

mebrZoli msaxuri asrulebda. marTalia, rig SemTxvevebSi aznaurebs

(raindebs) keTilSobilTa ojaxebidan gamosuli axalgazrda meabjre Tu

saWurvelTmtvirTveli emsaxurebodaT,52 magram, es mxolod rCeul da

didgvarovan aznaurTa xvedri iqneboda. aznaur-raindTa ZiriTad masas, iseve

rogorc evropaSi, mdabio warmoSobis damxmare eyoleboda.

Cemi azriT, Tamaris istorikosis frazaSi, – `gaaznaurdes queyanisa

moqmedni~ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 34) – igulisxmeba glexebi (`queyanisa

moqmedni~), romlebic samxedro samsaxuris wyalobiT gaxdnen aznaurni. e.

xoStaria-brose, romelsac eWvi ar epareba, rom am fraziT mematiane samxedro

damsaxurebis Sedegad garkveuli fenis socialur winsvlas aRniSnavs,

`qveynismoqmednSi~ ratomRac Zveli èris~ warmomadgenlebs (`mdabior-

molaSqreebs~) xedavs da ara glexebs (xoStaria-brose 1981: 117), romlebzec,

rogorc sazogadoebis mwarmoebel (`qveynismoqmed~) nawilze, pirdapir

miuTiTebs wyaro. i. javaxiSvili garkveviT ambobda, rom `queyanis-moqmedi~

glexi iyo: `raki glexebi soflis mudmivi mkvidrni iyvnen da maTi erTaderTi

sacxovrebeli da marCenali miwismoqmedeba iyo, amitomac aris, rom xSirad

maT martivad `queyanisa moqmedni~ ewodebodaT~ (javaxiSvili 1982: 206).

rogorc vxedavT, e. xoStarias mcdari daskvnis mizezi isaa, rom mkvlevari

kategoriulad gamoricxavda XII saukuneSi glexobis omSi monawileobas, da

Sesabamisad, gaaznaurebis saSualebas.

sayuradReboa, rom sabuTebSi, xSirad mxolod cxenosani molaSqreni

gvxvdeba da qveiTad mebrZolni ar arian naxsenebi, TiTqos isini arc

arsebobdnen.53 feodaluri sazogadoebis damokidebuleba mdabio qveiTebisadmi

51 aseT msaxurebs „uCinar adamianebsac“ ki uwodeben, radgan glexi mosamsaxureebis povna Sua

saukuneebis literaturaSic da mxatvrobaSic Zalian Znelia (Brzezinski 2006: 61).

52 ase magaliTad, samcxis aTabagis Svili sargisi àRzrdil iyo abjrismtÂrTvelad“

(JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 207).

53 q. CxataraiSvilma yuradReba miaqcia vaxtang VI-is erT sabuTs, sadac „samcxeTo jarSi“

mxolod „msaxur-aznauriSvilebi“ arian moxseniebulni, maSin rodesac salaSqro davTrebi

zustad asaxaven glexTa masobriv monawileobas imave jarSi (CxataraiSvili 1979: 23).

36

gasakviri ar aris,54 magram ar unda CavTvaloT, rom isini qarTul jarSi

saerTod ar arsebobdnen. qveiTi jari qarTuli feodaluri laSqris

ganviTarebis yvela etapze arsebobda da igi yvelaze dabali fenidan (wvrili

eri, glexoba) gamodioda. glexis sisxlis fasi oTxasi TeTri iyo, magram Tu

mas „patronni icnobden sikeTezeda, misica aTasi TeTri iyos“ (qarTuli

samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 429). iseTi glexis sisxli, romelic patrons axlda

da `msaxurebda~, Cveulebriv glexTan SedarebiT ornaxevarjer Zviri Rirda

(furcelaZe 1979: 40). „sikeTezed cnoba“ patronis sasargeblod glexis

mravalgvar samsaxurs gulisxmobs da, albaT, omSi xlebasac.55

zemoT gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, cxadia, baris saqarTvelos exeba,

romelic feodaluri iyo. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos mTianeTSi mcxovreb

Tavisufal meTemeebs (`herovani~), maTi monawileoba feodalur laSqarSi

garkveuli specifikiT xasiaTdeboda. saqarTvelos mTaSi feodalizmma

bolomde ver SeaRwia (e.w. `protofeodalizmi~),56 sasoflo Temebi ver mospo,

socialuri diferenciacia susti iyo da mosaxleobam Tavisufleba met-

naklebad SeinarCuna.57 mTis laSqari `samxedro demokratiis~ principebze iyo

agebuli, sadac yoveli mamakaci molaSqre iyo. es ganapirobebda mTielTa

laSqris saxalxo xasiaTs da SedarebiT mravalricxovnobas da, amave dros,

qveiT xasiaTsac.

mTielTa monawileobam feodaluri saqarTvelos laSqarSi meti

mniSvneloba SeiZina erTiani monarqiis daSlis Semdeg, rodesac isini

akompleqtebdnen aRmosavleT Tu dasavleT saqarTvelos mefeTa mcvel

razmebs: „xolo Semdgomad ganyofilebisa da ganxeTqilebisa samefosaTa

amisa... arRaca iyvnen roqiT spani mefisani, aramed saxasoni aznaurni da

msaxurni glexni ÃeobaTagan iyvnen mcvelni mefisani, da umetes moÃeve-

54 Sua saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rom sazogadoebis da armiis maRal fenebze bevrad

meti viciT, vidre ubralo jariskacebze (Nicolle 1994: 5).

55 sayuradReboa, rom m. sanaZis SexedulebiT, `sikeTezed cnobili~ glexi, `Tavisi

valdebulebiTa da mdgomareobiT, uaxlovdeba msaxurs~ (sanaZe 1979: 123). msaxurTan daaxloeba

ki, pirvel rigSi, glexis samxedro saqmianobaSi monawileobas niSnavda.

56 am terminisaTvis ix. meliqiSvili 1976: 169-170.

57 mTielTa samxedro organizaciis Sesaxeb ix. CxataraiSvili 1979: 25-31; xoStaria-brose 1984:

97-108, 124-126. Tavis mxriv, mTis kuTxeebic gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan socialuri

ganviTarebis doniT: magaliTad, svaneTSi ufro iyo ganviTarebuli feodaluri

urTierTobebi, vidre aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (xoStaria-brose 1984: 122).

37

mTiulni... xolo imerTa – raWa da sruliad leCxumi, xolo kaxTa – qisiyi“

(vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 31).

sabolood, Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos samxedro mowyoba ase SeiZleba

warmovidginoT: 1. wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen aznaur-didebulebi, romlebic

cxenze amxedrebulni, mZimed SeWurvilebi gadiodnen brZolaSi; 2. maTi ricxvi

sakmarisi ar iyo omis sawarmoeblad da maT rigebs avsebdnen qveda fenebidan

dawinaurebuli msaxurebi, romlebic aseve cxeniT (aznauruli wesiT)

ibrZodnen; 3. patron-aznaurebs omSi Tan axldnen dabali fenis

warmomadgenlebi („wvrili eri“, glexoba), romlebic patrons emsaxurebodnen

da qveiT jars Seadgendnen; qveiTi jaris ricxvs avsebdnen mTis sxvadasxva

Temidan gamosuli qveiTi molaSqreebic.

samxedro organizacia feodalur saqarTveloSi

Cvenamde moRweuli informaciis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia detalurad

mivadevnoT Tvali saukuneebis manZilze qarTuli samxedro organizaciis

cvlilebebsa da transformacias, Tumca, zogadi suraTis warmoCena savsebiT

SesaZlebelia.

samxedro organizaciis saTaveSi mefe idga. mas emorCileboda samxedro

aparati, romlis ufrosi erTiani monarqiis xanaSi amirspasalari iyo.

amirspasalaris instituts xangrZlivi tradicia gaaCnda da misi winamorbedi

adrefeodalur xanaSi iyo spaspeti, Semdeg ki, XI saukuneSi mainc, spasalari

(anTelava 1983: 127-129). amirspasalaris Tanamdebobis SemoReba XII saukunis

pirvel meoTxedSi daviT aRmaSeneblis saxels ukavSirdeba (mesxia 1972: 47;

mesxia 1979: 18-20). amirspasalari iyo „Tavadi laSqarTa“ da misi funqcia-

movaleobebi samxedro ministrisa (`laSqrobis veziroba~) da sardlis

(`laSqrobaÁ~) erTgvar nazavs warmoadgenda: „laSqrobaÁ da laSqrobis

veziroba amir-spasalaris ÃelT aris“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 86).

samefo karis reglamentiT samxedro sakiTxebze TaTbiris dros pirveli

sityva mas ekuTvnoda: „mas winaT aravin ityÂs, raÁ veziroba iyos“ (garigeba

38

Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 86). rodesac mefe ar laSqrobda,58 maSin jars

amirspasalari miuZRoda (javaxiSvili 1982: 285; stefnaZe 1985: 168).

amirspasalars eqvemdebarebodnen spasalarebi da erisTavebi. mas

emorCileboda amilaxori,59 romelic uSualod ganagebda sajinibos60 da

romelsac, Tavis mxriv, emorCileboda meabjreTuxucesi Tavisi meabjreebiT,61

amirCqari – malemsrbolTa ufrosi da meremeTuxucesi, romlis movaleoba

cxenebis moSeneba-xedna iyo (anTelava 1983: 64-66). samefo reglamentis

mixedviT weliwadSi erTxel samefo arsenali (zaradxana) amilaxorisa da

meabjreTuxucesis meTvalyureobiT zaradxanis uxucess da mwignobars unda

aRewera (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 87).

qarTuli feodaluri laSqari ori tipis nawilebisagan Sedgeboda –

mcirericxovani mudmivi nawilebisa (taZreuli, monaspa) da saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi Sekrebili feodaluri razmebisagan, romelTac xSirad

moqiravneebic ematebodaT. amaT garda, samefos cixe-qalaqebs maTi

garnizonebi icavda.

1) mefis taZreuli mcirericxovan, magram mudam mefesTan myof rCeul

razms warmoadgenda.62 taZreuli ar emorCileboda amirspasalars da mas

msaxurTuxucesi xelmZRvanelobda (anTelava 1983: 132, 143). taZreulis

saSualebiT mefes SeeZlo damoukideblad, sxva feodalTa razmebis mowvevis

gareSe, Caetarebina mcire masStabis samxedro moqmedebebi. is warmoadgenda

laSqris birTvs, romlis garSemo ikribeboda sxvadasxva razmebi.

taZreuli warmodgeba sityvidan taZari da sityvasityviT

`sasaxliseuls~ niSnavs.63 taZreuli (inglisuri houshold, rusuli дружина,

58 saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo praqtikulad yvela misi mefis brZolaSi

monawileoba, risi mTavari mizezic feodaluri organizaciis xasiaTi iyo, sadac winamZRolis

(mefis) pirad magaliTs yovelTvis miesalmebodnen.

59 „amilaxori veziri aris amir-spasalarisa“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 86).

60 amilaxorisa da mejinibeTuxucesis igiveobisaTvis ix. anTelava 1983: 59-64.

61 „meabjreT-uxucesi da meabjreni, da mesartyleni, da sajinibos Semavalni yovelnive

amilaxoris Ãelisani arian“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 86).

62 „rCeulni Wabukni, romelni samaradisod Tana hyvebodes mefesa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 450;

CxataraiSvili 1979: 50).

63 mefis (feodalis) sasaxles Zvelad „taZari“ an `palati~ ewodeboda (CxataraiSvili 1979: 47;

Меликишвили 1959: 423-424; gogolaZe 1992: 37). am tipis profesional mebrZolTa razmebi, –

palatinebi gavrcelebuli iyo karolingur evropaSi, sadac maT TavianTi saxelic ki

dautoves germaniis erT mxares – palatinati anu pfalci (Nicolle 1984; 7).

39

qarTuli saxleuli) feodalis (mefis, didebulis) samxedro razms

warmoadgenda (akofaSvili 1986: 65, 75), romelic Sedgeboda rogorc

feodaluri saxlis wevrebisagan, aseve msaxurTagan (papuaSvili 1989: 27).

taZreulis wevrebi mciremiwiani an umiwo feodalTa klasis warmomadgenlebi

iyvnen, aseve warCinebuli gvarebis umcrosi da axalgazrda wevrebi,

romelTac brZolebSi monawileobiT dawinaurebis kargi Sansi eZleodaT. es

iyo politikuri instituti, romlis wevrebi axlo urTierTobaSi iyvnen

mefesTan (seniorTan);64 saxleulis morali da motivacia maRali iyo da

Tavisi seniorisa da mefis umTavres dasayrdens warmoadgenda. vaxuSti

batoniSvilis mixedviT, `raJams mokudis erisTavi, anu mTavari, anu

Ãelisufalni, anu aznaurni Cinebulni, moarTvian mefesa mis momkudrisa

Ãrmali, cxeni da uxucesi Ze misi... da Ãrmalsa moartymida winaSe mefisa

msaxurTuxucesi Zesa mis momkudrisasa, da daawesian taZreulad anu sxuaTa

samefoTa msaxurebaTa Sina Rirsebisaebr~ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 31-32).

Cans, rom mefis taZreulSi umaRlesi aristokratiis warmomadgenlebic

iricxebodnen, romelTac mefesTan axlos yofniT da mis winaSe brZolebSi

Tavis gamoCeniT Semdgomi winsvlis saSualeba eZleodaT. cxadia rom,

taZreuli erTgvar samxedro skolas warmoadgenda, sadac axalgazrda

didebul-aznaurni iwvrTnebodnen da samxedro xelovnebas euflebodnen.

taZreulni hyavda mefes da did feodalebsac. magaliTad, monRolebTan

brZolaSi damarcxebulma murvan gurklelma bevri taZreuli dakarga: `Seibnes

Zlierad, sZles TaTarTa da mravali taZreuli aznauri mokles, da ivltodes

gurkleli~ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 138). yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi maT

ekisrebodaT warmomadgenlobiTi da dacviTi funqciebi, konfliqtebis dros

ki SeiaraRebuli Zalebis birTvs warmoadgendnen (Reuter 1997: 32). maTi

aRWurvilobiT uzrunvelyofa Tu srulyofa, agreTve, yoveldRiuri rCenac

feodals ekisreboda; senioris movaleoba iyo brZolebSi danakargis

(iaraRisa Tu cxenebis) anazRaurebac (Brown 1989: 36). garkveul fulad sargos

(roWiks) maT saqarTveloSic uxdidnen, rogorc amas `mamaTa swavlanis~ X

saukunis teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `mÃedari, romelman daiweris Tavi TÂsi

64 beqas samarTlis mixedviT, romelic XIII-XIV saukuneebis mijnazea dawerili, taZreuli

aznauris sisxlis fasi 20 000 TeTria, rac aRemateba Cveulebrivi aznauris sisxlis fass (12

000 TeTri) da didebulis sisxlis naxevars Seadgens (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 426-

427).

40

divansa Sina mefisasa da mieriTgan wamoiRebn igi ganwesebulsa roWiksa eris

kacTasa, verRa SemZlebeln arn igi TaviT TÂsiT ganTavisuflebad msaxurebisa

misgan~ (mamaTa swavlani 1955: 120). aseTi, `samsaxurisgan TavdauRweveli~

mxedrebi mudmivad mefis karze arian: `maradis mdgomare arn igi winaSe mefisa

SeWurvili saWurveliTa da ganmzadebuli brZolad mterTa mefisaTa Tav-

gawirviT~ (mamaTa swavlani 1955: 120). mudmivad mefis razmSi momsaxure piri

feodalur sazogadoebaSi mxolod mefis taZreulis wevri SeiZleba iyos.65

taZreulis anazRaurebis ra nawils Seadgenda roWiki an rodemde

grZeldeboda es praqtika, cnobili ar aris. amave dros, naTelia rom,

taZreulSi samsaxuris erT-erT mTavari motivi samsaxuris sanacvlod miwis

nakveTis miRebis molodini iqneboda.

taZreulis ricxovnoba sakmaod mcire iyo. qarTuli wyaroebis

monacemebi am ricxvis dadgenis saSualebas iZleva. mefeTa da mTavarTa

saxleuls adre SuasaukuneebSive vxedavT saqarTveloSi.66 VIII saukuneSi

arCil mefe miwebs urigebs da aznaurobas aniWebs Tavis taZreuls (qarTlis

cxovreba 1955: 243). VIII saukunis bolo meoTxedSi xazareTSi wasul nerse

erisTavs Tan axlavs 300 mamakaci (iovane sabanisZe 1982: 127). marTalia g.

akofaSvili, rodesac Tvlis, rom ès 300 kaci nerses mudmivi samxedro

razmia~ (akofaSvili 1981: 140). IX saukunis dasawyisSi arabebisgan ltolvil

aSot kurapalats èri TÂsi mcired hyva Tana, mkÂdrni misni~, romelTa

meSveobiT faravnis tbasTan is amarcxebs mdevar laSqars (`kninsa mas

laSqarsa missa mosca ZlevaÁ maT zeda~) (sumbat daviTis Ze 1990: 44). aSotis

`mkvidrTa~ ricxovnoba nerses razmis farglebSi unda vivaraudoT.

1048 wels kapetrus brZolis win liparit baRvaSma, romelsac „aqunda

Zali mefobisa naxevar“, àRricxa aznaurni da monani Tvisni da axovanni... da

ganvles aRricxvaTa Soris SvidasTa did-didTAa aznaurTa, romelni iyvnes

mkvidrni misni“ (stefanos orbeliani 1978: 32-33). lipariti samefos naxevar

Zalas flobs da misi saxleulic (`mkvidrni misni“) Sesabamisad didia: is 700

mxedars Seadgens.

am raodenobasTan korelaciaSi modis da iribad adasturebs kidec

daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis cnoba mefis taZreulis Sesaxeb.

aRmaSenebels, romelic mTel samefos akontrolebda, liparitis saxleulze

65 roWikis (jamagiris) amReb mxedrebs taZreulad miiCnevs a. bogveraZe (bogveraZe 1961: 104).

66 istoriul wyaroebSi taZreulis moxseniebisaTvis ix. CxataraiSvili 1979: 50.

41

orjer meti taZreuli hyavs. mis dros taZreuli 1 500 kacs moiTvlida (daviT

aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 332).

xelmwifis karis garigebis mixedviT, taZreulis SemadgenlobaSi

Sediodnen mefis mcvelebi – „mefis winamwolni“ (mesawoleni), romlebic 700

Subosans Seadgendnen. maTgan 8 glexi iyo, danarCeni ki aznauri („da SÂdasi

saxli mesawole aris; da glexi rva saxlia, da sxva yovelive – aznauri“),

romlebic msaxurTuxucess emoCilebodnen (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 83-

84).67

sainteresoa erisTavis xelqveiT arsebuli razmis ricxovnobac. XIII-XIV

ss. mijnaze cxrazmisxevis erisTavis Salva qvenifnevels saxleuli 72

Subosnisagan Sedgeboda: àmaT JamTa iyo Salva erisTavisa naTesavi

samocdaTormeti Subosani da yovelni morCilebasa queSe quenifnevelisa~

(Zegli erisTavTa 1965: 109).

2) qarTul samxedro organizaciaSi monaspa daviT aRmaSeneblis mier

aris SemoRebuli da misi arseboba XII saukunes ar scildeba.68 q.

CxataraiSvils miaCnia, rom mona-spa Tamaris dros qreba (CxataraiSvili 1966:

164; CxataraiSvili 1979: 62). mas eTanxmeba j. SaraSeniZec (SaraSeniZe 2008: 15). g.

alasania Tvlis, rom monaspis instituti `faqtobrivad mxolod daviT

aRmaSeneblis dros arsebobda~ (alasania 2001: 22). wyaroebSi arsebul

monacemebze dayrdnobiT, giorgi III-is mefobaSi monaspis arsebobas aRniSnavda

n. berZeniSvili (berZeniSvili 1974: 67-69). marTlac, 1161 wels anisTan

brZolisas giorgi III-s Tan axlavs `vazirni, spasalarni, Ãelisufalni da

Tavadni, didebulni da aznaurni, monani da moymeni~ (istoriani da azmani 1959:

10.] monebi Canan misi glovis drosac (istoriani da azmani 1959: 25).

taZreulis msgavsad, arc monaspa emorCileboda amirspasalars da mas

monaTuxucesi xelmZRvanelobda. am tituls vaxuStic icnobs, magram is

mxolod `vefxistyaosanSi~ gvxvdeba (anTelava 1983: 131-132). es ki imaze

miuTiTebs, rom monaspa swored Tamaris epoqaSi unda iyos gauqmebuli.

67 mefis sawoli mis kabinets warmoadgenda (anTelava 1983: 32).

68 ar aris marTebuli mosazreba, romelic miiCnevs, rom monaspa taZreulSi Sedioda da mis

erT nawils Seadgenda (berZeniSvili 1974: 49; gogolaZe 1981: 156). es mosazreba Tavis droze q.

CxataraiSvilmac uaryo (CxataraiSvili 1979: 62). taZreuli da monaspa absoluturad

gansxvavebuli nawilebia, romlebic erTmaneTisagan ganirCevian dakompleqtebis principiT,

pirad wevrTa SemadgenlobiTa da socialuri warmomavlobiT, motivaciiTa da anazRaurebis

meTodebiT.

42

monaspis Seqmna unda ganvixiloT, rogorc daviT aRmaSeneblis mier

gvardiuli tipis nawilis Camoyalibebis cda. ar cdeboda n. berZeniSvili,

rodesac monaspas gvardia uwoda (berZeniSvili 1974: 51). mefis istorikosi ase

axasiaTebs monaspas: `monani, romel hyves rCeulni da ganswavlulni Ruawlsa,

viTar xuTaTasi kaci, yovelni qristiane qmnulni, misandoni da gamocdilni

simÃniTa~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 337). erT winadadebaSi

mematiane axerxebs CamoTvalos yvela is Tviseba, rac gvardias axasiaTebs:

monaspa rCeuli mebrZolebisagan Sedgeba (`rCeulni~), maT kargad ician

samxedro saqme (`ganswavlulni Ruawlsa~), arian brZolebSi nacadni

(`gamocdilni simÃniTa~) da sandoni (`misandoni~). maTi brZolisunarianobis

dasturad gamodgeba 1123 wlis SirvanSi laSqroba, rodesac monaspam sultan

mahmudTan SesaerTeblad mimavali aTabag ay-sonyuris 4 000-iani razmi

daamarcxa: `sultansa winaSe mimavali aTabagi ranisa aRsunRuli, ZaliTa

mravliTa, mosres monaTa mefisaTa viTar oTxi aTasi kaci, da igi oden marto

meoti ZliT mivida sultansa winaSe~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955:

344). n. berZeniSvilma SeniSna monaspis damaxasiaTebeli mTavari Tviseba:

`monaspa mudmivi jaria mefis karze~ (berZeniSvili 1974: 263). misi

daniSnulebaa gazardos mefis xelT arsebuli mudmiv mzadyofnaSi myofi

meomrebis ricxvi (margiSvili 2006: 118). aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom

monaspa ar iyo feodaluri sazogadoebis Cveulebrivi wevri da srulyofili

anazRaurebisa da samarTliani mopyrobis pirobebSi, xelisufals SeeZlo

maTze dayrdnoba da urC feodalTa winaaRmdeg gamoyeneba (Golden 1984: 59, 62;

berZeniSvili 1974: 52; margiSvili 2008: 48-49).

g. anCabaZis azriT, monaspa 1111-19 wlebSi iqmneboda sxvadasxva erovnebis

tyveTagan, ZiriTadad oRuz-Turqebisa da, SesaZloa, Crdilokavkasielebisagan

(Анчабадзе 1990: 104). imave azrisaa g. alasaniac, romelic Tvlis, rom monaspa

mTlianad tyveebisagan Sedgeboda (alasania 2001: 22). aseT Tvalsazriss ver

gaviziareb, radgan monebi sabrZolo moqmedebebSi gvian, mxolod yivCaRTa

gadmoyvanis Semdeg Cndebian. daviTis istorikosi monaspas pirvelad 1118 wels,

yivCaRebis gadmoyvanis Semdeg axsenebs da ar uTiTebs, rom monebi sxvadasxva

erovnebisa iyvnen. amasTan, saeWvoa, tyveTa swrafi gaqristianeba:

saqarTveloSi muslimTa mimarT ganxorcielebuli masobrivi prozelitizmis

magaliTebi ar mogvepoveba. saeWvoa, guSindeli mtris, tyvisa da

muslimisaTvis, ase masobrivad endoT mefis pirad razmSi yofna. sxva saqmea

43

yivCaRebi, romelTa ndoba (maRali anazRaurebis pirobebSi) daviT IV-s ufro

advilad SeeZlo. marTali unda iyos i. javaxiSvili, rodesac monaspas

yivCaRebisagan Camoyalibebulad Tvlida (javaxiSvili 1983: 200, 215).

ra tipis gvardias warmoadgenda monaspa? s. margiSvili marTalia,

rodesac aRniSnavda, rom saxelis msgavsebis miuxedavad qarTuli monaspa

aRmosavlur-muslimuri tipis gvardiul SenaerTs (Rulamebi, mamluqebi) ar

unda warmoadgendeso (margiSvili 2008: 51). islamuri samyarosaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli gvardiuli nawilis Seqmna did dros moiTxovda da mis mona

wevrebs adreuli asakidanve wvrTnidnen, romlis drosac gadiodnen

sxvadasxva ierarqiul safexurebs, rac aucilebeli iyo gvardiuli statusisa

da misi Sesabamisi momzadebuli mebrZolis Camosayalibeblad. qarTul

feodalur sazogadoebaSi monobaze dafuZnebuli aseTi samxedro sistemis

Seqmna praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. garda amisa, daviT IV-s ubralod droc

ar hqonda, aseTi sistemis Seqmnaze rom ezruna da mis mravalwlian Sedegs

dalodeboda; mas monaspa dauyovnebliv esaWiroeboda da is daakompleqta

kidec ukve Camoyalibebuli meomrebis qiravnobis principiT. X saukunidan

amave principze iyo dafuZnebuli varangTa gvardia bizantiaSi da, albaT,

marTalia g. alasania, rodesac miiCnevs, rom monaspis ìnstituti bizantiidan

iyo nasesxebi~ (alasania 2001: 22).69

monaspis raodenobaze msjelobisas, s. margiSvili savsebiT marTebulad

miiCnevda, rom 5 000 monaspis Sesanax xarjs saqarTvelo ver gaiRebda da misi

`raodenoba unda yofiliyo 5000-ze sagrZnoblad naklebi~ (margiSvili 2006:

120). mkvlevari baRdadSi abaseli gvardielis saSualo xelfass 5 oqrod

angariSobda da amis safuZvelze qarTuli monaspis wliuri jamagirisTvis 300

aTass dinars varaudobda (margiSvili 2006: 120). es Tanxa dazustebas

moiTxovs. at-tabaris da hilal as-sabis monacemebis analizis safuZvelze f.

asadovma daadgina IX saukuneSi abasianTa qveiTi gvardielis xelfasi,

romelic TveSi 4 oqros dinaridan iwyeboda, cxenosani ki orjer mets iRebda

(Асадов 1993: 9-11).70 gamodis, ricxvis meqanikuri gadmotaniTac ki, rasac s.

margiSvili mimarTavs, 5 000-ian monaspas, romelic aucileblad cxenosani

iqneboda, weliwadSi 300 000-ze bevrad meti, – 480 000 oqros dinari

dasWirdeboda. raRa Tqma unda, es warmoudgeneli Tanxaa saqarTvelos

69 qarTuli monaspis bizantiasTan msgavsebas iziarebs s. margiSvilic (margiSvili 2008: 51).

70 abasianTa dros jariskacis xelfasisaTvis damatebiT ix. Ashtor 1976: 133.

44

masStabis qveynisaTvis.71 dResdReobiT SeuZlebelia zustad davadginoT, Tu

ra anazRaureba unda hqonoda daviT IV-is monaspas, magram jamagiri maT

uciloblad oqros fulSi eqnebodaT, miTumetes, Tu imdroindel vercxlis

kriziss gaviTvaliswinebT. zurtaketSi yivCaRis samarxSi napovni oqros

moneta, SesaZlebelia, swored monaspis gasamrjelos amsaxavi iyos.72

arsebobs iribi indikatori, romlis mixedviTac SegviZlia vimsjeloT

monaspis ricxovnobaze: 1123 wels SirvanSi monaspam ay-sonyuris 4 000-iani

razmi daamarcxa, e.i. misi ricxvi 1 500 - 2 000 kacis farglebSi mainc unda

vivaraudoT. es ricxvi daaxloebiT Tanabaria aRmaSeneblis taZreulis (1 500

kaci) da SegviZlia met-naklebad realisturad miviCnioT.73

3) Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli laSqris yvelaze mravalricxovan nawils

samefoSi Sekrebili feodalTa razmebi („samefosa spani“, `spani imerni da

amerni~) Seadgenda. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikur-administraciuli

mowyoba teritoriul princips efuZneboda. samefo dayofili iyo istoriul-

geografiul `qveynebad~, romelTac erisTavi ganagebda. saerisTavo samxedro-

administraciuli erTeuli iyo, romelsac erisTavi da misi xelqveiTebi

(xevisuflebi, cixisTavebi da sxv.) ganagebda (xidureli 1977: 269-270; anTelava

1983: 195-202). saerisTavodan vasalTa razmebi sabrZolod erisTavs gamoyavda:74

„xolo sxuani spani iyvnen queyanaTagan da erisTavTa queSe dawesebulni,

romelTa mouwodian Jamad“ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 18). maT mxolod

periodulad (`Jamad~), saWiroebisda mixedviT da mefis gankargulebis

Tanaxmad uxmobdnen: `queyana da Temi awvivnes brZanebiTa erisTavman da

ganmgebelman~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 410). saerisTavos laSqari 71 5 000-iani monaspis Senaxva amaze naklebi namdvilad ar dajdeboda, radgan XII saukuneSi

jariskacis anazRaureba kidev ufro gazrdili iyo. magaliTisaTvis, salah ad-dinis armiaSi

elituri SeWurvili mxedari weliwadSi, sul cota, 120 dinars iRebda (Nicolle 2007c: 81-82). maTi

saSualo xelfasi ki weliwadSi 429 dinars Seadgenda (Ashtor 1976: 236-237).

72 dawvrilebiT ix. wurwumia 2013: 174-183.

73 aleqsi I komnenosis dros varangTa gvardia mxolod 1 400 kacs moiTvlida (Godfrey 1979: 71).

1516 wels osmalebTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi marj dabikTan mamluqTa sultanma yvela resursi

gamoiyena da brZolaSi 5 000 samefo mamluqi gamoiyvana (Irwin 2004: 133). raRa Tqma unda,

imdroindeli mamluqTa egviptis da aRmaSeneblis saqarTvelos resursebis Sedareba yovlad

warmoudgenelia da ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom orive am Zalas erTnairi samefo gvardiis

Senaxva SeeZlo.

74 „erisTavi“ Tavdapirvelad jaris ufross niSnavda. Zvel TargmanebSi, berZnul „strategoss“

da somxur „zoravars“ erismTavari Seesabameba (javaxiSvili 1982: 329).

45

taqtikur erTeuls warmoadgenda da brZolis velze erisTavis meTaurobiT

omobda.

saerisTavoebis garda, saxelmwifo miwebis fonds qmnida msxvil

feodalTa mamulebi, romlebzec erisTavs xeli ar miuwvdeboda da samefo

domeni Tavisi administraciiT. erisTavTa uflebamosilebis gasinjvis Sedegad

irkveva, rom maT eqvemdebareboda saerisTavos farglebSi arsebuli saSualo

da wvril feodalTa mamulebi da ar eqvemdebareboda did feodalTa

samflobeloebi, rogoric iyo Tori, gagi, Tmogvi, anisi, lore, bijnisi da a.S.

(xidureli 1989: 23; baxtaZe 2003: 315-317). am subordinaciidan gamomdinare,

erisTavs emorCileboda da brZolaSi miyveboda saerisTavos farglebSi

arsebuli saSualo da wvril feodalTa razmebi; msxvili vasalebi ki,

rogorc Cans, Tavisi taZreuliTa da spiT damoukideblad gamodiodnen omSi

da erisTavebis razmebis msgavsad, sadroSoSi erTiandebodnen. sadroSoTa

laSqarSi erTiandebodnen da spasalarebs eqvemdebarebodnen erisTavTa

mobilizebuli razmebic.75 Cemi azriT, sworia m. baxtaZis mosazreba

sadroSoTa spasalarebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, romlebic amave sadroSos

erisTavTa mier Sekrebil jarebs sardlobdnen (baxtaZe 2003: 272-274, 312-313).

mkvlevris am mosazrebas, romelic samcxis magaliTzea dadgenili da

ganzogadebuli, saqarTveloSi arsebuli samxedro organizaciis logikac

uWers mxars: radganac erisTavTa mier Seyrili vasalTa razmebi mxareTa

mixedviT sadroSoSi erTiandebodnen, bunebrivia, rom ufro msxvili

taqtikuri erTeuli – sadroSos laSqari Tavadac saWiroebda sardals. am

movaleobas, rogorc Cans, spasalari asrulebda. Tavis mxriv, sadroSoebis

spasalarebi amirspasalars emorCilebodnen.

samefo domeni administraciulad ar Sedioda saerisTavos

SemadgenlobaSi da mas calke mmarTveloba hyavda (xidureli 1989: 23; baxtaZe

2003: 314). samefo ojaxisa da mefis piradi mamulebidan gamosuli molaSqreebi

mefis samxedro Zalis safuZvels warmoadgendnen. samefo domenis aznaurebisa

da msaxurebis nawili mefis taZreulSi Sedioda (anTelava 1976: 157;

CxataraiSvili 1966: 162, Sen. 4). nawilic cixe-simagreTa garnizons

75 n. berZeniSvili varaudobs, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma spasalarobis instituti gaaZliera

erisTavebis xarjze (berZeniSvili 1974: 70). am azrs iziarebs m. baxtaZe, romlis mixedviT XII

saukuneSi spasalaroba erisTavobaze didi Tanamdeboba iyo da `spasalarTa aseTi

dawinaureba SeiZleba marTlac daviT aRmaSeneblis dros moxda~ (baxtaZe 2003: 273).

46

akompleqtebda. samefo domenis molaSqreebs msaxurTuxucesi

xelmZRvanelobda: „msaxurTuxucesis Ãelisa iyvnen: salaSkro saWurvelisa da

iaraRisa msaxurni mefisani da cixe-qalaqTa mcvelni spani mefisani“ (vaxuSti

batoniSvili 1973: 20). samefo cixeebisa da qalaqebis garnizonebs (`qalaqTa da

cixeTa Sina mdgomad da damWirvelad~) (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955:

335). domenidan gamosuli aznaur-msaxurebi Seadgendnen. mecixovneTa razms anu

cixis garnizons cixisTavi meTaurobda. cixis Sesanaxad Sua saukuneebis

saqarTveloSi dawesebuli iyo sagangebo gamosaRebi, romelsac `cixis begara~

ewodeboda da romelsac SromiTi valdebulebiT an naturaluri produqtiTa

da fuliT ixdidnen. aseTi iyo cxeverelTa `cixisa begari~, àtenis cixis

saTxovari~ da `sacixisTvo~ gadasaxadi, romlebic xSirad gvxvdeba sabuTebSi

(qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1965: 6, 10, 21, 67, 185).76

calke gansaxilvelia domenis im molaSqreTa sakiTxi, romlebic

taZreulSi an garnizonebSi ver xvdebodnen. sad grovdebodnen an vis

xelqveiT ibrZodnen isini? mefis mamulebi mTel saxelmwifoSi iyo gafantuli

da samxedro TvalsazrisiT TiTqosda mizanSewonili unda yofiliyo maTi

CarTva adgilobrivi erisTavebis laSqarSi. is cnoba, rom zemo qarTlis

sadroSoSi saufliswulo mamulidan gamosuli laSqari omis dros

amilaxvrebis sardlobis qveS iyo (gvritiSvili 1950: 54), am mosazrebis

sasargeblod metyvelebs. meores mxriv, viciT, rom mTel qarTlSi

mimofantuli sakaTalikoso mamulebidan mcxeTis sasardlos molaSqreebi

omSi adgilobriv sardlebs ar miyvebodnen da yovelTvis kaTalikosis

garSemo ikribebodnen (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1965: 191, 334, 398). SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom aqac iseTive situacia iqneboda, rogorc didi da mcire

feodalebis razmebis SemTxvevaSi: vrceli samefo mamulidan (mag.,

javaxeTidan) Sekrebili SedarebiT mravalricxovani razmi erisTavs ar

daemorCileboda; domenis mcire mamuli da mcirericxovani razmi ki omis

dros erisTaAvs daeqvemdebareboda.

vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, erTianobis xanaSi saqarTveloSi oTxi

sadroSo arsebobda: „iyo yoveli iveria anu giorgia oTx sadroSod

ganyofili, rameTu winambrZolni iyvnen Torelni, cixisjuarelni da

axalcixelni, da mimyolni maTni sruliad mesxni da klarjni, da somxiTisa,

romelni epyraT; xolo memarjune mimsulel-mcemelni sruliad lixT-iqiTi

76 sacixo gadasaxadisaTvis ix. ZiZiguri 1983: 80-81.

47

afxaz-jiqiTurT; memarcxeneT mimsulel-mcemelni sruliad her-kaxni; xolo

mefisa almisa mpyrobelni qarTvelni da romelni roqiT spani epyrnes mefesa~

(vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 30). ra Tqma unda, es garkveulad „idealuri

wyobaa“, romlis mixedviT ganlageba yovelTvis ar moxerxdeboda da arc jari

Seikribeboda ase srulad, magram ZiriTadi principi „laSqris mowyoba –

brZolaSi dawyobisa“ garkveviTaa warmodgenili.

vaxuStis mier aRwerili oTx sadroSod dayofili samxedro

organizacia, Tavis mxriv, saerisTavoebad dayofaze iyo dafuZnebuli.

saerisTavos jarebi, romlebic taqtikuri erTeulebi iyvnen, msxvil

feodalTa razmebTan erTad Seadgendnen sadroSos teritoriul laSqars,

romelsac spasalari meTaurobda. sadroSoebis SemadgenlobaSi met-naklebad

erTnairi raodenobis laSqari iyrida Tavs. am mosazrebas adasturebs

monRolur dumnebad saqarTvelos dayofa. cnobilia, rom monRolebma umefod

darCenili qveyana 7 dumnad dayves: kaxeT-hereTi, somxuri miwebi, somxiTi,

qarTli, samcxe-javaxeTi, 2 dumeni dasavleT saqarTveloSi.77 am dayofas

safuZvlad edo adgilobrivi, ukve arsebuli tradiciuli administraciuli

sistema (lorTqifaniZe 1964: 319; kiknaZe 1983: 95).78 dumnebis es CamonaTvali

zedmiwevniT emTxveva Tamaris laSqarSi Semaval teritoriul erTeulebs,

sadac Crdilo kavkasieli mokavSireebisa da somxuri regionebidan gamosuli

laSqaris gamoklebiT, sakuTriv qarTuli erTeulebi 6 did jgufadaa (kaxeT-

77 `da ganaCines TaTarTa bevrisa mTavarni, romelTa dumnisa Tavad uwodes. da gamoarCies

mTavarni, pirvelad egarslan bakurcixeli, kaci Rrmad moubari, xolo ara niWTa mqonebeli

samÃedroTa, da mas ÃelT-udves spa hereTisa da kaxeTisa da kambeCianisa tfilisiTgan da

aRmarT viTar mTamde Samaxiisa. da SanSes ÃelT udves mamuli misi da avagisi; varams ÃelT-

udves yoveli somxiTi; grigol suramels - qarTli, gamrekelsa Torelsa, msgavssave

egarslanisasa saWabukoTa Sina, ÃelT udva javaxeTi, samcxe da aRmarT vidre

karnuqalaqadmde; xolo cotne dadiansa da raWis erisTavsa yoveli imeri samefo~

(JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 90-91).

78 Tumca, dumnebis raodenobis Sesaxeb qarTul istoriografiaSi gansxvavebuli azri

arsebobs. i. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi 8 dumeni arsebobda, p. ingoroyva da r.

kiknaZe ki 9 dumens iTvlian. am mosazrebebisa da maTi kritikis Sesaxeb, ix. nafiSvili 1987:

146-152. g. nafiSvilis azriT, monRolebma saqarTveloSi mxolod 7 dumeni Seqmnes (iqve: 152).

Cemi azriTac, saqarTvelodan 7 dumeni gamodioda: radgan monRolebma dumnebis sistema

umefod darCenil saqarTveloSi jaris gamoyvanis gasaadvileblad Seqmnes, bunebrivia, rom is

manamde arsebul administraciul-teritoriul sistemas dayrdnoboda.

48

hereTi, qarTli, mesxeTi, somxiTi, 2 dasavleT saqarTvelodan) warmodgenili.79

qarTuli administraciuli erTeulebis dumnebad gardaqmna TavisTavad

Tanabarzomieri samobilizacio SesaZleblobebis mqone erTeulebis arsebobas

gulisxmobda da ramdenime aTasi meomriT Semoifargleboda. rogorc Cans,

qarTuli teritoriuli erTeulebic dumnis Sesaferis potencials flobdnen

da maTi samobilizacio SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTisagan bevrad ar

gansxvavdeboda, rac taqtikur urTierTqmedebas aadvilebda.

qarTul samxedro organizaciaSi mewinave yovelTvis is sadroSo iyo,

romelic mtris mxares iyo ganlagebuli (SaraSeniZe 2008: 18; anCabaZe 2010: 112-

114). es bunebrivicaa, radgan mewinave sadroSo mtris uSualo mezobelia,

kargad icnobs mas da xSir saomar kontaqtSia wvrilmani Setakebebisa Tu

marbieli reidebis dros. erTiani monarqiis dros mewinave sadroSos

SemadgenlobaSi qveynis samxreTi provinciebi Sediodnen, radganac mteri

samxreTiT iyo. saqarTvelos daSlis Semdeg mewinave sadroSoebis mdebareoba

Seicvala, magram ZiriTadi principi igive darCa. amis qrestomaTiul magaliTs

warmoadgens arqanjelo lambertis mier aRwerili samegrelos laSqris wyoba

imereTTan da afxazeTTan omSi: `jari rom Seikribeba, mterTa qveynisaken

gaudgeba da midis im wesiT dawyobili, rogorc mosaxleoba aris

dalagebuli, magaliTad: Tu imereTis sazRvars unda daecnen Tavs, isini, vinc

imereTis sazRvrad cxovroben, Seadgenen mowinave jars; vinc Sua odiSSi

cxovroben – Sua jars, da vinc afxazeTisaken – zurgis jars. sul winaaRmdeg

arian dawyobilni, roca jari an ukan brundeba da an saomrad afxazeTze

midis: am SemTxvevaSi mowinave jari gadaiqceva zurgis jarad da zurgisa –

mowinaved~ (lamberti 1991: 84).

samxedro xelovnebis principebze dakvirveba da maTi gamoyeneba

saintereso Sedegs gvaZlevs Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqris mowyobis

Seswavlis mxriv da saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT rigi kanonzomierebebi.

antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi laSqris marjvena flangi ufro Zlieri

79 „miegebnes wina ovsni da yivCayni axalni; da Semdgomad amisa herni da kaxni, Semdgomad

qarTvelni; da Semdgomad mesxni da Torelni, SavS-klarj-taoelni; Semdgomad somxiTarni;

Semdgomad afxazni da suan-megrel-gurielni Tana raWa-Takuer-margueliTurT“ (istoriani da

azmani 1959: 65).

49

iyo, vidre marcxena.80 mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze marjvena flangs

yovelTvis Semtevi funqciebi ekisreboda, marcxenas ki dacviTi roli hqonda

(Nicolle 1998b: 32).81

gamonaklisi monRolebi iyvnen, romlebic survilisamebr,

epaminondis msgavsad, Zlieri marcxena flangis taqtikas iyenebdnen, Tumca am

azramde damoukideblad mividnen.82

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqari tradiciuli Zlieri marjvena

flangis principiT ewyoboda. monRolebis reformamdeli qarTuli jaris

mowyobis Sedareba monRolur dumnebad dayofil saqarTvelos mxareebTan

saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloT, Tu ra proporciiT iyo ganawilebuli

taqtikuri erTeulebi qarTul sabrZolo wyobaSi. yvelaze mravalricxovani

winambrZoli iyo, radganac cxenosanTa Setevis dros pirveli dartymis

siZlieres gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda: 7 dumnidan winambrZolis anu

mewinave sadroSos SemadgenlobaSi 3 dumeni Sedioda (samcxe-javaxeTi,

somxiTis da saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi myofi somxuri miwebis laSqari),

Zlier marjvena flangs qmnida dasavleT saqarTvelos 2 dumeni, marcxenas

kaxeT-hereTis 1 dumeni, rezervs (mefis droSas) ki qarTlis 1 dumeni

Seadgenda (sur. 1). marcxena flangis SedarebiT sisustes mowmobs qarTuli

wyoba basianis brZolaSi: „daawyues razmi, sada-igi winambrZolad iyo zaqaria

80 es garemoeba iaraRis xmarebis principidan gamomdinareobda, radganac mebrZols marcxniv

fari eWira da marjvenaTi iaraRs xmarobda, rac bunebrivad ganapirobebda marjvena mxaris

ufro „moxerxebulobas“ brZolisas. antikur xanaSi falangaSi mdgomi meomrebi Tavis

dasacavad instiqturad iwevdnen marjvniv myofi mezoblis farisken da cdilobdnen

mowinaaRmdegis fariT daucvel marjvena mxares dasxmodnen Tavs; Sedegad wyoba marjvniv

miijreboda, marcxena flangi bunebrivad iwevda ukan da orive falanga saaTis isris

sawinaaRmdegod moZraobda. aseT brZolaSi Cveulebriv marjvena flangi imarjvebda.

epaminondma pirvelma SemoiRo Zlieri marcxena flangis taqtika, romlis mTavari idea ara

mxolod mowinaRmdegis romelime flangis, aramed swored Zlieri flangis damarcxebaa, rac

brZolis beds wyvetda. man gaZlierebuli marcxena flangi daupirispira spartelTa uZlieres

marjvena flangs da orjer, levktrasTan (Zv.w. 371) da mantineasTan (Zv.w. 362) daamarcxa isini

(Дельбрюк, 1994: 100, 129-130; Connolly 1981: 51).

81 Sua saukuneebis samxedro traqtatebSi muslim cxenosan moisreebs sagangebod urCevdnen

yovelTvis marcxniv hyoloda mteri (anu Tavad marjvniv yofiliyo) (Nicolle 1998a: 158).

82 monRolTa am taqtikis Sesaxeb JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs. qose daRis brZolis win

`TaTarTa ganawyves razmi da urCeulesi maTi marcxenasa mxarsa daawesnes. esreT aqunda

wesad, umjobesTa vidreme marcxenasa kerZosa daawesebdian amis ZaliTa, romel sxuani

naTesavni yovelni umjobesTa da umÃneTa marjueniT aqunda dawesebiTa, raTa urCeulesni

urCeulesTa SeemTxÂvnen~ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 76-77).

50

mÃargrZeli amirspasalari da axalcixeli Salva da ivane, da sxuani

Torelni; da erTkerZo afxazni da imerni, erT-kerZo amerni da her-kaxni“

(istoriani da azmani 1959: 96). basianSi qarTvelebma mowinaaRmdegis ormxrivi

Semovla ganaxorcieles, risTvisac hereT-kaxeTis flangs àmerni~ daumates

da marcxena flangi gaaZlieres, raTa marjvenis msgavsad, masac Semovla

SeZleboda. es gaZliereba rezervis xarjze moxda, radgan àmerni~ qarTlis

sadroSodan arian. dasavleT saqarTvelos laSqris sapatio adgilze,

marjvena flangze dawesebis tradicia daviT aRmaSeneblis droidan (an kidev

ufro adre) unda modiodes, rodesac afxazTa samefos laSqari wamyvan rols

TamaSobda.

erTiani saqarTvelos daSlis Semdeg warmoqmnil qarTlis, kaxeTis da

imereTis samefoebSi sadroSoTa sistema Zveli saqarTvelos samxedro

mowyobis msgavsi iyo (klimiaSvili 1964: 121-123): „iyvnen oTx sadroSodve

kualadca, viTarca aRvswereT qarTli, imereTi da kaxeTi~ (vaxuSti

batoniSvili 1973: 31). Cans, oTx sadroSod dayofili sistema gamarTlebulad

iTvleboda da alternativac ar gaaCnda. saerisTavoebis daSlis Sedegad

Camoyalibebuli ufro wvrili saTavadoebi daaxloebiT adrefeodaluri

xevebis teritorias moicavdnen da sadroSos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen.

sadroSoebi samxedro-organizaciul da administraciul erTeulebs

warmoadgendnen (klimiaSvili 1964: 126-127). sadroSos ufrosi sardali iyo,

romelic Zveli erisTavebis samxedro movaleobas asrulebda. sardlis

movaleobas Seadgenda mefis brZanebis Tanaxmad mobilizaciis Catareba da

jaris gamoyvana, cixe-simagreebis, koSkebis, xidebis movla, dacva da

sabrZolo mzadyofnis kontroli (gvritiSvili 1950: 57; papuaSvili 1969: 170-

172).

qarTl-kaxeTis samxedro reorganizacia – maTi sadroSoebad dayofa XV

saukunis 70-ian wlebSi xdeba (klimiaSvili 1964: 122-123; akofaSvili 1976: 343).83

kaxeTSi samxedro-administraciuli reformis Sedegad Svidi saerisTavos

nacvlad 40-mde samouravo Seqmnes: mcire teritoriis mmarTvel mouravebs

centraluri xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdegod saWiro Zala ar gaaCndaT.

sadroSoebis sardloba Tavadebis nacvlad (rogorc es qarTlsa da imereTSi

iyo) episkoposebs Caabares, radgan episkoposis Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiTi ar

83 qarTl-kaxeTis sadroSoebad dayofisaTvis da sazRvrebisaTvis ix. cincaZe 1973: 56-71.

51

iyo. yovelive aman mTeli XVI saukunis manZilze kaxeTis centraluri

xelisuflebis siZliere ganapiroba (berZeniSvili 1973: 164; gogolaZe 1988: 63).

XV saukunidan imereTis samxedro organizaciac oTxad aris dayofili,84

magram aRmosavleTi saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, mas cixisTavebi

xelmZRvaneloben. cixisTavi tradiciulad iTavsebda samxedro-

administraciul funqciebs da yvela sruliad imereTis cixisTavs (oTxTagan

erTs) emorCileboda. cixisTavis institutis aseTi dawinaureba,

garkveulwilad, pasiuri TavdacviTi sistemis gabatonebul mdgomareobaze

unda miuTiTebdes. XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi imereTSi cixisTavebs

sabolood anacvlebs sardali da sasardloebi (kaxaZe 1976: 67-71).

erTiani saqarTvelos xanaSi vxedavT qveynis samxreT regionebSi

arsebul sasazRvro (sanapiro) olqebis sistemas, romelTac didi mniSvneloba

eniWebodaT saerTo-samxedro organizaciaSi. strategiuli TvalsazrisiT

sanapiro olqebis funqcia iyo saxelmwifos sazRvris dacva da misi

gafarToeba, rac taqtikur doneze mtris qmedebebze droul reagirebas da

mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze mudmiv zemoqmedebas gulisxmobda, es ki

aRmavlobis gzaze mdgomi saxelmwifos pirobebSi misi teritoriis ganuxrel

zrdas iwvevda. monapireTa qmedeba (ànu cixe asaRebeli, anu Turqmani

Semodgomili, anu qalaqi gansatexeli, anu queyana mosarbeveli~)

centralizebuli iyo (`moaÃsenian Tamars da man gasinjis saqme igi da

gamoikiTxis~) da yoveli iseTi amocanis Sesruleba, romelic mniSvnelovan

resurss moiTxovda, samefo karis daxmarebiT xorcieldeboda (ùkeTu Rirs

iyvis Seyrasa laSqarTasa... TÂT daviT mefe wavidis~); Tumca, Tavad

monapireebic damoukideblad da adgilobrivi ZalebiT sakmaod bevrs

aRwevdnen (monapire zaqaria aspaanis Ze `martod iqmoda mravalTa da didTa

saqmeTa~) (basili ezosmoZRuari 1959: 130). basili ezosmoZRvari qveynis

samxreT nawilSi koncentrirebul eqvs sanapiro olqs asaxelebs: esenia gagis,

taSir-Zorakertis, javaxeTis, artaanis, SavSeT-sperisa da hereTis sanapiroebi

(basili ezosmoZRuari 1959: 129-130). savsebiT marTebulad, m. berZniSvili am

sias meSvide sanapirosac amatebs, romelic yarsis aRebis Semdeg Camoyalibda

(berZniSvili 1970: 128).85

84 imereTis samxedro-administraciuli dayofisaTvis ix. cincaZe 1988: 119.

85 am mosazrebas eTanxmeba j. stefnaZe da m. baxtaZe (stefnaZe 1985: 184; baxtaZe 2003: 294).

52

qarTul istoriografiaSi i. javaxiSvilma daayena sakiTxi marzpanisa da

monapiris igiveobis Sesaxeb (baxtaZe 2003: 295-295). es idea ganaviTara S.

mesxiam, romelmac monapire daukavSira marzpans da miiCnia is aRmaSeneblis

mier Seqmnili sasazRvro olqebis gamgeblad, romelsac mxolod saxeli

Seecvala Tamaris dros (mesxia 1972: 31-32). monapireTa instituts daviTis

dros Seqmnilad Tvlis n. berZeniSvilic (berZeniSvili 1974: 30, 227). i.

anTelava aRniSnavs, rom marzpani parTuli terminia da sazRvris mcvelis,

markgrafis mniSvneloba aqvs.86 misi azriT, monapireoba daviT

aRmaSeneblamdec arsebobda, radgan marzpanis instituti dadasturebulia XI

s. pirvel naxevarSi: marzpani gvxvdeba 1022 wlis vanana-vanqis qarTul

warweraSi da saxarebis 1053 wlis minawerSi (anTelava 1983: 203-204). k.

grigolias azriT, monapire erisTavebi jer kidev iberiis samefoSi

arsebobdnen. am mosazrebas kategoriulad, da samarTlianadac, uaryofs m.

baxtaZe, romelic mxolod sazRvrispira mdebareobas ar miiCnevs sakmarisad

monapireTa arsebobisaTvis (baxtaZe 2003: 24). j. stefnaZec mijnavs marzpans da

monapires da Tvlis, rom monapire raionebi arsebuli saxiT mxolod Tamaris

dros Camoyalibda, radgan manamde mteri qveynis centralur raionebSi ijda.

manve gamoTqva sayuradRebo mosazreba monapirisa da erisTaAvis saxelos

sxvadasxvaobis Sesaxeb, Tumca SesaZlebelad miiCnia maTi SeTavseba – erTi

pirovnebis mier ori saxelos floba (stefnaZe 1985: 184-185). stefnaZis

mosazrebas iziarebs m. baxtaZe, romelmac sagangebod ganixila monapirisa da

erisTavis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi da daadgina, rom isini sxvadasxva

Tanamdebobebi iyo da rom, sanapiro SeiZleba saerisTavoc yofiliyo da

mamulic (baxtaZe 2003: 293-295). misi azriT, monapireobis ìnstitutis

Camoyalibeba im saxiT, ra saxiTac is daculia basili ezosmoZRvarTan, unda

momxdariyo daviT aRmaSeneblis dros~ (baxtaZe 2003: 296).

miuxedavad marzpanis arsebobisa XI saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi,

arsad ar Cans, rom am instituts iseTive saxe da funqciebi hqonda, rogorc

monapires. marTalia s. margiSvili, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom sasazRvro

regionebSi samxedro olqebi maSin yalibdeba, rodesac mxareebs Soris

samxedro dapirispireba xangrZlivi da intensiuria. aseTi iyo islamisa da

86 monapire frankTa sasazRvro olqis (markis) mmarTvels, markgrafs q. CxataraiSvilma

Seadara (CxataraiSvili 1966: 176).

53

qristianobis sakontaqto zona (margiSvili 2008: 155).87 sanapiroebis Seqmnis

aucilebloba maSin gaCnda, rodesac saqarTvelos samxreTiT islamuri

saxelmwifoebi da islamizebuli momTabare TurqmenTa tomebi daumezobldnen,

amis SesaZlebloba ki mxolod daviTis epoqidan unda vigulisxmoT. Tamaris

xanaSi sanapiroTa sistema ukve Camoyalibebuli saxiT arsebobs. dRes, albaT,

SeuZlebelia imis garkveva, Tu pirvelad rodis miiRo sanapirom aseTi saxe.

amave dros, safiqrebelia, rom monapireTa sistemis formireba daviT

aRmaSeneblis dros daiwyo. daviTis istorikosis erTi fraza, – `kideTa

pyrobani, napirTa Wirvani~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 351),

SesaZloa, swored am process gadmogvcemdes da masSi igulisxmebodes

sazRvrispira administraciis (monapireTa) Seqmna (`napirTa Wirvani~) da maT

mier warmoebuli marbieli laSqrobani (`kideTa pyrobani~).

4) qarTul jarSi, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebis nebismier armiaSi,

Tavis rols TamaSobdnen moqiravneebi, romelTac roqis-spas uwodebdnen.88

roqis-spa garkveuli anazRaurebis safasurad ucxotomelTagan daqiravebul

jaris nawils warmoadgenda. is amirspasalars eqvemdebareboda (anTelava 1983:

132). sxvadasxva dros qarTuli armiis rigebSi vxedavT daqiravebul varangebs

(vikingebs), frankebs, muslimebs, magram umTavresad moqiravneebi, – alanebi,

yivCaRebi, Cerqezebi, lekebi, – Crdilo kavkasiidan gadmohyavdaT, romelic

saqarTvelosTvis aseTi razmebis tradiciul wyaros warmoadgenda.

Tavi II. qarTuli laSqris taqtika Sua saukuneebSi

Sua saukuneebSi yvelaze dinamiurad sazogadoebis privilegirebuli

nawilis SeiaraReba viTardeboda. mZimed SeiaraRebuli cxenosnis

aRWurvilobis mixedviT SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT misi drois samxedro saqmis

doneze da gamovavlinoT ganviTarebis tendenciebi (Измайлов 2000: 260).

sxvadasxva iaraRis evoluciis procesi upirvelesad mZimed SeiaraRebuli

mebrZolis aRWurvilobaze aisaxeboda, rac metyvelebs mis gadamwyvet rolze

samxedro saqmis ganviTarebaSi (Худяков 1980: 131). mZimed SeWurvili mxedrebi

87 isic miiCnevs, rom sanapiroebis sistemis Seqmna daviT aRmaSenebelma daiwyo (margiSvili

2008: 155).

88 bizantiaSi yovelwliur sargos „roga“ erqva, romelsac SemdgomSi qarTulad „roqi“ ewoda

(javaxiSvili 1996: 273).

54

wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen Sua saukuneebis qarTul samxedro saqmeSic, ris

gamoc maTi sabrZolo taqtika gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagans

warmoadgens.

saukuneebis manZilze cxenosani Subs ramdenime xerxiT iyenebda: isroda

mas saTxediviT, eWira is ori xeliT89 an xelis Zalis gamoyenebiT aZgerebda

pirdapir90 anda zemodan.91 sanam cxenosani Subis saZgereblad mxolod

mklavis Zalas iyenebda, cxeni martooden sabrZolo platformis rols

asrulebda da Setevisas misi Zala an siCqare srulad ar gamoiyeneboda.

cxenis potencialis sruli gamoyeneba brZolis axali wesis SemoRebis Semdeg

gaxda SesaZlebeli, rodesac Sua saukuneebis cxenosanma Subi mklavqveS

uZravad amoido. Sedegad, Subi, mxedari da mowinaaRmdegisaken mqrolavi cxeni

erTad ganapirobebda dartymis Zalas, romelic bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo,

vidre mxolod xeliT moqnevisas (DeVries 1992: 12). aseTi dartymis dros

adamianisa da cxenis energia Subis wverzea koncentrirebuli (France 1996: 166).

mklavqveS mxolod Subis bolo hqondaT amodebuli, ris gamoc misi wveri

ufro metad iyo win mimarTuli („wagrZelebuli“), vidre sxva stiliT

brZolisas.92 swored Subis Wera simZimis centris ukan ganapirobebda mis

`dagrZelebas~, rac am stils garkveul upiratesobas aniWebda. brZolis

axali wesis saxelwodebac (couched lance) am TaviseburebiT aris ganpirobebuli:

couched niSnavs wagrZelebuls, gaSverils (Nicholson 2004a: 102). qarTulad mas

Seesabameba wagrZelebuli Subi.

rogorc iTqva, Subi am dros mWidrodaa moTavsebuli mklavsa da tans

Soris, dartymis siZliere ki cxenis moZraobiTaa gamowveuli (Nicolle 1999a: 30).

mxedars mxolod Subis sworad damizneba da taris mtkiced, uZravad Wera

rCeboda (Кирпичников 1971: 68). mizanSi amoReba cxenis saSualebiT da cxenosnis

89 am dros orive xeli dakavebuli iyo, rac faris gamoyenebas SeuZlebels xdida (Coulston 2002:

15). orive xeliT Subis Werisas sadaveebiT cxenis marTvis efeqturobac klebulobda (Gillmor

1983: 200).

90 am dros Subi barZayTan uWiravT ceriT win (Алексинский, Жуков, Бутягин, Коровкин 2005: 18).

91 am SemTxvevaSi Subis wveri nekis mxaresaa, ceri ki ukanaa (Алексинский, Жуков, Бутягин, Коровкин

2005: 18).

92 grZeli Subi mZime da sakmaod uxerxuli mosaxmari iyo da wonasworobis dacvas misi

sigrZis didi nawili ewireboda. rodesac grZeli, 12-futiani Subi Zveli meTodiT eWiraT,

Subi win mxolod 6 futiT iyo gaSverili, iRliis qveS amodebuli ki mTeli 9 futiT iyo win

mimarTuli (Ross 1963: 128, 131; Hyland 1994: 57).

55

sxeulis trialiT xdeboda. Subis wonas da dartymis Zalas mxedris

wonasworoba rom ar daerRvia, Subis wveri cxenis Tavis marcxniv iyo

mimarTuli, bolo ki mxedars marjvena iRliis qveS hqonda amodebuli (Davis

1989: 21). aqedan gamomdinareobda wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis erTi naklic,

kerZod, Subis mxolod win mimarTva SeiZleboda da arc ise didi radiusis

farglebSi (Nicolle 2007b: 70-71; Nicolle 1980: pl. IIIf).

wagrZelebuli SubiT brZola, rogorc Cans, XI saukunis meore

naxevridan mkvidrdeba evropaSi.93 rac ar unda iyos am teqnikis SemoRebis

zusti TariRi, XII saukunis SuaxanebSi wagrZelebuli Subi ukve

gabatonebulia brZolis velze da ase rCeba Sua saukuneebis bolomde (DeVries

1992: 14). j. fransis azriT, wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesis ganviTarebaSi

kritikul etaps warmoadgens pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba, roca

disciplinirebuli sabrZolo erTeulebi am stils masobrivad iyeneben (France

1994: 71). wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesi ganapirobebs yvelaze Zlier

dartymas, rac ki cxenosanma SeiZleba miayenos mowinaaRmdeges. wagrZelebuli

Subis dartyma mowinaaRmdeges unagiridan agdebda, metic, zogjer cxenianad

ayiravebda mas. SemTxveviTi araa, rom aRmosavleTSi, sadac tradiciulad

SubiT brZolis mravalferovani wesebi arsebobda, am wess sakmao pativs

scemdnen.94 XII saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili mxedari, arabi usama ibn

munkizi,95 Tavisi mdidari gamocdilebis safuZvelze, yvelaze efeqturad

wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis xerxs miiCnevda, rodesac Subiani xeli da

idayvi mWidrodaa gverdze miWerili da dartymis Zalas cxenis moZraoba

93 baios gobelenze, romelic 1066 wels inglisis dapyrobis aRsaniSnavadaa Seqmnili, swored

es gardamavali periodia asaxuli; 35 figuridan, romelic Subs flobs, mxolod 5-s uWiravs

is iRliis qveS, gamarTulad (Bachrach 1985: 744). wagrZelebuli Subis SemoRebis TariRTan

dakavSirebuli diskusiis Sesaxeb ix. DeVries 1992: 13-14.

94 arabuli samxedro traqtatis „nihaiaT al-su’lis“ mixedviT, maxlobel aRmosavleTSi

cxenosnis mier Subis gamoyenebis sami ZiriTadi xerxi arsebobda: „xorasnuli stili“,

rodesac mxedari Subs cali xeliT iyenebda („atrialebda“), Subis ori xeliT gamoyenebis

Zveli meTodi da „siriuli Seteva“, romelsac aseve „bizantiuri stili“ ewodeboda da

romelic wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolas gulisxmobda (Nicolle 2007c: 155).

95 Turq-selCukTagan gansxvavebiT, arab cxenosanTa umTavresi iaraRi Subi iyo. sxvaTa Soris,

es rusTavelsac kargad moexseneboda: àrabTa icis yvelaman, maTi abjari Subia~ (SoTa

rusTaveli 2009: str. 1612).

56

ganapirobebs. jvarosnebTan erT SetakebaSi, usamam aseTi dartymiT franki

raindis jaWvis ori fena gaglija (Usamah Ibn-Munqidh 2000: 68-70).

brZolis velze wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyeneba maqsimalur efeqts maSin

iZleva, rodesac adamianebi da cxenebi erTad axorcieleben koordinirebul

Setevas, rac, Tavis mxriv, sabrZolo erTeulis disciplinaze da

organizaciazea damyarebuli (France 1997: 167). discipliniT ganTqmuli

tamplierebisTvisac ki cxenosanTa masirebuli Setevis sworad ganxorcieleba

iseTi rTuli iyo, rom detalurad hqondaT aRwerili TavianT wesdebaSi

(France 1994: 372). mZime cxenosanTa warmatebuli Seteva warmoadgens mWidrod

dawyobili SubgamarTuli razmis Sejaxebas mowinaaRmdegis sabrZolo

rigebTan, rasac Sedegad rigebis garRveva da mtris wyobis daSla moyveba.96

es TiToeuli mebrZolisa da misi cxenis erTnairi siCqariT da mimarTulebiT

SeTanxmebul qmedebas moiTxovs. yovelive es ki, xangrZliv momzadebasa da

praqtikas saWiroebda. idealur SemTxvevaSi, mowinaaRmdegis rigebis garRvevis

Semdeg, razmi unda gadawyobiliyo da isev Seetia,97 Tumca es Zalian Zneli

iyo da amis ganxorcieleba mxolod uaRresad disciplinirebul armias

SeeZlo, romelsac hyavda gamocdili meTaurebi, medroSeebi, mesignaleebi da

a.S.

wagrZelebuli SubiT ganxorcielebuli brZolis am saxes Tanamedrove

istorikosebi „cxenosanTa Sokur dartymas“ (mounted shock combat) uwodeben, rac

sworad asaxavs aseTi Setevis Zalas. cxenosanTa Sokuri Seteva iseTi

Semzaravi sanaxavi iyo, rom xSirad mowinaaRmdege Sejaxebamde garboda

brZolis velidan (White 1962: 29-33; DeVries 1992: 12). sworad ganxorcielebul

aseT Setevas Znelad Tu vinme daudgeboda win. wagrZelebuli Subi

gansakuTrebiT efeqturi kavaleriis winaaRmdeg iyo (Bennett 1995: 34). r. smeilis

azriT, dasavleTevropel cxenosanTa Sokuri Seteva wagrZelebuli SubiT

yvelaze mZlavri taqtikuri iaraRi iyo, romlis Zala samxedro SenaerTis

saerTo, koleqtiur wonas emyareboda (Smail 1995: 113-115). mas kvers ukravs k.

marSali, romelic Tvlis, rom wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebisas, Setevis

96 Semdgom, warmatebis gansaviTareblad, garRvevis adgilas sxva razmebs CarTavdnen.

97 „franguli bruni“ (tor Franceis) ewodeboda iseT taqtikur xerxs, rodesac pirveli Setakebisa

da mowinaaRmdegis rigebSi SeWris Semdeg, mxedari brundeba ukan Tavisi droSis

mimarTulebiT, ayenebs meore dartymas da ukana gzaze isev gaivlis mtris rigebs (Bennett 2003:

55).

57

saerTo simZime Sua saukuneebis armiis yvelaze mZlavri iaraRi iyo (Marshall

1992a: 222; Marshall 1992b: 158).

fiqroben, rom wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis stili dasavleTma evropam

bizantiisagan gadaiRo da Tvlian, rom swored bizantiaSi miaRwia am stilma

srul ganviTarebas X saukuneSi. igi, TiTqosda, SemoiRo imperator nikifore

fokas mZime kavaleriam (Nicolle 1999a: 78). d. nikolis azriT, garda

wagrZelebuli Subisa, nikifore fokas bizantiuri mZime kavaleria iseTive

Sokur dartymiT taqtikas iyenebda, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo momdevno

xanis dasavleTevropuli rainduli armiebisaTvis (Nicolle 1998b: 70). am

Tvalsazriss ver gaviziareb. nikifore foka rom dartymiTi taqtikis

damnergavi yofiliyo, is sakuTari kavaleriis Setevis pirvel xazze

Subosnebs daayenebda da ara xmal-laxtiT SeiaraRebulebs. rogorc Cans,

bizantielebi flobdnen wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis xelovnebas, magram

ara Sokur taqtikas, romelsac Semdgom am wesiT mebrZoli evropuli

kavaleria iyenebda. nikifore fokas dros, X saukuneSi, mZimed SeiaraRebuli

bizantieli mxedris, katafraqtis upirvelesi iaraRi laxtia da ara Subi

(Никифор Фока 2005: 23-24, 76-77; McGeer 1995: 37, 216). SubiT SeiaraRebuli

katafraqtebi sabrZolo wyobaSi mxolod mexuTe rigidan Cndebian, isic

flangebze, umniSvnelo ricxvs Seadgenen da raime arsebiTi rolis Sesruleba

ar SeuZliaT (Никифор Фока 2005: 24, 77; McGeer 1995: 37). SeiaraRebidan

gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia visaubroT kavaleriis iseT dartymiT taqtikaze,

rogorsac SubiT aRWurvili evropeli mxedari axorcielebda. metic,

nikifore fokas 504 (an 384) katafraqtidan 150 (an 80) mSvildiT iyo

SeiaraRebuli da ukana rigebidan sroliT mxars uWerda axlo brZolis

iaraRiT aRWurvil sxva katafraqtebs (Никифор Фока 2005: 23, 76-77; McGeer 1995:

37). brZolis aseTi wess araferi aqvs saerTo cxenosanTa dartymiT

taqtikasTan.

TavisTavad, wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyeneba sulac ar ukavSirdeba

pirdapir Sokuri brZolis wess (France 1999: 160). wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis

wess flobda arabi usama da bizantielebic, magram es ar gadazrdila

kavaleriis dartymiT taqtikaSi da miTY umetes, masobrivad mis gamoyenebaSi.

Cans, aRmosavleTSi icnobdnen wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis stils, magram

ar gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom is iseTive dominanturi da efeqturi iyo,

rogorc evropaSi XI saukunis bolodan. unda gvaxsovdes, rom raime

58

taqtikuri xerxis an teqnologiuri miRwevis danergva wlebis ganmavlobaSi

xdeba da saTanado efeqti xSirad mxolod amis Semdeg miiRweva.98 rogorc

Cans, wagrZelebuli SubiT Setevis xerxi didi xania arsebobda, magram Tavad

Sokuri Seteva xangrZlivi drois manZilze yalibdeboda da metad efeqturi

XII saukuneSi gaxda (Strickland 1996a: 361-366).

wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wess qarTvelebi X saukuneSi mainc unda

gascnobodnen bizantiisagan, romelTan kavSiri da samxedro TanamSromloba

Zalze intensiuri iyo.99 ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es moxda swored nikifore

fokas epoqaSi arabTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolebis dros. qarTvelebi,

rogorc mokavSireebi, monawileobas iRebdnen nikifore fokas kampaniaSi

kilikiaSi 964 wels (kopaliani 1969: 23). Cveni mosazrebis sailustraciod

SeiZleba moviyvanoT martvilis taZris X saukunis reliefi, romelzec wminda

evstaTe plakidaa gamosaxuli100 (sur. 2). wmindans Subi (3-3.5 m sigrZis,

reliefis proporciebiT rom vimsjeloT) simZimis centris ukan,

dagrZelebulad uWiravs, raTa maqsimalurad gamoiyenos misi sigrZe.

sainteresoa, rom wm. evstaTe, romelsac saqarTveloSi Cveulebriv mSvildiT

gamosaxavdnen, aq SubiTaa aRWurvili.101 es metyvelebs Subis gazrdil

mniSvnelobaze, romelmac tradiciul kompoziciaSi mSvildi Caanacvla.

Cven gvaqvs cnoba, romelic naTels hfens XI saukunis saqarTveloSi

rainduli taqtikis TandaTanobiT formirebas. stefanos orbeliani agviwers

liparit baRvaSis Setevas Turq-selCukebis laSqarze kapetrus brZolaSi 1048

98 SedarebisTvis aviRoT grZeli mSvildi: es iaraRi saukuneebis manZilze arsebobda, magram

taqtikuri mniSvneloba da efeqti mxolod ingliselebis mier aswlian omSi masobrivi

gamoyenebis Semdeg SeiZina (Whetham 2008: 213-232; Ayton 1999: 203).

99 magaliTad, bagrat magistrosi monawileobda ioane kurkuasis 930-31 wlebis laSqrobaSi,

romelic Teodosiupolis aRebiT dasrulda (Constantine Porphyrogenitus 1967: 45.145).

100 gamosaxuleba aSkarad X da ara VII saukunisaa, rogorc es miCneulia qarTul

xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi (Аладашвили 1977: илл. 51). wmindanis uzangi erTmniSvnelovnad gviandel

TariRs mianiSnebs. cnobilia, rom uzangs sasanuri irani saerTod ar iyenebda, arabebma ki is

mxolod VIII saukuneSi aiTvises. uzangis uadresi gamosaxuleba islamur samyaroSi

daaxloebiT 730 wlidan gvaqvs, palmirasTan mdebare omaianTa sasaxlidan (White 1975: 99). amis

gamo martvilis reliefi verafriT iqneba VII saukunis.

101 cxenze amxedrebuli evstaTes gamosaxuleba, romelic mSvildiTaa SeiaraRebuli, adridanve

mkvidrdeba saqarTveloSi da sasanuri ikonografiis gavlenaze mianiSnebs. amiT is

gansxvavdeba kapadokiuri gamosaxulebebisagan, sadac wmindani Tavidanve SubiT iyo

aRWurvili (Grotowski 2010: 82-85).

59

wels: „liparit... Sevidodis da ganvidodis... da ganhxeTqda razmTa maTTa da

ganvlida“ (stefanos orbeliani 1978: 35). liparitis brZolis stili Zalian

hgavs rainduls, romlis mTavar mizans mowinaaRmdegis rigebis garRveva da

brZoliT gavla warmoadgens: stefanosi orjer aRniSnavs, rom lipariti

mtris razmSi „Sevidodis da ganvidodis“ da „ganhxeTqda razmTa maTTa da

ganvlida“. wagrZelebuli Subis popularizacias, rasakvirvelia, xels

Seuwyobda bizantiis aRmosavlur provinciebSi myofi dasavleTevropeli

moqiravneebic. XI saukuneSi bizantiis imperiaSi mravali franki meomari

msaxurobda; normanTa kontingentebi krespinis, rusel baileis Tu erve

frankopulos meTaurobiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen bizantielTa

laSqrobebSi (Richard 1952: 171). rusel baileis 3,000-mde mZime cxenosani

imperiis mTavar damrtymel Zalas warmoadgens aRmosavleTSi, 1057 wels

frankebi bizantiis somxeTSi damoukidebeli samTavros Seqmnas cdiloben, 1071

wels ki edesaSi aTasi frankia Tavmoyrili (White, 1975: 99).102

metic, nikifore

brienosis mowmobiT, manaskertTan damarcxebis Semdeg bizantielebma scades

evropuli stiliT mebrZoli cxenosanTa nawilis Seqmna, risTvisac mxedrebs

sagangebod, blagvi SubiT avarjiSebdnen (Shepard 1993: 293).103 eWvs gareSea,

qarTvelebs eqnebodaT garkveuli urTierToba aRmosavleTSi myof frank

moqiravneebTan da informaciac maTi taqtikisa da bizantiis imperiaSi

mimdinare eqsperimentebis Sesaxeb.104

saqarTveloSi wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesis da cxenosanTa

dartymiTi taqtikis sabolood danergva, albaT, daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi

moxda. frankebis Tavbrudamxvevi warmateba pirvel jvarosnul laSqrobaSi

damatebiT stimuls miscemda am stilis SemoRebas. jvarosnebis mier

cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis warmatebiT gamoyenebaze FdaviT IV-s

informacias miawvdidnen is qarTvelebic, romlebic Tan axldnen pirvel

102 bizantiaSi frank moqiravneTa Sesaxeb ix. Kazhdan 2001: 83-100, gans. 92-4 da 98.

103 es faqti kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom bizantiuri kavaleria nikifore fokas drosac ar

iyenebda Sokur dartymiT taqtikas.

104 XII saukunis selCukTa istorikosis sadr ad-din al-husainis (marTalia, gviandeli) cnobiT,

1067 wels bagrat IV-is armiaSi franki meomrebi imyofebodnen (ал-Хусайни 1980: 55). am cnobis

winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTisaTvis ix. Minorsky 1953: 65n1.

60

jvarosnul laSqrobas (Fulcher of Chartres 1973: 88).105

amas xels Seuwyobda

daviTis laSqarSi myofi 100 Tu 200 franki jvarosanic (Matthew of Edessa 1993:

227; Walter the Chancellor 1999: 169).106 amis arapirdapiri mowmoba gvaqvs didgoris

cnobil brZolaSi, sadac 1121 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma il-Razis

koaliciuri laSqari daamarcxa. daviT mefis istorikosi gvaZlevs or, erTi

SexedviT, TiTqosda SeuTavsebel informacias: misi cnobiT, mterma pirvelive

Setevas ver gauZlo (`pirvelsave omsa iota banaki maTi~ da `verca pirvelsa

kueTebasa SeuZles winadadgomad~) da amave dros, misive TqmiT, brZola

gagrZelda 3 saaTs (`xolo mefisa daviTisi eseodenTa mimarT winaganwyoba sam

Jamadmde iyo~), rac sakmaod didi droa im epoqisaTvis (daviT aRmaSeneblis

istorikosi 1955: 341-342). am ori, TiTqosda winaaRmdegobrivi cnobis SeTavseba

advilad SeiZleba, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qarTuli laSqari iyenebda

cxenosanTa dartymiT taqtikas. brZolis velze ganviTarebuli movlenebis

zogadi rekonstruqcia asea SesaZlebeli: radganac brZola sami saaTi

gagrZelda da gamarjvebis misaRwevad qarTvelTa pirvelive Setevac sakmarisi

aRmoCnda, bunebrivia vivaraudoT, rom es ieriSi brZolis miwuruls

ganxorcielda, manamde ki daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavs icavda dAa xelsayrel

dros elodeboda. pirveli 2-2,5 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Turqmen cxenosan

moisarTa talRebi awydeba qarTvelTa rigebs107 („Zlieri yiJiniT, cxenisa da

iaraRis xmauriT, zardamcemi bairaRebiT“), romlebic uryevad dgas da Tavs

icavs („daviT mefe amxnevebs Tavisianebs“) (Walter the Chancellor 1999: 169-170).

SetevisaTvis swori momentis SerCevis Semdeg, qarTuli rainduli kavaleriis

Sokuri dartyma muslimTa mTavar birTvs, il-Razis droSas swvdeba108 (amis

105 Tuki fulxeriusis Iberi aq marTlac qarTvelebs gulisxmobs, es jgufi, romelic

mravalricxovani ar iqneboda, SesaZloa jvarosnebs wamohyva konstantinopolidan, sadac

qarTuli kolonia arsebobda.

106 smbat sparapeti 500 franksac ki asaxelebs daviTis laSqarSi (Смбат Спарапет 1974: 83).

107 TurqmenTa taqtika gulisxmobda mowinaaRmdegis rigebTan axlos misvlas, maTi isrebiT

dacxrilvas, ukan Semoqcevas da Tavidan Setevas; Sedegad mteri sagrZnoblad sustdeboda an

isrebiT Sewuxebuli moumzadebel ieriSs iwyebda da iolad marcxdeboda.

108 mZime cxenosanTa Semzaravi dartymis asarideblad muslim cxenosnebs SeeZloT

gafantuliyvnen, Tavidan aecilebinaT Setevis pirveli Zala, Semdeg motrialebodnen

wyobadaSlil mowinaaRmdeges da flanguri an uknidan dartymiT daemarcxebinaT isini.

swored amitom, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda Setevis sizustes da sworad SerCeul dros, rom

dartyma muslimTa mTavar dajgufebas miswvdomoda, ise rom, maT Tavi ver daeRwiaT

61

utyuari indikatori il-Razis TavSi daWraa) (Walter the Chancellor 1999: 170). es

sworad SerCeuli, droulad da mTeli simZimiT ganxorcielebuli pirvelive

dartyma (romelsac ueWvelad qarTvelTa yvelaze disciplinirebuli da

gamocdili moymeebi ganaxorcielebdnen) sakmarisi aRmoCnda il-Razis armiis

ZiriTadi birTvis gasanadgureblad, rasac xelmZRvanelobis da Sedegad,

mTeli am uzarmazari armiis moSla da gaqceva mohyva. am erTaderTi Setevis

xasiaTi da Sedegi metyvelebs mis arsze da maRali albaTobiT SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom saqme gvaqvs didi ostatobiT ganxorcielebul cxenosanTa Sokur

dartymasTan.

Tuki aqamde bevr rames varaudis doneze varkvevdiT, XII-XIII saukuneebis

mijnaze Tamaris pirveli istorikosi gadmogvcems faqts, romlis

mniSvnelobac Znelia gadaameto. ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~

mogviTxrobs, rom 1209 wels sparseTSi laSqrobisas zaqaria amirspasalarma

xuTasi rCeuli mxedari („rCeuli didebuli da aznauri“) Tayaiadin Tmogvelis

sardlobiT avangardSi ganawesa. maT Tavs daesxaT ricxobrivi upiratesobiT

gaTamamebuli marandelebi, romlebic sastikad damarcxdnen. rodesac

ZiriTadma laSqarma brZolis veli daaTvaliera, Tvalebs ar daujera:

„ixiles naomari adgili mkudriTa kaciTa da cxeniTa savse, da qarTvelTa

kaci arca erTi ipoeboda. esodeni Zleva moeca RmerTsa, romel xuTasi Subi

xuTassa kacsa da cxensa zeda esua“ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 105). mematiane,

romelic samxedro saqmeSi Caxeduli kaci Cans, aRfrTovanebas ver ikavebs da

oriode striqonis Semdeg, isev imeorebs: „aseTi Zleva miscemoda, romel

xuTasi Subi xuTassave kacsa xuTasisa cxenisa da kacisaTvis Seeca da

xuTassa zeda dasobili ixiles~ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 105). es gaxlavT

saukeTeso argumenti qarTvelTa mier wagrZelebuli SubiT ganxorcielebuli

cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis sasargeblod: nebismieri sxva brZolis wesiT

msgavsi Sedegis miRweva warmoudgenelia! mematianes udavod kargad esmis, Tu

ra ostatobas moiTxovs ase uzadod ganxorcielebuli cxenosanTa Seteva da

swored amitom uTmobs am epizods, sxva brZolebTan SedarebiT, ase did

adgils. momxdaris gaazrebaSi dagvexmareba cnobili arabi mxedari usama ibn

SejaxebisaTvis, sadac upiratesobas xelCarTul brZolaSi ukve mZimed SeWurvili Subosani

flobda. muslimTa mobilur taqtikasTan brZolisas, mTavari problema swored pirvel

etapze gaZleba da SetevisaTvis drois da miznis swori SerCevaa (Smail 1995: 77-83, 112-115;

Marshall 1992b: 35, 158-161; Richard 1952: 169-171; Kedar 1992: 203, 206).

62

munkizi, romelic siamayiT agviwers mis mier gadaxdil erT brZolas,

rodesac Teqvsmetma muslimma Setevisas Teqvsmeti franki gangmira SubiT

(Usamah Ibn-Munqidh 2000: 86). legendarul muslim rainds sruli safuZveli aqvs

am faqtiT iamayos. amave dros, Tuki SevadarebT usamas gmirobis da mardinis

epizodis masStabs, kidev erTxel davrwmundebiT ukanasknelis mniSvnelobaSi;

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi Setevis analogis moZieba evropul

analebSic gaWirdeba.

j. fransi aRniSnavs, rom aRmosavleTSi, TurqTa winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad jvarosnebi cxenosanTa Sokur Setevas bevrad ufro

masirebulad iyenebdnen, vidre amas adgili hqonda dasavleT evropaSi.

masirebuli Setevis ganxorcieleba mxolod disciplinirebul da kargad

Sewyobil armias SeeZlo (France 2000: 60-61). radganac aseTi Seteva masobrivad,

erTiani frontaluri xaziT Zneli gansaxorcielebelia, evropaSi mas ufro

patara taqtikuri erTeulebiT (konstabularia an konrua, romlebic 10-40

raindisgan formirdeboda), erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT asrulebdnen. sparseTSi

laSqrobisas 500 mebrZolis mier erTdroulad Subis gamoyeneba miuTiTebs,

rom adgili hqonda erTian, masobriv Setevas, rac imdroindeli qarTuli

armiis maRal taqtikur ostatobaze metyvelebs. Tamar mefis istorikosis sxva

cnobidan Cans, rom erTiani, masirebuli Seteva qarTuli armiis Cveul

taqtikur xerxs warmoadgenda. 1195 wels Samqoris brZolaSi `Seiqmna omi da

kueTeba araTu srulobiT warmoRuriTa razmisaTa, garna winamsrbolTagan~

(istoriani da azmani 1959: 70). mematiane sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom amjerad

adgili ar hqonia erTian Setevas (anu `razmebis srul warmoRuras~), aramed

mxolod calkeul mowinave nawilTa Setakebas.

brZolisas, wyoba naadrevad rom ar daerRvia, qarTuli mxedroba

(rainduli kavaleriis msgavsad) jer neli tempiT uaxlovdeboda mters da

mxolod uSualod Setakebis win cota aCqardeboda (gadadioda CorTiT

svlaze).109 am wesis dacviT ganxorcielebuli Seteva, rodesac mowinaaRmdeges

cxenosanTa erTiani masa aRwevs, metad Zneli mosageriebelia. qarTvelTa mier

ganxorcielebul amgvar Setevas agviweren wyaroebi 1202 wels basianis velze

109 jer kidev VI saukuneSi imperator mavrikioss kargad esmoda cxenosanTa mwyobris

SenarCunebis mniSvneloba Setevis warmatebisaTvis da mterTan CorTiT miaxloebas urCevda

maT (Maurices’s Strategikon 1984: 38). am sakiTxze ufro vrceli msjelobisaTvis ix. Bennett 1992: 184-

185.

63

rumis sasulTnos armiis damarcxebisas. brZolis win qarTvelebma „daawyues

razmi“ (anu ganalages winambrZoli da sxva nawilebi) da „esreT wynarad

vidodes“ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 96); „viTar ixiles sultani, cotad cxenni

aaCqarnes da mimarTes“ (basili ezosmoZRuari 1959: 137). `cotad aaCqares~, raTa

cxenosanTa sabrZolo wyoba droze adre (Setakebamde) ar daSlodaT, rac

dartymas Zalas daakargvinebda.

amave epoqaSi dawerili `vefxistyaosani~ damatebiT detalebs gvawvdis

Cveni versiis sasargeblod:

„Subi vsTxove, xeli Cavyav muzaradis dasarqmelad;

saomarad atexili viyav maTad gamtexelad;

erTsa wavswydi utevansa, wavgrZeldi da wave grZelad.

maT uricxvi razmi ewyo, wynarad dges da auSlelad...

kacs Subi vhkar, cxeni davec, marT ornive mihxdes mzesa,

Subi gatyda, xeli Cavyav, vaqeb, xrmalo, vinca glesa!“ (SoTa rusTaveli

2009: str. 446-447).

rusTavelis mier aRwerili ieriSi evropeli raindis mier Catarebul

tipur brZolas hgavs: Setakebis win meabjre tariels Subs awvdis, mZime

muzarads ki cxenze an abjarze damagrebuls atarebs da bolo wuTs

ixuravs;110 saocrad poeturadaa aRwerili Setevisas Subis vertikaluri

mdgomareobidan horizontalurSi gadayvana, rodesac mxedris silueti Subis

xarjze grZeldeba – „wavgrZeldi da wave grZelad“, Semdgom Setakeba,

rodesac Subi imsxvreva da raindi brZolas xmliT agrZelebs. cxadia, rom

Seteva wagrZelebuli SubiT xdeba da ara raime sxva xerxiT. aseTi Setevisas

Subi eWiraT marjvena xelis majiT, misi bolo ki iRliaSi hqondaT

amodebuli. majaze didi datvirTvis gamo aseTi mdgomareobis SenarCuneba

Znelia, ris gamoc Subi vertikalurad zeaRmarTuli eWiraT da mxolod

Setevisas, bolo momentSi daxridnen, anu Subi gadahyavdaT horizontalur

poziciaSi (Davis 1989: 19-21). swored es procesi aqvs SoTa rusTavels lamazad

aRwerili.

110 zustad ase, bolo momentSi, uSualod brZolis dawyebis win ixuravs muzarads evropeli

raindi. amis sailustraciod cnobili magaliTic kmara, rodesac 1217 wels linkolnTan

brZolaSi uiliam marSals skvairma bolo wams Seaxsena, rom ukve muzaradis daxurvis dro

iyo (Prestwich 1995: 205-206).

64

XII da Semdgomi saukuneebis wyaroebSi aRniSnuli Subis dalewvis

gaxSirebuli faqtebi miuTiTebs dartymis did Zalaze da wagrZelebuli

SubiT brZolaze (Кирпичников 1971: 68). amis maniSnebelia, agreTve, brZolisas

cxenidan kacis Camogdebac. SubiT Zlieri dartyma, romelic mowinaaRmdeges

cxenidan agdebs, mianiSnebs wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebaze (Bachrach 1988:

194).111

mose xonelis àmirandarejanianSi~, romelic XII-XIII ss. sagmiro-

saraindo romania, mravlad vxvdebiT Subis dalewvis („Semoutiva man kacman

da Subni Semoalewna“) (mose xoneli 1967: 39-40). da cxenidan Camoyris faqtebs:

„Seekazma da orolni ÃelTa aixuna. equsTave Seutives, ÃelTa orolebi

hqonda. Seutiva, viTamca cotani ymani yofil iyvnes, egre uWirvelad

Camoyarna“ (mose xoneli 1967: 610-611). es epizodi SesaZloa, mxatvruli

gazviadebaa, magram naTlad aRwers SubiT brZolis raindul wess.112

sainteresoa, rom msgavsi taqtikuri xerxis da brZolis stilis

gamoyeneba sxva donezec iwvevs msgavsebas. erTnairi wesiT mebrZolebs

erTnairi morali uyalibdebaT, iqneba es franki raindi Tu qarTveli moyme:

orive erTnairad aqebs xelCarTul brZolas da aZagebs distanciurs, anu

isris gamoyenebas. àmirandarejanianSi~, romelic imdroindeli samxedro

wreebis Sexedulebebs da miswrafebebs gadmogvcems, orjer Tu vxvdebiT

orTabrZolaSi isris gamoyenebas, rac orjerve dagmobilia. mSvildiT

brZola iseT augad iTvleba, rom mas Tavisianebic ki kicxaven! rodesac

xosro xazarTa mefem isriT mokla mowinaaRmdege, misma laSqarmac ki `magra

111 termini Pleine sa hanste mianiSnebs SubiT gangmirulis gadmovardnas cxenidan, roca igi

yiravdeba kudisaken Subis mTel sigrZeze da wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebis indikatoria

(Ross 1963: 127, n3; Bennett 2003: 53; Bachrach 1985: 745-746).

112 s. margiSvili erTmaneTTan aigivebs horols da xelSubs da `werilobiT wyaroebSi

horolis (xelSubis) sakmaod xSiri moxseniebis~ safuZvelze, XII saukunis qarTul armiaSi

varaudobs msubuqi cxenosani `xelSubosnebis danayofebis arsebobasac~ (margiSvili 2006: 190).

raime monacemi, romlis mixedviTac XII saukunis qarTveli mxedari brZolaSi xelSubs

iyenebda, ar arsebobs. rac mTavaria, horoli xelSubi ar aris, igi grZeli Subia. sulxan-

sabas aRwerilobiT, òroli ars, laxvari or-piri da bun-grZeli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani

1991: 409). i. SaiSmelaSvilic, romelic erTgan Tavad miuTiTebs, rom horoli targrZeli

Subia, novgorodeli qveiTis da romaeli legioneris analogiiT (?!) miiCnevs, rom meomars

ramdenime horoli SeiZleba etarebina; Cans, horoli masac xelSubi hgonia (SaiSmelaSvili

1981: 20, 76). aseT Secdomebze sxva dros iqneb yuradReba arc gagvemaxvilebina, magram Sua

saukuneebSi qarTvelTa brZolis wesis ganxilvisas, xelSubisa da Subis (horolis) aRreva

dauSvebelia da isini erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad unda gavmijnoT.

65

augad daudves mSuildiTa Sebma“ (mose xoneli 1967: 233-234). naTlad Cans, rom

mSvilds raindis Sesaferis iaraRad ar Tvlidnen da orTabrZolaSi mis

gamoyenebas eridebodnen: „winasve Tques mSuildisa ara aReba, yovelsave

SubiTa, ÃrmliTa da laxtiTa ibrZodes“ (mose xoneli 1967: 472-473). rodesac

orTabrZolis erTi monawile wess arRvevs da mSvilds mainc iyenebs, mas ase

amunaTeben: „muxTlad lamobdi sikudilsa Cemsa, wyeulmca xar! ara ars

kargisa Wabukisa Ãeli egeTi muxTloba“ (mose xoneli 1967: 249-250). cxadia,

rom raindul SerkinebaSi mSvildiT brZola muxTlobad iTvleba, romelic

ar Seefereba karg Wabuks (rainds).

avtori, romelic TiTqosda Sua saukuneebis yvela erovnebis raindis

piriT laparakobs, martivad gvixsnis, Tu ratom ar uyvardaT mSvildis

gamoyeneba orTabrZolaSi: „omSi yuela gumarjuia, gana isari Sors mohklavs

kacsa da Wabukoba ara gamoCndebis“ (mose xoneli 1967: 607). aq aRiarebulia

omSi mSvild-isris roli, magram zemoqmedebis distanciuri xasiaTis gamo, mas

ar Tvlian raindis Sesafer iaraRad; `Wabukobad~, vaJkacobad iTvleba

xelCarTuli brZola mZimed SeWurvili mebrZolis monawileobiT.113 metad

niSandoblivia aseTi moralis Camoyalibeba saqarTveloSi, rodesac

garemomcvel islamur samyaroSi mSvildi yovelTvis prestiJul iaraRad

iTvleboda.

qarTvel da dasavlel raindTa msgavsi brZolis stili sabrZolo

wyobis msgavsebaSic gamovlinda. oTx sadroSod dayofili saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobisa da XII-XIII saukuneebSi qarTvelTa mier

gadaxdili brZolebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia qarTuli

laSqris wyobis rekonstruqcia: pirvel xazs qmnis win waweuli winambrZoli,

romelic yvelaze mravalricxovani Cans da ganapirobebs pirveli dartymis

siZlieres; meore xazs – marjvena da marcxena ukan daweuli flangebi; kidev

ufro ukan, rezervSi, mesame xazSi dgas mefe (an mTavarsardali).114

113 Soridan isriT kvlas dasavleli raindebic samarcxvinod Tvlidnen (Nicholson 2004: 99).

vrclad, mSvildosnobis mimarT raindTa kastis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb ix. Hatto 1940: 40-54.

114 ra Tqma unda, viTarebidan gamomdinare, sardals SeeZlo romelime mxare gaeZlierebina da

oTxis nacvlad sam nawilad daelagebina armia, rogorc amas vaxuStic miuTiTebs: `garna

odesme samad mimsvlelad anu sxuarig miiyvandian, viTar amjobinis mefe anu spasalari“

(vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 30). qarTuli laSqris samxaziani wyoba da misi upiratesobebi

kargad aqvs gaanalizebuli g. anCabaZes (anCabaZe 1984: 94-96), magram igi cdeba, rodesac Tvlis,

rom aseTi wyoba qarTvelebs dasavleTevropelebze bevrad adre gvqonda. aSkaraa, rom jer

66

amgvar wyobas bevri upiratesoba hqonda: Rrma, samxaziani wyobis Seqmnas

molaSqreTa SedarebiT mcire raodenoba sWirdeboda, vidre erTmaneTis ukan

dgomis dros; marcxena da marjvena flangi agrZelebda frontis xazs, utevda

mters frontalurad an flangurad da icavda sakuTar flangebs; anu

winambrZolis Setevis Semdeg meore xazis razmebi an mowinaaRmdegis manevrs

aneitraleben da flangebs icaven, an Tavad uteven mtris flangs. rezervi

brZolaSi yvelaze bolos, kritikul momentSi erTveba, uzrunvelyofs

damarcxebuli mtris devnas an faravs ukandaxevas.

sayuradReboa, rom zustad aseT samxazian wyobas xSirad iyenebdnen

jvarosnebic. amis faqtebi moipoveba sarminis (1115 weli), aTaribis (1119 weli),

habis (1119 weli) da filipopolisis (1208 weli) brZolebSi (Verbruggen 1997: 210).

es samxaziani, oTxelementiani wyoba iseTi efeqturi iyo, rom XV saukuneSi

saqarTvelos daSlis Semdegac gamoiyeneboda qarTul samefoebSi (vaxuSti

batoniSvili 1973: 31; klimiaSvili 1964: 121-127). qarTvelebi mas XVIII saukuneSi,

cecxlsasroli iaraRis epoqaSic ki iyenebdnen (Teimuraz II 1939: 86-87).

XIII saukunis meore mesamedidan, monRoluri zegavlenis Sedegad,

qarTvelTa aRWurviloba da brZolis stili sagrZnob transformacias

ganicdis: SeiaraRebaSi Cndeba mSvildi, romelic iaraRis savaldebulo

CamonaTvals emateba. amisda miuxedavad, ZiriTad iaraRad isev Subi rCeba,

romelic mxolod XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi kargavs Zvel mniSvnelobas

(wurwumia 2013b: 333-334). aqve unda iTqvas, rom wagrZelebuli Subis garda,

ramdenime gviandel miniaturaze Cven gvxvdeba Subis Weris sxva xerxebic: ori

xeliT da biliardis kiis msgavsad. gansakuTrebiT es SeimCneva aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi, romelic iranelTa didi zegavlenis qveS imyofeboda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom wagrZelebul Subs, albaT, sxva stiliT Subis

gamoyenebac enacvleboda, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cxenosanTa Setevis stili

ar icvleba da Sokuri Seteva qarTvelTa usayvarles taqtikur iaraRad rCeba.

JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs XIII saukunis SuaxanebSi TurqebTan

brZolaze, sadac mandaturTuxucesi SanSe horoliT klavs Turqs: „viTar

mieaxlnes, daawyves razmi da mietevnes. xolo SanSe upirates yovelTasa

mieteva, romelman horoliTa gangumira saxelovani Turqi“ (JamTaaRmwereli

1987: 95). 1260 wels, monRolebTan brZolisas qarTvelebi SubebiT uteven da

kidev XII saukunis dasawyisSi jvarosnebi aseT wyobas intensiurad iyenebdnen (Verbruggen 1997:

209-210).

67

samcxis spasalari horoliT cxenidan agdebs monRolTa rCeul mebrZols:

„viTar daeaxlnes urTierTas, zedamietevnes mesxni ganlaRebulni. xolo

sargis jayeli upirveles yovelTasa miuÃda razmsa da umÃnesi maTi, Cin-

baaduri, horoliTa cxenisagan queyanad dasca~ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 124).

saintereso informacia gagvaCnia XIV saukunis bolosaTvis: Temur-

lengTan brZolaSi „eseodeni simÃne aCuenes spaTa saqarTvelosaTa, viTarmed,

SehÃdian kiskasad Suasa Sina razmTa maTTasa, da egreT maxÂl-wvdilni

srvides, da ganvidian TaviTgan vidre bolomde, da kualad maTgan uvnebelad

ukmoiqceodian Soris banakisa mis ismaitelTasa. da esreT saxelovnad

gamarjuebulni movidian RvTiv-gÂrgÂnosnisa mefisa giorgis winaSe da

moulocevdian ganmarjuebasa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 462). aq aRwerili

Seteva hgavs rainduls, romlis mTavari niSania mowinaaRmdegis razmis

rigebis garRveva („ganvidian TaviTgan vidre bolomde“) da isev ukan gamovla

brZoliT sakuTar rigebamde („kualad maTgan uvnebelad ukmoiqceodian“),

Semdgom gadajgufeba („movidian RvTiv-gÂrgÂnosnisa mefisa giorgis winaSe“)

da xelaxali ieriSi; Cans qarTvel moymeTa disciplinac, rodesac ieriSis

Semdeg gadasajgufeblad ukan brundebian mefis droSasTan.

eWvmiutaneli informacia wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gvaqvs

1483 wels aradeTis brZolaSi, sadac SalikaSvili da maCabeli Seebnen

erTmaneTs: „Semosca Subi SalikaSvilman da gauxeTqa kubo farisa da ganavlo

mÃarsa Sigan da gardmoagdo cxenidama“ (beri egnataSvili 1959: 347). Tu ara

wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesi, sxvanairad warmoudgenelia iseTi Zalis

dartyma, romelic fars gaxeTqavs da mxarSi moxvedrili cxenidan

gadmoagdebs mowinaaRmdeges.

XVI saukuneSi, qarTlis mefeebis, luarsab I-is da svimon I-is

monawileobiT mimdinare brZolebis Sesaxeb sagulisxmo detalebi

Semonaxulia àxal qarTlis cxovrebasa~ da farsadan gorgijaniZesTan. 1556

wels garisis brZolaSi luarsab mefem „TaTarni dainaxa, meabjres Subi

gamoarTva da win miegeba da cxens dauZra“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 217).

1569 wels farcxisis brZolaSi svimon mefe iranelebs „saomraT win moegeba.

mefe svimon Subi ÃelT... TaTarT laSqarSi gamoeria... SubiT mravali TaTarni

gardmohyara... mefes Subi gautyda“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 219). imave

brZolaSi qarTlis mefe SubiT utevs da cxenidan agdebs yizilbaSs: „mouÃda

mefe svimon erTsa Wurvilsa yizilbaSsa, sca Zlierad oroliTa da daanarcxa

68

miwasa zeda, da mokla igi“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 514). dadianTan wagebul

omSi gasaqcevad gamzadebul simon mefes misma erTma „Sezrdilma“, saam

TurqestaniSvilma, uTxra: „aqedam Submouqneveli ar wavalo. Seutiva da

Camoagdo kaci da iyo gulsrulad damarcxebuls omSi TurqistaniSvili“

(beri egnataSvili 1959: 377). kvlav gvxvdeba Subis dartymiT cxenidan kacis

Camogdeba: „Seiswrafa razmTa Sina, sca oroliTa da gardaagdo kaci“

(qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 534). 1599 wels naxidurTan brZolaSi aRwerilia

simon mefis Seteva osmalebze: „mefem cxens dauZra da qarTvelni

SubdagrZelebulni cxenWenebiT mietivnes anazdeul, viTac Cqafis wvima

setyvis Rvarni mTisgan. gapes razmi urumTa da gardmoyares mravalni da

gaiares Siga yvelam... urumni gakvirvebul iyvnen amaTs mamacobasa, rom visac

gardmoagdebden, gascildian sxvazed da TiTos qarTvels oTxi Tu xuTi

urumi cxenidam gardmoegdo da mefe ÃelSubiani115 romels Toysa da droSas

Seutevdis, moSlidis“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 223).

am epizodebSi… vxedavT SubiT brZolas da mis msxvrevas, meabjres,

romlis movaleobac Subis miwodebaa (evropelis msgavsad, igi qarTveli

raindis ganuyreli mxlebelia), mtris cxenidan Camogdebas da sxv.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania naxidurTan brZolis aRwera, romelic

klasikuri rainduli Setevis gansaxierebaa da kidev erTxel mianiSnebs

wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebaze (`qarTvelni SubdagrZelebulni~).

XIV-XV saukuneebis Sesaxeb damatebiT mogveZeveba gamomsaxvelobiTi

masalac, romelic garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis monRolur-nomaduri

zegavlenis Sedegad transformirebul qarTul mxedrobaze, romlis mTavari

sabrZolo xerxi kvlavindeburad wagrZelebuli Subia. XIV saukunis meore

naxevris daviTnSi, romelic informacias gvawvdis Temur-lengis winaaRmdeg

mebrZol qarTvelTa SeiaraRebaze, brZolis erT scenaSi vxedavT

wagrZelebuli SubiT ieriSs da gangmirul mowinaaRmdeges (sur. 3). miuxedavad

im konservatizmisa, rasac qarTuli ikonografia wminda giorgis gamosaxvaSi

iCens, wagrZelebuli Subis gamosaxulebam aqac SeaRwia. SemorCenilia XV

saukunis ramdenime Weduri xati, romelzec wmindani wagrZelebuli SubiT

gmiravs gveleSaps. amgvar, metad iSviaT, kompozicias vxedavT Jibianis,

gulekaris da Tbilisis sionis xatebze, bodornis sawinamZRvro jvarze

(Чубинашвили 1959: 336). miuxedavad nomaduri zegavlenisa, rac, upirveles

115 igulisxmeba, rom mefes xelT Subi epyra da ara „xelSubi“.

69

yovlisa, SeiaraRebaSi mSvildis arsebobiT gamoixateba, mxedari mainc

rainduli wesiT ibrZvis (sur. 4).

gansakuTrebiT mdidari naratiuli masala gagvaCnia XVII saukunis

brZolebis Sesaxeb. am saukunis meore naxevris Tbileli mitropoliti ioseb

saakaZe istoriul poemaSi `didmouraviani~ metad sayuradRebo cnobebs

gvawvdis 1609 wlis taSiskaris brZolaze. erTgan, giorgi saakaZe Zlivs

akavebs mterze naadrevi Setevis msurvelebs: `me sadaveni Sevtaci, vin Subi

waigrZelao“ (ioseb tfileli 1939: 9). mSvenivrad Cans, rom Setevaze gadasvlas

qarTvelebi wagrZelebuli SubebiT apireben! sasuliero pirsac ki, romelic

Cveni avtoria, kargad esmis, rom `Subis wagrZeleba~ Setevaze gadasvlas

niSnavs. es striqonebi sainteresoa, rogorc rusTavelis erTgvari gamoZaxili

(„wavgrZeldi da wave grZelad“) da kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom tarielis

„wagrZeleba“ sworedac rom Subis saSualebiT xdeba. taSiskarTan brZolaSi

saakaZes sami Subi Semoatyda („ficiT Segkadro, mefeo, sami gavstexe Subia“)

(ioseb tfileli 1939: 14), ris Semdegac laxts da xmals iyenebs, – TiTqosda

evropeli raindis brZolis aRwerilobas vkiTxulobdeT. „Cveni brZola SubiT

aris, maTi far-xmal isaria“ (ioseb tfileli 1939: 14) – ioseb Tbilelis es

sityvebi epigrafadac ki SeiZleba gamodges, ise mokled da mkafiod

gamoxatavs gansxvavebas qarTul (anu evropul) da TaTrul (anu nomadur)

brZolis stils Soris!

unda iTqvas, rom aRmosavlel mezoblebTan SedarebiT qarTvelebi

yovelTvis grZnobdnen TavianT upiratesobas SubiT brZolaSi. 1625 wels

marabdis omis win samxedro TaTbirze giorgi saakaZe darwmunebulia, rom

iranelebi „Subis omsao Cven ver gagviZlebeno“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925:

234). farsadan gorgijaniZe zedmiwevniT zustad aRgviwers qarTvelTa mier

ganxorcielebul ieriSs marabdis brZolaSi, romelic klasikuri evropuli

rainduli Setevaa: cxenosnebma jer „nelad iares, merme farebi daifares da

Subebi waigrZeles da cxenWenebiT miuxdnen“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 234).

imave marabdis brZolaSi Teimuraz mefe utevs mowinaaRmdeges: „Subi Sesca da

iman fari daxuedra, fari gautexa da Ãelnavic gauxeTqa da mklavic mostexa,

Subic Seamtvria, cxenidam gardmoagdo“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 234). aseTi

Zalis dartyma, romelmac fari gaglija, samklave gaxeTqa, mklavi motexa da

Subic daamsxvria, mxolod wagrZelebuli SubiTaa SesaZlebeli.

70

1626 wels bazaleTis brZolaSi saakaZis da mefed gadacmuli ediSa

vaCnaZis orTabrZola evropis SuagulSi gamarTuli rainduli turniri

gegoneba – orive farze amsxvrevs Subs: „movravman fari daxvedra da Subi

Seimtvria da gascilda. movravman cxeni daibruna da Subi Sesca. amanc

farzed Seamtvria“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 237).

XVII saukuneSi kidev mravlad gvaqvs Subis msxvrevisa Tu gamoyenebis

SemTxvevebi, romlebic moxseniebis Rirsia. arCil mefe (1647-1713) aRgviwers 1614

wels JaleTTan Teimuraz I-is Setakebas iranelebTan: „mivaxlovdiT,

Semogvebnes, Cvenic wina miegeba, davamsxvriveT zed Subebi“ (arCili 1937: 54).

amave saukunis miwuruls iranelebTan brZolaSi giorgi mefis Zmiswulma

„vaxtang sca oroli sparssa“ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 471). vaxuSti

batoniSvilis erTi cnobiT, sabaraTianos sardali zaza ciciSvili brZolaSi

xuT (!) Subs amsxvrevs: „ekueTnen Zlierad da Semusra brZoliTa zazam Subi

xuTi“ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 452). es aSkarad brZolis stilze

metyvelebs, mxolod xeliT moqnevis da Zgerebisas warmoudgenelia amdeni

Subis damtvreva.

XVII saukunis literaturuli wyaroebic mxars umagrebs faqtobriv

monacemebs. saukunis dasawyisSi kaxeTis mouravma, cnobilma sardalma

qaixosro ColoyaSvilma prozad dawera `vefxistyaosnis~ gagrZeleba –

òmainiani~. aq orTabrZola isea aRwerili, erTi SexedviT tipuri

dasavleTevropuli turniri gegoneba, Tumca viciT, rom avtori qarTvelia da

qarTul realobas gadmogvcems: „gulmesisxled da cxengaficxebiT

erTmanerTsa Seuties. pirvelsave misvlasa Subni erTmanerTsa Sealewnes;

sxvani Subni aixvnes da igica dalewnes da merme indourni foladni xrmalni

daiwvadnes da erTmanerTsa dauSines, rome muzaradsa zeda cemiTa xrmalni

joxiviTa upirod daxdes. merme laxtebi daiwvades da asre medgrad

erTmanerTsa ecemebodes“ (qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979: 104).

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa qaixosro ColoyaSvilis mier gamoyenebuli

erTi hiperbola: „aw gafrTxildi, rome Cemsa Subsa qvitkirica ver daudgams!“

Subi cxensa yurTa Sua gamowona da frinveliviTa wamovida, rome misis

cxenisa ferxTa mtveri camdis aamaRla~ (qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979: 105). igi

exmaureba ana komnenas mier evropel raindebze ramdenime saukuniT adre

naTqvams: „franki mxedari babilonis galavans gaxvretso“ (Anna Komnene 2009:

71

378). aqac SubiT kedlis gaxvretazea saubari; aseTi Zalis dartymis

warmodgena mxolod wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebis dros aris SesaZlebeli.

XVI-XVII saukuneebis anonimuri Txzuleba `rusudaniani~ savsea

orTabrZolebiT, romlebic Subis dalewviT iwyeba da Semdgom xmliT da

laxtiT grZeldeba: „Seibnes. pirvel SubiT Seuties da Sealewes erTmanerTsa.

merme xrmlebi daiwodes da gulmesisxled dalewes... merme gurzebs mihyves

xeli da medgrad icemebodes“ (rusudaniani 1957: 284); „Seuties erTmanerTsa,

Subebi Sealewes, merme xlmiTa dauSines erTmanerTsa da isic daalewes. merme

laxtebi gamoiRes“ (rusudaniani 1957: 293); „pirvelsave misvlasa Subebi

erTmanerTs Sealewes da merme... laxtebi daiwodes da dauwyes erTmanerTsa

cema“ (rusudaniani 1957: 378). „Sealewes Subebi erTmanerTsa, dalewes laxtebi

da daiwodes xlmebi“ (rusudaniani 1957: 379). aq aRwerili Setakebebi

TvalnaTliv miuTiTebs dasavluri, rainduli tipis brZolis stilze,

romelic gabatonebuli iyo imdroindel saqarTveloSi.

XVII saukunis masalas mxars umagrebs `vefxistyaosnis~ erTi

ilustracia. mamuka TavaqaraSvilma, imereTis mefis mdivanma, samegreloSi,

levan II dadianis karze tyveobaSi yofnisas 1646 wels gadawera

„vefxistyaosani“. am xelnaweris ilustraciebi unikaluria imiT, rom

eriskacis mier aris daxatuli da ar aris SezRuduli ikonografiuli

CarCoebiT, ris gamoc garemomcveli sinamdvile adekvaturadaa asaxuli: 138-e

gverdze vxedavT raindTa jgufs, romlebic wagrZelebuli SubebiT gadadian

ieriSze (sur. 5).

rogorc vxedavT, X-XII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi formirdeba da

dasrulebul saxes iRebs SubiT brZolis rainduli wesi. X-XI ss. xdeba

wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesis SemoReba da damkvidreba, XII saukuneSi

ki sabolood inergeba cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtika. miuxedavad nomadur-

aRmosavluri zegavlenisa, rasac momdevno saukuneebSi mudmivad gancdis

qarTuli samxedro saqme, brZolis am wess qarTuli laSqari XVIII saukunis

Suaxanebamdec ki misdevs.

XII saukunis manZilze qarTuli laSqris warmatebebis seria muslimur

armiebTan brZolaSi cxenosanTa Sokuri Setevis maRali efeqturobis

pirdapiri maCvenebelia. XIII saukuneSi juveini wers, rom siriisa da rumis

Zlevamosili mmarTvelebi ufrTxodnen da gaurbodnen `brZolaSi qarTvelTa

mZvinvarebas~ (Джувейни 2004: 318). es `mZvinvareba~ mniSvnelovanwilad brZolis

72

stiliTaa ganpirobebuli da asocirdeba SubgamarTul momqrolav mxedarTan,

romlis ieriSi marTlac rom sazarelia.116 aseTi warmodgenis CamoyalibebaSi

lomis wili miuZRvis wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wess da cxenosanTa

dartymiT taqtikas, romlebic mniSvnelovanwilad apirobebdnen qarTvelTa

warmatebebs muslimur armiebTan brZolaSi.

iaraRi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

qarTul enaSi sabrZolo iaraRis zogadi saxeli Tavdapirvelad

WurWeli da Wuri iyo, romelic saWurvelma Caanacvla. Tavis mxriv, XII

saukunis meore naxevarSi saWurveli abjarma Secvala (gasitaSvili 1957: 80,

Sen. 5; javaxiSvili 1962: 203-205).117 iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT, termini iaraRi

(Tavisi farTo mniSvnelobiT) XV saukuneSi Semodis Turqulidan da XBVI

saukunidan TandaTanobiT anacvlebs abjars (javaxiSvili 1962: 211-213). g.

gasitaSvilis dakvirvebiT, termini iaraRi abjris gverdiT ukve XIII-XIV

saukuneebSi Cndeba (gasitaSvili 1957: 81).

SeiaraRebis mTlian kopleqss, romelSic Semtevi iaraRic Sedis, sruli

abjari (tani abjari)118 ewodeboda (javaxiSvili 1962: 220-221). sruli anu erTi

tani abjari mravalgvar TAavdacviT da Semtev iaraRs moicavda (jaWvis

perangi, muzaradi, qafi, sabarkuli, xmali da sxv.). es terminebi pirvelad

„vefxistyaosanSi“ moixsenieba: `sruli abjari sakaco qafiTa, sabarkuliTa“

(SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1020); „kidobani gaxsnes, poves mun abjari sami

tani... jaWvi, xrmali, muzaradi, sabarkuli maTi gvani~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009:

str. 1370). igive termins vxvdebiT XV saukunis meore naxevris sabuTSi: àTi

tani abjari misiTa iaraRiTa~ (kakabaZe, 1924: 45). dReisaTvis, abjris farTo

mniSvneloba daviwrovebulia da is mxolod sxeulis damfaravi TavdacviTi

saSualebis (mag. jaWvis perangis) aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba.

116 wagrZelebuli SubiT Sokuri Seteva erTnair STabeWdilebas tovebs mnaxvelze: aseTive

`mZvinvare~ da `SeuCerebeli~ Cans jvarosanTa Setevac (Anna Komnene 2009: 378).

117 abjari, saWurvelTan erTad, ukve gvxvdeba IX-X saukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi


118 `sruli – gasrulebuls hqvian unaklulosa~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 109).

73

zogadad, iaraRs axasiaTebs aqtiuri teqnikuri progresi da axali

nimuSebis Seqmna mebrZolis SeteviTi da dacviTi SesaZleblobebis

gasazrdelad, swrafi gavrceleba uzarmazar teritoriebze da maRali fasi

(Кирпичников 2006: 41). iaraRis industria warmoebis yvelaze ganviTarebul da

mowinave dargs warmoadgens saxelmwifoSi; masSi aisaxeba Tanadrouli epoqis

teqnologiuri da materialuri ganviTarebis done.119 uaxles teqnikur

miRwevebs, pirvel rigSi, iaraRisa da samxedro aRWurvilobis damzadebis

dros iyenebdnen (Кочкаров 2008: 173-174).

vaxuStis daxasiaTebiT, qarTvelebi iyvnen „salaSkroTa Sina axovanni,

saWurvelT moyuareni“, aseve „[kargad] uwyvian yovelTave samamacoTa

saWurvelTa keTebani“ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 44-45). saxelmwifos mesveurni

yovelTvis cdilobdnen ganeviTarebinaT meiaraReoba, risTvisac ucxoeTidanac

iwvevdnen ostatebs da adgilobriv xelosnebsac uwyobdnen xels. vaxtang VI-

is samarTlis wignTa krebulidan vigebT, rom iaraRis mkeTeblebi

privilegiur mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen da ganTavisuflebuli iyvnen samefo

movaleobebisagan: „vincavin xmals akeTebdes an farsa, an Subsa, gina isarsa

da sxvasa eseviTarTa iaraRsa, samefos muSaobaSi eseni ar gaiyuanebian“

(qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 191).

naSromSi warmodgenili SeiaraReba zogadad or did jgufad iyofa

(TavdacviTi da SeteviTi),120 romlebic Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva saxeobebisagan

Sedgeba:

119 sxva nivTebTan SedarebiT, iaraRi yvelaze metadaa Sinaarsobrivad determinebuli,

radganac mflobelis sicocxle brZolaSi amazea damokidebuli. nebismieri funqciuri

Seusabamoba mflobels daRupvas uqadda da aseTi iaraRi ufro srulyofiliT idevneboda

(Худяков 1995: 151).

120 istoriis manZilze iaraRi da abjari yovelTvis ejibreboda erTmaneTs: axali tipis iaraRi

TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis axal tips warmoSobs, da piriqiT (Гордеев 1954: 63). m. goreliks

ekuTvnis saintereso da marTebuli dakvirveba, rom SeteviTi iaraRi Tavisi kompaqturobis

gamo ufro advili dasamzadebelia, misi forma mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli daniSnulebasTan,

moiTxovs maRal xarisxs da nakleb adgils tovebs individualuri SemoqmedebisaTvis,

advilad vrceldeba did sivrceze. misda sapirispirod, TavdacviTi aRWurviloba ufro

individualuri da aqedan gamomdinare, ufro lokaluria, metadaa dakavSirebuli eTnosTan

da teritoriasTan da met monacemebs gvawvdis eTno-istoriul konteqstSi (Горелик 2003: 11).

74

TavdacviTi aRWurviloba: muzaradi, sxeulis abjari (qerclovani,

lamelaruli, laminaruli, jaWvi, begTari, Car-aina), kidurebis dacviTi

saSualebebi (sabarkuli, samuxle, sawvive, qafi, samklave, TaTmani), fari;

SeteviTi iaraRi: xelCarTuli brZolis iaraRi – saZgerebeli (Subi),

mkveTeli (xmali, culi), umkveTelo-dasartymeli (laxti), distanciuri –

sasroli (mSvild-isari), satyorcni (Surduli).

Tavi III. TavdacviTi saWurveli

TavdacviTi saWurveli mebrZolis panopliis umniSvnelovanesi

Semadgeneli nawilia da misi ganviTarebis doniTa da formiT SesaZlebelia

sazogadoebis samxedro, ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikur cxovrebis

mraval faqtorze msjeloba (Горелик 1987: 163).

pirveli abjari jer kidev neoliTis xanaSi dasturdeba (Горелик 2003:

114). miuxedavad imisa, rom abjari arasodes yofila dacvis absoluturi

saSualeba, is asustebda dartymas da sasikvdilo Wriloba SeeZlo ubralo

Wrilobad eqcia (Stephenson 2006: 65). Tavdacvis individualuri saSualebebi,

adamianis sxeulis uSualo dacvis garda, keTilismyofel gavlenas axdens

mflobelis moralze, ufro Tavdajerebuls da uSiSars xdis mas (Keen 1984:

220). cnobilia, rom raindTa TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis sikeTe didad

ganapirobebda brZolis velze maT simamaces (Verbruggen 1997: 61). maRali

xarisxis dacviT aRWurvilobas araerTgzis uxsnia patroni sikvdilisagan:

1578 wels, lala faSas Semosevisas arCil muxranbatonis Zis ereklesaTvis

„cxeni queS gamoeklaT misTÂs, Tequsmeti muzarads hqonda nakravi isari,

ormocamdi agreve jaWus. da verc jaWÂ da verc muzaradi ver gaekueTa, erTi

Ãrmali xanjars scemoda, xanjris tari zed daeWra~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959:

523).

muzaradi

muzaradi liTonis121 Tavsarqmelia, romelic Tavis dasacavad aris

gankuTvnili. is mebrZolis TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis umniSvnelovanesi

121 tyavis, xis da sxv. masalisagan damzadebuli muzaradi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

praqtikulad ar gamoiyeneboda da amitom, maT arc ganvixilav.

75

elementi iyo, romelic saukuneebis manZilze mudmiv cvlilebasa da

srulyofas ganicdida.

brZolaSi Tavis dasacavi saSualebebis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad

zrdida mebrZolis daculobas da misi gadarCenis Sanss. rkinis muzaradi did

Rirebulebas warmoadgenda yoveli mebrZolisaTvis (Худяков, Табалдиев,

Солтобаев 2004: 235). arCili pirdapir wers, rom ùmuzaradoT oms Sesvla

kargTa kacTagan avia~ (arCili 1937: 80). umeteswilad muzaradi uZlebda da

isxletda xmals an isars, Tumca naklebad medegi iyo dasartymeli iaraRis

(laxtis) winaaRmdeg (Kolias 1988: 85).

sulxan-saba orbeliani gvaZlevs muzaradis (zuCis) sxvadasxva tipebis

mkafio aRwerilobas: `zuCnica arian xuTgvarni: romelsa Tavsa dasarqmeli

rkina aqvs, romelsa kvercxad saxelsdeben, da zaradi wina da ukaniT

grZ(e)lad, igi ars zuCi, romelime muzaradad uÃmoben; ars msgavsi CuCisa

Tavs dasarqmeli, sacxvire grZeli da ara zarad vlebuli, igi ars Cafxuti;

da ars Txemsa zeda mcire polotiki da zaradi kisris kerZoTa da pirsa

arara, igi ars CaCqani, da sxva ars romelsa polotiki ara aqvs, Tav(s)

saxuravi litoni jaWvia, igi ars Cabalaxi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 289-

290). rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi kvercxi ewodeboda liTonis yvelaze

martiv, primitiul muzarads; srulyofil muzarads (zuCs) winac da ukanac

jaWvi anu zaradi gaaCnda (mas sacxvirec eqneboda); Cafxuti uzarado rkinis

Tavsarqmelia grZeli sacxvireTi; CaCqani aris rkinis patara, jamis formis

liTonis firfita jaWvis zaradiT; mxolod jaWvis Tavsarqmels ki Cabalaxi

erqva. saTvale, romelsac ùwodeben zuCis Tvalis saxedvelsa~ (sulxan-saba

orbeliani 1993: 30), SeiZleba yofiliyo Wrilebi saxeze Camofarebul jaWvis

zaradze an liTonis muzaradis warbzeda naxevarkaliseburi Wrilebi.

qarTuli muzaradis ganviTareba ZiriTadad misdevda misi mezobeli

regionebis sabrZolo Tavsarqmelebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebas da

evropisagan gansxvavebiT, daculobaze win ayenebda mxedvelobasa da

komfortulobas. evropuli daxuruli muzaradebisagan gansxvavebiT, Ria

muzaradi sunTqvas ar aferxebda da ar zRudavda mxedvelobis ares, Tumca,

daxurulTan SedarebiT, daculobis SedarebiT naklebi xarisxi gaaCnda.

muzaradebis mxriv qarTuli arqeologia friad Raribia da ZiriTadad

ikonografiul masalas unda daveyrdnoT. marTalia, mravalricxovan xatebze,

iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, wmindanebs Tavze zuCis nacvlad Saravandi

76

adgaT, magram saxarebiseuli Tu sxva siuJetebis gadmocemisas,

meorexarisxovani figurebis muzaradebi saintereso masalas iZleva

SeswavlisaTvis.

sferokonusuri muzaradi

XI-XII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi axali tipis – mTlianWedili

sferokonusuri muzaradebi mkvidrdeba da anacvlebs Zvel, segmentur da

konusur muzaradebs. sferokonusuri formis muzaradSi momrgvalebuli

gumbaTi konusur daboloebaSi gadadis.122 konusuri muzaradi, romelic

dasavleT evropaSi XIV saukunemde iyo gavrcelebuli, ruseTsa da

aRmosavleTSi ufro adre gamodevna mowinave formis sferokonusurma

muzaradma, romelic ukeTesad isxletda dartymas (Кирпичников 1971: 25).

X saukunis wm. giorgis xatze faraxeTidan (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 43)

damarcxebuli bizantieli imperatoris Tavidan gadavardnili konusuri

muzaradia gamosaxuli uZravi sacxviriT, Tvalzeda WrilebiT, zaradiT da

nikapze Sesakravi TasmebiT. erTi SexedviT zaradi TiTqos qerclovani

firfitebisagan unda iyos Sedgenili, Tumca, jaWvic ar aris gamoricxuli.

SesaZloa, rkinis zedapirze muSaobis sirTulis gamo ostatma gamartivebuli

saxiT gadmogvca jaWvis struqtura. jaWvis zaradis sasargeblod metyvelebs

is garemoeba, rom muzaradze Tvalzeda Wrilebi SeiniSneba. aseTi Wrilebi ki

xSirad gvxvdeba jaWvis zaradTan erTad, rogorc es gvaqvs TaR-i-bostanis

reliefze qvaSi gamokveTil (620 w.) xosro II-is muzaradze da nomadur-iranul

gavlenaze miuTiTebs. muzaradis sacxvire hgavs axlaxans, stambulSi

Teodosiusis navsadguris gaTxrisas napovn sacxvires, romelsac

momrgvalebuli Tvalis Wrili emCneva (D’Amato 2012: 52).

XI saukuneSi konusuri muzaradi TandaTanobiT gadadis

sferokonusurSi. XI saukunis Semoqmedis xatze gamosaxul sam meomars

axuravs erTi naWrisagan gamoWedili muzaradebi: isini ukve sakmaod

momrgvalebulia, Tumca jer kidev inarCuneben konusur formas (sur. 6).

122 sferokonusuri muzaradi Zv.w. mesame aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi Cndeba mesopotamiaSi;

misi forma sabolood yalibdeba meore aTaswleulis SUua xanebisaTvis siria-palestinis

regionSi (Горелик 2003: 135-136). m. goreliki aRniSnavs, rom axlo aRmosavleTTan ase Tu ise

dakavSirebuli teritoriebidan, Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan liTonis muzaradebis

arseboba mxolod amierkavkasiaSi aRiniSneba (Горелик 2003: 139).

77

muzarads aqvs ukana, CamogrZelebuli nawili, romelic kefas da kisris zeda

nawils faravs da, romelic ufro gviandeli muzaradisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli. aseTive yursafari aqvT XII saukunis jruWis meore oTxTavis

111r miniaturaze gamosaxul mebrZolebsac. mTlianWedili sferokonusuri

muzaradebi ukve mravlad gvxvdeba XII saukunis jruWis meore oTxTavis 111r,

118r da 186v miniaturebzec. 186v miniaturaze mebrZolebs axuravT mTliani da

ramdenime naWrisagan SeWedili sferokonusuri zaradiani muzaradebi,

romelTac garSemo wvrili salte SemouyvebaT; zuCis gumbaTi rozetiT da

mrgvali burTuliT bolovdeba (sur. 7).

Tuki XII saukuneSi segmenturi muzaradebi raodenobrivad jer kidev

sWarbobs mTlianWedils, rogorc es SeiZleba vimsjeloT jruWis II oTxTavis

miniaturebis mixedviT, mogvianebiT mdgomareoba icvleba. XIV saukunis meore

naxevris H1665 daviTnSi ramdenime segmentisagan Semdgari muzaradi ukve

iSviaTad gvxvdeba (miniaturebi 190r, 213v) da masSi ZiriTadad mTliani,

liTonis erTi naWrisagan gamoWedili sferokonusuri muzaradebia.123

mTlianWedili sferokonusuri muzaradebis arseboba saqarTveloSi

materialuradac dasturdeba. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi inaxeba e.w.

„jalal ad-dinis muzaradi“, romelic 1401-15 wlebis „amirejibTa

gvarovnobiTi sigelis“ gadmocemiT XIII saukuneSi Tavad damarcxebul jalal

ad-dins waarTves da Semdgom mravalZalis monasters Seswires.124 miuxedavad

imisa, rom es ambavi simarTles ar Seesabameba,125 mravalZlis monasterSi

marTlac inaxeboda muzaradi, romelmac dRemde moaRwia (sur. 8). e.w. jalal

ad-dinis muzarads aqvs moqlonebiT damagrebuli farTo gvirgvini, romlis

zeda nawili kbilanebis formisaa; zaradis damagrebis sistema iseTivea,

rogorc vavelis muzaradze, – sakid kavebSi liTonis wnelia gayrili.

muzaradi dazianebuli da deformirebulia, magram mainc SegviZlia

vivaraudoT, rom mas saTvalis Wrili da sacxvire ar hqonda. gumbaTis Tavi

123 d. nikolic aRniSnavs, rom XIV saukunidan aRmosavleTSi muzaradebi ukve erTi mTliani

naWrisagan mzaddeboda (Nicolle 1990a: 41).

124 òdes wargÂCina TÂT da amisad rusudan mefeman laSqarsa sparsisasa da gaguÀmarjua;

mindors SevibeniT da amovswyÂdeT. movarTÂT droSa da Taji TÂTvan maRlis sulTnisa da

gÂyo wyaloba da gÂboZa jildod, rac viajeT... da droSaca SevswireT mexoiSnesa CuÀnsa, da

Taji mravalZalsa~ (qronikebi 1892: 210-211).

125 qarTvelebs Tavad jalal ad-dini arc erT brZolaSi ar daumarcxebiaT, da cxadia, arc

muzaradi waurTmeviaT.

78

dazianebulia da ar Cans, Tu rogor bolovdeboda. amJamindel mdgomareobaSi

muzaradi 964 grams iwonis, Tavdapirveli wona ki 1 kg-ze cota metic iqneboda

(zaradis gareSe). misi diametri 21 sm, simaRle ki 13.8 sm-ia, Tumca

Tavdapirveli simaRle 17-18 sm mainc iqneboda.

miuxedavad muzaradis dRevandeli mdgomareobisa, mainc SeiZleba

garkveuli daskvnebis gamotana. misi gumbaTi sakmaod kargadaa gamoWedili,

rac arsebuli tradiciis mimaniSnebeli unda iyos; samagierod, rigi niSnebisa,

rogoricaa gvirgvinis arcTu akuratuli mimagreba gumbaTTan, gvirgvinis

moqlonebis araswori rigebi, miuTiTebs Sesrulebis arc ise maRal xarisxze.

gvirgvins jer kidev ara aqvs miRebuli is daxvewili forma, romelic XIV

saukunisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. es ki SeiZleba mianiSnebdes saqarTveloSi

farTo tipis gvirgvinis gavrcelebis sawyis stadiaze. ar aris gamoricxuli,

rom saqme gvqondes XIII saukunis meore naxevris adgilobriv, provinciul

xelobasTan.

rogorc vxedavT, jalal ad-dinis muzaradze adgilobriv, regionSi

ukve damkvidrebul niSnebTan (mTlianWedili gumbaTi, jaWvis zaradi) erTad

SeiniSneba axali motivic – XII saukuneSi arsebuli gumbaTs Semoyolebuli

wvrili saltis nacvlad farTo gvirgvini.126 SedarebisaTvis, vavelis

muzarads gvirgvinis kbilanebis nacvlad xSiri samyura ornamenti amSvenebs;

misi gvirgvinic bevrad dabalia. Tuki amis mixedviT vimsjelebT, gardamaval

formad SeiZleba miviCnioT bayaTaris muzaradi, romelzec ukve vxedavT

gvirgvinis zeda nawilis mosarTavad gamoyenebul samyura ornaments, Tumca

ufro iSviaTs, vidre vavelis da ermitaJis muzaradebze (Горелик 1983: 263).

misi gvirgvini jer kidev maRalia da amJRavnebs naTesaobas jalal ad-dinis

tipis muzaradebTan.

evoluciis procesSi jalal ad-dinis muzaradis Semdgomi safexuria e.w.

„bayaTaris muzaradi“. d. nikolis azriT, am zuCis „konstruqcia avlens

mniSvnelovan metalurgiul codnas da liTonis mozrdili furclebis

126 jalal ad-dinis muzaradis msgavsi gvirgvinis kbilanebi SeimCneva svaneTSi, CaJaSis

macxovris eklesiis gareTa, CrdiloeT fasadze gamoxatul amirandarejanianis siuJetze (sur.

9). aq gamosaxuli badris muzaradi bolovdeba rozetiT. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom grZeli

zoli, romelic zemodan gadadis gvirgvinze, mouxeSavad daxatuli zeviT aweuli moZravi

sacxvire iyos. es rom segmenturi muzaradis gamyofi zoli iyos, gvirgvinis qvemoT unda

imalebodes.

79

damuSavebis unars“ (Nicolle 1999b: 240). jer kidev XIX saukuneSi rekomSi, osur

salocavSi inaxeboda muzaradi, romelic gadmocemiT legendarul os gmirs,

bayaTars, ekuTvnoda.127 mogzaurTa (v. pfafi, a. mileri) aRweriT, romelTac

Canaxatebic dagvitoves, es iyo foladis zuCi moZravi sacxviriT da jaWvis

zaradiT (Кузнецов 1990: 37). ukanasknel xans a. darCievma moiZia da xelaxla

gamoaqveyna qarTveli arqeologis g. nioraZis mier XX saukunis dasawyisSi

gadaRebuli rekomis relikviebis unikaluri foto, romelzec bayaTaris

muzaradicaa aRbeWdili (Дарчиев 2012: 2-3)128 (sur. 10). v. kuznecovis azriT,

romelmac gamokvlevac miuZRvna rekoms, saqme exeba istoriul pirovnebas,

romelic realurad arsebobda da XIII-XIV saukuneebis mijnaze cxovrobda da

ibrZoda saqarTveloSi (Кузнецов 1990: 37). marTlac, qarTveli mematiane

gviambobs XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi oseTidan oqros urdos mier

gamoZevebuli ojaxis istorias, romlis mcirewlovani vaJebi, farejani da

bayaTari, saqarTveloSi dasaxldnen (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 136). SemdgomSi,

bayaTari gvevlineba saqarTveloSi myof osTa mTavrad da sakmaod did

Zalauflebasac ixveWs. is intensiurad monawileobs saqarTvelos

teritoriaze mimdinare brZolebSi, rasac ewireba kidec 1306 Tu 1307 wels

Zamis cixesTan (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 198, 210-212). rogorc Cans, sikvdilis

Semdeg bayaTari gadaasvenes oseTSi, sagvareulo akldamaSi, misi

aRWurviloba (zuCi, Subi da kaparWi)129 ki rekomis salocavs Sewires (Кузнецов

1990: 40). bayaTaris muzaradis XIV saukunis SuaxanebiT an meore naxevriT

daTariReba (Горелик 1983: 263; Nicolle 1999b: 240).130 xelovnuri meCveneba. XIII-XIV

saukuneebis mijnaze ukve arsebobs bayaTaris zuCisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

yvela niSani: mTlianWedili sferokonusuri gumbaTi,131 saTvaleebi,132 moZravi

127 am salocavis saqarTvelosTan mWidro kavSiris da iq Senaxuli qarTuli nivTebis Sesaxeb

ix. wurwumia 2010b: 40.

128 g. nioraZis foto pirvelad germaniaSi gamocemul mis wignSi gamoqveynda (Nioradze 1923: 42,

Taf. 12).

129 zogierTi cnobebiT, aseve, samklave da laxtic (Нарожный 2003: 116).

130 d. nikoli Tavadve „metad saeWvos“ uwodebs sakuTar daTariRebas, romelic realurad

marTlac arafers emyareba.

131 ix. XI-XII saukuneebis muzaradebis qarTuli gamosaxulebebi.

132 muzaradis warbzeda rkaliseburi Wrilebi jer kidev meore aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan

SeiniSneba siria-palestinaSi (Горелик 2003: 137). SemdgomSi muzaradis es damaxasiaTebeli

detali evraziis mTel kontinentze vrceldeba da XVII saukuneSic gamoiyeneba.

80

sacxvire.133 aRsaniSnavia, rom bayaTaris muzaradis XIII saukunis meore

naxevriT daTariRebas eTanxmeba rusuli saWurvlis cnobili mkvlevari a.

kirpiCnikovic (Кузнецов 1990: 39). Crdilokavkasiuri SeiaraRebis mkvlevari e.

naroJnic uSvebs, rom rekomSi marTlac bayaTaris saWurveli inaxeboda da

muzaradic mis Tanamedrove epoqas ekuTvnoda (Нарожный 2003: 118). Cemi azriTac,

rekomSi arsebuli saWurveli da muzaradi osebis mTavars bayaTars

ekuTvnoda. bunebrivia rom, es SeiaraReba mas saqarTveloSi eSova (SeeZina an

moepovebina). CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi saWurvelis gavrcelebas saqarTvelodan ar

gamoricxavs a. salnikovic, Tumca mas Tvlis monRoluri iranis SeiaraRebis

zegavlenis qveS myof teritoriad (Сальников 2008: 68, 104).

bayaTaris muzaradi mciredi saxecvlilebebis Semdeg (gumbaTi

sabolood ixveweba, gvirgvini dabldeba, samyura ornamenti ufro xSiria da

saTiTaod mimagrebuli, Cndeba rozeti) XIV saukuneSi transformirdeba

vavelis tipis muzaradad, romelzec detalurad SevCerdebi.134 poloneTSi,

krakovSi, vavelis sasaxlis muzeumSi 1946 wlidan inaxeba muzaradi, romelic

Tavdapirvelad Tavadi krasinskebis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda (Zygulski 1982: 219)

(sur. 11). poloneli da ucxoeli avtorebi mas saukeTeso iranul nakeTobad

miiCneven da XIV saukuniT aTariReben (Robinson 1967: 27-28; Zygulski 1986: 62; Горелик

1987: 192; Chodynski 2000: 32; Kobylinski 2000: 69). vavelis sferokonusur muzarads

amSvenebs dabali gvirgvini samyura ornamentiT; aqvs saTvalis Wrilebi

dekoratiuli „warbebis“ kvaliT, romlebic amJamad dakargulia. saTvalis

Wrilebs Soris budea, romelSic brtyeli sacxvire srialebda, Tavad

sacxvire ki dakargulia. muzaradis gumbaTis qveda kideze, saTiTaod

moqloniT damagrebuli, jaWvis zaradis sakidi kavebia. am kavebSi gayrilia

liTonis wneli, romelzec zaradis jaWvis zeda rgolebi iyo dakidebuli.

grZeli zaradi, romelic aseve dakargulia, viwro saTvale xvrelebis garda

faravda mTel saxes, eSveboda qvemoT da icavda mxrebsac. muzaradis Tavze

samyura ornamentiT Sedgenili rozetia warweriT da patara naxvretiT,

133 muzaradze mosriale sacxvire, romlis aweva-dawevac SeiZleboda, mSvildidan srolis

gasaadvileblad SemoiRes, sabeli sacxvires rom ar gamodeboda (Nicolle 1993b: 10). moZrav

sacxvires pirvelad danamdvilebiT vxvdebiT XIII saukunis bolos zuCze, romelic mamluqTa

sulTans muhamed ibn kalauns ekuTvnoda (Nicolle 1976: 42, fig. 134).

134 vavelis muzaradis da misi qarTuli atribuciis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. wurwumia 2010b: 29-57.

81

romelSic albaT, burTula magrdeboda.135 zuCis wona 985 gramia, simaRle – 20

sm, diametri ki 21.5 sm.136

vavelis muzaradis warmoSobisa da istoriis dasadgenad didi

mniSvneloba aqvs masze datanil warweras (sur. 12). didi xnis ganmavlobaSi am

warweris warmomavlobac ki ucnobi iyo poloneli avtorebisTvisac, rom

aRaraferi vTqvaT Sinaarsze, romelic dRemde gaugebari rCeboda. zdislav

Jigulski Tavisi naSromebis (Stara Bron w Polskich Zbiorach, 1982; Bron Wschodnia, 1983)

mxolod meore gamocemebSi (1984 da 1986) ambobs, rom warwera qarTulia da

mas mogvianebiT datanilad miiCnevs.137 aqedanve unda iTqvas, rom misi varaudi

sworia da warwera mogvianebiT, XVII saukuneSia Sesrulebuli. muzaradis

warwera marTlac qarTulia, misi pirveli naxevari (RmerTisa da wminda

giorgisadmi mimarTva) Tavisuflad ikiTxeba, meore nawili ki daRvlarWnili

da sakmaod Zneli gasaSifria. Cemi TxovniT, is amoikiTxa da meCvidmete

saukuniT daaTariRa profesorma valeri silogavam, risTvisac mas did

madlobas movaxseneb. warweris Sinaarsi aseTia: RmerTo da mxneo mxedaro,

dido wmind(a)o giorgio, g(a)umarjve Cij(a)vaZes sazv(e)rels. rogorc vxedavT,

vavelis muzaradis qarTuli warwera sakmao informaciis Semcvelia da

gvawvdis zust cnobas misi patronis vinaobis Sesaxeb.

CijavaZeebi imereTis Zlier feodalur gvars warmoadgendnen (vaxuSti

batoniSvili 1973: 36) da maT xsenebas matianeSi sakmaod xSirad vxvdebiT. XVII

saukunis saqarTvelos istoria or sazverel CijavaZes icnobs.138 pirvelma,

1619 wels, imereTSi gaZevebuli yofili aragvis erisTavi baaduri mokla da

coli wahgvara. baaduris Zma, cnobili zurab erisTavi Tavs daesxa CijavaZes,

mokla da Tavi mokveTa mas (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 428-429). meore sazverel

CijavaZe 1679 wels imereTSi mimdinare SinaomSi monawileobda da raWaSi

135 Tuki vimsjelebT naxvretis zomiT da garkveuli analogiebiT.

136 minda madloba gadavuxado vavelis muzeumis samxedro departamentis kurators, baton

krJiStof CiJevskis da amave muzeumis fotografiis departamentis TanamSromels, qalbaton

marta golik-griglass, maT mier gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis da mowodebuli fotoebisaTvis.

137 muzaradis „rozeti mogvianebiT damatebuli religiuri Sinaarsis qarTuli warweriT“

(Zygulski 1982: 219); zuCis „Tavze spilenZis firfitaa, albaT mogvianebiT datanili, qarTuli

warweriT“ (Zygulski 1986: 62).

138 `sazvereli~ CijavaZeTa sagvareulo saxelia da sabaJos Zvel saxelwodebasTan – `sazuere~-

sTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli (berZeniSvili 1964: 188-192). sazuerel CijavaZe pirvelad 1401-07

wlis sabuTSi gvxvdeba (qronikebi 1897: 213).

82

daiRupa brZolisas (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 843). rogorc vxedavT, orive

CijavaZe XVII saukuneSi cxovrobda da moqmedebda. muzaradze warwera

romelime maTganis mflobelobis periodSi unda amoetvifraT. es ki niSnavs,

rom XIV saukuneSi gamoWedili zuCi saqarTveloSi imyofeboda, sul cota, sam

saukuneze met xans139 da mas bolomde aqtiurad, Tavisi daniSnulebiT

iyenebdnen.140

vavelis muzarads hgavs sankt-peterburgSi, ermitaJSi daculi

idealurad naWedi foladis muzaradic, romelic udavod vavelis tips

miekuTvneba da misgan mxolod umniSvnelo detalebiT gansxvavdeba: samyura

ornamenti aq zemodanacaa mozRuduli, gumbaTi cotaTi dabali da sferulia

da rozetis nacvlad ufro martivi konusiT bolovdeba.141 erTnairia am

muzaradebis sacxvire, saTvalis Wrili da warbebi, samyura ornamenti,

zaradis damagrebis sistema da moqloniT saTiTaod damagrebuli sakidi

kavebic.142 ermitaJis muzaradis wona 1456 gramia, simaRle – 18.2 sm, diametri ki

20.6 sm (sur. 13). rogorc vxedavT, ermitaJis da vavelis muzaradebis msgavseba

ise didia, rom SeiZleba gvefiqra maTi erTi saxelosnosTvis mikuTvnebazec;

magram aseTi daskvnis gamotanisagan Tavs, pirvel rigSi, maTi wonaSi didi

sxvaobis gamo vikaveb: odnav patara zomebis miuxedavad, ermitaJis muzaradi

wonaSi TiTqmis naxevari kiloTi aRemateba Tavis tyupiscals. Tumca, imis

varauds versad wavuvalT, rom orive es muzaradi gverdigverd, erT regionSi

da epoqaSia damzadebuli.

am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel muzaradebis gamosaxulebebs mravlad

vpoulobT XIV saukunis meore naxevris H1665 daviTnSi (sur. 14). daviTnis

139 CijavaZis muzaradi poloneTSi unda moxvedriliyo XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi,

rodesdac aRmosavluri modiT gatacebuli poloneli mefeebi Tu aristokratia qarTul-

Cerqezulad imoseboda da ikazmeboda.

140 amas mowmobs mravalricxovani sabrZolo dazianebebis kvalic, romelic kargad etyoba

muzarads.

141 e. lenci, ratomRac, miuTiTebs ermitaJis muzaradis gumbaTze arsebul XV-XVI saukuneebis

evropul ornamentze (Ленц 1908: 134). m. gorelikic imaves imeorebs (Горелик 1983: 265).

ermitaJidan gamogzavnili maRali xarisxis cifruli fotoebis daTvalierebisas davrwmundi,

rom muzaradi ar aris dafaruli ornamentiT.

142 isini garkveulwilad erTmaneTs avseben: ermitaJis muzards SemorCenili dekoratiuli

`warbebi~ warmodgenas gviqmnis vavelis muzaradis dakargul warbebze, vavelis SemorCenili

sacxviris bude ki zustad àvsebs~ mis adgilze darCenil ermitaJis muzaradis naxvretebs.

yovelive es iZleva Zvirfas monacemebs rekonstruqciisaTvis.

83

muzaradebi, gansakuTrebiT maTi gumbaTis forma, Zalian hgavs vavelis

muzarads. isini gansxvavdebian mxolod zaradis formiT da sacxviriT, Tumca

axsna amasac SeiZleba moeZebnos. daviTnis miniaturebze saxis dasafaravi

zaradis da sacxviris ararseboba saeklesio mxatvrobis damkvidrebuli

tradiciiT unda aixsnas. cnobilia, rom marTlmadidebluri ikonografiuli

tradiciisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli adamianis gamosaxva dafaruli saxiT

(Жуков 2005: 26). miniaturebze xSirad ar gamosaxavdnen moZrav sacxviresac

(Бобров, Худяков 2002: 131). aseve, iSviaTad gamosaxavdnen sacxvires iranul

miniaturebSic (Robinson 1967: 28). amasve mowmobs daviTis da goliaTis brZolis

amsaxveli H1665 daviTnis ori miniatura, romlebic daxuruli da moxdili

muzaradis Sedarebis unikalur SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs: 230r miniaturaze

sabrZolod aRWurvili goliaTia gamosaxuli, romlis muzaradze sacxvire ar

Cans (sur. 15); 230v miniatura ki gviCvenebs damarcxebuli, TavmokveTili

goliaTis gverdiT dagdebul misive muzarads, romelzec ukve mkafiod Cans

sacxvire, gansakuTrebiT misi qveda nawili (sur. 16). ra Tqma unda, Ria tipis,

zaradiT saxedauburavi muzaradebic iarsebebdnen, magram daviTnis

absoluturad yvela muzaradis Ria forma, albaT, mainc mxatvars unda

„davabraloT“.

vavelis tipis muzaradi saqarTveloSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda

da mas mciredi saxecvlilebiT sami-oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi, praqtikulad

feodaluri epoqis dasasrulamde, iyenebdnen. am faqts, erTmaneTisagan

damoukideblad, erTdroulad da erTnairad, gadmogvcems ori wyaro,

romlebSic XVII saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTveloa aRwerili: mamuka

TavaqaraSvilis „vefxistyaosnis“ miniaturebi da kristoforo kastelis

albomebi.

mamuka TavaqaraSvilma, imereTis mefis mdivanma, samegreloSi, levan II

dadianis karze tyveobaSi yofnisas 1646 wels gadawera „vefxistyaosani“. mis

miniaturebSi ori tipis muzarads vxvdebiT: Calmisebur muzarads (SedarebiT

iSviaTad) da vavelis muzarads mciredi modifikaciiT, romelic, rogorc

Cans, ZiriTad Tavis dasacav saSualebas warmoadgenda. 255-e miniaturaze

avTandilis unagiris taxtaze damagrebulia zuCi, romelic vavelis

muzaradis analogiuria: igivea gumbaTis forma, dekoratiuli warbebi,

zaradi, rozeti gumbaTis wveroze, gvirgvinis forma, romlis zeda kide

zustad imeorebs vavelis muzaradis ornaments (sur. 17). miniaturebis mTel

84

jgufze (138, 187, 199, 319, 341 da 429) gamosaxul mebrZolebs aseTive muzaradebi

axuravT. mciredi modifikacia Seexo zuCis ukana mxares, romlis liTonis

nawilic CamogrZelebulia da mTlianad faravs kefas, kisris zeda nawils da

yurebs.143 calkeul SemTxvevebSi muzaradis Tavs burTulis nacvlad patara

alami amSvenebs, romelic gvian SuasaukuneebSi iyo popularuli.

italieli misioneri don kristoforo de kasteli 1628-54 wlebSi

moRvaweobda saqarTveloSi. kastelis albomSi gamosaxuli qarTvel meomarTa

zuCebi metad hgavs vavelis muzarads da praqtikulad imeorebs

TavaqaraSvilis miniaturebs (kasteli 1976: sur. 43, 44, 48) (sur. 18 da 19).

TavaqaraSvilis miniaturebis msgavsad, kastelis mier daxatuli qarTuli

zuCebi atareben gviani modifikaciis kvals da CamogrZelebuli kisris

safariT xasiaTdebian. aseve, muzaradebze damatebiT vxedavT alams da jiRas.

sxva mxriv, kastelis naxatebi saocar msgavsebas amJRavnebs gansaxilvel

muzaradTan.

am ori wyaros monacemebi erTi garemoebiTac aris metad sayuradRebo:

kasteli metwilad dasavleT saqarTvelos aRwers da TavaqaraSvilic am

mxareSi moRvaweobda. ase rom, oriveni ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos

realiebs asaxaven TavianT naSromebSi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelosagan

gansxvavebiT, dasavleTs ar ganucdia monRolur-iranuli zegavlena. is faqti,

rom vavelis tipis muzaradi dasavleT saqarTveloSia yvelaze

ganviTarebuli, ver aixsneba muzaradis SesaZlo monRolur-iranuli

warmoSobiT da iranuli gavleniT.

amasTanave, vavelis muzaradi islamuri nimuSebisagan naklebi, TiTqosda

evropuli stilis ornametulobiT gamoirCeva; ar SeimCneva ornamenti,

romelic muzaradis gumbaTs mTlianad an nawilobriv mainc faravs; ar aqvs

warwerebi sparsul an arabul enaze yuranidan. muzaradis gumbaTis forma

adgilobrivi, kavkasiuri tradiciis gagrZeleba ufroa, vidre monRolur-

iranulis;144 rozeti da mrgvali burTula muzaradis wveroze, aseve, sruli

143 anu qarTulma muzaradma ganicada igive saxecvlileba, rac XIV saukuneSi evropulma

bascinetma, romelic 1330 wlis Semdeg grZeldeba qvemoT da faravs yurebs da kisers (Blair

1958: 67).

144 muzaradis msgavsi mTlianWedili gumbaTi mravalgzis dadasturebulia XII saukunis

jruWis miniaturaSi da XIV saukunis qarTul daviTnSi.

85

zaradi monRolebis gamoCenamde iyo gavrcelebuli.145 vavelis winamorbedi

muzaradis mflobeli bayaTari saqarTveloSi cxovrobda, ibrZoda da aqve

aResrula; vavelis tipis modificirebuli muzaradebi gvxvdeba XVII saukunis

saqarTveloSi; jalal ad-dinis, bayaTaris, vavelis da TavaqaraSvili-

kastelis muzaradebi warmodgenas gviqmnian evoluciis xazze, romlis yvela

komponentic, pirdapir Tu iribad, saqarTvelosTan aris dakavSirebuli.

aqedan gamomdinare, marTebuli unda iyos mtkiceba vavelis muzaradis

qarTuli warmoSobis Sesaxeb, agreTve, mosazrebac evoluciis uwyvet

procesze, romelsac am tipis muzaradi ganicdida saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

TavaqaraSvilis da kastelis namuSevrebis ganxilvis Semdeg, ukve

erTmniSvnelovnad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom vavelis tipis zuCebi myarad iyo

fexmokidebuli saqarTveloSi da mas sxvadasxva variaciebiT da

modifikaciebiT amzadebdnen da iyenebdnen.

ase rom, sferokonusuri muzaradis ganviTarebis sakuTriv qarTul

gzaze, romelic dasrulebuli saxiT XVII saukuneSia warmodgenili,

mniSvnelovania Semoqmedis, jruWis, jalal ad-dinis, bayaTaris da vavelis

muzaradebi; am gzis damagvirgvinebeli etapia kastelis da TavaqaraSvilis

mier aRwerili zuCebi (sur. 20).

Cabalaxi

Cabalaxi àrs Tavsaxuravi saomari, gina wvimaSi Tavs Camosacmeli rame;

jaWvis qudi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 313). sabas ganmartebiT, Cabalaxi

mxolod jaWvisagan damzadebul Tavsaburavs warmoadgens: `romelsa

polotiki ara aqvs, Tav(s) saxuravi litoni jaWvia, igi ars Cabalaxi~

(sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 290).

damoukidebel146 jaWvis quds evropaSi XI saukunidan iyenebdnen. maTi

ori tipi arsebobda: jaWvis perangTan gaerTianebuli da damoukidebeli.

145 muzaradis rozetiseburi daboloeba specifikur, mxolod monRoluri xanisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel da aziis dasavleTi nawilisaTvis ucnob detalad iTvleboda (Горелик 1987:

189). muzaradis rozetiseburi daboloeba ramdenjerme gvxvdeba jruWis meore oTxTavis 186v

miniaturaze, romelic XII saukuneSia Sesrulebuli. burTulovani daboloeba aqvT favnisis

XII saukunis freskaze meomarTa muzaradebs, aseve, XII saukunis jruWis meore oTxTavis 186v,

231r da 236r miniaturebze gamosaxul mebrZolebsac, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom zuCis

gaformebis es tradicia saqarTveloSi monRolebis gamoCenamde arsebobda.

146 anu romelic jaWvis perangTan ar iyo integrirebuli.

86

mxolod jaWvis Cabalaxi arasakmaris dacvas warmoadgenda, romlis daZlevac

mravalgvar iaraRs SeeZlo. rogorc wesi, Cabalaxs sadebis gareSe ar

atarebdnen (Hellman 1995). Cabalaxi kargad icavda mebrZolis kisers da yurebs

(Sidnell 2006: 319). XIII saukunis SuaxanebisTvis Cabalaxi evropaSi sayovelTaodaa

gavrcelebuli (Wise 1978: 15). XIV saukuneSi evropaSi jaWvis qudi Secvala

zuCze damagrebulma zaradma (Nicolle 1996: 47). Cabalaxi cnobili iyo

aRmosavleTSic, magram ufro popularuli zuCze damagrebuli jaWvis zaradi

iyo (Nicolle 1994: 31). fiqroben, rom Cabalaxi bizantiaSi avarebma Seitanes an

Tavad romaelebma Seqmnes, parTul-sasanuri muzaradis jaWvis zaradis

safuZvelze (Stephenson 2006: 26-27). damoukidebel jaWvis quds bizantiurad

skaplia (skaplioni) ewodeboda (Kolias 1988: 43, 79; D’Amato 2006: 16). mavrikiosis

strategikonSi gvxvdeba damoukidebeli jaWvis qudis xseneba. traqtatis

avtoris rCeviT, im jarikacebs, romelTac jaWvis abjari ar hqondaT, jaWvis

Cabalaxi mainc unda daexuraT mowinaaRmdegis SecdomaSi Sesayvanad (Maurices’s

Strategikon 1984: 106).

XVII saukuneSi, rodesac sulxan-saba iZleva Cabalaxis ganmartebas, is

jaWvis Tavsarqmelia. Tuki mxedvelobaSi miviRebT Cabalaxis xSir xsenebas XI-

XIII saukuneebis werilobiT ZeglebSi da, amavdroulad, mis erTeul

gamosaxulebebs, SesaZlebelia davsvaT kiTxva: Cabalaxi yovelTvis jaWvis

qudi iyo, Tu Tavdapirvelad muzarads aRniSnavda zogadad? juanSeris mier

aRweril `cxen-Tornosan da jaWu-Cabalaxosan~ mxedrobaSi (juanSeri 1955: 155).

TiTqosda, Cabalaxi muzarads Seesabameba. `vefxistyaosanSi~, qajeTis cixis

saieriSod mzadebisas Cabalaxi da muzaradi isea naxsenebi, rom SesaZlebelia

maTi rogorc cal-calke, ise urTierTmonacvle terminebad arseboba:

„cxenebsa Sesxdes, aiRes maT maTi Cabalaxebi“ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str.

1408), da cota xnis Semdeg – „midges gareT, muzaradni daixurnes Jamierad“

(SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1413). SesaZloa, gmirebma jer Cabalaxebi aiRes da

rodesac cixes miuaxlovdnen, muzaradebic daixures. amave dros, SeiZleba

Cabalaxi ubralod muzarads niSnavdes da maT monacvleobiT iyenebdes

avtori. sxva epizodSi, rusTaveli, TiTqosda, asxvavebs Cabalaxsa da

muzarads erTmaneTisagan: „maTi mesma dapireba, CabalaxTa Camoburva“ (SoTa

rusTaveli 2009: str. 615). Cabalaxis Camoburva ufro jaWvis Tavsaburavs

Seefereba, vidre muzarads, miT umetes, rom muzaradis jaWvs rusTaveli

zaradiT aRniSnavs.

87

àmirandarejanianis~ monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs meti sicxade

SevitanoT am sakiTxSi. orTabrZolebis aRwerisas vkiTxulobT: „aidgna

ferÃni avJandaTa zeda da hkra Ãrmali Cabalaxsa zeda, gaakueTina orni

polotikni rkinisani, Cabalaxi da Tavsa didi SehkueTa~ (mose xoneli 1967:

478-479); `hkra Ãrmali imarindoman, polotikni rkinisani gaakueTina da

Cabalaxi gaukueTa da Tavsa didi SehkueTa~ (mose xoneli 1967: 560-561). orive

epizodSi Cans, rom xmalma gakveTa rkinis muzaradis firfitebi (polotikni)

da muzaradis qveS darqmeuli Cabalaxi, romelic mxolod jaWvis SeiZleba

yofiliyo. rkinis muzaradis daxurva jaWvis Cabalaxze Cveuli praqtika iyo

Sua saukuneebSi. sxvagan, asparezobis monawiles `Cabalaxi moeSala~, rac misi

sikvdilis mizezi gaxda (mose xoneli 1967: 547). gamoyenebuli termini

`moeSala~, jaWvis CamoSlaze unda miuTiTebdes. dabolos,

àmirandarejanianSi~ aRwerili cxenis abjari pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom

Cabalaxi jaWvia: `Cabalaxi gardaekidnes egreve cxenisa mkerdsa, Tavsa da

ferdsa“ (mose xoneli 1967: 475).

JamTaaRmwerelis monaTxrobic mowmobs, rom Cabalaxi jaWvis

Tavsaburavia: `maSin waravlines mociquli winaSe didisa yaenisa... da auwyes

aReba sparseTisa, saqarTvelosa, saberZneTisa, da yovelTa TemTa qudi da

abjari da tanisamisi gaugzavnes da wesi miumcnes... da viTar ixila mociquli

[mangu yaenma], ganixara da Cabalaxisa xilvasa zeda gankÂrda~ (JamTaaRmwereli

1987: 79-80). monRolebs rkinis muzaradi ver gaakvirebdaT, maTi gaoceba

mxolod Cabalaxs, jaWvis quds, SeeZlo gamoewvia. rogorc Cans, XII-XIII

saukuneebSi mainc, Cabalaxi ukve jaWvis quds aRniSnavda.

XI saukunis saqarTveloSi cnobili yofila „Cabalaxi gudamayruli“,

romelsac miwis sasyidlad iyeneben (qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi 1984: 40).

Cabalaxiani qveiTi meomaria gamosaxuli jruWis II oTxTavis 70v miniaturaze.

CaCqani

sabas mixedviT, CaCqani rkinis patara, jamis formis Tavsarqmelia jaWvis

zaradiT, romelic ukan, kiserze bolomdea CamoSvebuli, win ki saxes ar

faravs.147 Tumca, rogorc eTnografiuli sinamdvilidan vrwmundebiT,

xevsuruli CaCqanis zaradi saxesac faravda. k. ColoyaSvili CaCqanis orgvar

147 `da ars Txemsa zeda mcire polotiki da zaradi kisris kerZoTa da pirsa arara, igi ars

CaCqani~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 290).

88

zarads aRniSnavs: amoWril saTvaleebiani grZeli pirbade da mokle pirbade,

romelic win ki mxolod Subls faravs, ukan da gverdebze ki CamogrZelebuli

iyo (ColoyaSvili 1957: 339).

CaCqani warmoadgens liTonis jams, romelsac kideze naxvretebi aqvs

Semoyolebuli zaradis jaWvisaTvis. ruseTSi mas misurkas eZaxdnen, arabulis

sityvidan `misri~, rac egviptes niSnavda. aqedan gamomdinare, zogierTi

mkvlevari Tvlis, rom CaCqani mamluquri egviptidan gavrcelda (Аствацатурян

2002: 65). sazogadod, kavkasiuri CaCqani SedarebiT ufro brtyelia, vidre

osmaluri an iranuli (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 81). k. ColoyaSvilic aRniSnavs, rom

SemorCenili qarTuli CaCqanebi aris mrgvali da dabali, jamiseburi

TaqvsarqmeliT da sacxviris gareSe (ColoyaSvili 1957: 339). saqarTveloSi

(xevsureTSi) CaCqans foladis, rkinisa da spilenZisagan amzadebdnen.

Semonaxulia qarTuli CaCqani, romlis jams Camobmuli aqvs ybis qveS

amosadebi tyavis dawnuli Tasma, romliTac is Tavze magrdeboda

(ColoyaSvili 1957: 335-336).

gavazSi napovnia CaCqani, romelic warmoadgens jamis formis rkinas

daCvretil kideebze mimagrebuli zaradis jaWviT. CaCqanis jamze oTxi

samsWvaliT aris damoqlonebuli mcenareuli ornamentiT morTuli vercxlis

firfita centraluri rgoliT. jamze SemorCenilia nabdis naWeri (WilaSvili

1975: 92-93). es Zvirfasi aRmoCenaa, romelic cxadyofs, rom muzaradis sadebad

nabdis naWers iyenebdnen.

rkinis qudi

XIII saukunis dasawyisis timoTesubnis mxatvrobaSi qveiTi meomris ori

gamosaxulebaa (Привалова 1980: 73-75, рис. 27-28). damaxasiaTebeli farflebiani

rkinis qudiT (chapel de fer). evropaSi is XII saukunis bolos Cndeba da XIII

saukunis ganmavlobaSi popularuli xdeba jaris yvela saxeobaSi (Wise 1978:

29). aRsaniSnavia, rom farflebiani rkinis qudis gamosaxuleba pirvelad XI

saukunis dasawyisis bizantiaSi gvxvdeba (Nicolle 1997: 20). aseTi muzaradi

kargad icavda meomars zemodan wamosuli dartymisa da nasroli isrisagan,

rasac gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda cixe-simagreebis ieriSisas

(Gravett 1997: 45). misi Ria forma ki yovelmxriv xedvis saSualebas iZleoda. XIV

saukunis dasawyisidan rkinis qudis adreuli segmenturi forma mTlianma,

erT-naWrianma konstruqciam Secvala (Nicolle 1996: 51). timoTesubanis freskze,

89

TiTqosda, mTlianWedili sabrZolo qudi Cans, rac aseTi ganviTarebuli

modelis adreuli warmomadgeneli unda iyos.

rkinis sabrZolo qudi Cans XVI saukunis alaverdis Wedur xatzec

(Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 554), rac sabolood metyvelebs, rom am tipis muzarads

SezRudulad, magram mainc iyenebdnen saqarTveloSi.148

sxeulis abjari

aTaswleulebis manZilze evraziis vrcel kontinentze ramdenime

ZiriTadi tipis sxeulis abjari Camoyalibda, romlebic liTonisa da

cxoveluri Tu mcenareuli warmoSobis organuli masalisagan (rqa, tyavi,

qsovili) mzaddeboda. saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebuli Tavdasacavi

aRWurvilobidan aRsaniSnavia jaWvis da sxvadasxva zomis firfitebisagan

Semdgari abjari. jaWvis abjari liTonis patara rgolebisagan mzaddeboda;

patara firfitebisagan iwyoboda qerclovani da lamelaruli abjari, saltis

formis firfitebisagan – laminari, didi firfitebisagan ki – polotiki da

Car-aina. gavrcelebuli iyo kombinirebuli abjaric, romelic jaWvSi

integrirebul rkinis firfitebs warmoadgenda. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia

sagangebod damzadebuli (daliandagebuli) qsovilis abjari, romelsac

damoukideblad da liTonis abjarTan kombinaciaSic iyenebdnen.

qerclovani, lamelaruli, laminaruli abjari

liTonis patara firfitebisagan Sedgenil sxeulis abjars didi xnis

istoria aqvs. Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulidan moyolebuli, wina aziasa da axlo

aRmosavleTSi ukve gvaqvs Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva saxis firfitovani

(qerclovani da lamelaruli) abjari. aRsaniSnavia, rom am regionSi adreuli

lamelari, aqemeniduri epoqidan dawyebuli mTeli aTaswleulis manZilze,

qerclovanma abjarma Caanacvla, centralur da aRmosavleT aziaSi ki

lamelari batonobda (Хазанов 2008: 124-133; Горелик 2003: 83-112).149

148 sainteresoa, rom p. grotovskis dakvirvebiT, moskovis kremlSi daculi XIII-XIV ss.

bizantiuri rkinis qudis (chapel de fer) forma qarTuli sakurTxevliswina jvrebis quds hgavs

(Grotowski 2010: 26, n34).

149 orive saxis firfitovan abjars (qerclovans da lamelaruls) Tavisi Rirseba da nakli

gaaCnda, amitomac gvxvdeba xandaxan maTi kombinacia abjris erT kompleqtSi, sadac

SesaZlebeli iyo lamelaruli kirasis da qerclovani qvedatanis SeTavseba (Лупиненко 2006:

90

aziidan daZruli momTabare tomebis gamoCenis Semdeg, bizantiis

imperiasa da mis mimdebare regionebSi sawinaaRmdego procesi iwyeba. VII-IX

saukuneebSi avarebis, xazarebis, ungrelebis da stepis sxva nomadebis

gavleniT lamelaruli abjari fexs ikidebs bizantiaSi (Haldon 1999: 129), sadac

gansakuTrebiT farTod X saukuneSi vrceldeba.

qerclovani abjari

axlo aRmosavleTSi qerclovani abjari Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis

Suaxanebidan vrceldeba. iyenebdnen ra aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi,

qerclovani abjari iTvleba erT-erT niSansvetad sabrZolo xelovnebis

ganviTarebis istoriaSi (Cernenko 1983: 7; Горелик 2003: 90-92).

qerclovani abjari warmoadgens tyavze an raime qsovilze

kramitiseburad150 damagrebul liTonis firfitebs. xSirad mis firfitebs U-

forma aqvT (Nickel 2002: 109). abjris firfitebi yovelTvis (!) qvemoTaa

mimarTuli, rac mis damaxasiaTebel niSans warmoadgens. qerclovani abjris

rigebi 1/3-ze gadafaraven erTmaneTs151 da cotaTi Secilebuli arian, rac

Tevzis qerclis msgavs mravalfenian zedapirs warmoqmnis. firfitebis

formac Sesabamisia, – erTi mxare momrgvalebul-wagrZelebuli, meore ki

swori (Соловьев 1987: 52).

lamelarTan SedarebiT qerclovani abjari ufro elastiuria, radgan

misi firfitebi sami mxridan Tavisufalia (Кирпичников 1971: 18; Кирпичников

1976: 35). qerclovanze ufro moqnili mxolod jaWvis abjaria (Cernenko 1983: 7).

Tanamedrove rekonstruqtorebis monacemebic mowmoben, rom sworad

damzadebuli qerclovani abjari TiTqmis jaWviviT moqnilia da masaviT

grZeli saxeloebi da qvedabolo SeiZleba hqondes (Dawson 2002: 86).152

117; Кирпичников 1971: 19). kombinirebuli abjris magaliTia boWormis xatze gamosaxuli wm.

giorgis saWurveli, romelsac lamelaruli kirasa da qerclovani qvedatani acvia

(CubinaSvili 1957: tab. 50-51).

150 xandaxan, qerclebi zustad erTmaneTis qvemoTac iyo moTavsebuli (Robinson 1967: 3).

151 an ufro metad, naxevarze mainc (Деревянко 1987: 28).

152 Tumca aseTi modeli sakmaod iSviaTi unda yofiliyo. skviTuri SeiaraRebidan

grZelmklavebiani qerclovani abjris mxolod ramdenime nimuSi Tu mogvepoveba, isini

ZiriTadad moklemklavebiania (Cernenko 1983: 7).

91

mravali dadebiTi Tvisebis miuxedavad (moqniloba, dacvis kargi

xarisxi, teqnologiuroba) qerclovan abjars naklic gaaCnda. moZraobisas

qerclovani abjris firfitebi wamoiweoda xolme, rac mas saZgerebeli

iaraRis winaSe daucvels xdida (Лупиненко 2006: 117).153 qerclovani

abjrisaTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSia mgmiravi dartymebi qvemodan (Горелик 2003:

116). es metad mniSvnelovania cxenosani mebrZolisaTvis, romlis qerclovani

abjrisaTvis qveiTis Subi yovelTvis qvemodan mimarTuli da, Sesabamisad,

saxifaToc iyo.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze qerclovani abjris arseboba dabejiTebiT

ukve Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan SeiZleba vamtkicoT mopovebuli

arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelze (vanisa da sairxis qerclovani

firfitebi), Tumca antikur epoqaSi maTi farTod gavrceleba saeWvoa

(gamyreliZe, fircxalava, yifiani 2005: 142-143).

Sua saukuneebis qerclovani grZeli abjari SesaniSnavadaa

detalizebuli jumaTis wm. giorgis xatze (erisTav vardan vardanisZis

Sewiruloba) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 151). abjris SemadgenlobaSi erTmaneTs

morigeobiT enacvleba Cveulebrivi, boloebmomrgvalebuli mogrZo qerclebi

da aseTive qerclebi SuaSi vertikaluri ZgidiT. aseTi firfitebi

momrgvalebuli qveda kidiT da SuaSi vertikaluri ZgidiT napovnia qvemo

donze, volgispireTSi, yubanSi. isini miCneuli arian romauli qerclovani

abjris nairsaxeobad – lorica plumata (Симоненко 2010: 111-112). lorica plumata aris

qerclovani abjari, romlis qerclis firfitebs centraluri Zgide gasdevs

(D’Amato 2009: 142; Dawson 2013: 30). jumaTis cnobil xatzec saqarTveloSi

gavrcelebuli lorica plumata aris gamosaxuli.

t. dousonis azriT, saqarTveloSi arsebobda qerclovani abjris

gansakuTrebuli saxeoba, romlis wvril firfitebs ori Rrmuli hqonda

(Dawson 2013: 44, fig. 10). mkvlevari am mosazrebas lamelarul da qerclovan

abjarze Cem statiaSi gamoqveynebuli CixareSis wm. giorgis xatis, wm.

prokofis (eqvTime mTawmindelis mcire svinaqsaridan, xelnaweri A648) da sxva

gamosaxulebebze dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoTqvams (Dawson 2013: 110, n71).

samwuxarod, dousonis es mosazreba realobas ar Seesabameba. zemoCamoTvlil

153 xandaxan, qerclovani abjris firfitebs qveda nawilze damatebiT naxvrets swored im

mizniT ukeTebdnen, rom misi bolo daemagrebinaT da xeli SeeSalaT moZraobisas firfitis

zemoT awevisaTvis, sadac Semdgom iaraRs SeeZlo SeeRwia (Черненко 1968: 30-31).

92

wmindanTa abjris firfitebze gamosaxulia moqlonebi firfitis kideebze da

ara Rrmulebi firfitis centrisaken, rogorc es rekonstruirebuli aqvs

dousons. rogorc adrec vuTiTebdi, zustad aseTi abjris firfitebi,

kideebze ori moqloniT, napovnia dasavleT cimbirSi (Соловьев 1987: 51, таб. X, 5).

lamelaruli abjari154

am abjris pirveli brinjaos nimuSebi napovnia egvipteSi, siria-

palestinaSi, mesopotamiasa da anatoliaSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi.155 lamelari

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli aziaSi, gansakuTrebiT mis centralur da

aRmosavleT nawilSi da XIX saukunemdec ki moaRwia (Горелик 1987: 165; Горелик

2003: 108-109).

lamelaruli abjari Sedgeba marTkuTxa formis firfitebisagan,156

romlebic erTmaneTTan jer horizontalur rigebad, Semdeg ki vertikalurad

arian dakavSirebulni naxvretebSi gayrili TasmebiT. qerclovani abjrisagan

gansxvavebiT, romlis firfitebi erT mTlian substratzea damagrebuli,

lamelari jer rigebadaa damagrebuli da Semdeg erTmaneTTan SekavSirebuli

(Dawson 2009: 10).

lamelaruli firfitebis forma, naxvretebis raodenoba da aqedan

gamomdinare, maTi dakavSirebis meTodebi sxvadasxvagvaria.157 saukuneebis

manZilze, aziis uzarmazar kontinentze igi mudmiv ganviTarebas da

evolucias ganicdida, Tumca ZiriTadi principi, firfitebis TasmebiT

dakavSirebisa, ucvleli rCeboda.

154 saqarTveloSi lamelars „javSani“ Seesatyviseboda. termini javSani sparsuli

warmoSobisaa da sxeulis, mkerdis abjars niSnavs. javSani, Cveulebriv, lamelaruli

konstruqciis kirasas aRniSnavda. misi erT-erTi uadresi xseneba gvxvdeba IX saukunis arabi

istorikosis al-balazuris naSromSi, romelic arab-sasanelTa brZolebs aRwers. miuxedavad

terminis sparsulobisa, lamelaruli javSani iranSi centraluri aziidan Sesuli Cans

(Nicolle 2002a: 191). udavoa, rom qarTuli „javSanic“ swored aqedan momdinareobs (Nicolle 1986: 23;

Nicolle 1998b: 166).

155 Zv.w. VII saukuneSi rkinis firfitebma sabolood gamodevnes brinjao (Горелик 2003: 101-107).

156 firfitebi SeiZleba iyos liTonis, rqis, gamagrebuli tyavis da raime sxva masalis.

saqarTveloSi praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba tyavis lamelaruli kirasa da es arc aris gasakviri:

liTonisa da rkinis madnis naklebobas qveyana arasodes ganicdida.

157 miuxedavad SekavSirebis xerxebisa, lamelaris firfitebs sxeulze yovelTvis vertikaluri

mdgomareoba ekavaT (Соловьев 1987: 51).

93

qerclovan abjarTan SedarebiT, lamelaris firfitebi ufro didia

(Dawson 1998: 48). isini ufro mogrZo formisaa, yovel maTganze meti samagri

naxvretia, romlebic praqtikulad erTnairad, firfitis mTel zedapirzea

ganlagebuli. am naxvretebisaTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia Sewyvilebuli

ganlageba (Соловьев 1987: 50; Горелик 2003: 89). lamelaris firfitebis nawili

amozneqili iyo. aseTi formis firfita ukeTesad igeriebda da asustebda

isris, Subis Tu sxva iaraRis dartymas (Медведев 1959: 177-178.]

firfitovani (lamelaruli da qerclovani) abjris damzadeba sakmaod

Sromatevadi iyo, magram teqnologiurad sirTules ar warmoadgenda

(Лупиненко 2006: 116).158 qerclovani da lamelaruli abjris wona TiTqmis

erTnairia (Горелик 2003: 116). 1-1,5 mm sisqis firfitebiani abjris sruli

kompleqtis wona 14-16 kg-ia.159 misi firfitebi ramdenime fenadaa dalagebuli

da dacviTi TvisebebiT jaWvs aRemateba. 1,5 mm firfitebisagan gakeTebuli

lamelaruli kirasa 5 kg-s iwonis. aseTi abjari kargad uZlebs saZgerebel

iaraRs (Горелик 1987: 186-187). lamelari aseve kargad icavs isrebisagan, ris

gamoc didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Zalian popularuli iyo rogorc evraziis

momTabareebSi, ise maT mezoblebSi (Лупиненко 2006: 118).160 dasartymeli iaraRis

(laxti, gurzi) Zala „ifanteboda“ lamelaruli abjris firfitebze da

mebrZolis sxeuli ar ziandeboda. xmlis dartymam, Tasmebis gawyvetis

Sedegad, SeiZleba gamoiwvios Cveulebrivi tipis lamelaruli abjris

dazianeba (Макушников, Лупиненко 2003: 218). rekonstruirebuli lamelari

Zalian medegia praqtikulad yvela saxis dartymis mimarT da mowmobs am saxis

abjris gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs (Dawson 1998: 45).

Cveulebriv, lamelaruli javSanis firfitebi erTmaneTs

horizontalurad gadafaraven. t. dousonis dakvirvebiT, bizantiaSi X

saukunis bolodan Cndeba da XI-dan mkvidrdeba axali tipis lamelari,

romlis firfitebi erTmaneTs ar faravs, mxolod ekvris gverdigverd da

damagrebulia tyavze (Dawson 2002: 85).

158 Tumca, jaWvTan SedarebiT, adreuli firfitovani abjari gacilebiT naklebad Sromatevadi

iyo.

159 is 1,5-2-jer mZimea jaWvis abjarze (Горелик 1987: 186).

160 radganac cxenosani momTabareebis upirvelesi iaraRi mSvildi iyo, lamelaris firfitebi

erTmaneTs gadafaravdnen marjvnidan marcxniv, raTa maT mSvildis sabeli ar gamodeboda

(Nickel 2002: 109).

94

bizantiur gamosaxulebebSi vxvdebiT lamelars, romlis rigebi viwro

zolebiTaa dayofili.161 t. dousonis varaudiT, es aris firfitebis rigebs

Soris moTavsebuli tyavis zoli, romelic aSorebs firfitebs da

aneitralebs maTi moZraobiT gamowveul makratlis efeqts, rasac Tasmebis

gadaWra SeuZlia (Dawson 1992: 16). SemdgomSi dousonma ganaviTara Tavisi

dakvirveba da im daskvnamde mivida, rom bizantiur lamelarul abjarSi

firfitebs Soris Cafenilia ara tyavis viwro zoli, aramed farTo tyavi,

romelic mTlianad aris amofenili gverdigverd moTavsebuli firfitebis

ukan. aseTi abjari horizontalurad ufro moqnilia162 da advilia

dasamzadeblad. SemdgomSi damzadeba ufro gaadviles firfitebis tyavze

damoqlonebiT (TasmiT damagrebis nacvlad).163 dousoni Tvlis, rom

bizantiaSi lamelaris damoqloneba XI saukuneSi Semovida (Dawson 1998: 44-45).

XI-XII saukuneebSi, damoqlonebulis garda, Cndeba „amobrunebuli“

lamelaric: abjris mklavebi da qvedabolo „amobrunebuli“ anu zemodan

qvemoT mimarTuli lamelaris firfitebiT kompleqtdeba. Cveulebriv,

lamelaris firfitebi erTmaneTs gadafaraven qvemodan zemoT, radganac ase

saukeTesod ifaraven sxeuls gamgmiravi dartymebisagan, romlebic, rogorc

wesi, zeviTaa mimarTuli. samagierod, sxeulis kidurebs dartyma zemodan

xvdebaT. „amobrunebuli“ lamelariT dacul kidurebze dartyma qvemoT

curavs da nakleb zians ayenebs (Dawson 1998: 46-47; Dawson, 2002: 89).

dousonis dakvirvebas XI saukunidan zoliani lamelaris gamoCenaze

eTanxmeba qarTuli monacemebic: X saukunis gamosaxulebebze Cveulebrivi

lamelaria, XI-dan ki zoliani Cndeba. sainteresoa, rom es movlena

xelovnebaTmcodneebsac ar gamorCaT saqarTveloSi (romlis axsnac aSkarad

161 mkvlevrebi SeniSnaven, rom zoliani lamelaris adreuli gamosaxulebebi centralur

aziaSi jer kidev VIII-IX saukuneebSi gvxvdeba (Haldon 2002: 79). magram es ar aris is

konstruqcia, romelic bizantiur-qarTul lamelarSi gvxvdeba (Tuki is saerTod liTonisaa).

aq saqme gvaqvs aziisaTvis tradiciul, abjris firfitebis kideebze Semofenil, tyavis

zolTan. Tumca, lamelarSi liTonis firfitebisa da tyavis SeTavsebis ZiriTadi idea,

swored centraluri aziidan iqneba Semosuli Cvens regionSi.

162 Tumca, Cemi azriT, firfitebis horizontaluri gadafarvis ararsebobis gamo, ufro

sustic. samagierod, dakidebuli lamelaris rigebi TiTqmis naxevramde gadafaraven erTmaneTs

vertikalurad, rac niSnavs rom sxeulSi SesaRwevad iaraRma abjris ori fena unda gaiaros

(Dawson 1998: 45).

163 gamosaxulebebze moqloni mrgvali, msxvili wertiliT aris gadmocemuli.

95

scildeboda maTi kompetenciis farglebs). t. Seviakova jer kidev gasuli

saukunis 80-ian wlebSi werda, rom abjris firfitebs Soris wvrili zolebis

gamoCena saqarTveloSi XI saukunidan SeiniSneboda (Шевякова 1983: 23).

bizantiur da qarTul lamelaris gamosaxulebebze guldasmiT

dakvirvebam164 im daskvnamde mimiyvana, rom erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT

e.w. zoliani165 da xaziani166 abjrebi. radgan am ori tipis abjris gamoCena

erTmaneTisagan droSic gamijnulia (zoliani lamelari mxolod XI saukuneSi

Cndeba, xaziani ki mravlad gvaqvs ukve X saukuneSi), Znelia maT Soris

gansxvaveba mTlianad SemsrulebelTa interpretacias da warmosaxvas

davabraloT. umjobesi iqneba, Tuki miviCnevT, rom maT Soris arsebobda

garkveuli konstruqciuli sxvaoba da am sxvaobis dadgenas SevecdebiT. Cemi

varaudiT, firfitebs Soris erTi xazi Cans im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

firfitebis rigs tyavi mxolod ukan aqvs dafenili;167 zoliani abjris

SemTxvevaSi ki tyavi dafenilia firfitebis ukan da amave dros amofenilia

mis qveda nawilzec (sur. 21g).

firfitebis tyavis am meTodiT Semosvamde misvla Zneli ar unda

yofiliyo. praqtikulad, is Tavis TavSi aerTianebs aziis kontinentze

gavrcelebul lamelaruli konstruqciis Zvel meTods (rodesac tyavis zoli

Semofenilia firfitebis kideze)168 da SedarebiT axals (firfitebis ukan

164 arqeologiuri masalis simwiris gamo iZulebuli varT mxolod xelovnebis nimuSebze

dakvirvebiT SemovifargloT. me kargad mesmis, Tu ra problemebTanaa aseTi midgoma

dakavSirebuli da isic, rom saboloo daskvnis gamotanis saSualeba mxolod damatebiTi

arqeologiuri monacemebis gamoCenis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli. samwuxarod, aseT siZneles

awydeba am periodis bizantiis Tu aRmosavleTis yvela mkvlevari. bizantiis kvlevasTan

dakavSirebul am siZneleebze ix. Parani 2003: 101-102.

165 rodesac abjris firfitebs Soris arsebuli zoli ori mkafio, zeda da qveda, xazisagan

iqmneba. aseTia ifaris, Sodais, labeWinis, sufis wm. giorgis xatebi, ifraris, lagurkis da

nakifaris wminda meomrebis freskebi da mravali sxva.

166 rodesac abjris firfitebs Soris mxolod erTi xazi Cans. aseTia Cukulis xatze

gamosaxuli wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdore, mravalZlis xatze wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdore,

faraxeTis wm. giorgis xati da sxva.

167 dousonis meTodiT Cven swored aseT abjars vRebulobT: mxolod firfitis ukan

moTavsebuli tyavis safeni zols ar iZleva.

168 lamelaruli rigebis perimetrze amagrebdnen tyavis zols, romelic orive mxridan

ertymoda firfitis kides. is aZlierebda konstruqcias da icavda travmebisagan, romelic

abjris mWrel kides SeeZlo gamoewvia. aseTia ust-iSimSi napovni X-XII saukuneebis lamelaris

96

tyavis dafenas) (sur. 21). am ori meTodis kombinireba iZleva zolian

lamelars, rodesac zoli mkafiod Cans (zeda firfitaze Semofenili tyavis

kide qmnis zolis zeda xazs, qveda firfitis qveS dafenili tyavis zeda kide

ki zolis qveda xazs). am dros Tasmebi maqsimaluradaa daculi

firfitebisagan, ar ziandeba abjrisqveSa samosic; ganieri tyavi, romelic

winidanac gadafaravs lamelaris firfitebs, abjris met medegobas da

SekavSirebas uzrunvelyofs. aRsaniSnavia, rom lamelaruli firfitebis sul

qveda rigi, romelic kremasmatas esazRvreba, ZirSi zoliTaa naCvenebi, rac

firfitis wina zedapirze amofenil tyavs unda gadmocemdes.169

aqedanve unda iTqvas, rom qarTul masalaze dakvirveba saSualebas

gvaZlevs Tvali gavadevnoT firfitovani abjris evolucias, mis garkveul

stadiebs da mravalricxovan eqsperimentebs, romlebsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.

X saukuneSi saqarTveloSi erTdroulad SeiniSneba ramdenime saxis

eqsperimenti (uaris Tqma firfitebis horizontalur gadafarvaze, tyavis

safenis da moqlonebis SemoReba), romlebic warmoadgendnen pirvel nabijebs

firfitovani abjris evoluciaSi. ar aris gamoricxuli am eqsperimentebis

ufro adreuli TariRic, magram gadaWriT SegviZlia visaubroT mxolod X

saukuneze, rodesac maTi asaxva ukve mtkiced ikidebs fexs xelovnebis

nimuSebSi.

lamelaruli firfitebis rigebs qveS tyavis safenis SemoReba garkveviT

Cans Cukulis eklesiaSi dacul X saukunis RvTismSoblis triptiqze

gamosaxul wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores abjarze (Чубинашвили 1959: 409-410, таб.

46; axalaSvili 1987: 8) (sur. 23). Cveulebrivi, Tasmebiani lamelaris firfitebi

tyavis safenzea damagrebuli, firfitebi horizontalurad erTmaneTs ar

narCenebi (Соловьев 1987: 51, таб. XI, 5). meore ilustraciaze kargad Cans firfitebis kidis

gayolebiT Semokecili tyavi. TiTqmis aseTivea v. radlovis mier berelSi napovni IV-V

saukunis abjris firfitebi (Гаврилова 1965: 55, рис. 4.13) (sur. 22). ramdenime saukuniT

daSorebuli abjris firfitebis es msgavseba SeiZleba imis maCvenebeli iyos, rom aziis didi

nawilSi lamelaris konstruqcia ar ganicdida sagrZnob cvlilebas da rom, X saukuneSi

bizantiasa da saqarTveloSi dawyebuli lamelaris evolucia SedarebiT izolirebuli

movlena unda iyos. aRsaniSnavia, rom aziuri tipis lamelaris firfitebi napovnia

viminaciumSi VI saukunis SreebSi, rac niSnavs rom aseT konstruqcias bizantielebic kargad

icnobdnen (Bugarski 2005: 168, 171).

169 es kargad Cans nakifaris wm. Tevdores da wm. giorgis freskebze, adiSis meomari wmindanis

freskaze, labeWinis qveiTi wm. giorgis xatze da a.S.

97

faraven da gverdigverd ekvrian. aseTi meTodiT damzadebuli lamelari ufro

moqnilia, advili dasamzadebelia, izogeba masalis 15-20% da Sesabamisad,

abjaric wonaSi msubuqdeba (Dawson 1998: 44).

X saukuneSive dasturdeba moqlonebis SemoReba, romlebic, rogorc

Cans, orive tipis (qerclovan da lamelarul) firfitovan abjarSi

gamoiyeneboda.

CixareSis RvTismSoblis triptiqze wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdore170 (sur.

24) da saydaris jvarze gamosaxuli ori wm. Tevdore171 aRWurvilni arian or

(zeda-qveda) moqloniani firfitovani abjriT. savaraudod, es qerclovani

abjaria, radganac mas gaaCnia grZeli saxeloebi, romelic lamelars ar

aqvs.172

nakuraleSis wm. giorgis xati (Чубинашвили 1959: 339-341, таб. 42) (sur. 25)

ki or (zeda-qveda) moqlonian firfitebs ukve lamelaruli abjris saxiT

gviCvenebs, sadac mwkrivebi erTmaneTs qvemodan zemoT gadafaraven. SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom rigebis sakidi Tasmebi uknidan pirdapir emagreba

firfitebis qveda kideze ganlagebul samagr Tasmebs.173 Tumca ufro martivi

axsnac SeiZleba moiZebnos, Tuki vivaraudebT, rom firfitebi cota

gamartivebuli saxiTaa gadmocemuli Wedur xatebSi da maT akliaT sakidi

Tasmebi. aseTi tipis firfitebs vxedavT konstantinopolSi 1030 wels

gadaweril eqvTime mTawmindelis mcire svinaqsaris174 60r miniaturaze (sur. 26).

mxolod, wm. prokofis abjris firfitebze ukve ganirCeva centraluri xazebi,

romlebic SegviZlia sakid Tasmad CavTvaloT da romlebic, albaT, aklia

gamosaxulebebs Wedur xatebze.

170 CixareSis eklesiaSi daculi RvTismSoblis triptiqi, amJamad dakargulia; vmsjelobT

ermakovis mier gadaRebuli fotos (N16879) mixedviT (Чубинашвили 1959: 411-412, таб. 47;

axalaSvili 1987: 9-10).

171 sakurTxevliswina jvari, romelic aRmarTuli iyo sof. saydaris wm. giorgis eklesiaSi,

amJamad mTlianad SemoZarculia; vmsjelobT ermakovis mier gadaRebuli fotoebis (N16833 da

N16847) mixedviT (Чубинашвили 1959: 341; axalaSvili 1987: 13).

172 Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom aseTi firfitebiT qerclovani mklavis warmodgenac

problemuria.

173 aseTi damagrebis sistemas adgili aqvs TvaliT „uxilavi“ Tasmebis SemTxvevaSi (Макушников,

Лупиненко 2003: 216).

174 A648 xelnaweri, romelic xelnawerTa erovnuli centrSia daculi (Жордания 1902: 132).

98

moqloniani abjris es tipebi SeiZleba xelovnis fantaziisa an mcdari

gamosaxvisaTvisac migvewera, rom ara erTi garemoeba: am tipis moqloniani

firfitebis arseboba dasturdeba rusi arqeologebis mier CrdiloeT aziaSi,

dasavleT cimbiris velze mopovebuli I-II aTaswleulebis mijnis masaliT.

irkveva, rom abjris firfitebis zeda-qveda moqlonebiT tyavze damagreba

miRebuli meTodi iyo. am wess iyenebdnen eniseeli yirgizebic (Соловьев 1987: 51,

таб. X, 5) (sur. 27).

am saukuneSi mimdinare eqsperimentebis erTgvar Semajamebel nimuSad

unda CaiTvalos ori xati, romelnic evoluciis mraval niSans aerTianeben. X

saukunis meore naxevris mravalZlis xatze wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores

gamosaxuleba175 (sur. 28) da X saukunis dasasrulis faraxeTis wm. giorgis

xati176 (sur. 29) gviCvenebs lamelarul firfitebs ormagi moqloniT da

ormagi sakidiT tyavis safenze; firfitebi erTmaneTs ar faraven, gverdigverd

ekvrian. praqtikulad aq ukve dasrulebuli saxiT warmodgenilia

lamelaruli abjris evoluciis yvela ZiriTadi komponenti; ar Cans mxolod

lamelaris farTo zoli, ris gamoc es abjrebi xaziani lamelaris

kategorias miekuTvnebian.

XI saukuneSi „idealuri firfitovani abjris“ Zieba kidev ufro

intensiuri da mravalferovani xdeba: Cndeba zoliani lamelari, mkvidrdeba

lamelaris firfitebis qvemoTken gadafarva – e.w. „amobrunebuli lamelari“,

icvleba sakidi Tasmebis raodenoba; mravldeba rTuli, mdidruli, saaRlumo

abjarTa ricxvic.

XI saukunis pirvel wlebSi Sesrulebuli nakifaris wm. giorgis xati177

(sur. 30) da amave saukunis pirveli naxevris samTavisis sakurTxevliswina

jvarze gamosaxuli wm. giorgi (Чубинашвили 1959: 493-499, таб. 284). gviCvenebs

ormagmoqlonian srul „amobrunebul“ lamelars: qvemoT mimarTuli

firfitebiTaa Sedgenili kirasa (klibanion)178, qvedatani (kremasmata)179 da saxelo 175 inaxeboda mravalZlis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi, amJamad dakargulia, vmsjelobT e.

TayaiSvilis 1919 wlis raWis eqspediciis dros T. kiunes mier gadaRebuli fotos mixedviT

(Чубинашвили 1959: 406-409, таб. 36).

176 faraxeTidan mravalZalSi gadatanili, vmsjelobT e. TayaiSvilis 1919 wlis raWis

eqspediciis dros T. kiunes mier gadaRebuli fotos mixedviT (Чубинашвили 1959: 342-343, таб. 43).

177 asan gvazavaisZis axalgazrduli namuSevari (Чубинашвили 1959: 363-367; axalaSvili 1987: 21-22).

178 klibanioni – lamelaruli an qerclovani konstruqciis kirasa (Kolias 1988: 45-47).

179 kremasmata – daliandagebuli qvedatani, xSirad liTonis firfitebiT gaZlierebuli.

99

(manikia)180. meomrebis abjrebi mxolod sakidi Tasmebis raodenobiT

gansxvavdebian.

XI saukunis dasawyisSive gvxvdeba zoliani lamelaris pirveli nimuSebi.

sainteresoa, rom XI saukunis I meoTxedis ifaris wm. giorgis xati181 (sur. 31)

zolian lamelars warmogvidgens umoqlono firfitebiT. es xati, aseve

labeWinis qveiTi wm. giorgis (Чубинашвили 1959: 261, таб. 56) da Sodais wm.

giorgis xatebi182 cxadyofen, rom moqloniani lamelari jer kidev ar aris

sabolood damkvidrebuli.

zoliani da moqloniani lamelaris Serwymis erT saintereso cdas

gviCvenebs labeWinis mxedari wm. giorgis xati (Чубинашвили 1959: 326-330, таб.

181) (sur. 32), romelic XI saukunis meore aTeuls miekuTvneba. aq, kirasis

lamelaris zolebSi (da kremasmatazec) vxedavT adreuli tipis (zeda-qveda)

moqlonian firfitebs, romelic SemdgomSi mTlianad Caanacvla firfitebma

moqloniT zeda nawilSi.

sof. farSi daculi XI saukunis sufis wm. giorgis cxenosani xati

(Чубинашвили 1959: 443) (sur. 33) ki gviCvenebs zolian lamelars ukve tipuri

moqloniani firfitebiT. lamelari mTlianad (kirasa, qvedatani, manikia)

„amobrunebulia“, rac niSnavs, rom qvemoT mimarTuli firfitebis eqsperimenti

zolian abjarzec gagrZelda.

da bolos, mravali freska Tu Weduri xelovnebis nimuSi gviCvenebs ukve

Camoyalibebul lamelaruli abjris tips, romelic yvelaze ufro

gavrcelebulia XI-XII saukuneebSi da Semdgom epoqaSi. misi zoliani kirasa

Sedgeba zemoT mimarTuli moqloniani firfitebisgan, kremasmata da manikia ki

„amobrunebuli“, qvemoT mimarTuli lamelaris firfitebiTaa

dakompleqtebuli. aseTia sufis qveiTi wm. giorgis xati (Чубинашвили 1959: 563;

axalaSvili 1987: 40) (sur. 34), adiSis wm. giorgis (jgrag) eklesiaSi

gamosaxuli wm. giorgis da sxva wminda meomrebis freskebi (sur. 35)

aRWurvili tipuri zoliani moqloniani lamelariT.

zemoT warmodgenili nimuSebiT lamelaruli abjris evolucia

dasrulebulad SeiZleba miviCnioT (sur. 36). SemdgomSi, Cven ukve veRar

vxvdebiT firfitovani abjris aseT mravalferovnebas. miuxedavad amisa,

180 manikia mxars idayvamde icavda.

181 asanis xeloba maruSis SekveTiT (Чубинашвили 1959: 358-363, таб. 184; axalaSvili 1987: 17-18).

182 inaxeboda sof. RebSi mezobeli Sodis wm. giorgis eklesiidan (Чубинашвили 1959: 367, таб. 95).

100

rogorc Cans, calkeul eqsperimentebs mainc hqondaT adgili. am mxriv

sainteresoa daviT-garejas udabnos xarebis eklesiaSi XIII saukuneSi

gamosaxuli wm. Tevdores freska sammagmoqloniani firfitebisagan Semdgari

lamelaruli abjris qvedaboloTi (daviT garejis monastrebi 2008: 116).

bizantiur-qarTuli abjris siaxlovisa da msgavsebisaTvis saintereso

masalas iZleva erTi tipis lamelaris Sedarebac. XII saukuneSi kastoriis wm.

nikolozis eklesiaSi gamosaxul wm. nestoris freskaze wmindani aRWurvilia

lamelariT, romelic marTkuTxa Tav-moumrgvalebeli firfitebiTaa

Sedgenili. aseTi formis marTkuTxa lamelaris firfitebi masalis did

ekonomias ar iZleva, samagierod sagrZnoblad zogavs abjris damzadebis

dros (Dawson 1998: 48). am tipis bizantiur abjarsac SeiZleba bevri qarTuli

analogi movuZebnoT: X saukunis dasasrulis sakaos xatze wm. giorgis

(Чубинашвили 1959: 344-348; CubinaSvili 1957: tab. 98). praqtikulad igive,183

moqlonian-Tasmiani firfitebisgan Sedgenili xaziani lamelari acvia.

marTkuTxa formis, bolo-moumrgvalebeli firfitebiTaa Sedgenili, agreTve,

adiSis wm. giorgis eklesiis fasadze gamosaxuli wm. Tevdore da wm. giorgis

abjrebi (sur. 37), XI saukunis lanCvalis (Чубинашвили 1959: 333-334, таб. 190) da

setis (Чубинашвили 1959: 330-333, таб. 182) xatebis wm. giorgis abjrebic.

lamelaruli abjris kidev erTi, metad saintereso, nairsaxeoba aris

asaxuli qarTul Wedur xatebSi da miniaturebSi. es gaxlavT zoliani

lamelari, romlis firfitovani rigebi ostatebs wvrili, swori xazebiT aqvT

gadmocemuli. erTi SexedviT, aseTi abjari advilad SegviZlia miviCnioT

xelovnis Secdomad, romelmac lamelaris firfitebis zust gadmocemaze Tavi

ar Seiwuxa da isini gamartivebuli saxiT Seasrula. sabednierod,

arqeologiuri masala belorusiidan aseTi daskvnis uflebas ar gvaZlevs da

kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom Zveli ostatebi imaze ufro xSirad asaxavdnen

sinamdviles, vidre es aqamde warmogvedgina.

gomelSi, o. makuSnikovis xelmZRvanelobiT, gaiTxara XIII saukunis

dasawyisSi damwvari meiaraRis saxelosno, sadac aRmoCnda 1500 cali

lamelaruli abjris firfita (Макушников, Лупиненко 2003: 214). am masalis

safuZvelze moxerxda ramdenime tipis lamelaris rekonstruqcia, romlebic

gansxvavdebian tipuri abjrisagan. rogorc cnobilia, lamelaruli abjari

183 gansxvaveba mxolod moqlonebis ricxvSia: wm. giorgis lamelaris firfitebze ori

moqlonia, wm. nestoris ki – erTi.

101

kargad uZlebs nebismieri iaraRs, magram xmlis dartyma azianebs mis Tasmebs.

rogorc Cans, ostatebi mudam eZebdnen sakidi Tasmebis dacvis meTods, rac

ganaxorcieles kidec abjris firfitebis formis Secvlis gziT (Лупиненко

2006: 117). gomelSi napovni firfitebisgan rekonstruirebuli lamelarisaTvis

xmlis dartymebi sulac ar aris saSiSi, radganac firfitebis zedapirze

Tasmebi praqtikulad ar gamodis (Макушников, Лупиненко 2003: 218, рис. 2.5, 9)

(sur. 38).

rogorc ukve vTqviT, am tipis Tasmadamalul lamelarul abjars arcTu

iSviaTad vxvdebiT qarTul xelovnebis nimuSebSi. aseTi lamelari acvia wm.

giorgis XI saukunis jaxunderis xatze184 (sur. 39), XII saukunis jruWis II

oTxTavis 186v miniaturaze gamosaxul cixis mcvels, mTavarangelozs

labsyaldis xatze, romelic XIII saukunis unda iyos (axalaSvili 1987: 72-3,

sur. 71).

qarTuli zegavlena bizantiur aRWurvilobaze naTlad Cans erTi tipis

(protuberanculi) firfitovani abjris magaliTze, romelic, albaT, marTlac

saaRlumod iyo gankuTvnili.185 m. parani aRniSnavs XII saukunis bizantiaSi

axali tipis qerclovani abjris gamoCenas, romelic xasiaTdeba firfitebis

qveda boloze patara centraluri gamonazardiT, protuberanciT. aseTi tipis

qerclebi ar Cans ufro adre bizantiaSi da arc centralur da aRmosavleT

evropasa Tu dasavleT aziaSi. m. paranis varaudiT, SesaZloa msgavsi abjari

saqarTvelodan iyos bizantiaSi Sesuli,186 ris safuZvelsac mas XI saukunis

sami qarTuli Weduri xati aZlevs. marTlac, xidisTavis, sujunis da

boWormis wm. giorgis xatebze wmindanebis abjari aseTive, protuberanculi,

qerclebiT aris gamosaxuli.

m. paranis mosazrebis gansamtkiceblad, Cven vapirebT kidev ufro meti

magaliTis moxmobas qarTuli sinamdvilidan, romlebic cxadyofs, rom abjris

protuberanculi firfitebi ufro metad iyo gavrcelebuli Sua saukuneebis

saqarTveloSi da droSi win uswrebda bizantias. amave dros, erTi sakiTxic

184 ekuTvnoda sof. jaxunderis wm. giorgis eklesias, amJamad dakargulia; vmsjelobT

ermakovis fotos mixedviT, N16874 (Чубинашвили 1959: 352-354, таб. 188; axalaSvili 1987: 26).

185 protuberanculi abjris sagangebod mokazmuli, saaRlumo xasiaTi SemCneuli aqvs m.

paranis (Parani 2003: 110).

186 Tumca, konkretuli mtkicebulebebis uqonlobis gamo, sakiTxs mainc Riad tovebs (Parani 2003:

111).

102

moiTxovs dazustebas: Cemi azriT, paranis mier aRweril kastoriis freskaze

wm. dimitris (Parani 2003: pl. 123). lamelari acvia da ara qerclovani abjari.

amis Tqmis uflebas abjris konstruqcia gvaZlevs: protuberanculi

firfitebi mijrilia da ar faravs erTmaneTs horizontalurad, Cans Tasmebi,

moqlonebi, tyavdafenili lamelaris rigebi, kirasac umklavoa. Tumca es ar

cvlis sakiTxis arss, – rogorc davrwmundebiT, protuberanculi firfitebi

saqarTveloSi orive tipis abjarSi dasturdeba da misi pirvelobis sakiTxi

eWvs ar iwvevs.

wm. dimitris msgavsad, XI saukunis boWormis qveiTi wm. giorgis

(Чубинашвили 1959: 429-444; CubinaSvili 1957: 21, tab. 50) da sujunis qveiTi wm.

giorgis (Чубинашвили 1959: 568; CubinaSvili 1957: 22, tab. 64) abjrebi

warmoadgenen qvemoT mimarTuli protuberanculi firfitebisagan Sedgenil

lamelaris kirasas. didi zomis gamosaxulebebze (CubinaSvili 1957: tab. 50, 64).

abjris firfitebis yuradRebiT daTvalierebisas vrwmundebiT, rom boWormis

da sujunis xatebze gamosaxulia ara qerclovani, aramed lamelaruli

abjari: garkveviT Cans Tasmebi, romlebic firfitebs mTel sigrZeze dauyveba,

rac swored lamelarisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; firfitebi aqac ar faraven

erTmaneTs horizontalurad da orive kirasa umklavoa.

rac Seexeba XI saukunis pirvel mesamedSi Sesrulebul xidisTavis wm.

giorgis xats (Чубинашвили 1959: 256-259, таб. 153; CubinaSvili 1957: 22, tab. 53).

(sur. 40), misi kremasmata da manikia namdvilad protuberanculi qerclovani

firfitebiT aris Sedgenili, kirasa ki cota ar iyos gaurkvevelia da

SeiZleba, rogorc lamelari, aseve qerclovani abjaric iyos.

qvemoT mimarTuli protuberanculi firfitebisagan Semdgari kremasmata

acvia 1096 wels ifraris eklesiaSi Tevdores mier daxatul mTavarangeloz

miqaels (Аладашвили, Алибегашвили, Вольская 1983: таб. 25).

XII saukunis favnisis wm. meomris abjari zemoT mimarTuli Tasmebiani

protuberanculi firfitebisagan aris Sedgenili (Привалова 1977: таб. XV) (sur.

41). zemoT mimarTuli firfitebi sabolood cxadyofs, rom am tipis

lamelaric arsebobda da (sxva SemTxvevebSic) saqme ar gvaqvs qerclovani

abjris mxatvriseul interpretaciasTan.

qvemoT mimarTuli Tasmebiani protuberanculi firfitebisagan

Sedgenili lamelaris kirasiTaa aRWurvili XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnaze

timoTesubanSi gamosaxuli wminda meomaric (sur. 42).

103

protuberanculi tipis abjrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia firfitebs Soris

Sveuli xazebi, romlebic sruliad gaugebaria racionaluri konstruqciis

TvalsazrisiT. Tuki aseTi konstruqcia marTlac arsebobda da xelovanTa

warmosaxvis nayofi ar aris, is zedmetad rTuli, dekoratiuli da mdidruli

saaRlumo abjris nimuSad unda miviCnioT.

ra daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT zemoT moxmobili abjris nimuSebidan?

advilad SesaZlebelia, firfitovani abjris is mravalferovneba, romelic

warmovadgineT, sinamdviles ar Seesabamebodes da saqme xSir SemTxvevaSi

ostatis fantaziasTan gvqondes. amisda miuxedavad, gadaWriT unda iTqvas,

rom aseTi mravalferovnebis asaxsnelad mxolod ostatis Secdomebi ver

ikmarebs da rom didi nawili aq warmodgenili abjrisa marTlac arsebobda.

aseve, marTebuli iqneba, Tu davsvamT kiTxvas: xom ar iqonia

saqarTvelom gavlena bizantiuri lamelaruli abjris SemuSavebaze?

marTlac, Znelia ipovo iseTi bizantiuri abjari, romlis Sesatyvisic

saqarTveloSi ar moipovebodes, piriqiT ki cota gansxvavebul suraTTan

gvaqvs saqme. bizantiaSi ar Cans an droSi CamorCeba sxvadasxva tipis abjari:

zeda-qveda moqloniani lamelari; firfitebs Soris moqloniani;

Tasmadamaluli lamelari; mTlianad qvemoT mimarTuli lamelari; erTeulia

protuberanculi abjari; X saukunis bizantiur gamosaxulebebze ar gvxvdeba

moqloniani firfitebi da arc marTkuTxa, bolo-moumrgvalebeli lamelari.

am gadasaxedidan sainteresoa bizantiis da misi kavkasieli mezoblebis

(kerZod, saqarTvelos) urTierTmimarTeba SeiaraRebis sakiTxebSi.

upirvelesad, aRniSvnis Rirsia maTi sakmaod mWidro urTierToba, rac

samxedro teqnologiebis mimocvlas Seuwyobda xels. udavoa, rom bizantiuri

samxedro manqana did gavlenas axdenda mis mezoblebze,187 magram

sawinaaRmdego xasiaTis movlenac SeiniSneba. saqarTvelos, Tavisi mdebareobis

wyalobiT, bizantiaze ufro adre hqonda Sexeba CrdiloeT kavkasiisa Tu

centraluri aziis nomadebTan, romelTa SeiaraRebis siaxleebi, pirdapir Tu

transformirebuli, swored saqarTvelos gavliT SeiZleba moxvedriliyo

bizantiaSi.188 mdidari da mravalricxovani qarTuli feodaluri klasic

187 miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli samxedro terminologia ufro sparsul-arabulis gavlenas

ganicdis.

188 magaliTisaTvis, d. nikolis azriT, lamelari centraluri aziidan gavrcelda iranSi,

Semdgom kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi (Nicolle 1982: 173).

104

waaxalisebda individualur eqsperimentebs iaraRTan, gansxvavebiT

bizantiisagan, sadac SeiaraRebis sistema saxelmwifo niadagze idga da

standartizaciis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeoda.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, arqeologiuri mtkicebulebebis ararsebobis da

mxolod ikonografiuli monacemebis safuZvelze, gadaWriT raimes mtkiceba

Znelia. amave dros, Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom firfitovani abjris

warmoebis da inovaciebis erT-erT msxvil centrad saqarTvelo Cans da

bizantiis imperiaSi gavrcelebuli abjris tipebidan zogierTi, SesaZloa,

swored aq iRebdes dasabams.

XV saukunis bolodan axlo aRmosavleTSi lamelaruli abjari qreba

(Gorelik 1979: 50; Nicolle 1990a: 39). is Caanacvla jaWv-firfitovanma kombinirebulma

abjarma. aseTive viTarebaa saqarTveloSic. XIV saukunis meore naxevris H1665

daviTnis miniaturebze firfitovani abjari bevrad iSviaTad gvxvdeba, vidre

jaWvi (Шервашидзе 1964: 56).

laminaruli abjari

laminaruli abjari Seqmnilia horizontalurad ganlagebuli grZivi

liTonis an tyavis firfitebiT (salteebiT), romlebic erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebulia naxvretebSi vertikalurad gayrili TasmebiT (Горелик 1993: 151;

Горелик 2003: 112). SejavSnis es meTodi sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli da

gansakuTrebiT gamoiyeneboda abjris calkeul nawilebSi (kidurebis, mxris

Tu sxeulis sxva nawilis dasafarad). karg TavdacviT TvisebebTan erTad,189

iyo sakmaod moZravi da moqnili. laminaris wona sxva firfitovani

(qerclovani, lamelari) abjris wonis Sesabamisia, is ar zRudavs xelisa da

fexis moZraobas, Tumca xmlis dartymas misi Tasmebis dazianeba da abjris

daSla SeeZlo gamoewvia (Горелик 1987: 187).

antikur xanaSi laminarul abjars romaeli legionerebi atarebdnen da

mas lorica segmentata ewodeboda. laminars iyenebdnen Zveli berZnebic cxenosnis

kidurebis dasacavad (Robinson 1967: 12). grZeli laminari cnobilia centraluri

aziidan da VI-VII da VII-VIII saukuneebs miekuTvneba (Горончаровский, Никоноров

1987: 205). Cveulebriv, laminaruli abjari kirasas warmoadgenda, romelic

189 laminaruli javSnis mdgradobas isris mimarT arqeologiuri masalac adasturebs: Sapkas

samarxSi aRmoCenili laminaruli muzaradis erTi firfita isars gatanili aqvs, magram

meoris daZleva veRar SeZlo (Нестеров, Слюсаренко 1993: 196).

105

gverdze da mxarze ikvreboda (iSviaTad zurgze) (Бобров, Худяков 2002: 111). XV

saukunis dasawyisSi iranSi scades laminaris medegobis gaumjobeseba da

laminaris zolebis SekavSireba Tasmebis nacvlad tyavze damoqlonebiT

daiwyes (Горелик 1983: 255; Бобров, Худяков 2002: 111; Бобров, Худяков 2008: 390).

laminaruli abjari saqarTveloSi naklebad iyo gavrcelebuli. is

mxolod e.w. èqsperimentul“ periodSi gvxvdeba (XIV s. meore naxevari – XV s.

dasawyisi), rodesac dacvis gaZlierebis axal gzebs eZebdnen da sxvadasxva

tipis firfitovan javSans cdidnen. laminaruli abjari gamosaxulia XIV

saukunis meore naxevris H1665 daviTnis 204r miniaturaze, sadac vxedavT or

mebrZols saltiseburi firfitovani abjriT. aRWurvilobisa da muzaradis

mixedviT es mebrZolebi aSkarad centraluri figurebia da winamZRolebs an

didebulebs warmoadgenen. 1330-ian wlebSi TavrizSi Sesrulebul Sah-names

miniaturebze gamosaxul laminarul abjars mkvlevrebi tyavisagan

damzadebulad miiCneven (Горелик 1987: 173-175; Swietoslawski 1999: 26). daviTnSi

gamosaxuli qarTuli laminaruli abjaric XIV saukunes ekuTvnis da

garegnulad msgavsia, Tumca maT, rogorc Cans, liTonisganac amzadebdnen: 204r

miniaturaze gamosaxuli erTi laminaruli abjari ori feris, oqrosferis da

ruxi-nacrisferis, monacvleobiT aris warmodgenili, sadac nacrisferi

ueWvelad liTons gamosaxavs, radganac jaWvis abjris da saerTod rkinis

aRWurvilobis gadmosacemad mxatvari am fers iyenebs.

jaWvis abjari

jaWvi erTmaneTSi gadabmuli liTonis rgolebisagan moqsovili abjaria.

h. robinsoni jaWvs miiCnevs yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul abjrad istoriaSi

(Robinson 1967: 11). jaWvis abjari evropeli keltebis gamogonebaa, romelic Zv.w.

III saukunidan gavrcelda romaul samyaroSi da Semdeg, mis farglebs gareTac

(Connolly 1981: 124; Coulston 2002: 20; Bishop, Coulston 2006: 63).190

jaWvis abjris damzadeba teqnikurad arc ise rTuli, magram uaRresad

Sromatevadi samuSao iyo. muxlamde sigrZis jaWvis perangi daaxloebiT 30 000

rgols moicavda. rac ufro pataraa rgoli, miT ukeTesia abjari, magram aseT

SemTxvevaSi izrdeba rgolebis raodenoba da daxarjuli Sroma (Williams 2002:

190 yvelaze Zveli jaWvis abjari napovnia kelti beladis Zv.w. III saukunis samarxSi kiumeStSi

(rumineTi) (Williams 1980: 105; Симоненко 2010: 128-129).

106

51).191

sruli jaWvis abjris damzadebas, jaWvisve sabarkuliT, ramdenime kviris

Sroma sWirdeboda (Nicolle 1996: 31). muxlamde sigrZis jaWvi 12-14 kg iwonida da

mTel simdidres warmoadgenda Sua saukuneebSi.

jaWvis rgolebisaTvis saWiro mavTuls iRebdnen rkinis mogrZo naWris

gatarebiT sxvadasxva zomis naxvretebSi, romelTa diametri TandaTan

mcirdeboda. es sakmaod Sromatevadi samuSao iyo: 5 mm ganivkveTis rkinidan 2

mm mavTuli rom mieRoT, mas TanmimdevrobiT atarebdnen 30 naxvretSi (Гордеев

1954: 64).192 mrgvali ganivkveTis rgolebis garda, jaWvis abjarSi brtyeli

rgolebic gamoiyeneboda. brtyeli rgolebi wonis gazrdis gareSe 1.5-2-jer

adidebs abjris farTobs (Кирпичников 1971: 14). aseTi rgolebis brtyel

zedapirs xSirad iyenebdnen sxvadasxva ornamentisa da warwerebisaTvis

(Гордеев 1954: 95).

jaWvis rgolis SeerTebis ramdenime xerxi arsebobs: fareSovani,

eklisebri,193 daduRebuli da Tavmidebuli. fareSiT (moqloniT) damagrebisas

rgolis orive bolos abrtyelebdnen, xvretdnen, fareSs (WanWiks) uyridnen da

kvlav abrtyelebdnen. eklisebri damagrebisas, fareSis nacvlad iyenebdnen

konusur qims (ekals), romelzec rgolis jer erT bolos amagrebdnen, Semdeg

meore bolos Camoacvamdnen da qims abrtyelebdnen. Sedegad, Semsxvileba

rgolis mxolod erT mxares warmoiqmneba da aseTi jaWvi, fareSianTan

SedarebiT, naklebad azianebs samoss;194 jaWvis rgolebic ufro patara da

msubuqia (Аствацатурян 2002: 68). fareSianTan SedarebiT, ekliseburi rgolebi

ufro advilad da swrafad mzaddeba, Tumca rgoli naklebad mtkicea (Гордеев

1954: 79). kidev ufro advili iyo iseTi rgolebis damzadeba, romlis mavTulis

Tavebi erTmaneTs mxolod edeboda da arafriT ukavSirdeboda. aseTi

191 rac ufro meti rgoli xvdeba iaraRis pirs, miT naklebia Sansi maTi da sxeulis

dazianebisa (Peirce 1986: 158). ramdenadac patara iyo jaWvis rgoli, miT ufro meti iyo maTi

raodenoba da Sesabamisad, daculobis xarisxic da abjris wonac (Макушников, Лупиненко 2006:

3-4).

192 jaWvis rgolebis dasamzadebeli liTonis mavTuli sxvadasxva sisqis iyo, rac

ganapirobebda garegnulad erTnairi abjris sxvadaxva wonas (Lachaud 1998: 354-355).

193 sabas terminologiiT – èklebrivi~, èkalTa msgavsi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 450, 453).

194 jaWvis rgolis Semsxvileba (fareSiani Tu daduRebuli) meomars gareT, mowinaaRmdegis

iaraRis mxares hqonda miqceuli, jaWvqveS sacmelze ki rgolis swori mxare xvdeboda, raTa

samosis dazianeba Tavidan aecilebina (ColoyaSvili 1956: 284). aseve icmevdnen jaWvs

dasavleli raindebic (Nicolle 1996: 47).

107

konstruqcia gacilebiT susti iyo da ver akavebda mCxvletavi iaraRis

dartymas (Bivar 1972: 276). yvelaze Zlierad DSeduRebuli jaWvis rgoli

iTvleboda.195

jaWvis abjari Zalian moqnili da moxerxebuli iyo. igi urigod ar

icavda da misi moqnilobis gamo, mflobeli maqsimalurad mobiluri iyo

(Peirce 1987: 239-240). rgolebisagan Semdgari jaWvi kargad niavdeboda da

naklebad cxeldeboda (Farrokh 2005: 17). SedarebiT ioli iyo jaWvis zomaze

morgeba an gadakeTeba. aseve ioli iyo misi Cacma da gaxda (Ascherl 1988: 264).196

daliandagebul samosze Cacmuli jaWvi kargad uZlebs mCexav dartymebs.

Tumca, Subs an isars SeeZlo misi garRveva. iaraRis wverze koncentrirebuli

energiis wyalobiT, maT SeeZloT jaWvis rgolis gagleja (Макушников,

Лупиненко 2006: 4). axlo manZilidan nasrol isars jaWvi kargad ver uZlebda,

raSic mas lamelaruli abjari sjobda (Nicolle 1996: 31). jaWvis rgolebi ver

STanTqavda da verc fantavda dartymis Zalas, romelic masSi aRwevda (Short

2009: 61). amitomac, jaWvis perangis qveS aucilebeli iyo daliandagebuli an

raime sqeli samosis Cacma, raTa Zlieri dartymis Sedegad jaWvis rgolebi

sxeulSi ar CaWediliyo da Zvlebi ar damsxvreuliyo (Nicolle 1999a: 135). jaWvis

abjars saTanado movlac undoda,197 misi rgolebi SeiZleba gamwydariyo da

Zneli iyo misi wmenda da Jangisagan dacva (Barber 1995b: 231).198

marTalia, jaWvi

ramdenadme CamorCeboda lamelarul abjars daculobis xarisxiT, magram

ufro moqnili da grili iyo, ukeTesad icavda SeerTebebs da moxrilobebs.

195 xevsurebi daduRebul rgolebian jaWvs yvelaze Zvirad – xuT Zroxad afasebdnen,

fareSiani rgoliT naqsovs – oTx Zroxad, xolo ufareSoSi mxolod sam Zroxas iZleodnen

(ColoyaSvili 1956: 284).

196 nantis grafi, romelic cnobili mebrZoli iyo, jer cxens moaxteboda da mxolod Semdeg

icvamda jaWvis perangs, raTa yovelgvar moulodnelobas yovelTvis cxenze mjdomi da

yovelmxriv momzadebuli Sexvedroda (Strickland 1996b: 168). es ki SesaZlebeli jaWvis

moqnilobis gamo iyo. liTonis sxva abjars cxenze mjdomi adamiani damoukideblad ver

Caicvams.

197 laSqrobisas jaWvis abjars tyavis abgaSi inaxavdnen (Nicholson 2004b: 31). abjris Casadeb

budes taliki ewodeboda. `taliki – abjris STasadebeli, abjris bude~ (sulxan-saba

orbeliani 1993: 132.)

198 cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebSi jaWvis abjars Jangisagan kasrSi Cayril qviSasa da ZmarSi

trialiT wmendnen (Gravett 2002: 18). saxalxo mTqmelis adua arabulis mixedviT: `wamiRo Cemma

patronma, Walas gamxexa qviSiTa~ (ColoyaSvili 1956: 286).

108

jaWvs gaaCnda is upiratesoba, rom misi tareba SesaZlebeli iyo sxva tipis,

igive lamelarul, abjarTan erTad (Bivar 1972: 277-278). amasTanave, lamelarul

abjarTan SedarebiT, jaWvis perangi advilad faravda sxeulis zedapiris met

farTobs da ar hqonda susti da Ria SeerTebis adgilebi.

saqarTveloSi uZvelesi jaWvis abjari dedoflis goris sasaxleSia

napovni da Cv. w. I saukuniT TariRdeba. mis gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi i.

gagoSiZe romaelebis gamoCenas ukavSirebs (gagoSiZe 2005: 131). Sua saukuneebis

qarTuli arqeologia jaWvis ramdenime abjars icnobs: esenia urbnisSi (VI s.),

zurtaketSi (XII s.) da dmanisSi (XII-XIII ss.) napovni jaWvis fragmentebi

(WilaSvili 1964: 94-96, sur. 41). samwuxarod, es fragmentebi Zalian

dazianebulia, rac maT srulfasovan Seswavlas gamoricxavs. maT fonze

sasiamovno gamonakliss warmoadgens aTonis mTis iverTa monasterSi daculi

Tornike erisTavis jaWvis perangi, romlis amJamindeli mdgomareoba

mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. SemorCenili nawilebis

mixedviT rom vimsjeloT, Tornike erisTavis jaWvi grZelmklaviania; Cvenamde

moRweuli yvelaze grZeli nawilis zoma 80 sm-ia, rac imis mauwyebelia, rom

jaWvi muxlamde sigrZis iyo.199 misi publikatoris, r. d’amatos mixedviT,

jaWvis rgolebi aris 1 sm diametris, moqloniani, 4-1 (yoveli rgoli oTx sxva

rgolSia gayrili) qsoviT; rgolebze darCenilia oqros naSTi, ris

mixedviTac d’amato askvnis, rom jaWvi mTlianad iyo mooqruli (D’Amato 2012:

54).200

es uaRresad mniSvnelovani cnoba qarTuli feodaluri aristokratiis

maRal statusze da did resursebze metyvelebs.

sulxan-saba orbelians dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili jaWvis abjris xuTi

tipi, romlebic saqarTveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli: `javSani ars abjari

rkinisa, tanssacvami jaWvi. xolo ama javSanTa gvarni arian xuT: samanqani,

zeidali, xosroani, qirafqa da jabala.201 samanqani ars jaWvis-Tvali

mgrgvali, sam-fareSosani, SigniT nikartovani, rbili da gardagrexiT Zniad

gasatexeli; zeidali ars msgavsi samanqanisa da TviTo rigi jaWvis-Tvali 199 madlobas vuxdi r. d’amatos am jaWvis Sesaxeb fotoebisa da informaciis mowodebisaTvis.

200 unda iTqvas, rom publikaciisas r. d’amatom dauSva Secdoma da abjari bizantiel sardal

leon Tornikes miakuTvna. pirad saubarSi man damarwmuna, rom es Secdoma uneblie iyo da mas

aucileblad gaasworebda.

201 1503 wlis sabuTSi „wigni aleqsandre mefisa svanTa mier jafariZeTa sasisxlos gadaxdaze“

dadasturebulia sabas mier naxsenebi jaWvis abjris tipebi: „samasi samanqanuri da zedaluri

abjari“ (svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi 1986: 115).

109

mTeli, ufareSo da TiTo Tvali fareSosani; xosrovani ars msgavsi zeidlisa

da qveda piri RarRarovani; qirafqa ars mobrtye jaWvis-Tvali fareSovani,

rbil-basri da ufrore basri, gardagrexiT advilad gasatexeli; jabala ars

msgavsi qirafqisa, jaWvisTval-mgrgvali, romlisame fareSi mgrgvali da

romlisame eklebrivi. ese xuTni abjarnica sxvadasxva gvarni iqmnebian,

romelime Tval-grZeli, romelime Tval-farTo, romlisame fareSiT

sxvadasxvaoba da jvaredi, aramed amave xuTTaganni arian. aramed javSanTa

sisrule da sikeTe ese ars, romlisaganca iyos: grZeli da farTo iyos,

jaWvis-Tvali razmad dawyobili iyos fareS-Svenieri da Znelad gasaÃsneli,

notiobaSi gvian dagesldes,202 yrili203 ara hqondes, kalTidam SedevnebiT

usxo da usxosi iyos, mkerdTa, beWTa da RliaTa uzrqelesi da miyrili iyos.

qirafqis Tvali ÃrmalsaviT izevdes da samanqnisa mraval-sagrexi iyos,

romelsac nikarti hqondes gvariani da romelsac Rari – moÃdomilad. erTisa

da oris klebisaTvis nu aZagebT, sruli Znelia~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993:

450). rogorc vxedavT, sabas mixedviT, kargi jaWvi grZeli da farTo iyo,

rgolebi mijriT hqonda Camwkrivebuli, rgolis fareSi kargi xarisxis iyo da

advilad ar ixsneboda, nestSi gvian Jangdeboda, ar hqonda amovardnili an

gaxsnili rgoli, mkerdze, beWebsa da iRliebSi sqeli da mWidro naqsovi

iyo.204

zemoT aRwerili jaWvis tipebis da maTi niSnebis dadgena sakmaod

Znelia. zeidalis tipis jaWvi rigrigobiT monacvle moqloniani

(`fareSosani~) da daduRebuli (`jaWvis-Tvali mTeli, ufareSo~) rgolebis

rigebisagan Sedgeboda. fareSiani da SeduRebuli rgolebis rigebis

monacvleobiT ostati dros zogavda (Peirce 1987: 237-238). zeidalis msgavsi

jaWvi saukeTesod iTvleboda mTel aRmosavleTSi (Nicolle 1994: 50). evropaSic

umTavresad mas xmarobdnen (Peirce 1986: 155; Nicolle 1996: 47).205

aseTi jaWvis

nimuSebi, sul cota, Zv. w-is I saukunidan arsebobs (Gilmour 1997: 27-34).

202 `Jangi – rkinis gesli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 634).

203 `yrili – jaWvis Tvali akldes; sada jaWvis Tvali jaWvTa gamoyrili hqondes kvalad

yrili iTqmis~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 271).

204 cnobilia, rom mxrebs da mkerds xSirad xvdeboda mtris iaraRi, ris gamoc jaWvis es

adgilebi ufro gaZlierebuli iyo (Гордеев 1954: 70).

205 monRolebamdeli periodisaTvis mas tipurad miiCnevs a. kirpiCnikovic (Кирпичников 1971: 9).

110

jabalas tipis jaWvSi vxvdebiT rgolis damagrebis ori xerxs:

moqloniT (`romlisame fareSi mgrgvali~) da qimiT (`da romlisame

eklebrivi~). gacilebiT Znelia samanqanis tipis jaWvis rgolis konstruqciis

gageba, romelic sam-fareSosania. Tu es aRweriloba sworia, sam-fareSosani

unda niSnavdes ara rgols sami fareSiT, risi damzadebac warmoudgenlad

rTulia, aramed erT, sam-Tavian eklisebr fareSs, romelsac 3 qimi aqvs. es

uaRresad rTuli teqnologia iqneboda, romelic rgolis gadabmis did

simtkices uzrunvelyofda. cnobilia or-Taviani fareSis magaliTebi (Nicolle

1999a: 288), Tumca is sakmaod iSviaTad gvxvdeba (Гордеев 1954: 65). miuxedavad am

ganmartebisa, sam-qimiani ekliseburi fareSis konstruqcia, mainc zedmetad

rTulad meCveneba.

qirafqa brtyeli moqloniani rgolebisagan Sedgeboda da umTavresad

foladisagan iyo damzadebuli (`rbil-basri da ufrore basri~). basri

folads aRniSnavda.206 foladis rgolebisagan damzadebuli jaWvi farTod

iyo gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi. erovnul muzeumSi daculi jaWvis

perangebi umetesad foladisaa. k. ColoyaSvilis mixedviT, „foladisagan

damzadebuli rgoli umjobesia, radgan foladis rgoli gadagrexis Semdeg

kvlav Tavis Zvel formas ubrundeba. rkinis rgols ki mrgvali formis

SenarCuneba uWirs“ (ColoyaSvili 1956: 284-285). jabalac foladis unda iyos

(àrs msgavsi qirafqisa~), magram brtyelis nacvlad mrgvali ganivkveTis

mavTulisagan (`jaWvisTval-mgrgvali~) damzadebuli moqloniani da qimiani

rgolebisagan Sedgeboda (`romlisame fareSi mgrgvali da romlisame

eklebrivi~).

wyaroebis monacemebiT ramdenime saxelganTqmuli qarTuli jaWvi aris

cnobili. xelmwifis karis garigebidan viciT, rom arsebobda jaWvi, romelic

„giorgi mefes, Tamaris mamas, TviT vercxlisa Seuqnia salamasuris saxesa

zeda da mas Caicmiden“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 81). S. mesxias azriT,

giorgi III-m iranis oqromWedlobiT ganTqmul qalaq salmasSi damzadebuli

abjris msgavsi vercxlis jaWvi gaakeTebina (mesxia 1982: 115). es mosazreba

uTuod angariSgasawevia, Tumca, sxva varianticaa SesaZlebeli: al-qindi, IX

saukunis arabi avtori, romelmac xalifa muTasimisaTvis (833-42) dawera

traqtati `xmlebze da maT nairgvarobaze~, axsenebs ganTqmul salmanur

folads. mogvianebiT, 1187 wels, mis recepts aRwers at-tarsusi

206 `basri – foladi rkina~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 97).

111

saladinisaTvis daweril naSromSi. mecnierTa azriT salmanur folads

centralur aziaSi, maveranahrSi an ferganaSi adnobdnen da iranSi da ufro

dasavleTiTac gahqondaT (Kindi 2006: 19, 65-69). SesaZloa, giorgi III-m qarTuli

jaWvis perangic am saxelganTqmuli foladisagan daamzadebina da saxelic

Sesabamisi uwoda – salma[n]suri. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom salmasurs

brZolebSic iyenebdnen, is foladisagan unda iyos damzadebuli da ara

vercxlisagan, romelsac mxolod saaRlumo-dekoratiuli funqcia eqneboda.

am jaWvs axsenebs JamTaaRmwerelic, rodesac laSas da rusudanis ZeTa mier

samefo ganZis gayofas aRwers: „xolo jaWvi igi saxeldebuli, salmasuri [...]

rusudanis Zesa daviTs mixuda“ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 126). JamTaaRmwereli

saxelovani jaWvis Semdgom bedzec mogviTxrobs: 1289 wels arRun yaenis

brZanebiT demetre II-m darubandze miitana ieriSi da cixe aiRo: „yovelsa

xedvida yaeni. TÂT mefisa aqunda mteroba, sTxova jaWÂ saxelovani da

mswrafl mianiWa mefeman...“ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 177-178). qarTvelTa mefis

saxelovani jaWvi, romelic TviT monRolTa yaens moewona, is salmasuri unda

iyos, romelic memkvidreobiT gadadioda samefo ojaxSi.

1387 wels Temurlengma Tbilisi aiRo. sami sxvadasxva sparsulenovani

wyaros (Seref ad-din ali iezdi, fasihi xafi, buday yazvini) mixedviT,

datyvevebulma bagrat V-m mas saucxoo abjari, TiTqosda, Tavad daviT

winaswarmetyvelis mier naWedi jaWvis perangi miarTva (kacitaZe 1975: 137-138).

saCuqari Temurlengs metad moswonebia da mas brZolebSic iyenebda, rasac

Tavad gvamcnobs maRalfardovnad, sxva dros saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg

salaSqrod daZruli: „Tavze foladis muzaradiT, daviTis abjriT dafaruli

mkerdiT da welze egvipturi xmliT omis taxtze avedi“ (Тамерлан 2005: 329;

tabataZe 1974: 41). es faqti qarTveli istorikosebisaTvis kargadaa cnobili,

magram aravis gaumaxvilebia yuradReba, Tu ratom iyo legendaruli mefis

mier damzadebuli jaWvi ase mniSvnelovani muslimi mbrZaneblisaTvis. saqme

imaSia, rom daviT mefe yuranis mier jaWvis abjris gamomgonebladaa

Seracxuli, romelsac TviT alahma (!) aswavla jaWvis perangis keTeba (Nicolle

1993a: 3; Аствацатурян 2002: 40).

es SemTxvevebi mowmobs, rom saqarTveloSi maRali donis jaWvis abjars

amzadebdnen. am mosazrebas ucxoelebic iziareben: d. nikoli wers, rom

saqarTvelo ganTqmuli iyo Cinebuli jaWviT (Nicolle 1990a: 37-38). saqarTveloSi,

gansakuTrebiT XIV saukunemde, ZiriTadad, grZelmklaviani jaWvi iyo

112

gavrcelebuli. qarTuli jaWvis sigrZe (majamde) SemCneuli aqvs m. goreliks,

rac mas adgilobriv Taviseburebad miaCnia (Gorelik 1979: 35). gamosaxulebebze

grZeli jaWvis kalTa SuaSi CaWrili an samkuTxad amoWrilia, rac moZraobas

da cxenze jdomas aadvilebda (Шервашидзе 1964: 56; Бобров, Худяков 2002: 123). XIV

saukuneSi, samklavis SemoRebis kvaldakval, farTod vrceldeba

moklemklaviani jaWvi (Nicolle 1996: 47). es tendencia saqarTveloSic SeiniSneba.

moklemklavian abjars sakurtake jaWvi ewodeboda.207 iranSi jaWvis mklavi

mxolod XVIII saukuneSi grZeldeba, saidanac vrceldeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

XVIII saukunis meore meoTxedSi nadir Sahis laSqrobebis Sedegad (Кулешов

2008: 98). gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi grZelmklavebiani jaWvi farTod aris

gavrcelebuli XVII saukuneSic, rasac mowmobs TavaqaraSviliseuli

`vefxistyaosnis~ miniaturebi. XVII saukunis `leqsad Tqmuli wm. giorgis

cxovrebis~ miniaturebzec wmindans grZelmklavebiani, sayeloiani jaWvis

abjari acvia, romelic muxlamde Camodis (moxatuli wignebi 2011: 67-68, 77-78,

sur. 8.8, 8.13).

imereTis mefis aleqsandre III-is (1639-60) elCebma 1659 wels ruseTis mefe

aleqsei mixeilis Zes miarTves jaWvis perangi, romelic amJamad saqarTvelos

erovnul muzeumSi inaxeba. es aris sayeloiani, gverdebCaxsnili, wiTeli

satiniT dasarCulebuli Zvirfasi, saaRlumo abjari. misi patara rgolebi

moqloniania, amSvenebs 47 brinjaos firfita Sig Casmuli xelovnuri feradi

TvlebiT, 3 wyvili brinjaos sakinZe, marjvniv da marcxniv ki – mzis da

mTvaris gamosaxulebebi (Опись Оружейной палаты 1884: 81-82; ColoyaSvili 1956:

282). aseTi morTuloba gviandeli osmaluri abjrebisaTvis iyo

damaxasiaTebeli. osmaleTis gavlena tradiciulad Zlieri iyo gviani

Suasaukuneebis dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

begTari

jaWvis rgolebis da liTonis firfitebis SeerTebis pirveli cdebi

SeiniSneba XIV saukunis miwuruls – XV saukunis dasawyisSi. jaWv-

firfitovani abjris samSoblod axlo aRmosavleTi iTvleba, Tumca

firfitebs jaWvis rgolebiT pouloben XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnis oqros

207 sakurtake jaWvi – mebrZolTa Casacmeli mokle da sax[e]leb mokle (Teimuraz bagrationi

1979: 112). sakurtake jaWvi `vefxistyaosanSic gvxvdeba: `cxensa Sevje, wamo-ca-ve; jaWvi mecva

sakurtake~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 559).

113

urdos mebrZolTa samarxebSic (Бобров, Худяков 2002: 120). jaWv-firfitovani

abjris yvelaze adreuli gamosaxulebebi XIV saukunis 70-iani wlebis

jalairianTa iranidan gvaqvs, Tavad abjris naSTebi ki napovnia oqros urdos

teritoriaze, novo-kumakskis XIV saukunis Suaxanebis samarxSi da ust-

labinskaias XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnis yorRanSi (Горелик 1983: 247, рис. 1.4;

Горелик “Ранний монгольский доспех,” 186.] kidev ufro adrindeli SeiZleba iyos

bartimSi (permis mxare) aRmoCenili jaWv-firfitovani abjari, romelic XIII s.

meore naxevriT – XIV s. pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba (Пастушенко 2010: 150-152).

XV saukuneSi jaWv-firfitovani abjari saboloo saxiT yalibdeba

iransa da osmaleTSi, saidanac vrceldeba aRmosavleT evropasa da Sua

aziaSi (Бобров, Худяков 2008: 390). jaWv-firfitovani abjari evraziis aRmosavleT

nawilSi TavdacviTi saWurvelis ganviTarebis umaRles safexurad iTvleba.

masSi firfitovani abjris maRali dacviTi Tvisebebi SeerTebulia jaWvis

simsubuqesa da moqnilobasTan (Бобров, Худяков 2002: 120). amave dros, rkinis

firfitebis Camateba aCqarebda abjris damzadebasac, radgan jaWvis qsova

yovelTvis xangrZlivi procesi iyo (Robinson 1967: 11).208

rusuli samxedro terminologia ganasxvavebs jaWv-firfitovani abjris

sxvadasxva saxeebs: бехтерец (begTari) warmodgeba sparsuli sityvisagan

begTer, юшман ki sparsuli sityvisagan javSan (Кирпичников 1976: 38-39; Бобров,

Худяков 2002: 120).209 begTari da iuSmani erTmaneTisagan firfitebis zomiT

gansxvavdebian. maTi uadresi nimuSebi gvxvdeba 1370-80 wlebis Tavrizul da

XIV saukunis damlevis baRdadur miniaturebze (Аствацатурян 2002: 72). begTari

warmoadgens jaWvis rgolebiT SeerTebul, erTmaneTis gadafarviT

vertikalur zolebad awyobil patara zomis marTkuTxa firfitebs; es

zolebi, Tavis mxriv, jaWviT iyo SeerTebuli. iuSmani SuaSi gaxsnili jaWvis

abjaria, romelic mkerdis areSi gaZlierebuli iyo didi zomis marTkuTxa

firfitebiT, zurgi ki begTaris tipis patara firfitebiT hqonda awyobili.

orive es abjari Zvirad fasobda da farTod iyo gavrcelebuli islamur

samyarosa da axlo aRmosavleTSi (Бобров, Худяков 2002: 120).

begTari qarTul enaSic jaWv-firfitovan abjars aRniSnavs da ara

mTlianfirfitovan abjars, rogorc es xSirad eSlebaT xolme. begTari sabas 208 jaWvTan SedarebiT jaWv-firfitovani abjris damzadebas orjer naklebi dros sWirdeboda

(Гордеев 1954: 96).

209 gamoricxuli ar aris begTaris monRoluri warmomavlobac (Зайцев 2010: 126).

114

mixedviT „morkinuli sacmelia saomari“ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 100).

marTalia, avtori ar ganmartavs, Tu rogoria es „morkinuli sacmeli~, magram

cxadia, rom saba ar gulisxmobs mTliani rkinis furclebisagan Sedgenil

abjars (sacmels), aramed mxolod nawilobriv rkinis furclovans anu

morkinuls. sabasTvis (da im epoqisaTvis) upirvelesi saomari sacmeli jaWvi

iyo anu sabasive terminologiiT rom visargebloT, begTari „morkinuli“

jaWvia; anu, begTari kombinirebuli abjaria – jaWvis perangi, romelic

mowyvlad adgilebSi (mkerdi, zurgi) gaZlierebulia (morkinulia) brtyeli

rkinis firfitebiT (polotikiT). begTari rom jaWvTan kombinirebuli

firfitovani abjaria da ara mTliani rkinis kirasa, naTlad Cans „Sahnames“

qarTuli Targmanidan, sadac begTari jaWvis abjris saxeobad aris

warmodgenili: „jaWvi begTari dev-qajTa mas dResa daixevisa“ (Sah-name 1916:

str. 1513). igive konstruqcia gvaqvs xalxur poeziaSic: `jaWvi dawyvita,

beqTari, rogorc gudai Svlisao~ (qarTuli leqsikoni 2008: 1001). cxadia, rom

qarTuli begTari Seesabameba sparsul begTers, rusul bexterecs da

warmoadgens jaWv-firfitovan abjars. Cans, saqarTveloSi begTars da iuSmans

ar ganasxvavebdnen.

begTarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli jaWv-firfitovani damagrebis nimuSebi

ukve gvxvdeba XIV saukunis meore naxevris H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze –

samuxle integrirebulia jaWvis sabarkulSi, jaWvis rgolebiTaa damagrebuli

abjarze firfitovani qvedabolo da qafis firfitaze – abjris saxelo

(manikia). jaWv-firfitovani abjari XV saukunis meore naxevarSi mainc

danamdvilebiT eqnebodaT saqarTveloSi. josafat barbaro, romelic 1474-78

wlebSi imyofeboda iranSi, aRwers ay-yoiunlus armiis cxenis abjars,

romelic oqro-vercxliT movarayebuli firfitebisagan Sedgeboda da

erTmaneTTan jaWvis rgolebiT iyo dakavSirebuli (Josafa Barbaro 2009: 66).

eWvgareSea, rom barbaro jaWv-firfitovan abjars aRwers. amave dros,

cnobilia, rom qarTvelebic iyvnen uzun hasanis mokavSireebi da

monawileobdnen osmalebTan 1473 wlis omSi (Caterino Zeno 2009: 24, 27). cxadia,

rom am droisaTvis jaWv-firfitovani abjari qarTvelebsac eqnebodaT. miT

umetes, rom ay-yoiunlus armias aseTi abjrebiT kavkasiidan amaragebdnen.

barbaros mowmobiT, jaWv-firfitovan abjars akeTebdnen besTenSi, romelic

minorskis mixedviT daRestnuri sofeli yubaCia (Alexander 1984: 99).

115

jaWv-firfitovani abjris gamosaxulebas vxedavT XV s. II naxevris – XVI

s. dasawyisis bugeulis mTavarangelozTa eklesiis samxreT-dasavleT kedelze

– wminda Tevdores abjari liTonis patara, erTmaneTis gadafarviT, zolebad

Sedgenil firfitebs warmoadgens, romlebic erTmaneTTan jaWvis rgolebiT

unda iyvnen SeerTebuli (rgolebi freskaze garkveviT ar ikiTxeba) (raWa 2008:

120-121). aseTi wyobis abjari ar aris ikonografiulad kanonikuri,

praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba qarTul xatweraSi da axali saxis (jaWv-

firfitovani) abjris saqarTveloSi Semosvlas unda aRniSnavdes.

Car-aina

polotiki, romelic Tavdapirvelad sxeulis dasacavi liTonis firfita

iyo, SemdgomSi ganviTarda kirasis tipis abjarSi, romelic oTxi (an xuTi)

firfitisagan Sedgeboda. oTxi firfitisagan Sedgenil sxeulis abjars

sparsulad Car-aina anu oTxi sarke ewodeba.210 is Sedgeba mkerdis, zurgis da

gverdebis dasacavi oTxi mozrdili, marTkuTxa firfitisagan (Alexander 2002:

229). Car-aina Cndeba XVI saukunis dasawyisSi. rogorc wesi, mas jaWvze

icvamdnen (Zaky 1963: 73; Nicolle 1990a: 39; Allan, Gilmour 2000: 133; Alexander 2002: 229).

Car-ainas liTonis naWrebi erTmaneTs anjamebiT an abzindebSi gayrili

RvedebiT ukavSirdeba (Khorasani 2006: 281-282). anjamebiT dakavSirebuli Car-aina

ufro didi zomisaa, raTa mTeli sxeuli moecva da misi mkerdis firfita

xSirad orad aris gayofili, rac ukve 5-naWrian abjars warmoqmnis (Robinson

1967: 39). Car-ainas firfitebi odnav gamrudebulia, rom ukeT Seesabamebodes

sxeulis moxazulobas (Paul 2004: 115). amave mizniT, gverdis firfitebi, xSirad,

iRliebSia amoRebuli, raTa maqsimalurad gaadvilos xelis moZraoba.

didi zomis foladis firfitebisagan damzadebuli Car-aina yvelaze

axlos idga evropul mTlianfirfitovan abjarTan da, Sesabamisad, yvelaze

ufro maRali xarisxis dacvas (jaWvTan kombinaciaSi) ganapirobebda

aRmosavleTSi. amave dros, k. rivkini da o. pinCo Tvlian, rom Car-aina

kavkasiaSi ar gamoiyeneboda (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 80). am mosazrebas ver

gaviziarebT. sxvadasxva monacemebidan utyuarad SegviZlia davadginoT, rom

Car-aina saqarTveloSi sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli: aleqsandre arCilis Zes

(1674-1711), ruseTis armiis pirveli general-feldceixmaisters, ucnobi 210 am tipis abjars rusuladac зерцало ewodeba, rac aseve sarkes niSnavs (Гордеев 1954: 105;

Gorelik 1979: 38).

116

avtoris mier 1696 wels Sesrulebul portretze aRmosavluri, mdidrulad

ornamentirebuli Car-aina uCans samosis qveS (sur. 43). 1910 wels bremenSi

gamocemul wignSi Konstantinopel – Schwarzes Meer: Eine Reise in Bildern, sadac Savi

zRvis regionSi mogzauroba suraTebiT aris gadmocemuli, erT-erT fotoze

vxedavT xevsur meomars saomari aRWurvilobiT, sadac mas oTxnaWriani Car-

aina acvia (sur. 44). is faqti, rom Car-ainam saqarTvelos mTaSic ki aaRwia,

niSnavs imas, rom is sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli imdroindel saqarTveloSi.

saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculia iranuli warmoSobis 5-

naWriani Car-aina (eqsponati 813). XIX saukuneSi kavkasiis muzeumis direqtoris

g. rades mixedviT, is ekuTvnoda erekle II-is sardals ivane muxranbatons

(ColoyaSvili 1956: 281-282). (sur. 45). abjari Sedgeba xuTi – ori samkerde,

marcxena da marjvena sagverde da sazurge – firfitisagan.211 foladis

firfitebi morTulia vazis da Citis gamosaxulebiani oqros ornamentiT.

abjris yovel naWerze oqrocurvili sparsuli warwerebi arSias qmnian. Car-

aina dasarCulebulia bambiT da abreSumiT (ColoyaSvili 1956: 282). 5-naWriani

Car-ainas samkerde ficrebi anjamebiT mkvidrad erTdeboda, ise rom SeerTebis

adgilSi Zlier dartymasac gauZlebda. sazurge da samkerde mxareebi

erTmaneTs abzindebSi gayrili da mxarze gadagdebuli ori Rvedis

saSualebiT ukavSirdebian. mkerdis firfitis (SeerTebuli) zomaa – 40X60 sm,

zurgis – 33X32.5 sm, gverdebis ki – 25X19 sm. samkerde da sazurge firfitebi

damSvenebulia Citis Tavis or-ori figuriT.

ivane muxranbatonis Car-aina Zalian hgavs (gansakuTrebiT sazurgis

formiT, ornamentiT da Citis Tavis figurebiT) niu-iorkis metropolitenis

muzeumSi da iranSi, bandar anzalis samxedro muzeumSi dacul abjrebs,

romlebsac XVII saukuniT aTariReben (Grancsay 1958: 245; Khorasani 2006: cat. 400).

Citis TavebiT damSvenebuli Car-ainebi inaxeba Teiranisa da Sirazis samxedro

muzeumebSi. yvela isini sefianTa periods da XVII saukunes ekuTvnis (Khorasani

2006: cat. 397, 399, 402). Sesabamisad, ivane muxranbatonis abjaric XVII saukunis

nakeToba unda iyos.

rogorc SemorCenili eqsponatebidan da sxva monacemebidan irkveva,

saqarTveloSi gamoyenebuli Car-ainas umTavres wyaros eqsporti warmoadgenda

da abjris es saxeoba ucxoeTidan, ZiriTadad ki iranidan Semodioda. jaWvze

211 k. ColoyaSvili SecdomiT miiCnevs abjris sazurges mis wina mxared – saguled


117

Cacmuli Car-aina, gansakuTrebiT misi 5-nawiliani saxeoba, mTlianobaSi

daculobis uaRresad maRal dones ganapirobebda. cxadia, rom aseTi abjari,

umTavresad, feodaluri wreebis zeda fenebis kuTvnileba iqneboda.

kidurebis dacviTi saSualebebi

sabarkuli

sabarkuli, sabas mixedviT, sawvive abjaria (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993:

19), jaWvis rgolebisagan Sedgenili.212 sabarkuli, TiTqos, mxolod wvivis (da

ara barklis) safar abjars niSnavs.213 magram, saqme imaSia, rom sawvive

mxolod anatomiur wvivs ar gulisxmobda da igi ufro farTo – fexis

damfaravi samosis – mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda. wels qvemoTa samoseli

uZveles naTargmn ZeglebSi moixsenieba, rogorc sabarkuli, sawvive

(javaxiSvili 1962: 92), rac dasturdeba Semdgomi sabaseuli ganmartebidanac:

`wvivsacmeli – ewodebis yovelTa sxvilbarkalTa samoselsa~ (sulxan-saba

orbeliani 1993: 389). es garemoeba SeumCneveli ar darCenia i. javaxiSvilsac,

romelic askvnis rom „termini sawvive tanis wvivze ufro zeviTi nawilis

dasafaravad gankuTvnili samoslis aRmniSvneli yofila~ (javaxiSvili 1962:

93).214 maSasadame, sabarkuli niSnavs jaWvis samoss, romelsac wvividan

amoicvamdnen215 da faravda fex(eb)s.216

sabarkuls vxedavT XI s. dasawyisis nikorwmindis reliefebze: wm.

giorgis abjris kalTasa da mogvs Soris jaWvis ori zoli Cans, wm. Tevdores

ki – erTi zoli, romlebic, eWvgareSea, rom jaWvis sabarkuls aRniSnaven.

sabarkuli moxseniebulia „vefxistyaosanSi~: „sruli abjari sakaco qafiTa,

sabarkuliTa“ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1020); „jaWvi, xrmali, muzaradi,

212 [`sawvive – paiWi da misTana jaWvisa~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 70). `paiWi – fe(r)xis

samosi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 613.)

213 sabarkuls, xSirad, SecdomiT miiCneven barklis damcav liTonis firfitad, romelic

aRmosavleTSi Sua saukuneebSi arc gamoiyeneboda.

214 eTnografiuli masaliTac irkveva, rom sabarkuli (barkulai) muxlebamde sacvals

aRniSnavda (qarTuli eTnologiuri leqsikoni 2009: 112).

215 Sarvali sabasTvis wvivsacmelia: `perikami – sawmarTuli, Salvari, wvivsacmeli~ (sulxan-

saba orbeliani 1991: 620).

216 sxvaTa Soris, d. nikolic Tvlis, rom sabarkuli jaWvisa iyo da evropul jaWvis Sarvals

– Sosis Seesatyviseboda (Nicolle 1998b: 167).

118

sabarkuli maTi gvani“ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1370). is gvxvdeba

xelmwifis karis garigebaSic: „jaWvi, muzaradi, Ãmali, qafa, sabarkuli“

(garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 87).

adreuli jaWvis sabarkuli mTliani iyo anu Sarvlis totiviT srulad

moicavda, faravda fexis wina da ukana nawilsac. H1665 daviTnSi

Semsubuqebuli saxis sabarkuls vxedavT, romelic fexis wina mxares da

gverdebs icavda da ukan TasmebiT ikvreboda. sabarkulis Semsubuqeba,

SesaZloa, sawvivis gamoCenamac ganapiroba, ramac saimedod daicva fexis qvemo

nawili. XVI-XVII ss. sruli sabarkuli kvlav popularulia da mas vxvdebiT

XVI saukunis iloris kared xatze wm. giorgis aRWurvilobaSi (sayvareliZe,

alibegaSvili 1980), 16, sur. 43). da XVII s. TavaqaraSviliseul

`vefxistyaosnis~ miniaturebSi. sainteresoa, rom aq aRar Cans liTonis

sawviveebi, rac, albaT, imaze miuTiTebs, rom sawvivesTan erTad srul

sabarkuls ar iyenebdnen, sawvivis gareSe ki sruli sabarkuli iyo

`rekomendebuli~.

samuxle (sayirmuza)

sabas mixedviT, sayirmuza samuxle polotikia (sulxan-saba orbeliani

1993: 63). sayirmuza iranuli warmoSobis terminia (saq al-muza) da aRniSnavs

sqel gamaSebs, romlebzec muxlis dasacavi rkinis diskoa damagrebuli

(Gorelik 1979: 32). XIV saukunis iranul miniaturebze Cans jaWvze damagrebuli

firfita, romelic muxls icavs. muxlis daculobas didi mniSvneloba hqonda

aRmosavleli mxedrisaTvis, romelic, evropelisagan gansxvavebiT, mokle

uzangs iyenebda da amitomac, muxli win hqonda gamoziduli da advilad

misawvdomi mowinaaRmdegisaTvis (Robinson 1967: 11).

muxlis dacvis am saSualebas saqarTveloSi XIV saukuneSi vxvdebiT.

rozetismagvari sayirmuzis gamosaxulebebi uxvadaa H1665 daviTnis

miniaturebze (193v, 198r, 205v, 208v, 222r, 229r da sxv.). ZiriTadad, mas gamosaxaven,

rogorc jaWvis sabarkulSi integrirebul liTonis firfitas. gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa miniatura abimeliqis sikvdilis sceniT (199v), sadac sayirmuza

sabarkulis gareSea gamosaxuli da muxlebze Camocmul gamaSebzea

damagrebuli.

119

sawvive

sawvive (wvivsafari)217 farTod iyo gavrcelebuli antikuri xanis

berZnul-romaul samyaroSi, sadac mas knemidebad moixseniebdnen. bizantiuri

wvivsafari, romelTac X saukunidan xalkotuba (an podopsela) ewodeba,

icavda wvivs muxlidan koWamde (Grotowski 2010: 187-188). mavrikiosis

strategikonis mixedviT, sawviveebi xis an liTonis iyo da isini wyobaSi or

mwkrivs mainc unda scmoda (Maurices’s Strategikon 1984: 139). imperator leo VIU-is

mixedviT, maT xaris tyavisgan amzadebdnen (Grotowski 2010: 189). adre

Suasaukuneebis aRWurvilobis es detali, rogorc Cans, srulyofili

konstruqciiT ar gamoirCeoda da arc farTod iyo gavrcelebuli.

gamagrebuli tyavisagan damzadebuli wvivsacavi acvia wm. giorgis XI saukunis

laSTxveris xatze218 da mTavarangelozebs miqaels da gabriels wvirmis da

Cukulis xatebze (Чубинашвили 1959: 276-278, таб. 169; CubinaSvili 1957: tab. 87, 88).

am tipis sawvive saqarTveloSi didad gavrcelebuli ar Cans. amis erT-erTi

mizezi jaWvis sabarkuli iqneboda, romelic ufro moxerxebuli da

popularulic iyo.

srulyofili konstruqciis liTonis sawvive dasavleT evropaSi XIII

saukunis SuaxanebisTvis Cndeba (Кирпичников 1971: 20). don bernaldo gilen de

entencas saflavze (1237) gamosaxulia, albaT, uadresi sawvive, romelic im

dros mxolod warCinebulebs Tu eqnebodaT (Wise 1978: 14). m. goreliki Tvlis,

rom sawviveebi monRolebma gaavrceles XIII saukuneSi (Горелик 1983: 259), Tumca,

i. zelenski marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom sawvive ar aris aRmoCenili

centralur aziaSi (Зеленский 2008: 117). marTlac, ori nawilisagan Semdgari

sawvivis gamosaxulebebi mxolod XIV saukunis bolo mesamedSi Cndeba iranul

miniaturebze (Горелик 1983: 259). oqros urdos teritoriaze, dmitrievskaias I

yorRanis II samarxSi, romelic XIII saukunis II naxevari – XIV saukuniT

TariRdeba, napovnia sawvive, romelic samuxlesTan jaWvis rgolebiTaa

dakavSirebuli (Зеленский 2008: 116-117). Cveulebriv, wvivis damcavi liTonis

217 sawvives aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi saCerne ewodeboda, rac aRniSnavda abjars,

romelic Cerans (wvivs) faravda. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, arnold Ciqobavas

redaqciiT (Tbilisi, 1986), 400.

218 niSandoblivia, rom am xatis msgavseba vatopedis cnobil wm. giorgis xatTan, romelic

xSirad mohyavT bizantiuri sawvivis nimuSad, jer kidev n. kondakovma da g. CubinaSvilma

SeniSna. gansakuTrebiT didia msgavseba fexsamosTan (Чубинашвили 1959: 260-262, таб. 152).

120

firfitebi anjamebiT an tyavis RvedebiT iyo SeerTebuli (Бобров, Худяков 2002:

134).

liTonis ori firfitisagan Sedgenili sawvive saqarTveloSi XIV

saukunis meore naxevarSi Cans. H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze xSiradaa

gamosaxuli liTonis sawviveeebi (193v, 198r, 205v, 208v, 222r, 229r da sxv.).

miuxedavad imisa, rom miniaturebze mebrZolTa zeda kidurebi metad Cans,

daviTnSi sawvive mainc ufro xSirad gvxvdeba, vidre samklave. am

miniaturebze gamosaxuli sawvive ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, romlebic

anjamebiT unda iyvnen SeerTebulni.

qafi

sabas mixedviT qafi aris „javSanT samxariRlie~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani

1993: 217). leqsikografi qafis qveS gulisxmobda samxariRlies – mxridan

iRliisaken iribad gadaWeril Rveds, razec iqve garkveviT miuTiTebs: „qafi

ars abjarTa SemosaWirebelni (Semosakravni) zornebi“ (sulxan-saba orbeliani

1993: 217). am SemTxvevaSi sulxan-saba cdeba (mis dros qafi ukve aRar

gamoiyeneboda): igi am daskvnas „vefxistyaosnis“ informaciis safuZvelze

axdens,219 sadac arsad ar weria, rom qafi abjris SemosaWeri Rvedia, Tumca

Tavad qafs ki RvedebiT imagrebdnen.220

sinamdvileSi, qafi warmoadgens mxris damcav, momrgvalebuli formis

liTonis firfitas, romlis gamosaxulebebs vxvdebiT bizantiur

ikonografiaSi.221 XII saukunis lanCvanis sakurTxevliswina jvarze gamosaxul

wminda meomrebs momrgvalebuli formis qafi icavT (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 470).

am formas qarTuli qafi saukuneebis manZilze inarCunebs.222

d. nikolis mixedviT, qarTuli qafi warmodgeba arabuli sityvisagan

kaff, romelic aseve mxris dasacav saSualebas aRniSnavda (Nicolle 1982: 204;

219 „vefxistyaosanSi“ sweria...~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 217).

220 saba Secdomas isic cxadyofs, rom mas qaSqani zustad iseve aqvs ganmartebuli, rogorc

qafi – „javSnis samxarRlie~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 218).

221 ix. qafis gamosaxuleba X saukunis spilos Zvlis wm. dimitris xatze (Evans, Holcomb, Hallman

2001: 50).

222 ix. H1665 daviTnis miniaturebi.

121

Nicolle 1986: 23; Nicolle 1999b: 515).223

qafi VIII saukunis dasawyisSi moixsenieba

omaianTa saxalifoSi: at-tabari aRniSnavs liTonis qafs, romelsac sirieli

muslimi meomari atarebs (Nicolle 1982: 204-205). VIII saukuneSi momrgvalo formis

liTonis firfitovani qafi xazarebSic vrceldeba, romelsac m. goreliki

aRmosavleT Turqestanidan Semosulad miiCnevs (Gorelik 2002: 135, figs. XI-5.20,21).

VIII saukuneSi xazareTsa da xalifatSi gavrcelebuli qafis samSoblo,

SesaZloa, marTlac Sua azia iyos.

saqarTveloSi qafi pirvelad XI saukunis `nikorwmidelis dawerilSi~

moixsenieba – „qafi jaWÂsaÁ a“ (qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi 1984: 40).

vefxistyaosanSi qafi mravalgzisaa naxsenebi, rac XII saukuneSi mis farTod

gavrcelebaze miuTiTebs: „davekazmeniT saomrad jaWviTa, javSan-qafiTa“ (SoTa

rusTaveli 2009: str. 442); „sruli abjari sakaco qafiTa, sabarkuliTa“ (SoTa

rusTaveli 2009: str. 1020); „abjarsa frewdis, gacudda simagre javSan-qafisa“

(SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1417). qafi, Tavis mniSvnelobas inarCunebs XIV

saukunis saqarTveloSic. is, rogorc TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis Semadgeneli

elementi, moixsenieba xelmwifis karis garigebaSi: „jaWvi, muzaradi, Ãmali,

qafa, sabarkuli...“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 87).

am mowmobebidan cxadia, rom qafi TavdacviTi aRkazmulobis

damoukidebeli nawilia, romelsac abjarTan erTad iyenebdnen. mas

imagrebdnen rogorc jaWvze (qafi jaWÂsaÁ), ise lamelarul abjarze (javSan-

qafi). qafs abjarze RvedebiT imagrebdnen (`moqafva~): „jaWvni avad moeqafnes~

(SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 655). jaWvis moqafva Tasmebis SemoWeras unda

niSnavdes. amasTanave, SesaZlebelia, rom XIV saukunis bolosaTvis, rodesac

jaWv-firfitovani abjris pirveli nimuSebi Cndeba, qafis firfita jaWvis

perangSi yofiliyo integrirebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am periodis H1665

daviTnis miniaturebze (201v, 204r, 208v, 212r, 222r da sxv.) gamosaxul qafis

firfitaze jaWvis rgolebiT aris damagrebuli abjris saxelo (manikia).

Tavisi mniSvneloba qafma, albaT, XV saukunis miwuruls dakarga,

rodesac kombinirebulma jaWv-firfitovanma abjarma moikida fexi.

223 amave dros, ver gaviziareb mkvlevris mosazrebas, rom qarTuli qafi lamelarul samxres

warmoadgenda (Nicolle 1982: 204).

122

samklave

liTonis firfitebisagan Sedgenil mklavis dasacav saSualebas Sua

saukuneebis saqarTveloSi samklave, igive xelnavi erqva (sulxan-saba

orbeliani 1993: 39, 440). xelnavi samklaves Tavisi mogrZo, naviseburi

moyvanilobis gamo ewoda.

samklave saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli Cans XIV saukunis meore

naxevarSi, rasac mowmobs H1665 daviTnis miniaturebi. am miniaturebze

gamosaxulia firfitovani abjris samklaveebi, romlebic ori nawilisagan

Sedgeba da anjamebiT aris Sesaxsruli. wyaroebSi samklavis moxsenieba XV

saukunidan gvxvdeba. 1483 wels aradeTTan brZolis Semdeg yvaryvare aTabags

`moaÃsena amilaxorman: me erTsa kacsa Ãrmali Semovkar da samklaviani Ãeli

gavagdebineo, da Tu ginda, wamodiT da giCvenebo~. warmovidnen da naxes,

samklaviani Ãeli ZeZvSi egdo“ (beri egnataSvili 1959: 347). Cans, amilaxvaris

mowinaaRmdeges, romlesac xmali idayvze odnav zemoT moxvda, samklave ekeTa

da moklemklaviani jaWvi ecva. xelis mokveTAa grZelmklaviani jaWvis dros

SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

winamxris pasiuri dacvis garda, samklavis aqtiurad gamoyenebac

SeiZleboda, rac gulisxmobs moqneuli xmlis mogeriebas samklavis SegebebiT.

XIV saukuneSi dasawyisSi muslimi samxedro Teoretikosi al-aqsarai aRwers

xmlis samklaviT mogeriebis meTods (Nicolle 1982: 203). am meTods

saqarTveloSic iyenebdnen, rogorc es xevsurul leqsSia damowmebuli:

`TorRvav, ra gqonda farada?

samklaven uÃmarebian,

dana xqonia Ãmalada~. (gogoWuri 1977: 104).

am epizodSi aRweril viTarebaSi, gaWirvebis Jams gmiri xmlis nacvlad

danas sjerdeba, faris nacvlad ki rkinis samklaves iyenebs. Cans,

mowinaaRmdegis civi iaraRis dartymis mosagerieblad samklavis gamoyeneba,

rogorc es leqsis avtors aqvs aRwerili, sakmaod gavrcelebuli ileTi iyo.

l. kobulinski ganarCevs samklavis foladis firfitebis erTmaneTTan

SeerTebis or meTods: jaWviT da anjamebiT (Sesaxsruli) da pirvels

iranulad miiCnevs, meores ki indurad (Kobylinski 2000: 69). mas imeorebs m.

xorasanic, romelsac damatebiT mohyavs iranuli nimuSebi, romelTa

firfitebi Rvedebis saSualebiT erTdeba (Khorasani 2006: 283). warmomavlobis

mixedviT samklaveebis aseTi klasifikacia bolomde marTebuli ar unda iyos.

123

ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom samklavis firfitebis SeerTebis es ori

meTodi, umTavresad drois mixedviT gairCeva: samklavis Tavdapirveli (XIII-XV

ss.) nimuSebi anjamebiT iyo Sesaxsruli, mogvianebiT ki gavrcelda jaWvis

rgolebiT gadabma, romelic ufro martiv konstruqcias warmoadgens.

amasTanave, indoeTis kontinentze anjamebiT Sesaxsrul samklaveebs ufro

xangrZlivad iyenebdnen.

did teritoriebze gavrcelebuli erTi tipis iaraRis warmomavlobis

dadgena sakmaod rTulia. es debuleba zedmiwevniT marTalia samklaveebis

(iranuli bazubandi, induri dastana, Turquli koluki, qarTuli xelnavi da

samklave) mimarT, romelTac SedarebiT martivi konstruqcia da

erTgvarovneba axasiaTebT. Tu maTSi didi jgufebis gamoyofa (iranuli,

induri, Turquli) ufro advilad xerxdeba, SedarebiT Znelia samklaveebis

amierkavkasiuri Tu Crdilokavkasiuri kuTvnilebis dadgena da eTnografiuli

jgufebis (Cerqezuli, qarTuli) gamoyofa.

e. astvacaturiani uTuod marTalia, rodesac iaraRis warmomavlobis

dasadgenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs masze gamosaxul ornaments (Аствацатурян

2004: 37). saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi dacul qarTul samklaveebze

dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom ornamentis garda, SesaZlebelia daveyrdnoT sxva,

ufro arsebiT niSnebsac.

qarTuli samklavisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia firfitebis originaluri

gadabmis sistema: 1. mozrdili rgolebiT da 2. rgolebSi gayrili wkiriT (e.w.

gareT gamotanili anjamiT). SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba anjamebiT da, kidev

ufro iSviaTad, jaWvis rgolebiT gadabma. gareT gamotanili anjamiT

gadabmuli firfitebi sxvagan arsad SeiniSneba da aseTi samklaveebi SeiZleba

Seumcdarad amovicnoT rogorc qarTuli produqti.

qarTuli samklaveebisaTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia rkinis firfitebis

kideebze TiTberiT an zedapirze vercxliT morTva, spilenZis moqlonebis

gamoyeneba. gansakuTrebiT uxvadaa gamoyenebuli TiTberi xevsuruli

samklaveebis liTonis firfitebis damagreba-gaformebaSi.

vercxlis furclebiTaa dekoratiulad morTuli samklave, romelic

1659 wels imereTis mefem aleqsandrem III-em (1639-60) gaugzavna ruseTis mefe

aleqsei mixeilis Zes (1645-76). samklavis rkinis firfitas kideebze vercxlis

moqlonebiT damagrebuli vercxlis furceli Semouyveboda. samklaves

124

TaTmani 11 vercxlis rgoliT emagreboda da vercxlisve abzindebi gaaCnda

(Опись Оружейной палаты 1884: 156-157).

saqarTvelos qalaqebSi, iaraRis warmoebis centrebSi umaRlesi

aristokratiisaTvis daxvewili samklaveebi mzaddeboda, risi magaliTicaa

ermitaJSi daculi XVII saukuniT daTariRebuli SesaniSnavi qarTuli

samklave, romelic iranuli stilis wabaZviTaa Seqmnili, oqros zarniSiTaa

morTuli da majis orive mxares qarTulad or nawilad aweria kosta + ntine.

fiqroben, rom es ostatis saxelia (Miller 2000: 122, fig. 1). didi firfitis sigrZe

31.6 sm-ia. samklavis firfitebi damaxasiaTebeli qarTuli gadabmiT –

rgolebSi gayrili wkiriT – aris SekavSirebuli.

xelTaTmani

qarTuli ena ganarCevs TiTebian da uTiTo xelTaTmans. TiTebian

xelTaTmans sabuxari (safuxari) erqva, uTiTos, windis magvars ki – TaTmani.224

abjris sxva nawilebTan SedarebiT, jaWvis xelTaTmani ufro gvian

gaCnda. 1170 wlis vinCesteris bibliis miniaturebSi xelTaTmanis SemuSavebis

pirveli stadia aris asaxuli: jaWvis hauberkis (perangis) mklavis gagrZeleba

faravs xelis zurgs, magram ar gadadis TiTebze (Blair 1958: 29). pirveli

TaTmani Cans 1195 wlis dokumentze dartymul riCard lomgulis beWedze.

TaTmani aq calke elementi ki ar aris, aramed hauberkis mklavis gagrZelebas

warmoadgens da erTgvari CanTaa, romelsac mxolod cera TiTi aqvs. XIV

saukuneSi xelTaTmani ukve gamoeyo ZiriTad abjars (Thordeman 1939: 232).

moxrili xmlis da swrafi farikaobis gavrcelebam xelis mtevnis

dacvis aucilebloba saqarTveloSic Seqmna. saqarTveloSi firfitovani

abjris xelTaTmani dadasturebuli ar aris. rac Seexeba jaWvis xelTaTmans,

is ori saxis gvxvdeba: damoukidebeli, srulfasovani jaWvis xelTaTmani da

samklavis gagrZeleba, romelic tyavis an qsovilis TaTmanze zurgidan

dakrul jaWvs warmoadgens.225 samklavis TaTmans mxolod cera TiTi hqonda

224 sabuÃari – safuÃari, Ãelsacvami (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 22). sabuÃari ars jirisa

calis Ãelis gawyobili, TiTebiani, xolo TaTmani – windurad naqso(v)i (sulxan-saba

orbeliani 1993: 240). jiri or-pirad moqnili tyavia (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 458).

225 zemodan akravdnen jaWvs Coxis saxelosac. `zog SemTxvevaSi safuxres rols Coxis

saxelos eniseburi gagrZeleba – yoSi asrulebda... igi icavda majas – metadre maSin, rodesac

masze jaWvi iyo dakerebuli~ (ColoyaSvili 1991: 9).

125

gancalkevebuli, damoukidebeli xelTaTmani ki mTlianad (zurgisa da

xelisgulis mxridan) jaWvisagan iyo moqsovili da gancalkevebuli SeiZleba

hqonoda rogorc cera (TaTmani), aseve yvela TiTic (safuxre).

fari

sabas ganmartebiT, fari aris `dasafarebeli saWurveli~ (sulxan-saba

orbeliani 1993: 184). is yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli individualuri

dacviTi saSualebaa, romelic icavda mflobels distanciuri da

xelCarTuli brZolis iaraRisagan. fars gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda

qveiTTaTvis, romelTa upirvelesi da xSirad erTaderTi Tavdasacavi

saSualeba iyo. faris forma mudmivad icvleboda taqtikisa da brZolis

meTodebis cvlilebis kvaldakval (Grotowski 2010: 208). gansxvavdeboda masalac,

romlisganac farebi mzaddeboda.

yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli, albaT, xis fari iyo. Sua saukuneebis

tipuri xis fari Sedgeboda xis ficrebisagan, romelzec tyavi iyo

gadakruli, centrSi liTonis umboniT226 da, xSirad, kideebze liTonis

saltiT. zurgze mas damagrebuli hqonda satarebeli Rvedebi – xelSi

saWerad da mxarze sakidad.227

umboni faris simZimis centrSi magrdeboda (Рабинович 1947: 69). qarTulad

umbons faris kubo ewodeboda: „gauxeTqa kubo farisa“ (beri egnataSvili 1959:

347).228 VI saukunis bizantiuri traqtatis Peri strategias mixedviT, qveiTTa wyobis

pirvel rigSi mdgomebis farebi 8 sm-iani wvetiani umbonebiT unda yofiliyo

aRWurvili. Semdgom saukuneebSi umbonma es wveti dakarga da p. grotovski

gamonaklisis saxiT mxolod X saukunis mravalZalis xatze gamosaxul wm.

giorgis fars asaxelebs wvetiani umboniT (Grotowski 2010: 218-219, n354). kargad

gamokveTili grZeli umboni aqvs fexosani wm. giorgis fars d. ermakovis 5450-

e fotozec. rogorc Cans, raRac etapze adre SuasaukuneebSi aseT farebs

marTlac iyenebda qarTveli qveiTi.

226 umboni faris centrSi damagrebuli liTonis firfitaa, romelic dartymis mosagerieblad

da xelis mtevnis dasacavad iyo gankuTvnili (Кирпичников 1971: 34-35).

227 faris xelSi saWer, CasaWid Rvedebs sabRuji ewodeba.

228 sabas ganmartebiT `msoflioni kubod uÃmoben... mcireT(a) konqTa~, konqi ki kamaraa (sulxan-

saba orbeliani 1991: 383, 392). gamodis, rom faris kubo umbonia, mas xom konqis anu kamaris

forma aqvs.

126

laSqrobis dros fars sakidi RvediT ukan ikidebdnen (Kolias 1988: 121).

faris gadakidebas RvediT jer kidev aleqsandre makedonelis armiaSi

iyenebdnen (Grotowski 2010: 221). es mebrZols xelebs uTavisuflebda, rac

erTnairad mniSvnelovani iyo qveiTisa da cxenosnisaTvis. qarTul werilobiT

da ikonografiul wyaroebSi faris Camokidebis es xerxi xSiradaa aRwerili.

1049 wels TurqebTan brZolaSi lipariti „amxedrda cxensa, gardaigdo oqroT

moWedili fari beWsa zeda“ (stefanos orbeliani 1978: 33-34). cxadia, rom

liparitma mdidruli fari („oqroT moWedili“)229 sakidi RvediT beWze

moigdo. `beWsa zeda~ atarebs fars wm. giorgi setis da jaxunderis xatebze

da walenjixis samxreTi kedlis freskaze (CofikaSvili 1964: 59-60). RvediT

dakidebas niSnavs faris yelze Camokidebac: „Sejda cxensa, fari yels

Camoikida“ (rusudaniani 1957: 291). kiserze aqvs Camokidebuli kalkani

avTandils TavaqaraSviliseuli `vefxistyaosnis“ 319-e miniaturaze.

saqarTveloSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli mrgvali formis fari iyo. Tavis

droze, romaelebma germanelebis zegavleniT ovaluri fari mrgvaliT

Secvales (Coulston 2002: 22). mrgvali formis fars cxenosani ufro advilad

moixmars orive mxares (gasitaSvili 1957: 101). mrgvali farebi iyo didi da

patara zomisac. gviandeli patara zomis mrgvali fari ufro dartymis

mosagerieblad iyo gamiznuli, vidre sxeulis dasafarad da farikaobis

swrafi stilis gaCenis indikatoria (Babuin 2002: 99). sxva formis farebTan

SedarebiT mrgvali fari ufro msubuqi da manevruli iyo, Tumca is

gacilebiT nakleb farTobs faravda vidre nuSiseburi fari.

XI saukuneSi evropasa da aRmosavleTSi farTod vrceldeba nuSiseburi

fari. misi Tavi momrgvalebulia, gverdebi ki Zirisken viwrovdeba da nuSis

msgavsi damaxasiaTebeli forma aqvs. nuSisebur fars mrgvalisagan

memkvidreobiT ergo umboni, sadac is faravda naxvrets, sadac xelis sabRuji

iyo damagrebuli. nuSiseburi faris umbons Tavisi Tavdapirveli funqcia

dakarguli hqonda (Gravett 1997: 44), Tumca mtris iaraRis asasxletad mainc

gamoiyeneboda. XII saukunidan SemorCenili nuSiseburi fari ciurixis

muzeumidan 15 mm sisqisaa. mrgval farTan SedarebiT is grZeli, sqeli da

ufro mZime iyo (Stephenson 2007: 77-79). grZeli nuSiseburi fari zedmiwevniT

kargi iyo cxenosnisaTvis, radganac mTel sigrZeze faravda mis tans da

229 SesaZloa, saqme gvaqvs mooqrovili spilenZiT dafarul xis farTan.

127

marcxena fexs, horizontalur mdgomareobaSi ki cxensac ifaravda gverdidan

(Gravett 2000: 22).230

nuSiseburi fari cxenosans ganieri tyavis RvediT hqonda

mxarze Camokidebuli, rac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi marcxena xels

uTavisuflebda sadavisaTvis (Peirce 1987: 244).

nuSiseburi fari, romelsac xSirad „normanuls“ uwodeben (Nickel 2002:

115) da dasavleTevropuli hgoniaT, albaT, swored bizantiidan gavrcelda

evropaSi da, maT Soris, normandiaSic (Heath 1979: 8; Haldon 2002: 77). t. koliasi

varaudobs, rom es X saukunis miwuruls an XI saukunis dasawyisSi unda

momxdariyo (Kolias 1988: 108). ilustraciebis mixedviT nuSiseburi fari X

saukunis SuaxanebSi Cndeba bizantiaSi, XI saukuneSi ki wamyvani adgili ukavia

cxenosanTa da qveiTTa SeiaraRebaSi (Heath 1979: 8). XI saukunis pirveli

naxevridan nuSiseburi fari saqarTveloSic gvxvdeba xidisTavisa da

boWormis wm. giorgis xatebze, adiSis jgragis eklesiis dasavleTi kedlis da

favnisis dasavleTi kedlis wm. meomrebis freskebze (CofikaSvili 1964: 59).

nuSisebur farebs vxedavT daviT garejis udabnos winamZRvris samlocveloSi

XII-XIII saukuneTa mijnaze gamosaxuli ori wminda meomris SeiaraRebaSic

(daviT garejis monastrebi 2008: 99). nuSiseburi fari aqvs wm. giorgis varZiis

samxreT kedelze (XII s.) (Vardzia 1975: pl. 124). aseTi fari, wagrZelebuli SubiT

brZolis stilTan erTad, bizantiidan Semosuli Cans.231

XIV saukunis saqarTveloSi nuSisebur fars ukve aRar iyeneben. H1665

daviTnis miniaturebze ZiriTadad mrgvali farebia gamosaxuli (orgvari:

sakmaod didi diametris da ufro momcro); Tumca, ramdenime miniaturaze

nuSiseburi faric gvxvdeba. sayuradReboa, rom yvelgan, sadac ki qmedeba an

brZolaa gadmocemuli – mrgval fars vxvdebiT, nuSiseburi ki mxolod

ritualur scenebSia gamoyenebuli. marTebulia l. ServaSiZis daskvna, rom am

droisaTvis nuSisebur fars funqcia aqvs dakarguli da mrgvaliTaa 230 devisis azriT, nuSiseburi fari imdenad fexs ar faravda, ramdenadac cxens icavda (Davis

1989: 16). Sua saukuneebis gamosaxulebebs Tu davakvirdebiT, misi azris safuZvlianobaSi

davrwmundebiT.

231 samxedro aRWurvilobis dargSi qarTul-bizantiuri kavSirebisaTvis ix. Tsurtsumia 2011a: 65-

99; Tsurtsumia 2012b: 415-422. Cven gagvaCnia mowmoba, rom es ori maxlobeli kultura erTmaneTze

gavlenas meomris panopliis iseT nawilzec axdenda, rogoric fari iyo. p. grotovskis azriT,

X saukunis svidas bizantiur enciklopediaSi moxseniebuli faris tipi euforos, rac iolad

satarebels niSnavs, qarTuli msubuqi faridan iRebs saTaves (Grotowski 2010: 213, n331).

bizantiur-qarTuli farebis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix. wurwumia 2012-2103: 253-270.

128

Canacvlebuli (Шервашидзе 1964: 60-61). abjris gaZlierebasTan erTad, am

movlenas moxrili xmlis da xelCarTuli brZolis swrafi maneris

gavrceleba gamoiwvevda, rodesac xmlis mogerieba faris swrafi SegebebiT

gaxda aucilebeli.

cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebam liTonis farebis gavrceleba

ganapiroba (Nicolle 1993b: 45). iranSi foladis fari XVI saukuneSi iyo cnobili

(Allan, Gilmour 2000: 140). Cveulebriv farTan SedarebiT, liTonis fari mZime da

Zviri iyo, magram ufro gamZlec. Sua saukuneebis bolosaTvis liTonis

farebis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSic dasturdeba, sadac adgilobrivi

produqciis garda iranuli rkinis farebic iyo gavrcelebuli. e. TayaiSvils

liTonis ramdenime fari aqvs aRricxuli svaneTis eklesiebSi, rogoricaa

spilenZis mrgvali fari murymeris wm. barbares eklesiaSi, spilenZis mrgvali

fari oqroTi gamoyvanili doqis da vazis saxeebiT da arabuli warwerebiT

JamuSis macxovris eklesiaSi da fari arabuli warwerebiT setis wm. giorgis

eklesiaSi (TayaiSvili 1937: 177, 259, 279).

liTonis farebis garda, saqarTveloSi tyavis didi iranuli farebic

gvxvdeba. sefianTa periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo tyavis farebi liTonis

oTxi patara kopiT. kopebi faravda rgolebis samagr moqlonebs; am rgolebSi

tyavis sabRuji Rvedebi eyreboda. xelis dasacavad rgolebs Soris baliSi

iyo mimagrebuli. ufro did, 50-65 sm diametris farebs eqvsi kopi da

damatebiT, sakidi Rvedic gaaCndaT (Khorasani 2006: 271-273). iranuli tipisaa

saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi daculi vaxtang VI-is tyavis did fari. is

odnav deformirebulia da misi garSemoweriloba 51-53 sm-ia. fars dakarguli

aqvs oTxi centraluri da ramdenime periferiuli kopi. tyavis galaqul

zedapirze gamosaxuli qristianul-bibliuri siuJetebi (centrSi golgoTis

jvari, aRsaydrebuli macxovari, mTavarangelozi miqaeli, wm. giorgi da isu

nave) gvafiqrebinebs, rom fari saqarTveloSi unda iyos damzadebuli.

iranuli didi zomis farebis garda, saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT mis

mTianeTSi, ufro patara adgilobrivi mrgvali farebi iyo gavrcelebuli. k.

ColoyaSvili aseTi faris 3 tips gamoyofs: tyavgadakrul xis fars, liToniT

SeWedil tyavis fars da liToniT SeWedil liTonis fars (ColoyaSvili 1954:

227). faris Semkvreli rkinis koncentruli rkalebis (girgoli) raodenobis

mixedviT sami tipis fars ganarCeven: erT-, or- da samgirgolians (gasitaSvili

1957: 104; ColoyaSvili 1954: 228). rkinis xevsurul fars, romelsac sabRuji

129

(saxeluri) da sakidi aqvs, xevsureTSive Wedavdnen (makalaTia 1984: 146). faris

dasamzadeblad xevsurebi xaris tyavs iyenebdnen, xolo saukeTesod kameCis

tyavi iyo miCneuli. saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculi raWuli farebis

masalad ki Roris tyavia gamoyenebuli (ColoyaSvili 1954: 230-231).

mTaSi damzadebul farebs Sav fers WvartliT aZlevdnen, ris gamoc

aragvis xeobis mosaxleobas muslimebi yarayalRanebs (Savfarosnebs)

uwodebdnen (gasitaSvili 1957: 101-102; ColoyaSvili 1954: 252). mTielTa Savi

farebi qarTul literaturaSic aisaxa: „medgrad morTulTa mTiulTa fari

ekida Savia“ (feSangi 1935: 10);

`yuelgniT movida laSqari, mTiuli, ginda barisa;

SeWurvil iyunes rkiniTa, siSave mosCans farisa,

tansac SaviTa mosilni, saomrad kldisa myarisa.

miqceul iyunes sacemrad, mnaxavTa Sesazarisa~ (feSangi 1935: 116). Cans,

mTielebi Sav sabrZolo samosSi da Savi farebiT gamowyobilni gadiodnen

saomrad, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi – „mnaxavTa Sesazari“ – sanaxaoba yofila.

Tavi. IV. SeteviTi iaraRi

SeteviTi iaraRi gamiznulia mowinaaRmdegis dasazianeblad Sor da

axlo manZilze da xelCarTul brZolaSi.232 is aerTianebs polifunqciur

iaraRs mkveTavi (mCexavi, mWreli da mCexav-mWreli) da mCxvletavi dazianebiT

(maxvili, palaSi, moxrili xmali), monofunqciur iaraRs mCexavi (culi),

mCxvletavi (Subi) da dartymiTi (laxti) dazianebiT (Худяков 1980: 27) da

distanciur (sasrol da satyorcn) iaraRs.

Sua saukuneebSi mebrZolebi mravalgvar Semtev iaraRs iyenebdnen. am

mxriv gansakuTrebiT cxenosnebi gamoirCeodnen, romlebic Subisa da mSvildis

garda, laxts da xmals (xandaxan orsac) atarebdnen Tan. es sulac araa

gasakviri, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mxedars fexosaniviT iolad ar SeeZlo

xelidan gavardnili iaraRis aReba (Dawson 2002: 86). cxenis wyalobiT, is

Tavisuflad atarebda mravalferovan, mZime da grZel iaraRs. mZimed

232 cecxlsasroli iaraRis SemoRebamde, SeteviTi iaraRi adamianis kunTis Zalas iyenebda da

mas civ iaraRsac uwodeben. civi iaraRi sxeulis dazianebis mizniT sagangebod damzadebuli

sagania, romelic gankuTvnilia brZolaSi Sesatevad da dasacavad (Устинов, Портнов, Нацваладзе

1994: 6).

130

SeWurvili cxenosani Sua saukuneebis yvelaze srulyofilad SeiaraRebul

mebrZols warmoadgenda.

xelCarTuli brZolis saSualebebi

saZgerebeli iaraRi

saZgerebeli iaraRis saerTo saxeli aris laxvari, romelic, sulxan-

saba orbelianis mixedviT, aerTianebs Semdeg jgufebs: horoli, Subi,233 gmuri,

geoni, xiSti, saTxedi da zufani (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409). mokle

manZilze zogierTi saZgerebeli iaraRis srolac SeiZleboda,234 rac brZolis

stilze da iaraRis zomaze iyo damokidebuli. iv. javaxiSvili fiqrobs, rom

laxvari qarTuli sityvaa, romelic `Sedgeba „la“ TavsarTisa da „xvra“

zmnisagan, romelic igivea rac xvreta, e.i. laxvari iaraRia, romelic

xvretda~ (javaxiSvili 1962: 232). misi dakvirvebiT, qarTveli laxvars imdenad

mrisxane iaraRad miiCnevda, rom misgan „zmna dalaxvra da gamonaTqvami

dalaxvros RmerTma-c ki uwarmoebia~ (javaxiSvili 1962: 232).

Subi warmoadgens axlo manZilze sabrZol xistarian saZgerebel iaraRs

liTonis piriT da boloTi. misi wveri CxvletisaTvisaa gamiznuli, tari ki

dartymas mimarTavs (Худяков 1980: 50-51). uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, Subi

aris yvelaze gavrcelebuli da metad efeqturi sabrZolo saSualeba,

romelic iafi da teqnologiurad advili dasamzadebelia.

Subosani mebrZoli mTel rig upiratesobas flobda sxvasTan SedarebiT:

Subi warmoadgenda xelCarTuli brZolis yvelaze grZel iaraRs, romelic

Soridan wvdeboda mowinaaRmdeges, xolo SubiT Cxvleta dazianebis yvelaze

ioli da qmediTi xerxi iyo. Sua saukuneebSi Subi iyo pirveli Setevis

yvelaze efeqturi iaraRi (Кирпичников 1966a: 22). marTlac, xmalTan SedarebiT,

Subi ufro Sors wvdeboda da ufro adviladac aRwevda javSanSi, rac

brZolis sawyis etapze gadamwyvet upiratesobas (maT Soris, fsiqologiurs)

aniWebda Subosans.

saqarTveloSi Subi yovelTvis ZiriTad sabrZolo iaraRs

ganekuTvneboda. misi pirveli nimuSebi aq Zv.w. III aTaswleulidanaa aRmoCenili

233 dRevandel qarTulSi Subi laxvris yvela tips aerTianebs, Sua saukuneebSi ki mxolod

laxvris erT konkretul tips aRniSnavda.

234 es saTxedisa da zufanis pirdapiri daniSnulebac iyo.

131

(Горелик 2003: 54). amasve mowmobs antikuri periodis arqeologiuri masala da

werilobiTi wyaroebi: „sadac ki qarTveluri mosaxleobis SeiaraRebis

xsenebaa, yvelgan figurirebs Subi“ (gamyreliZe, fircxalava, yifiani 2005: 127).

Sua saukuneebSi, cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis damkvidrebis Semdeg, Subis

roli kidev ufro gaizarda da mas wamyvani adgili eWira qarTvel mxedarTa

SeiaraRebaSi.235

rogorc aRiniSna, Sua saukuneebSi tipuri saZgerebeli iaraRis

Semadgeneli nawilebia Subispiri, xis buni (tari)236 da dibligi – Subis

bolo (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 220). Subispiris formasa da zomas misi

daniSnuleba gansazRvravda, amitomac, maTi mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT

Subis daniSnulebasa da gamoyenebis xerxebze (Медведев 1959: 127). rac Seexeba

buns, Sua saukuneebSi upiratesobas aniWebdnen ifnis xisagan gakeTebul Subis

tars, radganac igi grZeli, gamZle da moqnili iyo (Nicholson 2004b: 29). aseve,

iyenebdnen vaSlis da naZvis (an fiWvis) xes (Nicolle 1996: 53).237

gviandel

saqarTveloSi vxvdebiT raWis eklesiebSi gamosaxul bambukis Tu lerwmis

tarian Subs,238 romelic friad gavrcelebuli gaxldaT xmelTaSua zRvis

regionSi: bugeulis mTavarangelozTa eklesiis XV-XVI saukuneebis

mxatvrobaze vxedavT fexosan wminda Tevdores lerwmis SubiT (raWa 2008: 121);

XV-XVI ss. faraxeTis eklesiis CrdiloeTis kedelze cxenosani wminda giorgi

lerwmis SubiT gmiravs gveleSaps (raWa 2008: 187). erT raionSi, erT epoqaSi

Seqmnili lerwmis Subis gamosaxulebebi raime specifikuri mizeziT unda

iyos nasazrdoebi239 da gamonaklis SemTxvevas warmoadgens saqarTvelos

sinamdvileSi.

235 XIV saukunis `Zegli erisTavTas~ mixedviT, Subi erT-erTi is regaliaa, romelsac axlad

daniSnul erisTavs gadascemen misi xeldasmisas (Zegli erisTavTa 1965: 104; akofaSvili 1992:

59).

236 `buni – Subis tari~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 120); `tarad uwoden SubTa, celTa da

misTanaTa bunsa~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 133).

237 Tumca, Sejaxebisas wiwvovani xe imsxvreva grZel nafotebad, romelTac cxenisa da kacis

dazianeba SeuZliaT (Sidnell 2006: 264).

238 saqarTveloSi lerwmis tari ufro savaraudoa. aq gavrcelebuli giganturi lerwami Arundo

donax 5 m-mde sigrZis da 4 sm sisqis izrdeba (qimeriZe 1983: 199).

239 kolxeTis dablobze gavrcelebuli lerwami advilad xelmisawvdomi unda yofiliyo

raWaSic.

132

XII saukuneSi dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropaSi, jvarosnul

saxelmwifoebsa da saqarTveloSi axali – wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis

stili ikidebs fexs. dartymis Zalis da, Sesabamisad, Subze datvirTvis

gazrdam gamoiwvia misi taris gaZliereba da gamsxvileba.240 wyaroebi xSirad

aRniSnaven qarTvelTa msxvil Subebs. juveinis Tanaxmad, jalal ad-dinTan

orTabrZolisas qarTvelis aznaurs `boZis simsxo Subi eWira xelSi~ (juveini

1974: 36). saomrad SeWurvil mefe vaxtang V-s (1658-1675) „Subi uWiravs wuer

basri, tarsa simsxo aqus sarisa“ (feSangi 1935: 181). qaixosro ColoyaSvilic

sagangebod aRniSnavs Subis sisqes: `kaci da cxeni Savi rkiniTa ese SeWedili

iyvnes, rom bewvi kacs ar uCnda. msxvilni Subni xelTa hqondes, metad grZeli

xrmali ertya, spilosa saxe laxti welTa erWva~ (qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979:

166-167).

Sua saukuneebis Subi liTonis blagvi garsacmiT bolovdeboda,241

romelsac dibligi ewodeba. dibligi xis tars dazianebisagan icavda da Subs

awonasworebda. is manWvliT magrdeboda xis tarze. Subs miwaSi dibligiT

asobdnen, ise rom, banakad yofnisas is mudam xelT hqonodaT.242 vertikalur

mdgomareobaSi myofi Subis gamoyeneba ufro swrafad da advilad

SeiLZleboda, vidre miwaze dadebulis, romelic isvreboda da cud amindSi

Zneli gamosayenebeli iyo. meomari Subis liTonis bolos xelCarTul

brZolaSic iyenebda (Медведев 1959: 130). dibligis gamoyeneba wyaroebSic aris

asaxuli. ioseb Tbileli mogviTxrobs, rom saakaZem mowinaaRmdege

(kolotauri) daindo da Subis boloTi – dibligiT Camoagdo cxenidan:

„davbrundi, cxeni Sevhqusle, ara vhkar Subis piria!

igi dibligiT gardvagde, varqvi: „Tavs uyav Wiria!“ (ioseb tfileli 1939:

25). dibligiT cxenidan Camogdeba gvxvdeba òmainianSic~: `kacsa zogsa

maTraxiTa da zogsa Subis tariTa Camovhyridi~ (qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979:

168).

240 2.5 sm sisqis tari, romelic X saukunisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, 3.5 sm-mde msxvildeba XII-

XIII saukuneebSi (Кирпичников 1966a: 20). TavisTavad, Subis sisqe da sigrZe misi mflobelis

Zalazec iyo damokidebuli (Nicholson 2004a: 102).

241 umeteswilad blagvi iyo bizantiuri Subebis boloc (Grotowski 2010: 314). amiT Sua

saukuneebis Subi gansxvavdeboda antikuri Subis wvetiani bolosagan.

242 cxenze jdomisas grZeli Subi uzangze hqondaT Camoyrdnobili (Bloch 1961: 291).

133

dibligi kargad Cans XV saukunis wm. giorgis minanqris or xatze,

saidanac irkveva, rom qarTuli Subis dibligi sakmaod grZeli iyo.

miuxedavad blagvi dibligis siWarbisa, gvxvdeba wvetiani Subis bolos

nimuSebic. wvetiani dibligiT daboloebuli Subebi aqvT X saukunis Cukulis

RvTismSoblis xatis karebze gamosaxul wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores

(Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 46; axalaSvili 1987: 8). 1799 wels giorgi XII-is mier

Tbilisis wm. evstates eklesiis ymebisaTvis micemul siTarxnis wignis

ganaxlebis sabuTSi cxenze amxedrebul SeWurvil mxedars wvetiani dibligi

uCans (moxatuli dokumentebi 2011: 136-137, fer. tab. 11).

X saukuneSi qarTuli Subispiris yelze Cndeba mrgvali Semsxvileba,

romelic farTod vrceldeba XI saukuneSi da romlidanac, ufro mogvianebiT,

XIV saukuneSi e.w `vaSli~ ganviTarda.243 Subis `vaSli~ imave funqcias

asrulebda rac karolinguri Subis e.w. `frTebi~,244 romelic msxverplis

sxeulSi Subis Rrmad SeRwevas uSlida xels da aadvilebda mis amoZrobas.

SesaZloa, CvenTan centraluri aziidanaa Semosuli, radgan aseTi „vaSlis“

gamosaxuleba gvaqvs VIII-IX ss. aRmosavleT TurqestanSi (Nicolle 1983: 66).

Subispirze mrgvali SemsxvilebiTaa gamosaxuli mravalZlis xatze wm.

Tevdore (X s.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 37), wm. giorgi jumaTis (XI s. dasawyisi)

(Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 151), sujunis (XI s.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 156), boWormis

(XI s.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 162), setis (XI s.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 182), da

nakifaris (XI s.) xatebze (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 184) da wm. giorgi XIII s.-is

droSis Tavze (axalaSvili 1987: 62-64, sur. 65). TianeTis samxareo muzeumSi

daculia Subispirebi aseTi mrgvali SemsxvilebiT masraze (Артилаква 1976: таб.

66.1.3). l. ServaSiZe miuTiTebs H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze, sadac

gamosaxulia Subebi vaSliT.245 marTlac, daviTnis 191r, 191v, 194r, 213v, 222r, 224r

da 224v miniaturebze ukve Camoyalibebul, msxvil `vaSlebs~ vxedavT.

karolingur epoqaSi gavrcelebuli iyo Subi eleganturi formis e.w.

„SroSaniT“, romelsac igive funqcia hqonda da sxeulSi SeRwevas uSlida

xels (Кардини 2000: 276). Subis am detalze karg warmodgenas qmnis yazanis

muzeumSi daculi Subispiri, romlis mxrebi masrasTan SeerTebis adgilze

243 msgavsi procesis Sesaxeb ruseTSi ix. (Кирпичников 1966a: 16).

244 aseTi `frTebi~ Cans wmindanis Subze XVII saukunis `leqsad Tqmuli wm. giorgis cxovrebis~

miniaturaze (moxatuli wignebi 2011: 73-74, sur. 8.11).

245 Subis tari Cveulebriv wiTlad an TeTradaa SeRebili (Шервашидзе 1964: 67).

134

wagrZelebuli da qvemoTken daxrilia da SroSanisebur xveuls qmnis (Гасимов

2003), 45). qarTul ikonografiaSi mravlad vxvdebiT wmindanTa Subebze

gamosaxul SroSanis msgavs warmonaqmns. Subispirze SroSaniTaa gamosaxuli

wm. Tevdore Cukulis triptiqze (X s.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 45-46), wm. giorgi

beCos sakurTxevliswina jvarze (XII-XIII ss.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 463), wm.

giorgi sufis xatze (XIII-XIV ss.) (axalaSvili 1987: 46-48, sur. 46), wm. giorgi

da wm. Tevdore ienaSis xatze (XIII-XIV ss.) (axalaSvili 1987: 50-51, sur. 52) da

mTavarangelozi fxotreris Cardaxze (XIII-XIV ss.) (axalaSvili 1987: 52, sur.

57).

msxverplis sxeulSi Subis SeRwevas xels uSlida, agreTve, Subispiris

qveS damagrebuli alami (White 1962: 8) da cxenis kudi – TuRi anu bunCuki,

romelic farTod monRolebma gaavrceles. orive maTgans vxvdebiT qarTul

Subebze: alami Cans H1665 daviTnis 191r, 191v, 198r da TavaqaraSviliseuli

`vefxistyaosnis~ 255-e miniaturebze, TuRi ki – H1665 daviTnis 191r, 191v, 198v

miniaturebze da giorgi XII-is sigelis Subze.

horoli (oroli), sulxan-sabas aRwerilobiT, aris `laxvari or-piri da

bun-grZeli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409). iv. javaxiSvilis mowmobiT,

„saZgerebeli saWurvlis saxelTagan qarTuli mwerlobis uZveles ZeglebSi

yvelaze xSirad horoli gvxvdeba“, sadac is laTinuri lancea da berZnuli

kontosis Sesatyvisia (javaxiSvili 1962: 224). orive maTgani kavaleristis

grZeli Subia da aseTivea qarTuli horoli, romelsac orlesuli piri (òr-

piri~) da xis grZeli tari (`bun-grZeli~) aqvs.

Subi, sabas mixedviT, àrs laxvari sam-Zgide da bun-grZeli~ (sulxan-

saba orbeliani 1991: 409), rac niSnavs, rom misi piri ganivkveTSi samkuTxeds

warmoadgens. termini Subi sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli XII saukunis meore

naxevris ZeglebSi, sadac is ukve horolsac anacvlebs (javaxiSvili 1962: 228).

sainteresoa gavarkvioT, es cvlileba mxolod terminologiuria Tu

tipologiuric da iaraRis tipis cvlilebas Tu iTvaliswinebs. horolis

SubiT Canacvlebisas, marTlacda tipologiur cvlilebasTan unda gvqondes

saqme, rodesac adreuli saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ufro farTo,

orlesulpiriani horoli samZgidianma, viwropirianma Subma Caanacvla. es

movlena sayovelTaoa da is abjris gaZlierebam gamoiwvia. Subis piris

daviwroeba kargad asaxavs SeteviT da TavdacviT iaraRs Soris brZolas,

rodesac abjris gaZlierebam ufro mZlavri da viwropiriani Subi Sva,

135

romelsac abjari unda gaexvrita, gansxvavebiT adreuli pirisagan, romelic

farTo Wrilobis misayeneblad iyo gankuTvnili (Nicolle 2007b: 83). XII saukuneSi

ukve sayovelTaod Cndeba „taranuli tipis“ Subebi (Кирпичников 1976: 20),

romlebic Tavisi formiT javSangamtania da liTonis abjarSi SeRwevas

emsaxureba (Медведев 1959: 130; Кирпичников 1966a: 16).

gmuri brtyelpiriani da grZeltariani laxvaria (sulxan-saba orbeliani

1991: 409). farTopiriani iaraRi gvxvdeba aziur armiebSi, sadac mas

mravalnairad iyenebdnen da piriT xmlis msgavsad farikaobdnen. gmuri ar iyo

taranuli dartymebisaTvis gankuTvnili da is arc Cans saqarTveloSi

qarTuli istoriuli da literaturuli wyaroebis mixedviT (javaxiSvili

1962: 241).

geoni, sabas mixedviT, àrs laxvari mowlo246 da samZgide, bunzomieri,

mcired kacisa umaRlesi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409). am aRwerilobiT,

geoni SedarebiT wvriltariani (`mowlo~) da 2 m simaRlis (`mcired kacisa

umaRlesi~) Subia. aseTi sigrZis Subi qveiTTaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. iv.

javaxiSvilis dakvirvebiT, geoni mxolod bibliis Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi

gvxvdeba (javaxiSvili 1962: 242).

xiSti àrs laxvari pirgrZeli, Zgidemaxvili, tarkota~ (sulxan-saba

orbeliani 1991: 409). misi liTonis piri Cveulebriv Subze ufro grZeli Cans.

xiSti Cndeba XI-XII saukuneebis TxzulebebSi (javaxiSvili 1962: 235).

àmirandarejanianis~ mixedviT, is Subis tipis iaraRia, romelsac safalavno

orTabrZolebSic iyenebdnen: `winasve Tques mSuildisa ara aReba, yovelsave

SubiTa, ÃrmliTa da laxtiTa ibrZodes~ (mose xoneli 1967: 472-473). xiSti

msxviltariani iaraRi iyo, rogoradac aRwers mas qarTulad galeqsili

„Sahnames“ strofebi: „ÃelTa aqus xiSti pir-basri, sakuirvelia sisqeda“,

„javriT feri wauvida, xelT aiRo xiSti sxvili~ (javaxiSvili 1962: 235-236).

da `rusudaniani~: „xelT pirbasri xiSti uWiravs, rom misi usqesi ar iqneba“

(rusudaniani 1957: 289).

kineni. Tavis leqsikonSi saba aRwers kidev erT bunian iaraRs, kinens,

romelic `sabrZolelia bumberazTa, msgavsi Subis tarisa, sxvili, Sesayarad

da asazevelad (asazidlad). vieTni Subis pirsac daasxmides~ (sulxan-saba

orbeliani 1991: 374). àmirandarejanianis~ is adgilebi, sadac kineniT

moqmedebaa aRwerili, ueWveli gazviadebis kvals atarebs (àiRo kaci 246 `mowlo – cotad wvrili~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 514).

136

unagirisagan kineniTa~, `Seuyarna kineni, aiRo unagirTagan~, `Seuyara kineni...

aiRo unagirTagan~) (mose xoneli 1967: 139, 151, 373) da metad aZnelebs am

iaraRis identifikacias. SesaZloa, kineni iyo Subis tipis saturniro iaraRi,

evropulis msgavsad blagvTaviani, romelic Zgerebisas mowinaaRmdeges

unagiridan agdebda da, romelsac, zogjer, sabrZolo (Subis) pirsac

ukeTebdnen.

satyorcn-saZgerebel iaraRs miekuTvneba saTxedi (xelSubi) da zufani.

sulxan-sabas daxasiaTebiT, `saTxedi ars laxvari pir-brtyeli da bun-

zomieri, vieTni ÃelSubas uÃmoben~, xolo `zufani ars laxvari msgavsi

geonisa, bun-wyrTeuli SoriT sasroli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409).

zufanis saxelwodeba sparsuli „Jufin“-idan modis (javaxiSvili 1962: 240).247

orive maTgani mokle Subs warmoadgenda, romelsac satyorcnad iyenebdnen.

arc erTi es iaraRi ar iyo farTod gavrcelebuli Sua saukuneebis

saqarTveloSi. iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, saTxedi mxolod qarTuli

`visramianis~ nadirobis epizodSi gvxvdeba, zufani ki qarTulad galeqsili

`Sahnames~ garda arsad Cans (javaxiSvili 1962: 241). marTalia, zufani (zufini)

kidev gvxdeba literaturul ZeglebSi (erTgan „amirandarejanianis“ gviandel

variantSi da orjer `rusudanianSi~) (mose xoneli 1967: 487; rusudaniani 1957:

268, 463), magram es saerTo suraTs ar cvlis. qarTul wyaroebSi satyorcni

Subis (xelSubis)248 xmareba gvxvdeba iSviaTad da ZiriTadad, brZolis

specifikur, mTagorian pirobebSi gamoiyeneba qveiT mTielTa mier: „daasxes

qvaÁ da Subi, msgavsi wÂmisaÁ~ (Zegli erisTavTa 1965: 108).

wyaroebis mixedviT Cans, rom qarTveli mxedrebi ZiriATadad mxolod

viwropirian saZgerebel iaraRs – horols, Subs da xiSts – iyenebdnen,

farTopirian (gmuri) da satyorcn (saTxedi, zufani) iaraRs ki ar wyalobdnen,

rac erTmniSvnelovnad metyvelebs brZolis Sokur stilze.

buniani iaraRi. saqarTveloSi dasturdeba grZeltariani alebardis

msgavsi sxvadasxva buniani iaraRis arsebobac, romelsac brZolaSi qveiTebi

iyenebdnen.249 aseTi iaraRi kombinirebulia da grZel bunze damagrebuli aqvs

247 zufans jer kidev aqemenur iranSi xmarobdnen (Khorasani 2006: 250).

248 `ÃelSuba – mokle Subi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 440).

249 sulxan-saba orbeliani libandaks da libardas, cota ar iyos, gaugebrad ganmartavs: maT

xan mokle, sasrol Subad da xan israd moixseniebs (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 414). magram,

rac mTavaria, iaraRis monacemebs gvawvdis: `libandaki ars Subisa ugrZe da usxo buniTa~

137

farTo an culismagvari piri, rac mas, saCxvletis garda, damatebiT, mkveTel

Tvisebebs aniWebs.

sabas moxseniebuli aqvs ori buniani iaraRi – afTi da waTi. àfTi

maxvilia brtyeli da targrZeli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 72) anu is

warmoadgens bunian iaraRs grZeli tariT da farTo, brtyeli piriT. afTi

gvxvdeba JamTaaRwerelTan: „memnas sparsman vinme afTiTa Zlier dauxeTqa

umuzaradosa Tavsa, ganupo, da myis daeca da mokuda“ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987:

59); is naxsenebia `didmouravianSi~ („xmal, laxt, afT da najaxebi“) (ioseb

tfileli 1939: 25) da `rusudanianSi~ („laxtis, xlmisa da afTisa cema

saSineli iyo“) (rusudaniani 1957: 292). SesaZloa, afTi gamosaxulia jruWis II

oTxTavis 64r miniaturaze, sadac ori grZeltariani da celismagvarpiriani

iaraRia gamosaxuli.

waTi aris àfT-Suba, didi afTi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 362). saba

mas did afTs uwodebs, rac niSnavs, rom afTTan SedarebiT, waTi kidev ufro

didi iaraRia, romelic Subis da afTis Tvisebebs aerTianebda. Tamaris

epoqaSi waTs brZolaSi iyeneben: „aRiRes maxÂlebi da waTebi“ (istoriani da

azmani 1959: 50).250

`rostomianis~ XVII saukunis S1580 xelnaweris 137v da 140r miniaturebze

Subebis rigSi vxvdebiT alebardis tipis culispirian iaraRs. alebardis

formis rkinis culi iyo daculi svaneTSi, Jibianis RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi

(TayaiSvili 1937: 149).

sainteresoa, agreTve, sadr ad-din al-husainis cnoba, romelic XII

saukunis qarTuli laSqris SeiaraRebaSi samwvera Subebs asaxelebs (ал-

Хусайни 1980: 140; Tofuria 1985: 114). rogorc Cans, mematiane mogviTxrobs

samkapis tipis qveiTTa bunian iaraRze, romelic mravalferovnebiT

gamoirCeoda xolme. samwvera Subi dadasturebulia xevsureTis sinamdvileSi,

sadac fexosnis am iaraRma eTnografiul Tanamedroveobamde moaRwia

(gasitaSvili 1957: 92).

(sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409). es niSnavs, rom libandakis tari Subze ufro msxvili da

grZelia da is verafriT iqneba sasroli Subi an isari. marTali unda iyos i. javaxiSvili,

rodesac fiqrobs, rom libandaki libardasagan anu alebardisagan warmodgeba (javaxiSvili

1962: 234).

250 i. javaxiSvili cdeba, rodesac Tvlis, rom waTi mxolod uZveles ZeglebSi gvxvdeba


138

mkveTeli iaraRi

mkveTeli iaraRis kategorias miekuTvneba xmali da culi. xmali piriani

iaraRia, culi ki – tariani. qarTuli termini xmali aerTianebs iaraRis iseT

saxeobebs, rogoricaa maxvili, palaSi da moxrili xmali. istoriulad,

maxvili da xmali sinonimuri cnebebia da isini sinqronulad Cans bibliis

uZveles qarTul TargmanebSi (javaxiSvili 1962: 248). qarTuli ena ar asxvavebs

maxvils da xmals da ar gulisxmobs, rom pirveli orlesulia, meore ki –

moxrili calpira iaraRi. sanam maxvili iyo gabatonebuli iaraRi, xmali

maxvilsac aRniSnavda; moxrili xmlis damkvidrebisa da maxvilis

SeiaraRebidan amosvlis Semdeg ki, xmali sakuTriv moxril xmals da palaSs

aRniSnavda. Tavis mxriv, maxvili da palaSi saCexi iaraRia, romliTac

Cxvletac SeiZleba; zogierTi moxrili xmliT ki, Cexisa da Wris garda,

Cxvletac SeiZleba.251

Sua saukuneebSi xmali yovelTvis prestiJul iaraRad iTvleboda da is

Zviri Rirda. xarisxiani xmlis damzadebas saWiro codna da sakmao dro

sWirdeboda.252

arqeologiur literaturaSi miRebulia sigrZis mixedviT xmlebis

dayofa sam kategoriad: mokle (50 sm-mde), saSualo (50-70 sm) da grZeli (70 sm-

ze meti) (Деревянко 1987: 94). xmlis piris sigrZes ganapirobebs Setevisa da

dacvis moTxovnebi da dasaSvebi wona. taris TavzemoT Weris SemTxvevaSi,

mxedars xmliT unda daefara sxeuli, Setevisas ki miwaze dawolil mtersac

miwvdomoda (Федоров 1905: 20).

xmali (maxvilic da moxrilic) Sedgeba pirisa da tarisagan. piris

(xmlis sxeulis) nawilebia wveri, Rari, fxa, yua. wveri piris mCxvleti

daboloebaa, wertili, sadac civi iaraRis orive piri (fxa da yua) erTdeba

(Устинов, Портнов, Нацваладзе 1994: 11). Rari253 CaRrmavebaa, romelic sigrZeze

misdevs xmlis pirs. fxa254 xmlis mWreli piria, yua255 ki – misi blagvi mxare.

251 xmlis mcire moxriloba da misi orlesuli wveri aCvenebs, rom is saCxvletadac iyo

gamiznuli (Кирпичников 1971: 68).

252 evropuli maxvilis srulad damzadebas anu misi piris gamoWedvas, vadis, tarisa da qudis

damzadebas da morgebas daaxloebiT 200 saaTi sWirdeboda (Peirce 1986: 155).

253 `Ãrmali... gamoferdili, anu Rarosani~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 443).

254 `fxad iTqmis maxvilispirTa mlesvelobaca~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 208).

139

xmlis taris safuZvelia yunwi, romelic piris gagrZelebas warmoadgens.

tari xmlis saxeluria da moicavs Semdeg nawilebs: vada – vadajvari, xmlis

jvaredi, romelic xels icavs; kota – taris nawili vadidan qudamde; qudi –

taris bolo, zeda nawili, momrgvalo an sxva formis.

v. zablockis mixedviT, xmlis taris daniSnulebaa Setevisas piris

moZraobaSi moyvana da mogeriebisas – mowinaaRmdegis iaraRis zemoqmedebis

amortizeba (Квасневич 2005: 14-15).256 maxvilis qudi saSualebas ar aZlevda

xels Camosrialebuliyo taridan da piris gamawonasworebelic iyo (Kolias

1988: 140); moxrili xmlis quds ki mxolod taris damasrulebelis da xelis

momzRudavis funqcia hqonda (North 1993: 136). is ufro dekoratiuli iyo da

icavda taris xis detalebs meqanikuri da klimaturi zemoqmedebisagan

(Кочкаров 2008: 28). quds hqonda naxvreti, romelSic Tasma (bildirga) iyo

gayrili. Turquli warmoSobis bildirga Tasmas aRniSnavda, romelsac majaze

wamoicvamdnen, xmali rom brZolaSi ar daekargaT (sulxan-saba orbeliani

1991: 104). moxrili xmlis quds jvaredTan, zogjer, wvrili jaWvi aerTebda. am

dekoratiuli elementis saSualebiT, romelic xelis sust dacvasac

ganapirobebda, xmals majaze ikidebdnen (Квасневич 2005: 28).257

maxvili

maxvili xelCarTuli brZolis iaraRia swori (Sveti)258 orlesuli

piriT da swori tariT, romliTac SesaZlebelia Cexac da Cxvletac (Горелик

2003: 25; Худяков 1980: 27; Худяков, Плотников 1995: 93). maxvilis samSoblod

miCneulia anatolia, sadac napovnia Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevris 70

sm-iani xmali, romelic faqtobrivad dagrZelebuli xanjalia. is unda

yofiliyo prototipi namdvili grZeli maxvilisaTvis, romelic kretaze

gamoCnda Zv.w. XVII saukuneSi (Горелик 2003: 26).

adre da ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebis manZilze saqarTveloSi maxvils

gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava da SubTan erTad mebrZolis umTavres iaraRs

warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculia orlesuli maxvili,

255 `maxvilis zurgi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 272).

256 Sdr. `kota – xrmlis saxeluri, romliTac rom xrmalsa daiWers Semosakvrelad (Teimuraz

bagrationi 1979: 71).

257 aseTi jaWvi xevsurul xmlebze SeiniSneba.

258 `Sueti – swore gauxreli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 309).

140

romelic xevsureTidan aris muzeumSi Camotanili (WilaSvili 1990: 22) (sur.

46). misi sruli sigrZe qudiT 102.2 sm-ia, taris sigrZe ki – 14.3 sm. maxvili 969

grams iwonis. maxvilis piris sigane vadasTan 4.8 sm-ia da bolosken Tanabrad

mcired viwrovdeba, wveri ar aris gamoxatuli. piri gadatexilSi 0.45 sm

sisqis (centrSi) da linziseburi formisaa. liTonis tari sami samagriT iyo

damagrebuli maxvilis yunwze, razec darCenili naxvretebi metyvelebs.259

maxvilis tars dakarguli aqvs xis `Semavsebeli~ (xetari), romelzec

emagreboda (Camocmuli iyo) taris liTonis qveda da zeda nawili. tari da

vada cali (saCino) mxridan dafarulia martivi ornamentiT, tari bolovdeba

mcire zomis sferuli formis qudiT. vadis sigane 8.9 sm-ia da igi maxvilis

piriskenaa moxrili. vadis orive bolo momrgvalo SemsxvilebiT bolovdeba.

maxvilis vadas orive mxridan hqonda langeti,260 romelic erT mxares

momtvreuli da dakargulia.

xmlis warmomavlobis garkvevisaTvis mis tars didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

taris konstruqcia da gaformeba axasiaTebs mis Semqmnel ers da

sazogadoebas. v. zablockis mixedviT, iaraRis funqciuri analizisaTvis

xmlis tars pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba gaaCnia. xmlis tipis an eTnikuri

warmoSobis gansazRvra mxolod piris safuZvelze arasworia (Квасневич 2005:

14-15).261

xmlisa da misi gamosaxulebebis Seswavlisas, tradiciulad,

klasifikaciisaTvis vadis forma gamoiyeneba. isini yovelTvis ufro

mravalferovani da advilad amosacnobia, vidre xmlis piri (Кирпичников 1966b:

19; Nicolle 1983: 63).262

v. iotovis samarTliani SeniSvniT, `xmlebis tipologia

xSirad maTi vadebis tipologiaa~ (Yotov 2011: 115).

259 marTebuli ar aris am maxvilis taris rekonstruqcia mxolod ori naxvretiT, rac mis

erTgvar `damoklebas~ iwvevs. ix. baqraZe 2011: sur. 5, tab. III.1.

260 langeti vadis wanazardia, romelic am SemTxvevaSi xmlis piriskenaa daSvebuli, mkvidrad

afiqsirebs iaraRs qarqaSis pirSi da icavs mas uneblie gaSiSvlebisagan. langeti warmoiSva

samkuTxa formis vadisagan, romelic induri warmomavlobisaa da VII-X saukuneebSi

gavrcelda islamur qveynebSi da bizantiaSi, romelTa gavliT evropasac miaRwia (Nicolle 1983:

64; Nickel 2002: 120).

261 v. kvasneviCic eTanxmeba am mosazrebas da xmlis warmoSobis gansazRvrisaTvis mis

Semadgenel nawilebs mniSvnelobis mixedviT Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT ganixilavs: tari – piri

– qarqaSi (Квасневич 2005: 13-14).

262 amave dros, unda gvaxsovdes, rom iaraRis saxeoba (mag. maxvili Tu moxrili xmali) piris

formis mixedviT irkveva, tariT ki mis tips adgenen (Мерперт 1955: 134).

141

Cven SemTxvevaSic ZiriTadi aqcenti taris kvlevaze unda gakeTdes.

xevsureTidan Camotanili maxvilis tari liTonisagan aris damzadebuli da

xiT (xetariT) dakavSirebul-gamagrebuli.263 aseTi kombinirebuli tari kargad

Cans atenis sionis freskaze wm. evstaTes maxvilze, sadac taris zeda da

qveda liTonis nawilebi yavisferi zolebiT mkafiod aris gamoyofili maTi

SemakavSirebeli xis tarisagan (sur. 47). Sua xis nawili zogjer Txeli

(SesaZloa, Zvirfasi) liTonis firfitiT ifareboda, rogorc amas vxedavT

macxvariSis freskaze wm. giorgis maxvilis tarze264 (sur. 48).

zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, mTliani an nawilobrivi liTonis tari

ar aris damaxasiaTebeli Sua saukuneebis evropuli maxvilebisaTvis.

samagierod, is damaxasiaTebelia aRmosavluri da islamuri iaraRisaTvis,

gansakuTrebiT ki adreuli arabuli maxvilebisaTvis (Nicolle 2002b: 174-178).265

maxvilis kombinirebuli tari farTod vrceldeba da gansakuTrebul

popularobas iZens bizantiis imperiaSi. qarTuli maxvilis kombinirebuli

tari islamur da bizantiur sivrceSi gavrcelebuli teqnologiis Sedegad

aris Seqmnili.

bizantiurma grZelma maxvilma spaTam romauli mokle maxvilis

gladiusisgan memkvidreobiT miiRo umniSvnelo sididis vada, romelmac

TandaTanobiT moimata zomaSi. adreul bizantiur gamosaxulebebze mxolod

mcire zomis vada SeiniSneba, romelic IX-X saukuneSi odnav SesamCnevad Tu

scdeba maxvilis kideebs. mxolod X-XI saukunidan moyolebuli SeimCneva

SedarebiT gamokveTili vada (Kolias 1988: 143). daxrili vada xSirad gvxvdeba

bizantiis xelovnebaSi X-XII saukuneebSi (Hoffmeyer 1966: 103). daxrili vadis

samSoblo centraluri azia unda iyos, romelmac dasavleTiT gavrcelebisas

bizantiasac miaRwia (Hoffmeyer 1961: 64; Hoffmeyer 1966: 105).266 sferulqudiani da

daSvebulvadiani maxvilebis winamorbedad SeiZleba miviCnioT parizis

nacionaluri biblioTekis IX s. spilos Zvlis Wadrakis figuraze gamosaxuli

cxenosnis maxvili islamuri sindidan Tu aRmosavleT iranidan, bostonis

263 kombinirebuli liTonis-da-xis konstruqciis taris Sesaxeb ix. Aleksić 2010: 127.

264 qudsa da vadas Soris moCuqurTmebuli vercxlis firfitiT dafaruli tari Cvenamde

moRweul maxvilze ix. Mohamed 2008: 37, fig. 8.

265 IX-X ss. islamuri maxvilis liTonis qudebi, vadebi da maTi dasamzadebeli matrica ix.

Mohamed 2008: 106-109, fig. 68-70, 72-76.

266 am mosazrebas t. koliasi da d. nikolic iziarebs (Kolias 1988: 143, n70; Nicolle 1976: 122).

142

saxviTi xelovnebis IX-X ss. erayul moWiqul Tasze mebrZolis maxvili da

londonSi, viqtorias da albertis muzeumSi dacul IX-X ss. niSapuris

(xorasani) Tasze gamosaxuli maxvili, romelsac ukve boloebSemsxvilebuli,

daxrili vada da masiuri qudi aqvs (Nicolle 2002b: 168, figs. 53-5) (sur. 49).

aseT maxvilebs vxvdebiT bizantiur da somxur Zeglebzec. pirisken

daxrili vada aqvs goliaTis maxvils X saukunis dasawyisis reliefze

aRTamaris eklesiidan. msgavsi maxvilebia X saukunis boredeilis, XI saukunis

arbavilis da vatikanis muzeumis X-XI saukuneebis bizantiur spilos Zvlis

triptiqebze (Grotowski 2010: 352, figs. 20-22). aq gamosaxul maxvilebs aqvT didi

zomis sferuli formis qudi da moxrili vada, zogan – langetic.

Zirs daSvebuli vadebi moxril xmlebzec iyo gavrcelebuli. a.

kirpiCnikovis ganmartebiT, Cexis dros aseTi vada xelisaTvis ufro

komfortuli iyo. misive klasifikaciiT, aseTia moxrili xmlis vada tipi Iа –

naxevarmTvariseburi, langetis gareSe, boloSi burTulebiT, romelic

aRmosavleT evropis stepebSi X-XI saukuneebSi iyo gavrcelebuli (Кирпичников

1966b: 63, 68).267

zemoT CamoTvlili gamosaxulebebi naTlad metyvelebs im did

geografiul areze, sadac daSvebulvadiani iaraRi iyo gavrcelebuli.

iranul-xorasnuli tipis maxvilebi Tavis ganviTarebas hpoveben

saqarTveloSic. maT uCndebaT langeti, maxvilis qudi ki pataravdeba da

mxolod simbolur formas inarCunebs. igi ar awonasworebs maxvilis pirs,

mxolod xelis mtevnis momzRudvelia da saSualebas ar aZlevs xels taridan

Camosrialdes. evoluciis am procesze swori warmodgena rom gvqondes,

imdroindeli maxvilis funqcia unda ganvixiloT. igi orlesuli mZime iaraRi

iyo, romelsac ZiriTadad saCexad xmarobdnen. brZolaSi misi gamoyeneba

gansxvavdeboda gviandeli epoqis farikaobisgan ufro msubuqi calpira

xmlebiT. mZime maxviliT Cexisas mniSvneloba eniWeboda moqnevis Zalas da ara

siswrafes da moqnevis sixSires. aseT dros erTi, zustad mozomili moqnevac

ki sakmarisi iyo mowinaaRmdegis mosaklavad an mwyobridan gamosayvanad.

swored dartymis Zalis gazrdas emsaxureba qudis zomis Semcireba. rac ufro

patara da msubuqia maxvilis qudi, miT ufro win aris misi simZimis centri.

267 moxrili xmlebi daSvebuli vadiT da burTulovani boloebiT napovnia bulgareTSic (Йотов

2004: обр. 31, таб. XXXIX).

143

aseTi maxvili naklebad manevrulia, magram Zlier dartymas ganapirobebs

(Basista 2007: 50).

am tipis, Cexaze gaTvlili qarTuli maxvilis ganviTarebis gzaze sami

etapi SeiZleba gamovyoT: 1) X saukunis xatebze maxvils swori vada aqvs; 2) XI

saukuneSi vada ukve daxrilia; 3) XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze ki yalibdeba

boloebSemsxvilebuli da daxrilvadiani maxvili sferuli qurdiT, romlis

erTma egzemplarmac Cvenamde moaRwia268 (sur. 50). ra Tqma unda, es etapebi

erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad ar mimdinareobda da maTi damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebi erTmaneTs erwymoda, magram zogadi suraTisaTvis es sqema

gamosadegia.

maxvili langetiT, swori vadiT da momrgvalebuli boloebiT mravlad

moiZebneba X saukunis gamosaxulebebze. aseTia wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores

maxvilebi X saukunis meore naxevris mravalZalis xatze (Чубинашвили 1959:

406-409, Таб. 36, 37), X saukunis dasasrulis faraxeTis xatze wm. giorgis

maxvili (Чубинашвили 1959: 342-343, Таб. 43), Cukulis eklesiaSi dacul X

saukunis RvTismSoblis triptiqze gamosaxuli wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores

maxvilebi (Чубинашвили 1959: 409-410, Таб. 46).

XI saukunis dasawyisSi (1010-14) nikorwmindis dasavleTis portalis

timpanis reliefze gamosaxuli wm. giorgis maxvili gviCvenebs ganviTarebis

Semdgom etaps, rodesac vada ukve daxrilia, misi boloebi Zirsaa daSvebuli,

Cans patara langetic, Tumca maxvilis qudi isev didi zomisaa (aladaSvili

1957: tab. 192). atenis sionis samxreTis mklavis XI saukunis freskaze wm.

evstaTes maxvilis vada, romelsac patara langeti aqvs, odnav aris daxrili,

rac II etapis niSania (atenis sionis 1984: 157, tab. 94). ZirsdaSvebuli vada da

didi qudi aqvs XI saukunis laRamis wm. giorgis maxvilsac (Чубинашвили 1959:

355, Таб. 241).

XI saukunis dasasrulisTvis maxvilis forma ukve Camoyalibebulia da

is xSirad gvxvdeba XII saukunis gamosaxulebebze. ifraris mTavarangelozTa

(`Taringzel~) eklesiaSi, CrdiloeTis kedelze vxedavT 1096 wels mefis

mxatvar Tevdores mier Sesrulebul miqael mTavarangelozs. mis maxvils ukve

268 adreuli gamosaxulebebis miuxedavad, XII saukunidan moxrilvadiani maxvili sul ufro

iSviaTia bizantiur ikonografiaSi da igi swori vadajvriT icvleba (Grotowski 2010: 353).

swored am dros moxrilvadiani maxvili ganviTarebis piks aRwevs saqarTveloSi, rac

qarTuli `gzis~ garkveul damoukideblobaze miuTiTebs.

144

Camoyalibebuli vada aqvs, piri odnav wawvetebulia, centraluri RariT Tu

ZgidiT (zemo svaneTi 2010: 61). aseTive maxvili gvxvdeba wm. ivlitas

TaviskveTis scenaSi lagurkas wm. kvirikesa da wm. ivlitas eklesiis

samxreTis kedelze, romelic 1111 welsaa Sesrulebuli (zemo svaneTi 2010: 72).

dasrulebuli evoluciis maxvilebiTaa warmodgenili wm. Tevdore nakifaris

wm. giorgis eklesiis CrdiloeTis kedelze (mefis mxatvari Tevdore, 1130 w.)

(zemo svaneTi 2010: 93) da wm. giorgi macxvariSis dasavleT kedelze (mxatvari

miqel maRlakeli, 1140 w.) (zemo svaneTi 2010: 112).

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelosa da mis momijnave teritoriebze

arsebuli masalis ganxilvam saSualeba mogvca dagvedgina Cvens xelT

arsebuli maxvilis mier gavlili evoluciis etapebi. eWvgareSea, rom is XI

saukunis miwuruls Camoyalibebuli da XII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

gavrcelebuli qarTuli maxvilis tipur nimuSs warmoadgens.

XIII saukuneSi monRolTa batonobis damyarebam da maTma gavlenam

qarTul samxedro saqmeze ganapiroba maxvilis TandaTanobiTi Canacvleba

moxrili xmliT. es procesi sabolood dasrulebuli Cans XIV saukuneSi.

calpira swori xmali (palaSi)

swor calpirlesul maxvils palaSi ewodeba.269 palaSi mCexav-mCxvletavi

iaraRia calpira swori piriT da swori an daxrili tariT (Худяков 1980: 33;

Худяков 1981: 116; Соловьев 1987: 65; Худяков, Плотников 1995: 94).270

palaSi maxvilze

msubuqi iyo, radganac ar gaaCnda meore piri da ufro viwro iyo (Овчинникова

1981: 139). rogorc Cans, Suasaukuneebis dasawyisSi palaSi momTabareebma

gadmoiRes CineTidan da koreidan, romelTac es iaraRi ukve antikuri

periodis bolos gaaCndaT (Swietoslawski 1999: 44). calpira iaraRi, romlis piric

jer kidev sworia, maxvilidan xmalze gardamaval formadaa miCneuli (Мерперт

269 sityva palaSi ungruli enidan momdinareobs, romelSic XVI saukuneSi pallos maxvils

niSnavda. aqedanaa warmoSobili polonuri palasz da germanuli pallasch. TavisTavad, ungruli

sityvac nasesxebia Turqulisagan, sadac pala xmals niSnavda (Квасневич 2005: 49). sxva sakiTxia,

Tu ramdenad marTebulia aseT iaraRs vuwodoT palaSi, termini, romelic mxolod XVI

saukuneSi Cndeba (Евглевский, Потемкина 2000: 118).

270 maxvilis tari yovelTvis pirdapiria, palaSis vada ki iaraRis piriskenac SeiZleba iyos

daxrili. e. astvacaturianis mixedviT, palaSi orlesulic SeiZleba iyos (Аствацатурян 2002:

83).

145

1955: 160). swor, calpira xmals, romelic moxrili xmlis winamorbedad

iTvleba, d. nikoli „proto-seibrs“ uwodebs (Nicolle 1995: 303). miuxedavad imisa,

rom aseTi xmali warmoadgens sawyis etaps moxrili xmlis evoluciaSi, is

didxans ganagrZobda moxrilis gverdze arsebobas (Фёдоров-Давыдов 1966: 24). IV-

V ss.-Si palaSi napovnia volgispireTSi, V-VI ss.-Si ki swrafad vrceldeba

ruseTis stepebSi (Мерперт 1955: 160). VII saukuneSi palaSi Cndeba CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi (uadresi nimuSebi VII s. meore naxevriT TariRdeba), sadac is

farTod ar gavrcelebula (Каминский, Каминская-Цокур 1997: 61). momTabareebSi

palaSi xSirad gvxvdeba IX-XIII saukuneebSi, SemdgomSi ki ufro iSviaTad,

radganac is moxrilma xmalma Caanacvla (Swietoslawski 1999: 47).

qarTuli palaSis Sesaxeb cnobebi ufro gviani periodisaTvis

mogvepoveba. Sardeni XVII saukunis megrelTa iaraRis CamoTvlisas ambobs,

rom maT aqvT „mouxreli swori xmali“, romelic palaSis tipis unda iyos anu

swori da calpira (Sardeni 1975: 119).

calpira swori xmlebi unda iyos gamosaxuli XVII saukunis freskebze

ananuris RmrTismSoblis eklesiis samxreTi burjis wm. meomrebis

SeiaraRebaSi (ananuri 2012: 105, 107). freskaze vxedavT qarqaSSi Cagebul swor

xmlebs gviani saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli taris formiT, romelic

mcired daxrilia. gamarTuli qarqaSi swor pirze miuTiTebs, daxrili tari

ki mis callesulobaze, rac niSnavs, rom gamosaxuleba asaxavs mTaSi

gavrcelebul xevsurul palaSs.271

calpira swori xmali aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTian regionebSi

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. xevsurebi palaSs eTnografiul

Tanamedroveobamde atarebdnen. sulxan-saba orbeliani moixseniebs xmlis

tips, romelsac kaldimi ewodeba (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 349). rogorc

Cans, kaldimi palaSis tipis maxvilia, romelic xevsurebma CeCneTSic ki

gaavrceles. CeCnuri iaraRis mkvlevari i. asxabovi fiqrobs, rom palaSi nisa-

turi (swori xmali) aris kaldami. CeCneTSi is umTavresad gvxvdeba

maRalmTian TemebSi, romlebic xevsurebis mezoblebi iyvnen. am swori,

calpira iaraRis pirze, gurdas damRasTan erTad, Tavidanve jvari iyo

gamosaxuli (Асхабов 2001: 76-77).

271 xevsurul swor xmals franguls uwodeben (makalaTia 1984: 145).

146

qarTuli palaSis erTi saxeobaa kabiani xmali, romelic dasavleT

saqarTveloSi da, gansakuTrebiT, imereTSi iyo gavrcelebuli. am iaraRs aqvs

swori, callesuli piri damaxasiaTebeli wveriT da uvado, SaSkis tipis

tari, romelic pirisakenaa daxrili da niskartiseburi Tavi aqvs.272 Jak

fransua gambas, romelmac XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi imogzaura

saqarTveloSi, Tavis CanaxatebSi mocemuli aqvs kabiani xmali, romelsac

imeruls uwodebs (sabre immiretien) (Gamba 1826: pl. 29). iaraRs saxeli ewoda

gansakuTrebuli, kabis formis, qvemoTken gafarToebuli qarqaSis gamo. e.

lenci fiqrobs, rom kaba icavda qarqaSs gacveTisagan, unagirTan da uzangTan

xaxunis dros. e. denisovia azriT ki, romelsac e. astvacaturianic eTanxmeba,

dacvas saWiroebda mxolod mdidruli, saaRlumo iaraRi, Cveulebrivi tyavis

qarqaSis dacvas ki azri ar hqonda (Аствацатурян 2004: 336). kabiani qarqaSi

iaraRis dasamSveneblad da Tavis gamosaCenad unda iyos SemoRebuli.

cnobilia umaRlesi aristokratiis (dadianis, ciciSvilis) kabiani xmlebi

(Ривкин 2012: 40).

moxrili xmali

moxrili xmali xelCarTuli brZolis iaraRia callesuli moxrili

piriT da, rogorc wesi, fxisken daxrili tariT, romelsac SeuZlia Cexa, Wra

da Cxvletac (Худяков 1980: 39; Худяков 1981: 118; Худяков, Плотников 1995: 95).

moxrili xmlis piris ganivkveTi, Cveulebriv, xuTkuTxa an samkuTxaa (Чики

2010: 208).

moxril xmals SeiZleba hqondes SaSari (saSari) – orlesuli wveri.273

qarTuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom SaSari igive nestaria (`naStar~), romelic

cxovelebsac aqvT da `sisxlis gamosaSveb maxvilsac~ warmoadgens (sulxan-

saba orbeliani 1993: 281, 579) es ki SaSaris orlesulobaze da simaxvileze

miuTiTebs, rac `Sah-names~ TargmaniTac dasturdeba: `TeimurTaSma moqneulsa

xmals fari miageba, xmali farsa ekveTa da xmlisa SaSari TemurTaSsa warbsa

ekveTa da ara mcired dakoda~ (Sah-name 1974: 393). cxadia, rom SaSari xmlis

orlesuli wveria da Seesabameba elmans. Turqulad elmani (yalman) xmlis

(da, saerTod, iaraRis) wvers niSnavs (Furat 1998: 319). Tumca, xSirad da

272 kabiani xmali gvxvdeba moxrili piriTac.

273 i. javaxiSvili cdeba, rodesac SaSars xmlis Rarad miiCnevs: „xmlebs SaSriani an uSaSro

ewodebodaT, radgan Rars SaSari erqva“ (javaxiSvili 1962: 252).

147

arasworad, elmans xmlis piris gafarToebul bolos uwodeben. etyoba, xmlis

wveris gafarToebas specialuri terminiT arc aRniSnavdnen, xolo SaSari

(elmani) miuTiTebs wveris orlesulobas, mis yvelaze mniSvnelovan niSans,

romelic SeiZleba gafarToebulic yofiliyo.

moxril xmals gaaCnia rombiseburi vadajvari, romelic orive mxridan

mWidrod emagreba tars da iaraRs did simtkices aniWebs. misi langeti xels

icavs xmlis pirze dacurebuli dartymisagan, ganivi grZeli boloebi ki –

Semxvedri dartymisagan. aseTi jvaredi xels oTxive mxridan icavs,274 aris

mcire zomis da msubuqi, ar arRvevs iaraRis simetrias da saimedod

afiqsirebs xmals qarqaSSi (Кирпичников 1966b: 69-70; Аствацатурян 2002: 84; Гасимов

2003: 23).275

dRemde moRweul uadres moxril xmlebad iTvleba ori nimuSi CineTidan

(VII s.) da erTic – iaponiidan (VIII s.). msgavsi egzemplarebi moipoveba

momTabareTa samarxebSi ungreTidan altaimde. islamur samyaroSi moxrili

xmali centraluri aziis Turqma momTabareebma Seitanes IX saukuneSi

(Alexander 2001: 205-217). iranis teritoriaze uadresi moxrili xmali napovnia

niSapurSi IX saukunis SreebSi (Kindi 2006: 60, fig. 13). aRmosavleT evropis

stepebSi VII saukuneSi palaSia gavrcelebuli, moxrili xmlebi ki VIII

saukuneSi Cndeba (Чики 2010: 211). VIII saukuneSi moxrili xmali CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSic Cndeba, sadac farTod vrceldeba X saukuneSi. misi uadresi

nimuSi aRmoCenilia VIII s. dasawyisis galiaTis samarxSi (Мерперт 1955: 160-161;

Каминский, Каминская-Цокур 1997: 61-62).

moxrili xmali ganviTarda swori calpira maxvilidan, romlis taric

mWreli pirisaken iyo daxrili, SemdgomSi ki misi piric moixara (Gorelik 2002:

129). miuxedavad amisa, moxrili xmali principulad gansxvavdeba maxvilisagan

dartymis xasiaTiT. maxvilis dartyma mZimea da zemodan qvemoT mimarTuli.

moxrili xmlis dartyma mcuravi da mWrelia da gacilebiT met farTobs

moicavs (Мерперт 1955: 152-154; Кирпичников 1966b: 62; Евглевский, Потемкина 2000: 118).

maxvilisagan gansxvavebiT, misi dartymis orive faza – dazianeba da

gamoZroba – erTdroulad xorcieldeba (Евглевский, Потемкина 2000: 118).

274 Tumca, xelis srul dacvaze saubari gadaWarbebulad meCveneba.

275 amave dros, konstruqciuli Taviseburebebis gamo, maxvilTan SedarebiT, moxrili xmlis

jvaredi da kota ufro susti da nakleb gamZlea (Кирпичников 1966b: 66).

148

moxrili xmali cxenosanTa manevruli brZolis iaraRia (Кирпичников

1966b: 61). maxvilTan SedarebiT xmali Semsubuqebulia piris daviwroebiT da

meore fxis gaqrobiT (Мерперт 1955: 154). ufro msubuqi xmliT xeli ufro

swrafad moZraobs da wonaSi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, sworad dabalansebuli

moxrili xmali didad ar Camouvardeba dartymis ZalaSi maxvils (Ленц 1908:

42). amasTan, erTnairi Zalis dartymisas iaraRis moxrili piri ufro Rrmad

aRwevs sxeulSi, vidre swori (Аствацатурян 2002: 84). moxrili xmlis tari isea

daxrili pirisaken, rom dartymisas xmlis piri ar qmnis blagv kuTxes xelis

mimarT, aramed erT horizontalur sibrtyeSia masTan (Ленц 1908: 42). v. arendtis

Tanaxmad, es garemoeba xels aqcevs iaraRis piris bunebriv gagrZelebad (anu

agrZelebs berketis mxars) da dartyma aRar xdeba blagvi kuTxiT, rac

maxvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nakli iyo (Кирпичников 1966b: 62).

moxrili xmlis ganviTarebasTan erTad izrdeba misi piris sigrZe,

simZime da moxriloba, Cndeba Rari, izrdeba da aucilebeli xdeba taris

daxriloba (Кирпичников 1966b: 67; Деревянко 1987: 43; Евглевский, Потемкина 2000: 120,

150). arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, aRmosavleT evropis velebze mcired

da saSualod ganxrili xmali gavrcelebis piks aRwevs XII-XIII saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi. Zlier moxrili xmali XII saukuneSi Cndeba da yvelaze

ufro gavrcelebulia XIV saukuneSi (Евглевский, Потемкина 2000: 146).

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili uadresi xmali vanis samarxidan aris

(Хоштариа 1979: 133) (sur. 51).276 rodis SeiZleba gaCeniliyo aseTi iaraRi

saqarTveloSi da ra periods miekuTvneba vanis calpira xmali? msubuqi,

calpira xmlebis popularoba momTabareebis mier gavrcelebulma swrafma da

manevrulma brZolis stilma ganapiroba. am stilis saqarTveloSi

gavrcelebis vadebi jer kidev dasazustebelia.

vanis samarxSi napovni xmlis sruli sigrZe 110 sm-ia, taris sigrZe – 14.1

sm, piris udidesi sigane ki – 4 sm.277 piri mTel sigrZeze umniSvnelod

viwrovdeba, rac SesamCnevi mxolod wverTan xdeba. xmali mcired moxrilia da

yuasTan axlos ormxriv gasdevs Rari. yuis sisqe vadasTan 0.9 sm-ia,

gadatexilSi – 0.8 sm, Semdgom ki – 0.7 sm. yua piris sigrZis TiTqmis 3/4-s

Seadgens, romelic mTavrdeba wveridan 26 sm-Si da gadadis mWrel nawilSi, 276 zogierT naSromSi igi SecdomiTaa moxseniebuli orpira maxvilad. ix. Артилаква 1976: 125-126;

margiSvili 2006: 188, tab. III.1-2.

277 Sdr. Хоштариа 1979: 133.

149

romelic piris orlesul bolos qmnis.278 xmals aqvs rikaso279 – piris mWreli

mxare vadidan mxolod 7.5 sm-is Semdeg iwyeba. piri gadatexilSi soliseburi

formisaa. amJamindel (Zlier daJangul) mdgomareobaSi xmali 1123 grams

iwonis. SemorCenili vadis sigane 7.1 sm-ia; is naxevarmTvariseburia, pirisken

daxrili da boloebi orive mxares Camomtvreuli aqvs. savaraudoa, rom isinic

mrgvali SemsxvilebiT bolovdeboda. aseve, ormxriv dazianebulia da ucnobia,

hqonda Tu ara vadas langeti. tari bolovdeba 3 sm diametris sferuli

formis qudiT. liTonis tari sami samagriT aris yunwze damagrebuli. xetari,

romelic akavSirebda taris zeda da qveda liTonis nawilebs, metwilad

SemorCenilia da mkafio warmodgenas iZleva taris konstruqciaze.

vanis gaTxrebi ar aris zustad daTariRebuli. Tavad n. xoStaria mas X

saukuniT aTariRebda (Хоштариа 1979: 133). v. arTilayva vanis xmals X-XI

saukuneebis nakeTobad miiCnevs (Артилаква 1976: 126, 170). l. WrelaSvili vanur

xmals XI an XI-XII saukuneebs akuTvnebs (WrelaSvili 1998: 129-130). i. baqraZe

ZiriTadad iziarebs zemoxsenebul mkvlevarTa poziciebs da sakuTari

argumentebis moxmobiTac cdilobs ganamtkicos xmlis X-XI saukuneebis

mijniT daTariReba (baqraZe 2011: 66-68, 70). yvela es naSromi vanis samarxs

qarTuli SeiaraRebis WrilSi ganixilavs da iaraRis daTariRebas farTo

arqeologiuri konteqstis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe cdilobs, rac bunebrivia,

Sesabamis Secdomebs iwvevs. dReisaTvis, vanis samarxis kompleqsuri Seswavlis

Sedegad dadginda, rom is saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul yivCaR momTabares

ekuTvnis (wurwumia 2013a: 160-196). am, axleburad gaazrebuli arqeologiuri

monacemebidan gamomdinare, advili dasadgenia vanis xmlis damzadebis

savaraudo TariRic. Cvens winaSea momTabareTAa tipuri iaraRi – xmali,

romelic yivCaRi atarebda da romelsac, amave dros, qarTuli maxvilisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli tari aqvs.280 amas garda, vanis xmals kidev erTi ucnauroba

axasiaTebs. cnobilia, rom rac ufro adreulia moxrili xmali, miT naklebi

278 moxrili xmlis orlesuli bolo Cxvletis gasaadvileblad iyo gamiznuli, radganac

samkuTxa ganivkveTis mqone xmliT Cxvleta ufro Zneli iyo, vidre linziseburiT (Чики 2010:

209).

279 rikaso xmlis piris gaulesavi nawilia, romelic vadidan iwyeba. rikaso aZlierebs xmlis

piris tarSi gadasvlis adgils da qarqaSSi piris saimedod Camagrebas emsaxureba. rikasos

gamoyenebiT farikaobis sagangebo stilis Sesaxeb ix. Rabovyanov 2011: 77.

280 es metad sayuradRebo garemoeba i. baqraZemac SeamCnia, Tumca amis axsna adgilobrivi,

qarTuli xmlis evoluciis procesiT scada (baqraZe 2011: 69-70).

150

moxriloba,281 piris sigrZe da sifarTe aqvs mas. VIII-IX saukuneebis xmlebi

xasiaTdeba 1 m sigrZiT, 2.9-3.3 sm siganiT da 3 sm moxrilobiT. XII-XIII

saukuneebSi xmlis piri grZeldeba 10-17 sm-iT, sigane zogjer 4.4 sm-sac ki

aRwevs da kidev ufro ixreba (Кирпичников 1966b: 67).282

ase rom, vanis xmali

sigrZiT da siganiT XII-XIII saukuneebis nimuSs Seesabameba, moxrilobiT ki –

VIII-IX ss. am, erTi SexedviT, anomaliebis amoxsna advilad aris SesaZlebeli.

daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis Txzulebidan viciT, rom mefem yivCaRebi

`ganasrulna cxenebiTa da saWurveliTa~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955:

337). es arc aris gasakviri, Tuki yivCaRTa marSruts mivadevnebT Tvals.

Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis adgilidan (severski donecidan) kavkasiis

mTiswineTamde misaRwevad aTraqas urdom grZeli gza – 750 km gaiara

(Мургулия, Шушарин 1998: 72). amas mohyva konfliqti osebTan da CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi mcxovreb binadar mosaxleobasTan, Semdeg ki – rTuli gadasvla

kavkasionze da saqarTveloSi dabinaveba, romlis drosac momTabareTa

mflobelobaSi myofi, maTi meurneobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravalricxovani

saqonlis gadmoyvana srulad ver moxerxdeboda. ase rom, saWurvlisa da

cxenebis danakliss yivCaReEbi udavod ganicdidnen. mematiane SeniSnavs, rom im

droisaTvis yivCaRni gamoirCeodnen ùpovarebiTa~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis

istorikosi 1955: 336).283 esec rom ara, bunebrivia, rom saqarTveloSi, sadac

armiis birTvs feodaluri mZimed SeWurvili cxenosnebi warmoadgendnen,

momTabare yivCaRTa SeiaraReba arasakmarisad `mZime~ moCvenebodaT da

Sesabamisi zomebi mieRoT. yivCaRTa ZiriTadi masa msubuq cxenosan moisrad

darCeboda da maT SesaiaraReblad xmali da mSvildi sruliad sakmarisi

iqneboda. rac Seexeba monaspis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval yivCaRebs, maT

SeteviTi da TavdacviTi aRWurvilobac dasWirdebodaT.

vanis xmali unda ganvixiloT, rogorc qarTveli mWedlis nakeToba,

saxelmwifo arsenalis produqti, romelic momTabare yivCaRis SekveTiT

Sesrulda da mis moTxovnaTa (swrafi da manevruli brZolis)

dasakmayofileblad iyo gamiznuli. realurad, is moxrili xmlisa da

281 VIII-XIV saukuneebSi moxrili xmlis ganviTareba mimdinareobs piris simrudis gadidebis

gziT (Плетнёва 1973: 18).

282 kirpiCnikovi aRniSnavs, rom XIII saukuneSi maxvilis gavleniT xmali ufro masiuri gaxda

(Кирпичников 1966b: 67).

283 am viTarebaze uTiTeben p. goldenic da g. anCabaZec (Golden 1984: 71; Анчабадзе 1990: 108-109).

151

maxvilis hibridia, adreuli xmlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mcired moxrili

piriT da maxvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tariT. xmlis piris mcire

moxrilobac advili asaxsnelia: SedarebiT mcired moxrili piris gamoWedva

gacilebiT advili iqneboda qarTveli mWedlisaTvis, romelic manamde

mxolod swori pirebis keTebaSi iqneboda gawafuli.

rogorc aRiniSna, vanis xmals swori, pirdapiri tari aqvs da igi

xevsureTis maxvilis taris zust analogs warmoadgens. maTi sigrZec

erTnairia da 14 sm-is farglebSia. SeiniSneba teqnologiuri procesis

igiveobac: orive iaraRs tari erTnairad aqvs dazianebuli da igi gatexilia

samagrebis naxvretebis gaswvriv, romelic taris SedarebiT sust wertils

warmoadgens. vanis xmali iseTive tariT, rogoric adreul maxvils aqvs,

naTlad gviCvenebs im gardamaval etaps, rodesac saqarTveloSi moxrili

xmali iwyebs damkvidrebas. am procesis Semadgeneli nawilia orpira maxvilis

Semsubuqebis tendencia da misi Canacvleba calpira iaraRiT.284 procesi

SedarebiT axali dawyebulia, razec miuTiTebs tradiciuli, swori da

maxvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli taris gamoyeneba iaraRis konstruqciaSi.285

moxrili xmlis damkvidrebis gardamaval etapze metyvelebs kidev erTi

artefaqti, romelsac Cveulebriv, da, Cemi azriT, SecdomiT, X-XI saukuneebiT

aTariReben (WrelaSvili 1998: 130; baqraZe 2011: 72-73). goxnaris wm. giorgis

eklesiis samarovnidan wamoRebul saflavis qvaze gamosaxulia mSvildi,

kaparWi da xmali (kekeliZe 1974: 30-31) (sur. 52).286 goxnaris saflavis qvis X-XI

saukuneebiT daTariReba gamoricxulia, radganac maTze aRbeWdilia

cilindruli milZabra kaparWi, romelic saqarTveloSi monRolebma

Semoitanes.287 ver gaviziarebT i. baqraZis logikas, romelic imis safuZvelze,

rom XV saukunis wm. giorgis xatebze (Jibianis, gulekaris da sxv.) gvxvdeba

axali tipis (brtyeli) kaparWi, cilidruli kaparWis saqarTveloSi arsebobas

XIV saukuneze ufro adre da X-XI saukuneebSic ki fiqrobs (baqraZe 2011: 73-

284 piris daviwroebis (4 sm maxvilis 4,8 sm-Tan SedarebiT) xarjze vanis xmali ufro

dagrZelebulia (110 sm maxvilis 102 sm-Tan SedarebiT).

285 maxvilis tari yovelTvis pirdapiria, moxrili xmlisTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia taris

iaraRis pirisken daxriloba.

286 r. kekeliZe qvis mxolod zeda qronologiur zRvars adgens da mas XV saukuneze

adrindelad miiCnevs (kekeliZe 1974: 32).

287 am formis kaparWis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebisa da misi monRolebisagan nasesxobis

Sesaxeb, ix. wurwumia 2013b: 338-343.

152

74).288 saflavis qvaze gamosaxuli xmali mcired ganxrilia da misi vadis

boloebi ZirsdaSvebulia, aqvs burTulismagvari qudi. Tavisi tariT igi vanSi

napovni xmlis analogiuria. saflavis qvis mSvildi monRoluri tipisaa da

boloSi gafarToebuli cilindruli kaparWic monRolTa gavleniTaa

damkvidrebuli qarTvelTa SeiaraRebaSi, romlebic aseT kaparWs XIV

saukuneSic atarebdnen, rogorc es Cans H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze (wurwumia

2013b: 340-341, sur. 12, 15, 18, 20). sayuradReboa, rom amave miniaturebze xmlebs

ukve sxvanairi, moxrilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli vadebi gaaCniaT. ase rom,

goxnaris saflavis qvaze gamosaxuli aRWurviloba H1665 daviTnis

miniaturebze adrindelia, XIII saukunis meore naxevars miekuTvneba da masze

gardamavali etapis xmalia gamosaxuli, maxvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

tariT.

XIII saukune gardamaval etaps warmoadgens saqarTveloSi xmlis

evoluciis procesSi, rasac qveynis dasavleTis viTarebac mowmobs. 1300 wels

moxatul moqvis saxarebaSi arsad ar gvxvdeba moxrili xmali: miniaturebze

mxolod swori, orpiri maxvilia gamosaxuli.289 iaraRis araTanabari

gavrceleba mxolod monRolTa batonobis xanaSi gayofil qveyanaSi SeiZleba

momxdariyo. dasavleT saqarTveloSi monRolebs praqtikulad ar SeuRweviaT

da aRmosavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, SeiaraRebaze maTi gavlena ufro susti

iqneboda. ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs, rom XIII saukunis bolosTvis dasavleT

saqarTveloSi moxril xmals ar iyenebdnen. Tumca, rogorc Cans, am

288 marTebuli ar aris i. baqraZis mier imis mtkicebac, rom TiTqos, g. CubinaSvili XIV-XV

saukuneebiT aTariRebs wm. giorgis xatebis erT jgufs (Jibianis, gulekaris da sxv.) axali

formis kaparWiT, riTac xatebi erTi saukuniT xelovnurad `Zveldeba~ (baqraZe 2011: 74).

sinamdvileSi, g. CubinaSvili garkveviT akuTvnebs am xatebs XV saukunes, rasac advilad

amovikiTxavT misi naSromis bolo TavSi, sadac qarTuli oqromWedlobis ganviTareba

saukuneebis mixedviTaa mimoxiluli, gansakuTrebiT ki im monakveTSi, romelic XV saukunes

eZRvneba (Чубинашвили 1959: 626-630).

289 aseTia miniaturebi 17r (yrmaTa mowyveta beTlems), 51v (ioane naTlismcemlis Tavis kveTa) da

98r (gza golgoTisaken) (moqvis saxareba 2012: 80, 116, 150). i. baqraZe marTalia, rodesac Tvlis,

rom `SesaZloa, swori xmali ufro didxans arsebobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi (romelsac

monRolTa dapyroba naklebad Seexo)~ (baqraZe 2011: 77). Tumca, es azri misive qronologias

ewinaaRmdegeba: misi mtkicebiT, moxrili xmali X-XI saukuneebidan iyo saqarTveloSi

gavrcelebuli (baqraZe 2011: 74). moxrili xmali rom marTlac X-XI saukuneebSi iyos

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli, ufro gviani xanisaTvis (XIII-XIV ss.) is mis mTel teritoriaze

Tanabrad iqneboda warmodgenili.

153

droisaTvis maxvili isev inarCunebda Tavis adgils dasavleT samefos

SeiaraRebaSi da mxatvarmac miniaturebze ufro nacnobi iaraRi gamosaxa.

saqarTveloSi moxrili xmali sabolood damkvidrebuli Cans XIV

saukuneSi. H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze ukve mxolod moxrili xmlebia

gamosaxuli. xmlebis umetesobas rombiseburi formis vada aqvs. maTi qarqaSi

mTel sigrZeze TiTqmis erTi siganisaa, TiTqosda vertikalurad CamokveTili

boloTi. xmalTan SedarebiT qarqaSis naklebi simrude swored aseTi formiT

aixsneba (Шервашидзе 1964: 64).

sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT qarTvelebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen

grZel, mcired moxril, mZime xmals, romelsac sqeli yua da mokle SaSari

aqvs (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 443-444). aseTi xmlebia gamosaxuli qarTul

ikonografiaSi da aseTia dRemde moRweuli gviani Suasaukuneebis xmlebic.

qarTuli xmali arasodes ar gamxdara ise moxrili, rogoric iyo iranuli da

osmaluri xmlebi. Cans, Cveni winaprebis brZolis stili Zlierad moxril

xmals ver egueboda, rasac ganapirobebda qarTvelTa aRWurvilobis

SedarebiTi `simZimec~: rac ufro moxrilia xmali, miT meti aqvs mas mWreli

da naklebad – mCexavi Tviseba. qarTvelebs iseTi iaraRi unda hqonodaT,

romelic efeqturi iqneboda msubuqad aRWurvili momTabaris an qveiTis

winaaRmdeg da qarTul SinaomebSi, kargad Seabjruli Tanamemamulis

winaaRmdegac gamodgeboda. am pirobebma Sva garkveulwilad universaluri

iaraRi: mcired ganxrili, mZime qarTuli xmali, romelic mCxvletav

Tvisebasac inarCunebda.

rivkinisa da pinCos dakvirvebiTac, qarTuli moxrili xmali XVI-XVII

saukuneebSic iseTive iyo, rogoric XIX saukuneSi: SedarebiT farTo da

mciredganxrili. igi iyo sakmaod mZime da kargad dacul mowinaaRmdegesTan

sabrZolvelad iyo gankuTvnili (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 94, 112).

moxrili xmlis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul da popularul saxeobas

warmoadgenda SaSka, 60-90 sm sigrZis uvado xmali, romlis tari TiTqmis

bolomde aris qarqaSSi `CaZiruli~. rusuli termini „SaSka“ yabardouli

`saSxue~-s (grZeli dana) kalks warmoadgens (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 71). fiqroben,

rom SaSka CerqezeTSi iSva (Ривкин 2012: 40).290

uvado xmali gansakuTrebiT

290 i. lebedinskis azriT, V-VI saukunis uvado sasanuri maxvilebi kavkasiuri SaSkis

winamorbedia (Khorasani 2006: 91). maT Soris garkveuli msgavseba arsebobs, magram droSi didi

daSoreba, SaSkis sasanur warmoSobas gamoricxavs.

154

popularuli gaxda XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli, rodesac cecxlsasroli

iaraRis gavrcelebam abjari praqtikulad usargeblo gaxada da abjris

sawinaaRmdegod gankuTvnili mZime moxrili xmlebis nacvlad ufro msubuqi,

swrafi da iafi SaSka damkvidrda (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 68).

SaSkis tipis uvado xmals saqarTveloSi lekuri ewodeboda. sulxan-

saba ase ganmartavs am termins: `lekuri – uvado Ãrmali, gina lekeTisa;

uvado Ãrmalia sakidari~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 411). rivkinisa da

pinCos azriT, SaSkas saqarTveloSi XVIII saukunis Suaxanebidan unda

iyenebdnen (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 73). am TariRma XVII saukuneSi mainc unda

gadmoiwios. sulxan-sabas lekuri xmali Setanili aqvs Tavis leqsikonSi,

romelic 1685-1716 wlebSia Sedgenili, rac niSnavs, rom es xmali

saqarTveloSi XVII saukuneSi ukve gavrcelebuli da popularuli iyo. uvado

xmlebia gamosaxuli `rostomianis~ XVII saukunis S1580 xelnaweris 140r da 155r

miniaturebze, romlebic, ueWvelia, lekur xmals warmoadgenen.

gamosaxulebebSi eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia, miTumetes, rom avtori kargad

ganarCevs uvado da vadian xmals, romelsac sxvagan gamosaxavs kidec.

saxelwodebidan gamomdinare, termini lekuri eWvis qveS ayenebs am

xmlis Cerqezul warmoSobas. marTalia, mxolod leqsikografiuli

monacemebis safuZvelze saboloo daskvnis gamotana naadrevia, magram is ki

mainc SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom XVII saukunis saqarTveloSi uvado xmali

lekeTidan anu daRestnidan Sesulad iTvleboda.

culi

sabrZolo culi mCexavi iaraRis erT-erTi uZvelesi saxeobaa. is

warmoadgens tarze dagebul liTonis iaraRs, romelic Sedgeba piris, yuis da

satare xvrelisagan (gamyreliZe, fircxalava, yifiani 2005: 129). culi iyo

metad efeqturi iaraRi, radganac misi masiuri da mZime piri zedapiris patara

farTobze axdenda dartymis Zalis koncentrirebas. dasamzadeblad ioli iyo

da, amitomac, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. culis nakli dartymis naklebi

sizustea, radganac misi piri xelis uSualo „gagrZelebas“ ar warmoadgens,

daSorebulia mtevans da xelis mimarT or kuTxes qmnis: xelsa da tars da

tarsa da pirs Soris (Горелик 2003: 37).

antikuri periodisagan gansxvavebiT, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

sabrZolo culs SedarebiT iSviaTad iyenebdnen (Артилаква 1976: 45). igi,

155

ZiriTadad, dabali fenebis (qveiTTa) iaraRi iyo (Артилаква 1976: 57).291

naklebad

iyenebda culs cxenosani mebrZoli, romlis upirveles iaraRs Subi da xmali

warmoadgenda (Кирпичников 1966a: 45-46). swored amitom, sxva iaraRTan

SedarebiT, culi qristianul ikonografiaSi naklebadaa warmodgenili. isini

ar gvxvdeba wminda meomarTa SeiaraRebaSi. ZiriTadad maT vxedavT qristes

Ralatis scenaSi, sadac culebiTa da najaxebiT SeiaraRebul qveiT brbos

gviCveneben (Parani 2003: 137).

culi ver moxvda xelmwifis karis garigebis da vaxuSti batoniSvilis

mier Sedgenil qarTvelTa iaraRis CamonaTvalSi (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa

1965: 87; vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 18), rac mowmobs, rom culi naklebad

popularuli iyo da damxmare iaraRis rols asrulebda. miuxedavad amisa,

mainc gagvaCnia monacemebi qarTvelTa mier culis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. 1049

wels TurqebTan brZolaSi liparits „aqunda najaxni...“ (stefanos orbeliani

1978: 34; meliqseT-begi 1952: 56). sabas mixedviT, najaxi mcire culia (`xel-

culi~) (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 587). rogorc Cans, liparits

cxenosnisaTvis Sesaferisi, SedarebiT patara zomis culi hqonda, romelsac

najaxs uwodebdnen.

jruWis II oTxTavis 236r miniaturaze qveiTi meomari SeiaraRebulia

grZeli orxela sabrZolo culiT, romelsac farTo, naxevarmTvariseburi

piri da viwro, mogrZo yeli aqvs. naxevarmTvariseburi piri islamur najaxsac

(najikh) hqonda (Nicolle 1992: 45), magram pirisa da yelis forma erTad

skandinaviur culze miuTiTebs, rac bizantiidan unda Semosuliyo varangTa

gvardiis gavleniT. aseTi culis tari 90-120 sm sigrZis iyo (Wise 1978: 19).

didi, farTopiriani culi 1000 wlisaTvis gamoCnda evropaSi da erTdroulad

ori problemis gadasaWrelad iyo mowodebuli: cxenosanTa Semotevis

mosagerieblad da qveiTTa farebis kedelSi SesaRwevad (Stephenson 2007: 101).

orxela culis dartyma advilad glejda jaWvs, apobda fars da firfitovan

abjarsac. igi ZiriTadad qveiTTa iaraRia, radgan cxenosnisaTvis ufro

mosaxerxebeli mokle najaxia (Lindholm, Nicolle 2003: 17). orxela culis nakli

iyo dartymis didi inercia, romelic acilebis an mogeriebis SemTxvevaSi,

291 sxvadasxva sameurneo samuSaos miCveuli ubralo mosaxleoba gamocdili iyo najaxis

xmarebaSi (Lindholm, Nicolle 2003: 17).

156

saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi agdebda mflobels (Peirce 1987: 246; Измайлов 2008: 53).

misi moqnevisas mebrZolis sxeuli daucveli rCeboda (Gravett 2000: 46).

sxvadasxvagvari culebia warmodgenili jruWis II oTxTavis Ralatis

scenis amsaxvel miniaturebze (70v, 115v, 190v): orxela culebTan erTad,

Cveulebriv culebsac vxedavT. 190v miniaturaze gamosaxuli culi temzaSi

napovn X-XI ss. farTopirian culis Tavs hgavs (Stephenson 2007: fig. 66). Cans, rom

XI-XII ss. qarTuli culis formebi vikingur-skandinaviur gavlenas ganicdida.

am formas qarTuli culi inarCunebs XIV saukuneSic. H1665 daviTnSi gvxvdeba

sabrZolo najaxi, romelsac farTo, morkaluli piri (Шервашидзе 1964: 67) da

mogrZo yeli aqvs. is mefis mcvelebs upyriaT xelT.

ufro mogvianebiT saqarTveloSi Semodis iranuli tipis sabrZolo

culebi: tabari da tabarZeni. orive termini sparsulad saomar culs

aRniSnavs (al-Sarraf 2002: 162). sulxan-saba orbeliani maT ase ganmartavs: `tabari

sparsTa enaa, najaxs hqvian; orpiri najaxia, moptye~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani

1993: 129) da `tabarZeni sparsulia, unagirze dasakravs najaxs hqvian~ (sulxan-

saba orbeliani 1993: 129).292 misi mixedviT tabari didi, ormxrivi (òrpiri~)

najaxia, tabarZeni ki cxenosnisTvisaa gankuTvnili. es Sedareba swori Cans,

radganac, cnobilia, rom tabari tabarZenze ufro didi zomis culia (Melikian-

Chirvani 1979: 113). XVII saukuneSi ioseb Tbileli, sxva iaraRTan erTad,

najaxsac aRniSnavs: „xmal, laxt, afT da najaxebi“ (ioseb tfileli 1939: 25).

e. TayaiSvilis mier svaneTis eklesiebSi aRnusxul iaraRSic vxvdebiT

culebs: vercxlis WdeebiT morTuli saomari culi inaxeboda Jibianis

RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi (TayaiSvili 1937: 148), oqroTi Semkobili foladis

culi, cxovelis ormxrivi gamosaxulebiT – ielis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi

(TayaiSvili 1937: 227), orpira culi ki – setis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi

(TayaiSvili 1937: 279). ielSi daculi cxovelisgamosaxulebiani culi iranuli

warmoSobis tabarZeni unda iyos, setis orpira culi ki – tabari.

292 al-sarafs eWvi Seaqvs aseTi ganmartebis sisworeSi da ganmartavs, rom tabarZeni mxolod

sabrZolo najaxs niSnavs da ara unagirze dasakravs. es sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Secdoma

saTaves iRebs baRdadeli lingvistis da filologis, abu mansur al-javalikis 1145 wels

dawerili cnobili „arabizebuli ucxouri terminebis leqsikonidan“, sadac tabarZeni

pirvelad iqna mcdarad ganmartebuli da Semdgom ase gavrcelda dasavlur Tu aRmosavlur

leqsikonebSi (al-Sarraf 2002: 162-165). es istoriul-leqsikografiuli wiaRsvla sainteresoa,

agreTve, sulxan-saba orbelianis samuSao procesis da misi wyaroebis gasaanalizeblad.

157

gvian SuasaukuneebSi, abjris gaZlierebasTan erTad, popularuli xdeba

Cuglugi. sabas mixedviT, Cuglugi mcire weraqvia, `xelT sapyrobi saomrad~

(sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 323, 371). Cuglugi warmoadgenda tarze dagebul

najaxismagvar iaraRs, romlis sabrZolo nawili wvetiani, weraqvis formis

iyo. patara zomis am iaraRs didi gamtani Zala hqonda da mZimed SeWurvili

mowinaaRmdegis abjris gasaxvretad gamoiyeneboda. Cuglugs cxenosani

moxerxebulad iyenebda da is gvxvdeba vaxuSti batoniSvilis iaraRis

CamonaTvalSi (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 18). Cuglugi gamosaxulia 1824 wels

gadawerili àmirandarejanianis~ H384 manuskripts darTul saWurvlis nusxaze

(2r miniatura).

dasartymeli (sacemi) iaraRi

dasartymeli (sacemi) iaraRi erT-erTi yvelaze martivi da uZvelesia

(Hoffmeyer 1966: 113; Kobylinski 2000: 66; Рабовянов 2009-2010: 187). laxtis winamorbedi

iyo msxvilTaviani keti (kombali) da misi istoria ramdenime aTaswleuls

moiTvlis (Кирпичников 1966a: 47). Tavad laxti warmoadgens kets, romlis erT

boloze liTonis (an sxva masalis) masiuri Tavi magrdeba, meore bolo ki

saxelurad gamoiyeneba (Медведев 1959: 132). laxti obieqtze zemoqmedebs

adamianis xeliT ganxorcielebuli dartymis ZaliT, romelic gaZlierebulia

iaraRis simZimiT da taris sigrZiT (Устинов, Портнов, Нацваладзе 1994: 8). is

martivi iaraRia, romlis gamoyeneba minimalur wvrTnas saWiroebs (D’Amato

2011: 7).

brZolaSi laxti, upirvelesad, muzaradisa da abjris dasalewad

gamoiyeneboda (Nicolle 1983: 67; Kobylinski 2000: 66; Paul 2004: 91). mZime, 1.5-2 kg-ian

laxts muzaradis da Tavis qalis Semusvrac SeeZlo (Wise 1978: 18). laxts

abjarSi SeuRwevladac SeeZlo metoqis mwyobridan gamoyvana (daretianeba).293

laxtis dartyma iwvevda kontuzias, Sinagan sisxlCaqcevebs da motexilobebs.

mas iyenebdnen mowinaaRmdegis Subisa da xmlis dasamtvrevadac (Al-Sarraf 2002:

155).

laxts aRmosavleTSi uZvelesi droidan iyenebdnen, maSin rodesac,

saberZneTi da romi mas arc icnobda (Hoffmeyer 1966: 113). laxts ar iyenebda

293 amis mowmobas Sua saukuneebis literaturaSi vpoulobT: `dahkra ... Tavsa laxti da

cxenisagan dabnedili Camoagdo~ (rusudaniani 1957: 285).

158

arc germanuli da arc kelturi tomebi. uadresi evropuli laxti baios

gobelenzea gamosaxuli (DeVries 1992: 25).294 aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropaSic

laxti aRmosavleTidan aris Sesuli (Hoffmeyer 1966: 113).295

Sua saukuneebis

dasawyisSi laxti farTod iyo gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT iransa da

centralur aziaSi, bizantiasa da evropaSi ki islamis kvaldakval SeaRwia

(Nicolle 1997: 21). laxtis popularoba IX s. miwurulisa da X saukunis

bizantiaSi dakavSirebulia mZimed SeWurvili kavaleriis aRorZinebasTan

(Haldon 1975: 39; Kolias 1988: 183; D’Amato 2011: 8-9).

sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, laxti umkveTelo sacemi

iaraRia.296 i. javaxiSvili laxts dasartymel iaraRs akuTvnebs (javaxiSvili

1962: 246). Cans, saqarTveloSi ori tipis laxts ganarCevdnen: sakuTriv laxts

da gurzs. sabas mixedviT, gurzi didi ufrTo laxtia (sulxan-saba orbeliani

1991: 179). cxadia, qarTuli gurzi sparsuli gorzidan momdinareobs. laxtebis

sabaseuli dayofa swori Cans. marTalia, arabul-sparsuli gurzi (arabuli

jurz, sparsuli gorz) yvela tipis laxts aRniSnavda, magram ufro metad mas

sferuli an ovoidurTaviani laxtis aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen (Kobylinski 2000:

66).297

kavkasiasa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze laxti sakmaod popularuli

iyo da uZvelesi xanidan, Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis mijnidan moipoveba

(Горелик 2003: 114, таб. XXX.100, XXXI.34-42,46-9,104-6,119). amisda miuxedavad, didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi, Sua saukuneebSi qarTveli mebrZolis upirveles iaraRad

Subi da grZeli maxvili gvevlineba, romlis paralelurad laxts iSviaTad

Tu vxedavT. amaSi `damnaSave~ qarTvelTa rainduli brZolis stili unda

yofiliyo, sadac SubiT brZolas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

„vefxistyaosanSi“ laxti mxolod organ aris naxsenebi,298 rac d. nikolmac

294 laxti evropaSi mniSvnelobas mxolod XII-XIII saukuneebSi iZens (Nicolle 1983: 67).

295 aRmosavleTidan xvdeba laxti ruseTSic, sadac is Cndeba XI saukuneSi (Кирпичников 1966a:

48).

296 `laxti – umkveTelo sacemi saomari~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409).

297 XVI saukunis miwuruls dawerili ain-i-akbaris mixedviT, gurzs sferuli Tavi hqonda, zed

damagrebuli ramdenime wvetiT (Paul 2004: 91).

298 àdga da laxti aiRo...~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1110). meore strofi ki zogierT

gamocemaSi SoTaseulad arc aris miCneuli. ase magaliTad, 2009 wlis akademiur gamocemaSi

ar aris Setanili 655-e strofi: „devTa yvirili, zaxili zecamdis aiweoda; maTisa laxtis

cemiTa qveyana Seiryeoda~.

159

SeamCnia da Tamaris xanaSi mis nakleb mniSvnelobaze miuTiTa (Nicolle 1986: 23).

iSviaTad gvxvdeba laxti àmirandarejanianSic~, romelic imave epoqis

nawarmoebia. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT mis gviandel damatebebsa da

Casworebebs laxtis xsenebiT (mose xoneli 1967: 687, 774), es iaraRi

oriodejer Tu gvxvdeba nawarmoebSi da mis variantebSi (mose xoneli 1967:

144-145, 356). Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom laxti ukve safalavno brZolis

iaraRia: `gamoegzavna laxti misi da egre SemoeTuala, viTa: `dRes amiT

SevibneTo~ (mose xoneli 1967: 144-145). es adgili ukve XIII saukunis viTarebas

unda asaxavdes, rodesac monRolTa gavleniT laxtis mniSvneloba izrdeba.299

iSviaTad Cans laxti am periodis miniaturebSic. jruWis II oTxTavSi (XII s.),

erTi gamonaklisis garda, laxti mxolod iesos gacemis scenebSi (miniaturebi

70v, 243v) gvxvdeba, sadac laxtebiT (ketebiT) aRWurvili mebrZolebis

gamosaxva Tavad saxarebiseuli tradiciidan momdinareobs: àha, movida iuda,

erTi TormetTagani, da masTan erTad didZali xalxi maxvilebiT da ketebiT~

(maTe 26:47; markozi 14:43).300

mogvianebiT, monRolTa batonobis Sedegad, mdgomareoba icvleba da

laxtis popularoba sul ufro izrdeba. XIV saukunis meore naxevris

daviTnis miniaturebSi laxti ukve xSirad Cans. H1665 daviTnis miniaturebSi

gamosaxuli laxtebi frTiania, Tavze burTuliT, xis tars ki liTonis bolo

aqvs, rac mas gaxleCisagan icavda (Шервашидзе 1964: 67). saqarTveloSi

gavrcelebuli laxtis es tipi legendaruli osi bayaTaris iaraRs

mogvagonebs.301 misi aRWurviloba rekomSi, cnobil osur salocavSi inaxeboda.

zogierTi cnobiT, maT ricxvSi Sedioda laxtic, romelic aRwerilobis

Tanaxmad, warmoadgenda tarze dagebul rkinis masiur cilindrs eqvsi

simetriuli frTiT da Tavze burTuliT (Нарожный 2003: 116), rac Zalian hgavs

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul laxtis tips, romlis mravali gamosaxulebac

mogvepoveba H1665 daviTnSi. Cans, monRolur-iranuli laxtebi saqarTvelos 299 marko polo monRolTa SeiaraRebis CamonaTvalSi asaxelebs rkinisTavian laxts da

miuTiTebs, rom maT brZolaSi xmliT da laxtiT da mSvildiT (60 isriT) gamosvla

evalebodaT. monRolTa brZolebis aRwerisas, is yovelTvis miuTiTebs laxtis gamoyenebaze

(Marco Polo 1878: 171, 198, 207, 290, 448, 450-1, 456, 463, 481, 487). mravlad gvxvdeba laxtis

gamosaxuleba monRoluri epoqis iranul miniaturebzec.

300 iesos gacemis scenis ikonografiuli asaxvis tradiciisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb vrclad

ix. (D’Amato 2013: 69-95).

301 bayaTaris da misi aRWurvilobis Sesaxeb ix. Tsurtsumia 2011b: 88-89.

160

gavliT da meSveobiT Crdilo kavkasiaSic aRweven. am regionSi aRmoCenili

eqvsfrTiani laxtebidan zogierTis analogi saqarTveloSi egulebaT e.

naroJnis da d. Caxkievs (Нарожный, Чакхиев 2003: 129).

XVI saukunis dasawyisSi, iraneli mematianis gadmocemiT, yizilbaSebTan

brZolis win kaxeTis mefe levani (1518-1574) Tavisi vercxlis laxtiT

trabaxobs. „levan-xanma gagulisebiT wamoiZaxa: „div-sultans brZolis velze

me gamoviwvev da am oc manian302 kverTxs, romelic vercxlisagan

davamzadebine, kefaSi ise Cavcxeb, rom mas Tavis cxenianad miwas davanarcxeb“

(Sah ismail I-is anonimi 1990: 21). Tavis laxts mefe brZolaSi sakmaod

efeqturad iyenebs: „mas xelSi iseTi kverTxi ekava, rom visac ki daartyamda,

Tavs uxeTqavda“ (Sah ismail I-is anonimi 1990: 22). savsebiT marTebulad,

sparsul literaturaSi xSirad moxseniebul 20, 40, 70 da 80 manis simZimis

laxtebs m. xorasani zRaprulad miiCnevs (Khorasani 2006: 252). Cven SemTxvevaSic

aseT gazviadebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac iraneli avtori misTvis Cveuli

hiperboliT aRwers mefis laxts.303 amave dros, informacia kaxeTis mefis

mZime laxtis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovania da mowmobs am iaraRis gazrdil rolze

XVI saukunis saqarTveloSi. amave saukunis meore naxevarSi svimon mefis

iranelebTan brZolis aRwerisas, Subisa da xmlis gverdiT, laxtic

moixsenieba: „qarTvelnic moetivnes da Seiqna SubTa Zgereba, laxtisa da

Ãmlis tkaca-tkuci~ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 219).

XVI-XVII ss. daweril `rusudanianSi~ laxti ukve erT-erTi ZiriTadi

iaraRia. am epoqaSi laxti, SubTan da xmalTan erTad, mZimed ASeWurvili

qarTveli meomris SeiaraRebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. brZolis

aRwerisas iaraRis am saxeobebs erTad CamoTvlian xolme: `SubiTa, xlmiTa,

laxtiTa uwyalod icemeboden...~ (rusudaniani 1957: 176). brZolis procesic

TanmimdevrobiTaa aRwerili, sadac Subis Semdeg, erTmaneTs cvlis xmali da

laxti: „Seibnes. pirvel SubiT Seuties da Sealewes erTmanerTsa. merme

xrmlebi daiwodes da gulmesisxled dalewes... merme gurzebs mihyves xeli da

medgrad icemebodes“ (rusudaniani 1957: 284); „Seuties erTmanerTsa, Subebi

Sealewes, merme xlmiTa dauSines erTmanerTsa da isic daalewes. merme

laxtebi gamoiRes~ (rusudaniani 1957: 291); „pirvelsave misvlasa Subebi

302 20 mani daaxl. 16 kg-s udrida.

303 aseTi gazviadeba arc qarTuli literaturisTvisaa ucxo: `misi oci aTasis litris laxti

xelT eWira~ (rusudaniani 1957: 127).

161

erTmanerTs Sealewes da merme... laxtebi daiwodes da dauwyes erTmanerTsa

cema“ (rusudaniani 1957: 378); „Sealewes Subebi erTmanerTsa, dalewes laxtebi

da daiwodes xlmebi...“ (rusudaniani 1957: 379).

laxts didi mniSvneloba eniWeba XVII saukunis dasawyisis òmainianSic~,

sadac is xSirad Cans orTabrZolebSi: „merme mZime laxtebi daiwodes da

miTaca didxans erTmanerTi gamoscades“ (qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979: 52);

`merme laxtebi daiwvades da asre medgrad erTmanerTsa ecemebodes~

(qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979: 104). saerTod, XVII saukunis nawarmoebebSi

laxtis xseneba sakmaod xSiria. arCilis mier aragvis piras iranelebTan

Teimuraz mefis brZolis aRwerisas iaraRis Tanmimdevroba kvlav daculia –

Subi, xmali, laxti:

„pirvel Subi moviqnive, merme mivhyav xmalsa xeli,

xmalmowvdili gaverive, vaqnevine om-saxeli;

kvlaca laxti davamsxvrie, vin axlos myva monaxeli“ (arCili 1937: 64).

ioseb tfilelis XVII saukunis „didmouravianSi“ Subis da xmlis

gatexvis Semdeg brZolas laxtiT agrZeleben: `Subis da xmlisa gatexa,

laxtis tar xelTa qoneba~ (ioseb tfileli 1939: 31). taSiskarTan brZolaSi

(1609) giorgi saakaZes sami Subi Semoatyda, ris Semdegac laxts da xmals

iyenebs:

„ficiT Segkadro, mefeo, sami gavstexe Subia;

masukan laxtiT vibrZodi, sisxliT avavsi ubia,

laxtic rom gatyda, xmals xeli mivhyav, vayene gubia!“ (ioseb tfileli

1939: 14).

laxtiT ibrZvis mefe luarsabic: `siTac mefem cxeni igdis, daaSvenis is

aria;

visac Tavsa laxti dahkris, ar egonis i saria~ (ioseb tfileli 1939: 14).

Jan Sardeni, romelmac XVII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi imogzaura

saqarTveloSi, qarTvelTa SeiaraRebaSi laxtsac aRniSnavs: „megrelebis

iaraRia: Subi, mSvild-isari, mouxreli swori xmali, kombali,304 fari“

(Sardeni 1975: 119).

rogorc vxedavT, Sua saukuneebis manZilze saqarTveloSi laxtis

mniSvneloba ganuxrelad izrdeba da Tavdapirveli rigiTi, arcTu

304 aq laxti unda eweros mTargmnels.

162

gavrcelebuli sabrZolo saSualebidan is mebrZolis erT-erT upirveles

iaraRad iqca.

distanciuri brZolis iaraRi

mSvildi

mSvildi distanciuri brZolis sasroli iaraRis kategorias

miekuTvneba. is Sedgeba xis da sabelisagan. xe mSvildis muSa nawilia,

romelzec sabeli ebmeba; sabeli (lari) ki mSvildis mzidi nawilia, romelic

isars aCqarebas aniWebs. zurgi ewodeba mSvildis miznisaken miqceuli mxares,

muceli ki mSvildis larisaken miqceuli mxarea. saxeluri aris mSvildis Sua

nawilSi xelis mosAKakidi adgili; mxari (goza)305 mSvildis drekadi nawilia,

romelic mozidvisas zambaris rols asrulebs. mSvildis bolo ewodeba

nawils, romelsac sabeli emagreba; mSvildis kilo – TaRovani an samkuTxa

Wrilia boloze, sadac sabelis maryuJi magrdeba (Худяков 1980: 66; Медведев

1966: 10).

mSvildi sam ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: martivi, mxolod xisagan

gakeTebuli mSvildi,306 gaZlierebuli – zurgze dawebebuli myesebiT da

kompozituri (Sedgenili), romelic rqis, xis da myesebisagan iyo Sedgenili.

umTavresad, gavrcelebuli iyo martivi da kompozituri mSvildebi (Miller,

McEwen, Bergman 1986: 179-180).

Tavisi arsiT, mSvildi drekadi rkalia, romlis ori bolo sabeliTaa

moWimuli. mozidvisas mSvildi mxrebSi agrovebs potenciur energias,

romelic gadaecema isars da gatyorcnis mas (McEwen, Miller, Bergman 1991: 76).

kompozituri mSvildis xis sxeulze garedan (zurgze) myesebs awebebdnen,

Sida, mSvildosnisken moqceul mxareze (mucelze) ki rqovani firfitebi

magrdeboda (Медведев 1966: 13; McEwen, Miller, Bergman 1991: 80).307 kompozituri

mSvildis boloebi gareT, miznisakenaa moxrili, rac mSvildis zurgze

dakruli myesebis zemoqmedebiTaa gamowveuli. gadacmuli sabelis moxsnis

305 `goza – mSvildis (m)w(v)ervali; mSvildis rqa~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 165). goza

warmodgeba sparsuli sityvidan ghuse (Khorasani 2006: 302).

306 martivi tipis iyo saxelganTqmuli inglisuri mSvildic.

307 firfitis qveda zedapiri daRaruli iyo, rom ufro mkvidrad miwebeboda mSvildis xis

sxeuls (Гаврилова 1965: 87).

163

Semdeg kompozituri mSvildi isev sawinaaRmdego mxares ixreboda (Медведев

1959: 143; Горелик 2002: 18). amitom, sabelgadacmuli mSvildis mxrebi Zlier

daWimulia da mozidvamdec did energias inaxavs (McEwen, Miller, Bergman 1991: 80).

kompozitur mSvilds mravali upiratesoba gaaCnia martivTan SedarebiT: misi

tareba SeiZleba gadacmuli sabeliT, sabrZolo Tvisebebis dakargvis gareSe;

mas aqvs didi Sefardeba mozidvis sigrZisa mSvildis sigrZesTan, rac Zalian

mniSvnelovania. kompozituri mSvildis zurgis myesebze, romlebic oTxjer

ufro gamZlea xesTan SedarebiT, gaWimvis Zala moqmedebs, muclis rqovan

firfitebze ki, romelTa gamZleoba orjer metia xisaze, – kumSvis. rqis

firfitebi drekadia da advilad ibrunebs sawyis formas. am masalaTa

moqnilobis xarjze mSvildis SedarebiT mokle mxrebi did energias agrovebs

mozidvisas. mSvildis wingadaxrili bolo qmnida e.w. `gorgolaWis~ efeqts,

rodesac mozidvisas sabeli gadmoixveva `datrialebuli gorgolaWidan~ da

misi sigrZe izrdeba. sabelis gaSvebisas mSvildis boloebi win

gadaadgildeba, amoklebs sabels da isars did aCqarebas aniWebs (McEwen,

Miller, Bergman 1991: 79-82).

kompozituri mSvildi gamoCnda Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi erTdroulad da

erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad mesopotamiaSi, anatoliasa da aziis CrdiloeT

stepebSi (McEwen, Miller, Bergman 1991: 80; Westermeyer 2010: 4). aRmosavleT evropis

teritoriaze da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi kompozituri mSvildi skviTTebTan

erTad gamoCnda Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi (Медведев 1966: 7). skviTuri (parTuli)

mSvildis samSoblo evraziis stepebia, sadac mas brinjaos xanaSic vxvdebiT.

skviTuri mSvildis gaumjobesebuli formaa hunuri mSvildi (Деревянко 1987:

14).

mravali da grZeli rqovani firfitebiT awyobili mSvildi SedarebiT

mouxerxebeli iyo da xSirad imtvreoda. kompozituri mSvildis ganviTareba

misi gamartivebis gziT warimarTa, rac gulisxmobda rqovani firfitebis

sigrZisa da ricxvis Semcirebas (Круглов 2005: 314-315). saukuneebis manZilze,

hunuri mSvildidan moyolebuli, mcirdeboda firfitovani zesadebebis zoma

da raodenoba (Гаврилова 1965: 87; Савинов 1981: 155-162). es procesi praqtikulad

dasrulda monRolTa xanaSi, rodesac intensiuri brZolis moTxovnilebis

Sesabamisad kompozituri mSvildis gamartivebam Tavis bolo stadias

164

miaRwia.308 a. gavrilovam daadgina, rom monRolur periodSi gavrcelebuli

iyo mSvildebi Sua rqovani firfitiT da boloebis masiuri CanarTiT

(Гаврилова 1965: 88). xudiakovi aRniSnavs, rom „monRoluri mSvildisTvis“,

romelic farTod vrceldeba meore aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi,

damaxasiaTebelia erTi, farTo, frontaluri, niCbis formis

boloebgafarToebuli rqovani (an Zvlis) firfita Sua nawilSi; aseve, mas

axasiaTebs mSvildis boloebis masiuri rqis an xis CanarTi (sabelisaTvis

rkaliseburi WriliT), romelic soliseburad wakveTilia da Cawebebulia

gozaSi (mSvildis mwvervalSi) (Худяков 1997: 28-29, 60-62; Савинов 1981: 162).

XVII saukunisaTvis osmalebma da iranis Turqulma tomebma

srulyofamde miiyvanes kompozituri mSvildi. maT uari Tqves `CaZirul~

saxelurze da Seqmnes graciozuli moyvanilobis mSvildi gazrdili sabelis

mozidvis manZiliT da simZlavriT. mozidvis Zala 36-45 kg-s Seadgenda, rac

orjer ufro grZeli inglisuri mSvildis Zalis Sesabamisi iyo (McEwen, Miller,

Bergman 1991: 82).

kompozituri mSvildi mZlavri iaraRi iyo, romlis wyalobiT

momTabareebma araerTi imperia Seqmnes da romelic didxans uwevda

konkurencias cecxlsasrol iaraRs.309 XV saukunis arabuli traqtatis

mixedviT, kompozituri mSvildiT srolis optimaluri distancia 60 m-ia,

daaxl. 160 m-ze Sors ki zusti srola SeuZlebelia (Arab Archery 1945: 77).

sxvadasxva monacemebis SejerebiT irkveva, rom kompozituri mSvildi sakmaod

zustia 50-60 m-ze, mizanSi srola SeuZlia 160-190 metrze, arasabrZolo, e.w.

`mfrinavi isriT~ ki – 500 m-ze metze, zogjer 800-900 m-mde (McLeod 1965: 8-9, 13).

abjarze ase Tu ise efeqturi zemoqmedebisaTvis mSvilds axlo

distancia sWirdeboda, daaxloebiT 30 metri. abjris gatanisaTvis, sxva

faqtorebTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba hqonda mSvildisa da Tavad moisaris

siZlieres, manZils, srolis kuTxes da abjris tips (Kolias 1988: 220). mSvildis 308 monRoluri mSvildis gamartiveba gamoiwvia miswrafebam gaezardaT mSvildis gamZleoba da

saimedooba (Гаврилова 1965: 88). cxenosanTa intensiuri brZolis dros isris srolis

distanciis Semcirebisas didi mniSvneloba mieniWa swrafsrolas, amitomac mSvilds didi

gamZleoba unda hqonoda, rom intensiuri srolisaTvis gaeZlo (Худяков 1997: 122).

309 saukuneebis manZilze vercerTi cecxlsasroli iaraRi ver jobda kompozitur mSvilds

swrafsrolaSi, sizusteSi, siSoresa da saimedoobaSi; mSvildi iyo Cumi da SeeZlo kiduli

srola simagres TavSefarebulTa dasazianeblad. yvela maxasiaTeblis mixedviT, Tofma,

sabolood, mxolod XIX saukuneSi ajoba mSvilds (Hurley 1975: 13-15).

165

siZlieris iSviaTi dasturi mogvepoveba XIV saukuneSi. mTaSi erT-erTi

Sinaomisas zemodan nasrolma isarma gaxvrita fari da jaWvis ori fenac:

„Seiqmna simravle isrisaÁ, viTarca setyuaÁ ÃSiri da fucvides RmerTsa,

romel quemoÁT nasrolman isarman fari da jaWÂani kaci gaiaros da miwasa

naxevrad daesÂs“ (Zegli erisTavTa 1965: 108). TavisTavad, maRlidan nasroli

isari orjer ufro Sors mifrinavda, vidre qvemodan zemoT nasroli (Медведев

1966: 30).

kompozituri mSvildis damzadeba did codnasa da gamocdilebas

moiTxovda da sxvadasxva masalas saWiroebda (xe, rqa, Zvali, myesebi, webo)

(Медведев 1966: 13). xarisxiani kompozituri mSvildis damzadebas 1-3 weli

sWirdeboda (Литвинский 1966: 59-60; Nicolle 1994: 46). didi yuradReba eqceoda

mSvildis sabelsac. is ar unda yofiliyo Zalian welvadi, radgan Zalas

dakargavda da arc zedmetad kumSvadi – aseT SemTxvevaSi elastiurobas

kargavda. mdidruli Suaaziuri, Turquli, iranuli, rusuli mSvildebis

sabels abreSumis Zafebisa da moqnili tyavis Rvedisagan amzadebdnen.

abreSumisagan sabelis ZiriTadi nawili mzaddeboda, tyavisagan ki – sabelis

maryuJi, romelic mSvildis kiloze iyo Camocmuli, advilad rom ar

gadaxexiliyo (Медведев 1966: 16). tyavisagan da abreSumisagan amzadebdnen

sabels saqarTveloSic. sulxan-sabas mixedviT, `mSvildis sabeli romelime

RvedTagani iqmnebis, romelime abreSumTa da misTanaTagan~ (sulxan-saba

orbeliani 1993: 20).

arsebobs isris Werisa da sabelis mozidvis sxvadasxva xerxi, romlis

drosac mSvildosnis TiTebi sxvadasxvagvarad aris ganlagebuli.310

xmelTaSuazRvispiruli wesiT mozidvisas isari Sua da saCvenebel TiTs

Soris aris moTavsebuli da sabelsac am TiTebiT ezidebian (zogjer,

araTiTis daxmarebiTac). am dros isari mSvildis marcxnivaa. monRoluri

wesiT mozidvisas isari saCvenebelsa da cers Sorisaa da sabels moxrili

ceri ezideba. am dros isari mSvildis marjvnivaa (elaSvili 1959: 11-12; Webb

1991: 41). romaelebi mkerdis Suamde ezidebodnen mSvilds, momTabareebi da

aRmosavleli mSvildosnebi – saxisken, monRolebi ki – yurisken. rac ufro

grZelia mozidva, miT ufro Zlieria gasrola (Karasulas 2004: 25). yuris

bibilomde mozidva zusti da yvelaze Zlieri iyo; saxisken (ybisken) mozidva,

310 ufro dawvrilebiT ix. elaSvili 1959: 9-14.

166

rodesac isari tuCis (ulvaSis) gaswvriv moZraobs, xorasnuli meTodi iyo da

yvelaze zustad iTvleboda (Arab Archery 1945: 51-52).

sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT, ceriT mozidva ufro swrafia (Webb 1991: 41;

Karasulas 2004: 24). mSvildis sabelic ufro grZlad iWimeboda (Lundström,

Hedenstierna-Jonson, Olausson 2009: 111). amave dros, ceriT mozidva ufro rTuli

iyo, vidre sxva nebismieri meTodi da mis aTvisebas xangrZlivi praqtika

esaWiroeboda (Webb 1991: 41). srolis gasaadvileblad SemoiRes specialuri

rqis (Zvlis, qvis, xis, liTonis) rgoli, romelsac marjvena xelis cera

TiTze ikeTebdnen.311 rgolis gluv zedapirze mSvildis sabeli kargad

srialebda da kans aRar azianebda (Гаврилова 1965: 31; Wilcox 1986: 13).

Sua saukuneebSi mSvildiT srolis dros xelisa da TiTebis dasacavad

iyenebdnen xelTaTmanebs, majis dasacav sagangebo mowyobilobebs, rgolebs da

saTiTeebs. amave dros, iTvleboda, rom mgrZnobelobis damaqveiTebeli da

moZraobis Semaferxebeli mowyobilobebis gareSe srola ukeTesi da ufro

zusti iyo (Медведев 1966: 25-26). viciT, rom xevsureTSi, srolis dros marcxena

xelis dasacavad tyavs ixvevdnen, raTa mas mSvildis sabelis dartyma

Seenelebina (gasitaSvili 1957: 85).

adre SuasaukuneebSi qarTuli mSvildis formaze sasanur mSvilds unda

moexdina didi gavlena, radganac amis kvali mogvianebiTac SeimCneva.

nakifaris wm. giorgis (jgragis) eklesiaSi X saukunis gamosaxulebaze

vxedavT mSvilds swori, rigiduli boloebiT (Аладашвили, Алибегашвили, Вольская

1983: таб. 12), rac sasanuri mSvildisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSania.

sworboloebiani mSvildiTaa SeiaraRebuli monadire oSkis samxreTi mklavis

X saukunis reliefze (jobaZe 2006: 142, tab. 159). saerTod, sasanuri

mSvildisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xuTwevriani forma: swori saxeluri,

mkveTrad momrgvalebuli mxrebi da swori, rigiduli boloebi (Литвинский 1966:

66).312 nakifaris da oSkis gamosaxulebebs rigiduli boloebi aqvT, magram ara

311 uadresi sacere rgoli, mSvildosnisaTvis gankuTvnili da nefritisagan damzadebuli,

napovnia CineTSi, dedofal fu haos Cv. w-mde XIII-XII saukunis samarxSi (Волков 2003: 155).

eyrdnoba ra am faqts, m. goreliki miiCnevs rom ceriT mSvildis mozidvis meTodi

Tavdapirvelad CineTSi arsebobda da rom, mas ara „monRoluri“, aramed „Cinuri“ unda erqvas

(Горелик 2003: 130).

312 Tavis mxriv, mSvildis es tipi Sua aziaSi Camoyalibda jer kidev sasanianTa gamoCenamde,

Zveli da axali aTaswleulebis mijnaze (Литвинский 1966: 68-69).

167

aqvT CaZiruli, swori saxeluri, riTac gansxvavdebian sasanuri mSvildisagan.

rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semdgomi ganviTarebisas

kompozituri mSvildi daSorda mis Tavdapirvel, sasanur variants, Tumca,

xangrZlivi drois manZilze inarCunebda saerTo niSnebs (rigiduli boloebi).

amave dros, saqarTveloSi paralelurad arsebobda mokle, Turqul-

xazaruli tipis mSvildebic, romlebic naTlismcemlis svetze, webeldis

kankelze da atenis sionze aris gamosaxuli. swori, rigidul boloebiani

sasanuri tipis mSvildis Canacvleba iwyeba IX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi,

rodesac abasianTa armiaSi Turqma mona meomrebma wamyvani adgili daikaves.

maT Tan moitanes axali tipis mSvildi (Latham, Paterson 1979: 79). sasanur

mSvilds XI saukuneSi sabolood anacvlebs Tanabrad boloebmoxrili

Turquli mSvildi, romelic ufro msxvili, mokle da Zlieri iyo (Nicolle 1998a:

17-18). XII saukunis jruWis II oTxTavis miniaturebze mxolod Turquli tipis

mSvildi Cans.

monRolTa batonobis periodSi saqarTveloSi monRoluri tipis

mSvildi mkvidrdeba. XIII saukunis SuaxanebSi qarTvelebi ukve monRolur

mSvilds iyenebdnen. JamTaaRmwerelis daxasiaTebiT, daviT VII, romelic XIII

saukunis 50-ian wlebSi alamuTisa da baRdadis kampaniebSi axlda monRolebs,

iyo `moisari magriTa mSÂldiTa~ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 109.) magar mSvilds ki

JamTaaRmwereli monRolur mSvilds uwodebs. misi TqmiT, monRolebi

`moisarni iyvnes rCeulni, magriTa mSÂldiTa ucdomrad msrolelni~

(JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 44).

H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze garkveviT Cans monRoluri tipis mSvildi

Sua firfitovani zesadebiT da boloebis masiuri CanarTiT. rogorc iTqva,

aziel mSvildosans srolisas mSvildi vertikalurad eWira, odnav marcxniv

gadaxrili, isari ki gadioda marcxena xelis cera TiTze mSvildisagan

marjvniv, gansxvavebiT evropelisagan, romelic isars mSvildis marcxniv

aTavsebda (Медведев 1966: 28). miniaturebze qarTvelebs isari mSvildis marjvniv

aqvT moTavsebuli da mas ceriT ezidebian.

Tumca, ceriT mozidvis meTodi saqarTveloSi monRolTa Semosvlamde

Cans damkvidrebuli, raSic `vefxistyaosani~ gvarwmunebs: `purad da saWmlad

mivendve Cemsa mSvildsa da cerasa~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 169). aq

igulisxmeba mSvildis mozidvis da isris srolis meTodi, rodesac sabels

168

cera TiTze wamocmuli rgolis saSualebiT ezidebodnen.313 ceriT isris

mozidvis wess saqarTveloSi kipi ewodeboda.314

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi dacul A65 manuskriptze, romelic 1188-1210

wlebis astrologiur traqtats warmoadgens, 189r miniaturaze mSvildosani

gamosaxulia ceriT moziduli kompozituri mSvildiT, xolo isari yuramdea

mitanilia. jruWis II oTxTavis 186v miniaturaze gamosaxul mSvildosnebs

moziduli isari yurTan aqvT mitanili; samwuxarod miniatura dazianebulia

da ar Cans Tu ramdeni TiTiT ezidebian mSvildis lars.

ceris mniSvneloba srolisas xazgasmulia XVII saukunis

`SahnavazianSic~: „marjued uWiravs isari, vis imedi aqus cerisa“; „nadiri,

mokluli ama ceriTa“ (feSangi 1935: 43-44). sacere Zvlis rgoli napovnia

dmanisis naqalaqarze, XI-XIII saukuneebis fenaSi. sacere rgoli unda iyos

gamosaxuli H1665 daviTnis 212v miniaturazec.

vaxuSti batoniSvili aRniSnavs rqis mSvilds, romelsac gudamayrelebi

amzadebdnen: `Ãelosanni, mSÂldT-moqmedni, akeTeben rqisagan mjixvisa,

Txisagan da ÃarTagan~ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 354). ra Tqma unda,

gudamayruli mSvildi marto rqisgan ar aris konstruirebuli.315 vaxuSti

saubrobs kompozitur mSvildze, romelic rqis firfitebiT aris gawyobili.316

gudamayrelebs, rogorc mTielebs, advilad miuwvdebodaT xeli grZelrqiani

jiSis pirutyvze, romlis rqac aucilebeli iyo kompozituri mSvildisaTvis.

kompoziturTan erTad, saqarTveloSi martivi tipis mSvildic iyo

gavrcelebuli. aseTi mSvildi ufro ioli da swrafi dasamzadebeli iyo,

Tumca, zogjer mis gakeTebas 2-3 Tves andomebdnen (elaSvili 1959: 28-29). gviani

saukuneebis laSqarvaldebulTa siebSi glexTa SeiaraRebis CamonaTvalSi

mxolod mSvildis arseboba imis maCvenebelia, rom isini martiv mSvilds

floben, ufro Zvirfas kompozitur mSvilds ver Sewvdebodnen. rodesac 1747

wels qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebma mSvildiT nadiroba moindomes da es iaraRi

aravis aRmoaCnda, mefe iZulebuli gaxda martivi (xis) mSvildiT 313 k. ColoyaSvili SecdomiT miiCnevs, rom aq saubaria isris tipze (ColoyaSvili 1968: 121).

314 `kipi – isris kilos dazidviT Wera; ceriTa, salokis TiTiT isris kilos Wera~ (sulxan-

saba orbeliani 1991: 375).

315 am cnobis komentarisas, v. elaSvili savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom mxolod rqis

mSvildi ar arsebobs da aq Sedgenili mSvildi igulisxmeba (elaSvili 1959: 25).

316 kompozitur mSvildadaa miCneuli `beovulfSi~ moxseniebuli rqis mSvildic (Lundström,

Hedenstierna-Jonson, Olausson 2009: 105).

169

dakmayofilebuliyo: `visac mSvildi ara hqondes, xis mSvildebi daikeTon,

imiT dadgneno~ (papuna orbeliani 1981: 119). cxadia, rom xis mSvildi martivi

mSvildia, radgan ase saswrafod kompozituri mSvildis damzadeba ver

moxerxdeboda.

saqarTveloSi, rogorc Cans, rkinis mSvildsac iyenebdnen. aseTi

mSvildi `rusudanianSia~ moxseniebuli: „rkinis mSvildi da boZali xelT

mivec“; „rkinis mSvildi mxars ukuicva“ (rusudaniani 1957: 174, 178). leCxum-

svaneTSi eqvTime TayaiSvilis eqspediciam ixila rkinis didi mSvildi

oyureSis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi da rkinis mSvild-isari fayis RvTismSoblis

eklesiaSi (TayaiSvili 1937: 70, 89). rkinis (foladis) mSvildi martivi

mSvildebis kategorias miekuTvneba. XV-XVII saukuneebSi is, ZiriTadad,

indoeTSi iyo gavrcelebuli (Шокарев 2001: 21). miuxedavad imisa, rom rkinis

mSvildi simZlavriTa da siSoriT CamorCeboda kompozitur mSvilds, is mainc

popularuli iyo, radgan advilad ar ziandeboda (Pant 1997: 125). masze

naklebad moqmedebda cudi atmosferuli pirobebi, maSin rodesac tenianoba

damRupvelad moqmedebs kompozitur mSvildze.

isari

isris Semadgeneli nawilebia isrispiri, zro, frTa da kilo. isrispiri

isris is nawilia, romelic mizans azianebs; zro isris tania (sulxan-saba

orbeliani 1991: 286), misi mzidi nawili; frTa frenis isris mimmarTveli; kilo

isris sabelze dasamagrebeli, sabelis Casagdebi adgilia.317 isrispiri

Sedgeba Tavisagan, romelic mizanSi aRwevs, yunwisa (isrispiris Rero,

romliTac is tarSia Camagrebeli) da gvirgvinisagan (isrispiris SemzRudavi

tarSi damagrebisas) (Худяков 1980: 75-77).

isris zro warmoadgens 50-100 sm sigrZis (ZiriTadad, 75-90 sm) (Kolias 1988:

218).318

mrgvali ganivkveTis xis Reros.319 isrispiri ori meTodiT magrdeboda

zroze: masriT da yunwiT. masrian isrispirs agebdnen webowasmuli Reros

317 `kilo – isarTa mSvildis sabelTa Casagdeb(el)i~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 373).

318 isris sigrZe mis daniSnulebazec iyo damokidebuli. mokle, msxvili isari javSangamtani

piriT axlo manZilze sasrolad iyo gamiznuli, grZeli da wvrili isari ki – Sor manZilze

sasrolad (Деревянко 1987: 61).

319 isris zros hqonda sigarismagvari forma, SuaSi SesqelebiT, rom srolisas ar gaRunuliyo

(Шокарев 2001: 27).

170

boloze. yunwian isrispirs arWobdnen ReroSi an mis webowasmul napobSi da

zed axvevdnen myesebs an sxva Zafs. naxvevs aryis Txel qerqsac axvevdnen

(Медведев 1966: 49-50). masriani isrispirebi, romelsac dasavleT evropaSi Sua

saukuneebis bolomde iyenebdnen, ar aris damaxasiaTebeli aRmosavleT

evropisa da aziisaTvis (Медведев 1966: 160-161).320

aRmosavleTSi miaCndaT, rom

masriani isrispiri midrekili iyo zros msxvrevisaken da mxolod uabjro

samiznis winaaRmdeg Tu gamodgeboda (Arab Archery 1945: 109-110).

isarze umTavresad 3 an 4 frTas amagrebdnen. XV saukunis arabuli

traqtatis mixedviT, bevri frTa anelebs isars, oTxfrTiani isari ufro

zustia, samfrTiani ki ufro swrafi da Sorsac mifrinavs. amasTan, rac metia

isris kilodan frTis dacileba, miT swrafad mifrinavs isari, rac ufro

axloa – miT ufro zustia is (Arab Archery 1945: 111-112). qarTvelebi, rogorc es

gamomsaxvelobiTi wyaroebidan (H1665 da H75 daviTni, kastelis Canaxatebi da

TavaqaraSvilis miniaturebi) Cans, upiratesobas sizustes aniWebdnen da frTas

kilosTan axlos amagrebdnen.

isrisaTvis sxvadasxva frinvelis (arwivis, zarnaSos, Zera, Sevardenis)

frTas iyenebdnen. frTa unda yofiliyo swori, Tanabari, drekadi (Деревянко

1987: 61). iyenebdnen mxolod frinvelis saqnev frTas. isris frTebi erTnairi

da frinvelis erTi frTidan unda yofiliyo (Соловьев 1987: 30). saukeTesod

arwivis frTebi miiCneoda, Semdeg orbis da Semdgom Sevardenis (Arab Archery

1945: 110). arCilis mowmobiT, qarTvelebi orbis frTiT gawyobil isars

iyenebdnen: „isars orbis frTiT Svenoba“ (arCili 1937: 40). saqarTveloSi

arwivis frTasac iyenebdnen. arqanjelo lamberti mogviTxrobs, rom

megrelebi arwivs maxiT iWeren „imisaTvis, rom arwivis frTa miaban isars.

megrelebis mSvild-isari bevrad didia TurqTa mSvild-isarze da ase didi

isrebi rom haerSi pirdapir wavides, saWiroa, rom arwivis frTa miaban“

(lamberti 1991: 172).

isars sxvadasxvafrad Rebavdnen, rom feris mixedviT gaerCiaT

sxvadasxva pirisa da daniSnulebis isrebi da swrafad amoeRoT isini

brtyeli kaparWidan, romelSic isrispiri damaluli iyo (Медведев 1966: 52).

SeRebili isris arsebobis damadasturebeli qarTuli mowmobac mogvepoveba.

320 es gansxvaveba SesaZloa aixsnas, aRmosavleTSi zros masalad bambukis (lerwmis) farTo

gavrcelebiT, sadac yunwis Camagreba ioli iyo (Watson 1972: 145).

171

xalxuri leqsi mogviTxrobs: „kaxeTs moWrilo isaro, qalaqs naRebo iniTa“


isrebi iyofa jgufebad (piris ganivkveTis mixedviT) da tipebad (piris

formis mixedviT) (Худяков 1980: 79). ganivkveTis mixedviT yvela isrispiri sam

ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: samfrTiani, brtyeli da waxnagovani. samfrTiani

isrispirebi adre SuasaukuneebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; X saukunis Semdeg

isini erTeuli egzemplarebi Tu gvxvdeba (Медведев 1966: 54, 58). brtyel

isrispirebs ganivkveTSi Txeli linzis an Zlier gabrtyelebuli rombis

forma aqvs. isini sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT evropaSi Sua

saukuneebis bolomde. waxnagovani (dakuTxuli) isrispirebi (samkuTxa,

oTkuTxa da sxv.) maxvili wveriT Cveni welTaRricxvis mijnaze gamoCnda da

javSangamtani daniSnulebisaa (Медведев 1966: 54-55).

cnobilia, rom XI saukunis dasawyisidan brtyelpiriani isrebi wamyvan

rols TamaSobda monRolTa SeiaraRebaSi (Худяков 1985: 112). samfrTiani isari,

romelic maRali aerodinamikuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba da saukeTesoa Sor

manZilze zusti srolisaTvis, dasamzadeblad sakmaod Sromatevadia da

kaparWSic didi adgili ukavia. intensiuri brZolis pirobebSi, axlo manZilze

da srolis meti sixSiris dros, brtyeli isari ufro efeqturi gamodga.

brtyeli isari ufro advili dasamzadebelia, meti eteva kaparWSi da

marTalia, CamorCeba samfrTians sizusteSi, samagierod, meti siCqare aqvs da

ufro swrafad aRwevs mizans. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda masirebuli

srolis dros. marTalia, brtyel isrebs momTabareebi jer kidev hunTa

droidan iyenebdnen, magram maTi sayovelTao gavrceleba monRolebTanaa

dakavSirebuli. monRolTa mier brtyeli isrebis warmatebulma gamoyenebam

ganapiroba maTi gavrceleba monRolTa imperiaSi Semaval saxelmwifoebSic

(Худяков 1997: 124-125). monRolTa kaparWSi Tavisi adgili ekava farTopirian

brtyel isrebs, romlebic did, sisxlmden Wrilobebs ayenebda da efeqturi

iyo cxenebisa da abjriT daucveli mowinaaRmdegis dasazianeblad (Соловьев

1987: 48; Худяков 1997: 37).

waxnagovani isrispirebi javSangamtania da maTi daniSnuleba abjris

gaxvretaa. amisTvis maT xSirad foladisagan amzadebdnen da sagangebod

awrTobdnen (Медведев 1959: 168). waxnagovani isrispiri aRwevda jaWvis rgolebs

Sorisac (Соловьев 1987: 46). arabuli traqtati kuTxovani isrispirebis formis

mixedviT ganarCevs maT Tvisebebs. misi mixedviT, mokle samkuTxa isrispiri

172

kargia farisa da liTonis abjris (muzaradis garda) gasaxvretad. grZeli

samkuTxa isrispiri kargia muzaradis da, saerTod, sferuli zedapirisTvis

sasrolad, agreTve, xeSi SesaRwevad. mokle da kompaqturi oTkuTxa isrispiri

ki kargia farisa da abjris sawinaaRmdegod (Arab Archery 1945: 107-108).

sulxan-saba orbelians mocemuli aqvs saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli

sxvadasxva tipis isris dasaxeleba da daxasiaTeba: `frTe-dabali da pir-

wvrili, romelsa yivCayni da Turqni iqoneben, ars sayalno... zomier(i) isari,

frTe-mobrtye, da pir-mobrtye ars sarCa; misgan ugrZesi pir-didi da frTe-

maRali ars qeiburi [vieTni sanadiros uÃmoben]; isari sarCis msgavsi da pir-

ganpebuli, momcro ars qiborji; isari qeiburis msgavsi pir-didi da

ganpebuli ars boZali; isari sarCis toli sam-frTosani, upiro, wver-

mgrgvali ars yodali; yodlis(a) ugrZesi, wver-mwveti, jvaredad Cxir-

dasxmuli ars Rrja; frTe-maRali, grZeli da grkal-Semobmuli ars sefqa;

ufrTo, upiro isari ars gezi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 335-336). vaxuSti

batoniSvils CamoTvlili aqvs yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli isris tipebi,

romelTa dasaxelebebi emTxveva sabas sias: „isari boZali didTa nadirTaTÂs,

qeiburi mÃecTaTÂs, sarCa da qiborji wvrilTa nadirTaTÂs... xolo kaparWis

isari, romel ars sayalno omsa-brZolasa Sina~ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 18).

aRwerilobebidan cxadia, rom sayalno pirwvrili javSangamtani isaria,

romelsac dabali frTebi hqonda. saSualo zomis brtyel isars sarCa erqva,

didi zomis brtyel isars ki – qeiburi. Tavisi zomidan gamomdinare, qeiburs

maRali frTebi sWirdeboda. sarCas da qeiburs ZiriTadad rombiseburi forma

hqondaT da mravalmxrivi daniSnulebis isrebi iyvnen. momcro da zomier

orkapa isars qiborji erqva, didi zomisas ki – boZali, romelic grZeli iyo

da maRali frTebi hqonda. samfrTian, wvril wvermrgval anu sadgisisebur

isars yodali ewodeboda. yodali javSangamtani isrebis kategorias

miekuTvneba (Артилаква 1976: 111). mokle mrgvali isrispiri gansakuTrebiT kargi

iyo farSi SesaRwevad, grZeli ki abjrisa da xis sawinaaRmdegod (Arab Archery

1945: 108). Rrja sanadirod (albaT, frinvelze) gamoiyeneboda da wverze

damagrebuli hqonda xis jvaredi, rom mizans erTi Rrja mainc moxvedroda

(elaSvili 1959: 33).

orkapa isari sabrZoloc iyo da sanadirodac gamoiyeneboda. ori wveris

wyalobiT, is met farTobs azianebda (Арциховский 1944: 21). vaxuSti wers, rom

didi orkapa isari (boZali) didi nadirisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, momcro

173

orkapa (qiborji) ki – wvrili nadirisaTvis (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 18).

amave dros cxadia, rom qiborjis tipis orkapa isrebi sabrZolodac

gamoiyeneboda. saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi amas vanis samarxSi napovni saisre

kompleqtic adasturebs, sadac orkapa isrebi didi wiliTaa (50%)

warmodgenili.321 Crdilo kavkasiasTan SedarebiT, saqarTveloSi orkapa isari

ufro adre aris gavrcelebuli. VIII-IX saukuneebis webeldis kankelze ukve

Cans aseTi isriT SeiaraRebuli wm. evstaTe plakida. orkapa isris namtvrevi

napovnia urbnisis naqalaqaris gaTxrebisas (WilaSvili 1964: 125, sur. 55.11).

savaraudod, is aq unda moxvedriliyo VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi murvan yrus

mier urbnisis dangrevis dros, ris Semdegac urbnisma, rogorc qalaqma,

Sewyvita arseboba (WilaSvili 1970: 65-66). v. kuznecovis mowmobiT, CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi orkapa isrebi mxolod X saukuneSi Cndeba (Кузнецов 1961: 126). am

azrs sxva mkvlevrebic iziareben, romlebic Tvlian, rom Crdilo kavkasiaSi

orkapa isrebi X saukunemde ar gvxvdeba (Каминский, Каминская-Цокур 1997: 66).322

qarTuli isris kidev erTi tipi ucxourma wyaroebma Semogvinaxa. XI

saukunis iraneli avtori asadi tusi Tavis leqsikonSi mogviTxrobs erTi

tipis isarze, romelsac Tamuqi ewodeba da saqarTvelodan (afxazeTidan)

gavrcelda sxva qveynebSi. masze isris pirs sagangebod sustad amagrebdnen,

rom sxeulSi SeRwevis Semdeg amoZroba gaZnelebuliyo. aseTi isari X s.

sparsulenovan samyaroSi ukve isea gavrcelebuli, rom leqsebSic gvxvdeba.

iraneli mkvlevris abu al-kasim janaTi atais ganmartebiT, Tamuqi samfxiani

farTo piriani isari iyo, romlis piric, taris amoZrobisas, WrilobaSi

rCeboda da amitom, momakvdineblad iTvleboda (beraZe 1973: 76-79).323 iraneli

mkvlevari uTuod marTalia, rodesac Tvlis, rom isars fxebi hqonda, rac

amoZrobas arTulebda. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom isris pirs zroze mxolod

yunwiT amagrebdnen da zed ar axvevdnen myesebs simagrisaTvis; es ki liTonis

piris da xis taris advilad gancalkevebas ganapirobebda. aseve, SevniSnavT,

rom am tipis isari specializebuli iqneboda mtris SeujavSnavi samizneebis

sawinaaRmdegod, radganac abjarze moxvedrisas Tamuqs simtkice ar eyofoda

321 vanis samarxSi aRmoCenili orkapa isrebis tipologiis Sesaxeb ix. wurwumia 2013a: 170-172.

322 orkapa isrebi X saukuneSi Cndeba ruseTSic, Tumca aq ise ar moukidebia fexi, rogorc

cimbirsa an kavkasiaSi. rusulisagan gansxvavebiT, cimbiruli da kavkasiuri orkapa isrebis

yunwebi isris Tavze ufro grZelia (Медведев 1959: 167).

323 sami fxa niSnavs, rom isari samfrTiani iyo.

174

mis gasatanad. Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi aseTi samizneebis simcire namdvilad

ar iyo, nebismieri armiis mxolod mcire nawili iyo srulad SejavSnuli.

saqarTveloSi isars Sindis, tyemlis, fiWvis, verxvis, cacxvis, Txilis

da sxv. xis totebisagan amzadebdnen, romelTac Semdeg sagangebod Tlidnen

da amuSavebdnen (elaSvili 1959: 31-34; gasitaSvili 1957: 84). isris gamkeTebels,

mis mTlels jolbordi erqva (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 460). amave dros,

ìsris Tla, sworad gamarTva, gaqlibva, sefqis gawyoba~ yvela karg moymes

unda scodnoda (arCili 1936: 6), radgan isari individualurad unda yofiliyo

morgebuli. Sahnavazis, vaxtang V-is Svili „arCil iyo uxucesi. ese iyo kiskas,

Suenier, moburTali, moisari. yovelis kacis isarzed erTi Ãelis dadeba

isari ugrZe hqonda. da ara iyo msgavsi misi~ (beri egnataSvili 1959: 435).

cxadia, aseT SemTxvevebSi mebrZols Sesaferi sigrZis isari sWirdeboda.

saqarTveloSi isris srolas adreuli asakidanve swavlobdnen.

savarjiSo isars Tavis saxeli hqonda – `yrmaTa isarcudasa winwkitela~

ewodeboda (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 335). am garemoebas kastelic

adasturebs: „aq Cvili asakidanve eCvevian srolas. Zalian xSirad

gavukvirebivar bavSvebs, roca minaxavs maT mier mSvildisriT mokluli mela“

(kasteli 1976: 57).

mSvildis bude (xilifa)

mSvildis budes xilifa ewodeboda.324 is icavda mSvilds garemos

araxelsayreli zemoqmedebisagan.

Zvelad skviTebi da maTi mezoblebi iyenebdnen gorits – xis budes,

sadac sabelgadacmuli mSvildi da isrebi iyo moTavsebuli. Sua saukuneebis

dasawyisSi evraziis momTabareebi ukve sabeldaSvebul mSvilds inaxavdnen

grZel da wvril budeSi. IX-X saukuneebSi momTabareebi isev sabelgadacmul

mSvilds atareben Sesabamisi formis budeSi (Крыганов 1996: 344).

mSvildis gaZlierebam gaarTula sabelis swrafad gadacma da

aucilebeli gaxada axali formis SaliTis SemoReba (Nicolle 1997: 59). axal

budes hqonda daWimuli mSvildis naxevris forma, romelic saSualebas

iZleoda etarebinaT sabrZolo mdgomareobaSi myofi, sabelgadacmuli

mSvildi (Худяков 1997: 129). rogorc wesi, xilifa warmoadgenda xis karkasze

gadakrul tyavs, romelsac brtyeli forma hqonda (Медведев 1966: 23). 324 `xilifa – mSvildis Casadebeli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 423).

175

naxevari mSvildis formis SaliTebi gansakuTrebiT farTod vrceldeba

monRolTa batonobis periodSi. am periodidan moyolebuli, qarTvelebic am

tipis mSvildis budes iyenebdnen, rac kargad Cans H1665 daviTnis

miniaturebze. miniaturebidan irkveva, rom mSvildis budes yovelTvis

marcxniv ikidebdnen sartyelze.

xilifas xSirad rTavdnen Zvlis ornamentuli firfitebiT (Малиновская

1974: 135). Zvlis firfitebiT morTuli kaparWi saqarTveloSic iyo

gavrcelebuli. amis Sesaxeb XIII saukunis sparsuli geografiuli traqtatis

„ajaib ad-dunias“ („samyaros sakvirvelebani“) cnoba metyvelebs, romlis

mixedviTac saqarTvelos dedaqalaq Tbilisidan spilos ZvliT

inkustrirebuli mSvildis SaliTebi da kaparWebi gahqondaT: `[Tbilisuri]

saqonelia: spilos ZvliT gawyobili ... kaparWebi da xilifebi~ (ajaib ad-

dunia 1978: 29).

kaparWi

isrebis Casawyob budes kaparWi ewodeba.325 aRmosavluri wyaroebis

mowmobiT, kaparWSi 25-30 isari eteoda (Arab Archery 1945: 154), Tumca meti an

naklebi moculobis kaparWic arsebobda (Никоноров 2004: 201). sabas mixedviT,

didi zomis kaparWs nijgori ewodeboda (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 596).

ZiriTadad ori tipis kaparWi arsebobda: grZeli cilindruli da ufro

mokle, brtyeli, gaxsnili abgis msgavsi (Nicolle 1990b: 13). cilindrul kaparWSi

isrebi wveriT zemoT da frTebiT qvemoT ideboda. aseTi kaparWi qvemoT

farTovdeboda, rom isris frTebi Tavisuflad da dauzianeblad

moTavsebuliyo (Малиновская 1974: 134). daxuruli formis cilindruli kaparWi

kargad icavs isrebs garemo pirobebis zemoqmedebisa da fizikuri

dazianebisagan. aseT kaparWSi isrebi qsovilis abgaSi moTavsebuli ideboda.

isris amoRebisas mas wvers qvemoT kidebdnen xels da kaparWidan

amoaZrobdnen. Semdeg isriani xeli mihqondaT marcxena, mSvildianTan da

isars gadascemdnen, marjvena xels ki Camoayolebdnen isris zros kilomde da

moargebdnen sabels. es Zalian swrafad xdeboda. gaufrTxileblobis

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda isris amoRebisas siCqareSi mis pirze gaeWraT xeli

(Dwyer 1998).

325 `kaparWi – isris qarqaSi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 352).

176

yuTiseburi, isrebiT zemoT mimarTuli kaparWi momTabareebisaTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli da VI-VIII saukuneebSi mkvidrdeba evraziis stepebSi (Худяков

1980: 112-116, таб. XXXVI; Худяков 1986: 151-152, рис. 66; Худяков 1997: 69-70, рис. 44; 84-5,

рис. 53, 112-4, рис. 74; Худяков, Мякинников 1991: 60-63, рис. 1). TavianTi dapyrobebis

kvaldakval, XIII-XIV saukuneebSi monRolebma es kaparWi uzarmazar

teritoriebze gaavrceles (Малиновская 1974: 158-168; Худяков 1991: 126-127).326

monRoluri SeiaraRebis gavlenis qveS myofi qarTvelebi cilindrul

kaparWs iyenebdnen XIII-XIV saukuneebSi.327 kiTxva-pasuxis saxiT dawerili

arabuli samxedro naSromi „sruli rCevebi samxedro saqmeSi

gasawvrTnelad“328 saintereso cnobas gvawvdis kaparWis Sesaxeb, romelsac

qarTvelebi atarebdnen:

„kiTxva: rogor SevityoT saSiSroebis Sesaxeb sibneleSi an nislSi,

cudi mxedvelobis dros?

pasuxi: aiRe kaparWi zemoT mimarTuli isris pirebiT, iseTi, rogorsac

iyeneben qarTvelebi, da dacale. dade miwaze, daade Tavi da gaigoneb fexis an

Cliqebis xmas“.329

Sua saukuneebis islamuri aRmosavleTis erT-erT saukeTeso samxedro

traqtatSi yuTiseburi, milZabra, isris pirebiT zemoT mimarTuli qarTuli

kaparWis moxsenieba niSandoblivia da gviCvenebs, rom cilindruli kaparWi am

periodis qarTuli SeiaraRebisaTvis metad damaxasiaTebeli iyo.

II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi vrceldeba brtyeli kaparWebi, sadac isrebi

frTebiT maRla da isrispirebiT qvemoT iyo Calagebuli. isris sigrZis 1/3

326 raSid ad-dinis „jami aT-Tavarixis“ („istoriaTa krebuli“) XIV saukunis xelnawerSi

mogvepoveba baRdadis aRebis miniatura, sadac monRolebi msgavsi kaparWebiT arian

gamosaxulni (Blair 1995: 98-99). niu-iorkis metropolitenis muzeumis tibetur koleqciaSi

inaxeba monRoluri tipis aseTi unikaluri kaparWi, romelic radionaxSirbaduli meTodiT

1290-1410 wlebiT aris daTariRebuli (LaRocca 2006: 188, fig. 91).

327 aseT kaparWs XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi savaWro operaciebis dros sawyaodac ki

iyenebdnen, rogorc amas favnelis sabuTis gviandeli minaweri mowmobs: `TeTrsa ra angariSi

unda: kabarWiTa gardauwye~ (qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi 1984: 18).

328 Sedgenilia mamluqTa kavaleriisaTvis 1250-1500 wlebSi, moyvanili nawyveti dawerilia XIII

s. miwuruls an XIV s. dasawyisSi; tradiciulad miewereba muhamed ibn isa al-hanafi al-

aqsarais, romelic 1348 wels gardaicvala damaskoSi (Nicolle 2005).

329 d. nikoli SeniSnavs, rom kaparWis milZabra formis gamo is megafons waagavda da miwaze

mis farTo bolos debdnen (Nicolle 2005).

177

kaparWis zemoT iyo darCenili (Соловьев 1987: 33-34). XVI-XVII ss. brtyeli

kaparWebi tyavisagan mzaddeboda. maTi sigrZe 40-50 sm, xolo sigane (zeda) 17-

20 sm iyo, wona isrebis gareSe 600 grams ar aRemateboda (Медведев 1966: 23). aseT

kaparWSi, arCilis mixedviT, saWiro iyo isrebis àrc Sori-Sor da arc sula

axlo erTmanerTs miwyoba~ (arCili 1936: 6). cxadia, rom isrebi kaparWSi

(qarqaSSi) gansazRvruli SualedebiT unda moeTavsebinaT. v. elaSvilis

mixedviT, am mizniT qarqaSis ZirSi vertikalurad iyo Camagrebuli frinvelis

frTis Reroebi (elaSvili 1959: 21, 34).

orive tipis kaparWs ikidebdnen sartyelze an yawimiT mxarze Zvlis

anjamebisa da rkinis kauWebis saSualebiT (Arab Archery 1945: 154-155; Деревянко

1987: 62; Худяков, Мякинников 1991: 60). H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze qarTvelebs

cilindruli kaparWi marjvena mxares qamarze aqvT dakidebuli. kaparWi

sartyelze or adgilze magrdeboda. es meTodi monRolebisganaa

gadmoRebuli, romlebic kaparWs qamarze Zvlis firfitaSi gayrili RvedebiT

ikidebdnen (Горелик 2002: 19). welze kaparWis dakidebis meTodi SenarCunebulia

XV saukuneSi axali tipis, brtyeli kaparWis SemoRebis Semdegac: am epoqis

gulekaris, Jibianis, Tbilisis sionis da gurjaanis xatebze da bodornis

sawinamZRvro jvarze kaparWi marjvena mxaresaa qamarze dakidebuli

(Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 519-523). imave meTods vxedavT XVII saukuneSic:

TavaqaraSvilis miniaturebze (138, 255, 319) kaparWi kvlav welzea damagrebuli;

kaparWi welze kidia vaxtang gurielsac kastelis CanaxatSi.

Surduli

sabas mixedviT, Surduli qvis gasatyorcia (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993:

310). Surduli distanciuri brZolis uZvelesi iaraRia, romelic adamianis

kunTis ZaliT tyorcnis qvas. is martivi konstruqciis da msubuqi iaraRi iyo,

Tumca misi efeqturad gamoyeneba mravalwlian wvrTnas moiTxovda.

sxva sasrol iaraRTan SedarebiT, Surdulis upiratesoba misi

simartive iyo. misi SekeTeba umokles droSi adgilzeve SeiZleboda mSvilds

(Hurley 1975: 34). Surduli warmoadgenda orad mokecil Rveds (an dawnul

Tasmebs) SuaSi brtyeli nawiliT qvis Casadebad (gamyreliZe, fircxalava,

yifiani 2005: 141). am brtyel nawils saqve, 50 sm sigrZis dawnul Tasmebs ki –

178

mana ewodeba (ColoyaSvili 1958: 37-38).330 Tasmis erT bolo mWidrod iyo

damagrebuli cerze, meore, Tavisufali bolo xelSi eWiraT, ramdenimegzis

datrialebis Semdeg ki uSvebdnen da Wurvs mowinaaRmdegisaken mimarTavdnen

(gasitaSvili 1957: 83; ColoyaSvili 1958: 38).

vegeciusis azriT, SeWurvili mebrZolisaTvis Surduli ufro saSiSi

iyo, vidre mSvildi, radganac mis Wurvs abjarSi SeuRwevladac SeeZlo

mowinaaRmdegis mwyobridan gamoyvana (Vegetius 1996: I.16). Zveli gamosaxulebebi

gviCvenebs, rom srolisas Surduls Tavs zemoT an sxeulis gverdze

atrialebdnen. Tanamedrove eqsperimentebi mowmobs, rom Surdulis qva 150-400

metrze mifrinavs (DeVries, Smith: 2007: 22). gamocdil xelSi Surduli

kompozitur mSvildze Sorsac ki isroda (Echols 1950: 228; McLeod 1965: 14), Tumca

mizanSi moxvedra mSvildiT ufro advili iyo.

SurduliT sasrolad iyenebdnen tyviis, gamomwvari Tixis da qvis

Wurvebs (Coulston 2002: 13). Surdulis Wurvis diametri 3-dan 6-8 sm iyo (Горелик

2003: 56). qvis minimaluri wona praqtikulad Tavad Surdulis wonas udrida

(Richardson 1998: 46). Wurvis formaze iyo damokidebuli misi balistikuri

Tvisebebi. CveulebrivTan SedarebiT, bevrad ukeTesi iyo wylisagan

momrgvalebuli qvebi (Echols 1950: 227).331

tyviisagan Camosxmuli Wurvi TiTqmis

naxevarjer ufro Sors mifrinavs, vidre ubralo qva (Richardson 1998: 47).

isrisagan gansxvavebiT, Surdulis qva Zneli SesamCnevi da rTuli

mosageriebeli iyo (Wilcox 1986: 46). mrgval, saSurdule qvebs qarTvelebi

sagangebo abgiT, e.w. tavarjuxiT atarebdnen, romelic H1665 daviTnis

miniaturaze daviTs aqvs Camokidebuli (ColoyaSvili 1958: 38).

Sua saukuneebis manZilze Surduli nel-nela kargavs mniSvnelobas.

savele brZolaSi is praqtikulad aRar figurirebs da ZiriTadad

gamagrebuli adgilebis dacvisas gamoiyeneba. amis ZiriTadi mizezi Surdulis

profesiulad momxmarebelTa simcire iyo, radganac misi gamoyeneba

330 H1665 daviTnis miniaturaze gamosaxul Surduls ori grexili Tasma aqvs. aseTive

grexilTasmiani Surduli saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSia (Шервашидзе 1964: 70).

331 qarTuli eTnografiuli masalac mowmobs, rom saSurduled riyis qvebs arCevdnen


179

bavSvobidanve gawafvas moiTxovda. Surduli ufro advilad asaTvisebelma

distanciurma iaraRma (mSvildi, arbaleti) Caanacvla.332

Sua saukuneebis wyaroebSi praqtikulad ar moixsenieba qarTvelTa mier

Surdulis gamoyeneba.333 iSviaTad vxvdebiT meSurdulis gamosaxulebas

qarTul sinamdvileSic.334 aRsaniSnavia, rom H1665 daviTnSi meSurdule

gamosaxulia mxolod savaldebulo bibliur siuJetSi (daviTisa da goliaTis

brZolisas). es yovelive metyvelebs Surdulis gavrcelebisa da gamoyenebis

SezRudul arealze Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.335

amave dros, eWvgareSea, rom Surduli iyo gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos

zogierT (mTian) regionSi da mosaxleobis jgufSi. amas mowmobs XVII

saukuneSi kastelis mier iSviaTi eqspresiulobiT Sesrulebuli svani

meSurdulis naxati (kasteli 1976: sur. 229). svaneTis mosaxleobam saukuneTa

manZilze SeinarCuna Surdulis gamoyenebis unari. svanebis mier qvebis

marjved srolas improvizebuli SurduliT XIX saukunis SuaxanebSi k.

borozdinic adasturebs (borozdini 1934: 186). eTnografiul

Tanamedroveobamde iyenebdnen Surduls xevsureTSic.336

qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsi Sua saukuneebSi

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli SeiaraRebis sistematizacia da klasifikacia

saSualebas gvaZlevs gavaerTianoT iaraRis calkeuli saxeobebi SeiaraRebis

erTian kompleqsSi, romelic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul da mocemuli

332 evropul sabrZolo moqmedebebSi Surdulis bolo gamoyeneba 1572 wels sanseris alyis

dros dasturdeba (Dohrenwend 2002: 31-32).

333 anonimi avtori mxolod erTgan, isic qarTvelTa mier arzrumis garemocvisas axsenebs

muslimuri garnizonis mier Surdulis gamoyenebas: „warmodges bansa zeda da SukTa Sina

isris msrolelni da qvis msrolelni“ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 59).

334 meSurdule gamosaxulia kabenze, X s. Zeglze qsnis xeobaSi (ColoyaSvili 1958: 37).

335 wyaroTa da ikonografiul monacemebs sxvagvarad afasebs k. ColoyaSvili, romelic Tvlis,

rom isini uxvi da sakmarisia (ColoyaSvili 1958: 37). am mosazrebas ver gaviziareb, miTumetes,

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ìstoriani da azmanis~ zemoxsnebul cnobaSi avtori qarTvelebs

xedavs arzrumel meSurduleebSi.

336 eTnografiuli masalis safuZvelze, g. gasitaSvils aRwerili aqvs xevsurTa mier

Surdulis damzadebisa da srolis teqnika (gasitaSvili 1957: 82-83).

180

periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel aRWurvilobas warmoadgens. SeiaraRebis

kompleqsis saTanado rekonstruqcia aucilebeli winapirobaa samxedro

xelovnebis srulfasovani SeswavlisaTvis.

SeiaraRebasa da taqtikaSi momxdari cvlilebebis analizi saSualebas

gvaZlevs gamovyoT oTxi periodi qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsis

ganviTarebaSi. cxadia, periodebis mixedviT yovelTvis ver xerxdeba iaraRis

yvela tipis gamijvna, magram yovelTvisaa SesaZlebeli periodisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli SeiaraRebis kompleqsis gamoyofa.

amasTanave, ver gaviziarebT Sexedulebas, TiTqosda Sua saukuneebis

manZilze qarTuli aRWurviloba praqtikulad ucvleli rCeboda.337 is

mudmivad viTardeboda, ganicdida sxvadasxva gavlenebs da epoqebisda

mixedviT icvleboda; gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia cvlilebebi TavdacviT

aRWurvilobaSi. ar icvleboda mxolod brZolis stili – mZimed aRWurvil

cxenosanTa taranuli dartyma, e.w. „Soki“. SeiaraRebis kompleqsze

dakvirvebac swored am ganviTarebisa da cvlilebebis Tanmimdevruli Cvenebis

saSualebas gvaZlevs.

qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsis ganviTarebaSi Semdegi periodebi

gamoiyofa: I periodi, romelic moicavs X s. – XIII s. I mesameds da romelsac

Tamamad SeiZleba vuwodoT rainduli epoqa; II periodi Seadgens XIII s. II

mesameds – XIV s. I naxevars da aRbeWdilia monRoluri gavleniT; III periodi

moicavs XIV s. II naxevars da XVI saukunis I naxevars da xasiaTdeba

SeiaraRebis damZimebiT; IV periodi grZeldeba XVI saukunis II naxevridan XVII

saukunis CaTvliT, romlis drosac Sua saukuneebis qarTuli SeiaraRebis

kompleqsi saboloo saxiT yalibdeba.

I periodi (X s. – XIII s-is pirveli mesamedi)

gansaxilvel periods win uZRoda didi teqnologiuri cvlilebebi

SeiaraRebasa da samxedro saqmeSi, romlebic V-IX saukuneebSi mimdinareobda.

gansakuTrebiT didi cvlileba ganicada cxenis aRkazmulobam, aziuri

337 magaliTisTvis, ix. g. anCabaZis mosazreba, romelic Tvlis, rom XVII saukunis pirveli

naxevris qarTveli Subosani mxedris aRWurviloba praqtikulad igive iyo, rac klasikur Sua

saukuneebSi (Анчабадзе 1990: 165). ix. agreTve, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli SeiaraRebis aRweris

cda s. margiSvilis mier (margiSvili 2006: 186-189).

181

zegavlenis Sedegad gaumjobesda unagiri, aRviri, nalebi da rac mTavaria,

gavrcelda uzangi (Nicolle 1992: 4).

teqnologiur cvlilebebs Tan sdevs sazogadoebriv-politikuri

cvlilebebi. XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi rainduli sazogadoeba iwyebs

Camoyalibebas. XI saukunidan moyolebuli ganuxrelad izrdeba da sul ufro

SesamCnevi xdeba WabukTa roli. erTis mxriv, es ganpirobebuli iyo qarTul

samefoebSi omebisa da sabrZolo moqmedebebis gazrdili masStabiT, rodesac

mefe-didebulebs meti mebrZoli sWirdebodaT sagareo Tu Sida omebisaTvis;

meores mxriv, kidev ufro gaizarda brZolaSi cxenosanTa roli. qveiTebTan

SedarebiT, cxenosani mebrZolis aRWurviloba kidev ufro ukeTesi xdeba da

misi upiratesoba da mniSvnelobac izrdeba. cxenosani mebrZolis samsaxuri

ufro profesiuli xdeba da SeiaraRebis fasis zrdasTan erTad misi

prestiJic izrdeba. XII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi profesionali meomari –

moyme gamodis asparezze.

miCneulia, rom qristianuli aRmosavleTis monumentur ferweraSi wminda

meomarTa gamosaxulebebis ricxvisa da mniSvnelobis zrda, aseve

frontalurad mdgomi SeiaraRebuli wminda meomris saxis damkvidreba XI

saukunidan iwyeba. z. sxirtlaZis azriT, aseTi tendenciebi saqarTveloSi

kidev ufro adre, IX-X saukuneebSi SeiniSneba (sxirtlaZe 2008: 179-182). es

ikonografiuli movlena, romelic Tanadroul realobas asaxavs,

sayovelTaoa qristianuli aRmosavleTisa da, mogvianebiT, dasavleT

evropisTvisac da dakavSirebulia Sua saukuneebSi profesional meomarTa –

raindTa dawinaurebasTan. kargad aRWurvili wmindanebis winaSe mdgomi

raindebi TiTqosda TavianT gamosaxulebas xedavdnen sarkeSi (Immerzeel 2003:

277). am procesebis adreuli mimdinareoba saqarTveloSi meomarTa fenis

dawinaurebaze mianiSnebs.

Cven xelT arsebuli yvela masala, werilobiTi, ikonografiuli Tu

arqeologiuri wyaroebi saSualebas gvaZlevs davaxasiaToT am epoqis

qarTveli mebrZolis aRWurviloba, rogorc mZimedSeWurvili cxenosnis

SeiaraRebis kompleqsi, romelic TavdacviTi da SeteviTi iaraRis

mravalgvari nomenklaturisagan Sedgeboda.

rainduli epoqis qarTvel moymes exura sferokonusuri muzaradi, ecva

grZeli jaWvi da jaWvis sabarkuli, lamelaruli da qerclovani abjari,

ekeTa qafi da tyavis xalkotuba, fexze ecva cxenosnis sqeli Ceqmebi – mogvi,

182

xmarobda rogorc nuSisebur, ise mrgval fars, iyenebda grZel Subs da

grZel orlesul maxvils, xandaxan – laxtsac; hyavda jaWviT an lamelariT

SejavSnuli cxeni.

qarTveli mebrZoli yovelTvis, yvela epoqaSi gamoirCeoda kargi

dacviTi aRWurvilobiT. SeZlebuli meomrebi brZolisas ormag abjarsac

iyenebdnen da abjarze abjars icvamdnen. `vefxistyaosanSi~ aRwerilia ormagi

abjris (jaWvze lamelaris) gamoyeneba: `davekazmeniT saomrad jaWviTa, javSan-

qafiTa~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 442), rodesac meomrebs jaWvis perangze

lamelaruli javSani acviaT, mxrebs ki qafi ufaravT.338

qarTveli moymis upirvelesi iaraRi grZeli Subi da maxvilia.339 grZeli

Subi aucilebeli iyo pirveli da, zogjer, gadamwyveti SetevisaTvis; Subis

damsxvrevis Semdeg brZolas maxviliT agrZelebdnen, romelic umTavresad

CexisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. es kargad Cans erT epizodSi, rodesac bevri

Cexisa da cemis Sedegad aRmaSeneblis xmals piri ise daeRrica, rom qarqaSSi

veRar Caages: `friadisa cemisagan Ãrmalmanca daRularWnilman uar yo

qarqaSi TÂsi~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 350).

am epoqis mxedarTa SeiaraRebaSi arsad Cans mSvildi. XIII saukunis

dokumentSi, romelic saukunis pirveli naxevris viTarebas asaxavs da

romelSic detaluradaa aRwerili „wesi da gangebaÁ mefeT kurTxevisaÁ“

(qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1965: 50-54), iaraRis CamoTvlisas gvxvdeba

mxolod xmali, Subi, fari, laxti da ar moixsenieba mSvildi. aqve, mefed

kurTxevis ceremoniis dros procesiis msvlelobisas iaraRis erTgvari

rangirebac Cans: mefes win Subi miuZRvis, samefo xmali gverdze moyveba, ukan

ki samefo fari da laxti mosdevs. es Tanmidevroba Subis did mniSvnelobas

usvams xazs.

Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi mSvild-isars

ugulvebelyofdnen da ar iyenebdnen. mSvildi did rols TamaSobda qveiTi

jaris SeiaraRebasa da taqtikaSi; mSvildis srola icodnen qarTvelma

338 qafis da lamelaris erTad gamoyenebaze sxvaganac vkiTxulobT: àbjarsa frewdis,

gacuddis simagre javSan-qafisa~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1417).

339 amas d. nikolic aRniSnavs (Nicolle 1986: 23).

183

mxedrebmac,340 xolo qronikebi xSirad aRniSnaven qarTvel mefeTa karg

moisrobas (matiane qarTlisa 1955: 315; laSa giorgis-droindeli mematiane 1955:

370; istoriani da azmani 1959: 6).341 qarTvel mefeTa da mTavarTa siCauqe da

aucdeneli srola nadirobisas xdeboda da ara brZolaSi, rasac, zogjer,

xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen. magaliTad, JamTaaRmwereli ase axasiaTebs beqa

jayels: `ZaliTa Zlier, omsa Sina mÃned mbrZoli, cxensa zeda mÃne da

moisari nadirTa Ãelovani~ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 162). rogorc vxedavT,

moisroba garkveviTaa dakavSirebuli nadirobasTan. d. nikolic aRniSnavs, rom

„vefxistyaosanSi“ mSvildosnoba nadirobasTanaa kavSirSi da ara brZolasTan

(Nicolle 1986: 23; Nicolle 1999b: 79).

qarTveli mSvildosnebis ostatobis dasturs sxvadasxva wyaroebSic

vpoulobT. 998 wels, xlaTis alyis dros qalaqis gamosaxsnelad mosuli

arabTa razmis Semoteva mxolod taoelma mSvildosnebma moigeries isris

sroliT da sakmao zaralic miayenes maT (Асохик 1864: 193). qveiTi

mSvildosnebis mier arabTa Semotevis mogerieba metad niSandoblivia da

cxadyofs, rom taoel mSvildosnebs unda SeZlebodaT „zalpuri srola“, rac

maT disciplinasa da gawvrTnilobaze miuTiTebs.

XI saukunis SuaxanebSi dawerili poemis `vis o raminis~ avtori faxr

ad-din gorgani erT-erTi personaJi qalis (gulis) aRwerisas mis Tval-wamwams

qarTveli mSvildosnis mier nasrol isars adarebs (beraZe 1973: 79-80). poetis

mier gamoyenebuli es metafora erTmniSvnelovnad mianiSnebs im avtoritetze,

rac qarTvel mSvildosnebs hqondaT mopovebuli maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.

qarTveli mSvildosnebi flobdnen isris srolis sxvadasxva meTods.

jruWis II oTxTavis 111r miniaturaze gamosaxulia qveiTi mSvildosnebi,

romlebic cixes isars esvrian da amave dros Tavs fariT icaven. am xerxs

„fars qvemodan srola“ ewodeba da mravalgzis aris moxseniebuli arabul

samxedro saxelmZRvaneloebSi (Nicolle 1997: 20; Nicolle 2002a: 187).342 aRsaniSnavia,

340 miuxedavad imisa, rom evropeli raindebi zemodan uyurebdnen mSvilds, rogorc „glexebis

iaraRs“, romelsac Soridan iyenebdnen, yvela maTgani swavlobda mis gamoyenebas (Nicholson

2004a: 100).

341 aseT faqtebs mravlad vxvdebiT dasavleT evropaSic. magaliTad, kargi mSvildosani iyo

inglisis mefe uiliam dampyrobeli da misi sami Svilic (Bradbury 1985: 5-6).

342 aseTi xerxiT isris srolis erT-erTi uadresi gamosaxuleba gvaqvs VIII saukunis

Suaxanebis kedlis moxatulobis fragmentze xirbaT al-mafjaridan (palestina) (Nicolle 1998b:

28; Nicolle 1993a: 36).

184

rom farqveSidan srolas azri aqvs sabelis ceriT mozidvisas, rodesac isari

mSvildis marjvnivaa moTavsebuli. saalyo brZolebis dros, es meTodi

saSualebas aZlevda msrolels SedarebiT uSiSrad miaxloveboda cixis

kedels (Nicolle 1998b: 158). aRsaniSnavia, amave oTxTavis 186v miniaturaze

realisturad gamosaxuli qveiTi mSvildosnebi: damcvelobiTi saWurvlidan

maT mxolod liTonis muzaradi da daliandagebuli qsovilis samosi acviaT

da SeiaraRebuli arian qveiTTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, SedarebiT didi zomis

kompozituri mSvildiT. moziduli isari yurTan aris mitanili.

XII saukunemde qarTul samxedro saqmeze did gavlenas axdenda

bizantiuri samxedro xelovneba. qarTul-bizantiuri kavSirebi gansakuTrebiT

intensiuri iyo X-XI saukuneebSi, xasiaTdeboda arabebTan erToblivi

brZolebiT, qarTvelebis monawileobiT bizantiur samoqalaqo omebSi da,

bolos, XI saukuneSi mimdinare mZafri urTierTdapirispirebiT. bizantiur-

qarTuli siaxlove am periodDis SeiaraRebis mraval aspeqtSi Cans.

bizantiuri traqtatebis Peri strategias da Praecepta militaria Tanaxmad, banakad

yofnisas jarikacebs, fexebTan axlos, fari Subze unda mieyudebinaT da ise

daesvenaT, rom gangaSis SemTxvevaSi orive iaraRi xelT hqonodaT. saTanado

magaliTebis moxmobiT, p. grotovski amtkicebs, rom am praqtikam bizantiur

ikonografiaSic hpova asaxva (Grotowski 2010: 224). aseTive, Subs miyudebul fars

vxedavT XI saukunis boWormis wm. giorgis xatze, rac SeiZleba imas niSnavdes,

rom qarTvelebic icnobdnen da icavdnen banakad yofnis am wess.

sxva magaliTebic gviCvenebs, rom qarTvelebi icnobdnen bizantiur

samxedro-Teoriul naSromebs. bizantiuri traqtatebis mixedviT, armiaSi

yovel danayofs Sesabamisi feris da moxatulobis fari unda hqonoda,

romelzec danayofis emblema unda yofiliyo gamosaxuli (Vegetius 1996: II.18;

Maurices’s Strategikon 1984: 139; Taktika 2010: 6.21; Kolias 1988: 125; Grotowski 2010: 236-237,

n421). qarTuli miniaturebis mixedviT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom msgavs

praqtikas, yovel SemTxvevaSi XI-XII saukuneebSi, saqarTveloSic hqonda

adgili. jruWis II oTxTavis 186v miniaturaze gamosaxulia qveiTTa jgufi,

romelTac erTnairi emblemiT (naxevarmTvareTi) Semkuli fari uWiravT; aqve,

243v miniaturaze, qristes Sesapyrobad gagzavnil jariskacTa jgufs kvlav

identuri, lurj-wiTeli rgolebiT moxatuli, farebi aqvT.

bizantiur samyaroSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli qsovilisagan

damzadebuli, daliandagebuli da rbili SuasadebiTi Sevsebuli abjris

185

qvedatani (kremasmata), romelsac kirasaze imagrebdnen fexebis dasacavad. XI-

XII saukuneebSi bizantiaSi kremasmata liTonis firfitebiT Zlierdeba (Dawson

1998: 39, 46). gaZlierebuli kremasmata kidev ufro adre Cans saqarTveloSi: X

saukunis mravalZlis xatebze gamosaxul cxenosan da fexosan wm. giorgis

lamelaruli firfitebiT gaZlierebuli kremasmata acviaT.

X saukuneSi bizantiaSi adgili aqvs mZimed aRWurvili kavaleristis

rolis zrdas da Sesabamisad taqtikis cvlilebasac, rodesac cxenosanTa

dartymas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. a. hofmaieri miuTiTebs, rom leon brZeni

X saukunis taqtikaSi met mniSvnelobas aniWebs maxvils da sxeulis dacvas,

vidre mavrikiosi strategikonSi, rac kavaleriis taqtikis cvlilebaze da

mZimed SeWurvili cxenosnis mniSvnelobis zrdaze miuTiTebs (Hoffmeyer 1966:

44). amave dros, niSandoblivia, rom X saukunis bizantiuri kavaleriis

SeiaraRebis „damZimebisa“ da grZeli abjris SemoRebis sailustraciod

evropel mecnierebs mohyavT nikorwmindis eklesiaze gamosaxuli wminda

meomrebis mZime SeiaraReba anu magaliTi misi mezoblis – saqarTvelos

SeiaraRebidan (Nicolle 1980: 11).343

X-XI saukuneebSi qarTvelTa mZime SeiaraRebas mravali ucxoeli avtori

aRniSnavs. ioane drasxanakerteli ase aRwers dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazTa

samefos) mxedrobas X saukuneSi: „didZali jari, SeWurvili haerSi monavarde

raSebiT, rkina naWedi abjriT, SiSis momgvreli CafxutebiT, mkerdis safari

rkinis lursmnebiani firfitebiTa da magari farebiT, samkaulebiT, SubebiTa

da laxvrebiT~ (ioane drasxanakerteli 1965: 257). „mkerdis safar rkinis

lursmnebian firfitebSi“ uSecdomod SegviZlia amovicnoT moqloniani

lamelaruli kirasa, sadac „lursmani“ moqlons aRniSnavs. XI saukunis

bizantieli avtori mixeil ataliate bizantielebTan omSic ki xazs usvams

qarTvelTa mZime SeiaraRebas da ambobs, rom qarTvelTa „simamaces ara

mxolod simravle ganapirobebda, aramed isic rom umZlavresi abjriT iyvnen

daculi da ara mxolod sakuTar Tavs, aramed SejavSnul da mouwyvlad

cxenebsac yvela mxridan [abjriT] faravdnen“ (mixeil ataliate 1966: 27). aseve,

XI saukuneSi aristakes lastiverteci sagangebod aRniSnavs qarTuli

SeiaraRebis simZimes da mas bizantielebze erTi warumatebeli Setevis

mizezadac ki asaxelebs (aristakes lastiverteci 1974: 51).

343 ramdenad koreqtulia es magaliTi da asaxavs Tu ara realurad bizantiur SeiaraRebas,

sxva sakiTxia, romlis ganxilvis adgilic aq ar aris.

186

ram ganapiroba qarTuli aRWurvilobis aseTi mravalferovneba da

mowinave teqnologiebi? umniSvnelovanesi faqtori iqneboda saqarTvelos

geografiuli mdebareoba da mudmivi kontaqtebi nomadur CrdiloeTTan344 da

samxreTiT iranul-arabul-bizantiur samyarosTan da sxvadasxva iaraRis

sistemebTan; IX-X saukuneebSi SeiaraRebis ganviTarebas Zlier impulss

miscemda qarTul miwebze axali samefoebis warmoqmna, romlebic mezoblebTan

mudmiv omebSi imyofebodnen; aseve, xels Seuwyobda feodaluri wyoba

saqarTveloSi, mdidari da mravalricxovani feodaluri klasi, romlis

mudmivi moTxovnileba iqneboda maRali xarisxis iaraRi.

X saukunidan saqarTveloSi damkvidrebas iwyebs wagrZelebuli SubiT

brZolis wesi. qarTuli aRWurvilobis mimoxilva gvarwmunebs, rom es wesi

ukve gavrcelebulia XI saukuneSi. am saukunis pirveli naxevridan mainc,

saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba nuSiseburi fari. am faris mravalricxovani

gamosaxulebebi mogvepoveba freskebze, Wedur xatebsa da miniaturebze.

nuSiseburi fari warmoadgens brZolis stilis cxad adaptacias (France 1994:

295)345

da misi farTo gavrceleba swored wagrZelebuli Subis damkvidrebaze

miuTiTebs.

wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebulia cxenze jdomis

rainduli wesis Camoyalibeba, rodesac mxedris fexi grZel uzangSia gayrili

da winaa gaSverili. XI saukunidan dawyebuli, Cven gvaqvs wminda mxedarTa

araerTi gamosaxuleba, sadac cxenze jdomis es `laTinuri wesia~

dadasturebuli: aseTia labeWinis, lafsyaldis, murkmeris, lemsias da beCos

xatebi, faris, laSTxveris, walenjixis da dirbis freskebi, nikorwmindis

taZris bareliefebi da sxv. (wurwumia 2013b: 336). gaSverili fexis magaliTebi

gvxvdeba agreTve, samSeneblo keramikaze (jRamaia 1974: 239, tab. II), gulsakid

medalionze areSidan wm. giorgis reliefuri gamosaxulebiT (WilaSvili 1990:

28, sur. 23) da daviT narinis vercxlis monetaze (dundua, jalaRania 2009: 45).

344 nomaduri gavlenis maCvenebelia nikorwmindis taZris (1010-14) dasavleTis portalze wm.

Tevdores reliefi grZeli qerclovani abjriT, romlis Targi momTabareebis firfitovan

abjars mogvagonebs (aladaSvili 1957: tab. 19). am tipis grZeli abjari damaxasiaTebeli iyo

centraluri aziisaTvis, saidanac gavrcelda kidec mTel msoflioSi (Gorelik 1979: 40).

345 l. uaiti nuSisebur fars cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis `safirmo niSans~ uwodebs (White

1975: 99).

187

XI saukunis bolodan da XII saukuneSi qarTul brZolis wesze gavlenas

axdens dasavleTevropuli samxedro xelovneba, romelic jer frankma

moqiravneebma da Semdeg, jvarosnebma moitanes aRmosavleTSi. wagrZelebuli

SubiT brZolis wesTan erTad, saqarTveloSi fexs ikidebs cxenosanTa

dartymiTi taqtika, romelmac mravali warmateba moutana qarTul laSqars.

II periodi (XIII s-is meore mesamedi – XIV saukunis I naxevari)

XIII saukunis SuaxanebSi saqarTveloSi monRolebi batondebian. maT

didi kvali daatyves qarTul samxedro saqmes, iseve rogorc sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis sxva sferoebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom cxenosanTa Sokuri Seteva

kvlav rCeba qarTvelTa umTavres taqtikur iaraRad, SeiaraRebaSi Cndeba

mSvildi, romelic Tavis mniSvnelobas XVIII saukunemde inarCunebs. amave

periodSi mkvidrdeba jaWvis abjris gamaZlierebeli samkerde firfitebi –

polotikebi; batondeba moxrili xmali da farikaobis swrafi manera, Semodis

cxenze jdomis aziuri manera mokle uzangiT da moxrili fexiT (la jineta), rac

pirvel rigSi, moxrili xmlis gamoyenebis aucileblobiT iyo nakarnaxebi:

grZeli uzangis dros SeuZlebelia uzangze damdgarma cxenidan maRla

wamoiwio da efeqturad ifarikavo (Prestwich 1995: 205-206). Tumca, grZeli

uzangisa da gaSverili fexis magaliTebi bolomde gvxvdeba qarTul

sinamdvileSi. saerTo jamSi, es iyo Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli samxedro saqmis

mier gancdili yvelaze radikaluri cvlileba, rodesac raindul-evropuli

brZolis wesi da taqtika momTabareTa gavleniT transformirda da mravali

aziuri niSani SeiZina.

am xanis qarTvel mebrZols exura jalaledinis tipis muzaradi, ecva

grZeli jaWvi da lamelari, ekeTa polotiki, qafi, ecva sabarkuli, mogvi da

hqonda mrgvali fari; upirveles iaraRad isev Subi rCeboda, romlis garda

flobda moxril xmals, laxts, monRolur mSvilds da cilindrul kaparWs;

ijda SejavSnul cxenze.

XIV saukunis pirveli naxevris xelmwifis karis garigebaSi

CamoTvlilia saxelmwifo arsenalSi (zaradxanaSi) daculi saWurveli,

saidanac naTelia, rom mSvildi ukve damatebulia savaldebulo iaraRis

CamonaTvals: „jaWvi, muzaradi, Ãmali, qafa, sabarkuli, mSÂld-kaparWi, laxti,

Subi...“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 87). d. nikolic SeniSnavs momTabarul-

188

monRoluri zegavleniT qarTuli mxedrobis brZolis wesis TandaTanobiT

transformacias xelCarTulidan mSvildosnobamde (Nicolle 1999b: 79).

JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs 1260-ian wlebSi monRolebTan laSqrad

myofi sargis jayelis Cubinobis Sesaxeb: „xolo iqmna eseca, romel razmsa

Sina gaxlta Sueli, sada-igi sargis jayelman, abjarcmulman, mokla. da

mcired warvles da meli mokla, igica sargis, isriTa. da waiares da

yurdgeli mokla. da amas samsave xedvida ulo yaeni, da didad aqo sargis, da

keTilad uTqmida mravalsa“ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 133). abjarasxmuli sargisis

mier cxenidan isris ucdomelad srola qarTveli mematianis gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas imsaxurebs, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom brZolis es xerxi

SedarebiT axali damkvidrebulia qarTul sinamdvileSi.

amave laSqrobaSi, monRolTa Sinaomisas vxvdebiT matianeSi aRweril

iSviaT SemTxvevas, rodesac qarTveli (daviT VII) brZolaSi mSvilds iyenebs,

isic monRolebis gverdze da brZolis dasawyisSi, sanam qarTvelebi Setevaze

gadavidodnen: „maSin daeaxlnes spani ornive urTierTas, da gamoCnda kaci

erTi saxelovani maT Soris, romeli warmoevlina didsa yaensa berqas, rameTu

yaeni ara warmosrul iyo. ese moeaxla mefesa daviTs, romlisaTÂs didad

Sewuxnes spani mefisani, rameTu iyo kaci ese didi da magriad da ucTomlad

moisari. xolo mefeman aRmoiRo mSÂldi qarqaSiT, da hkra cxensa missa

mkerdsa, da daaso da gulsa ganvlo. xolo qarTvelTa ganmxiarulebulTa

aRizaxnes da mietevnes“ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 134).

XIV saukunis qarTvelTa brZolis stili asaxuli oRuzur eposSi,

sadac aRwerilia am saukuneSi saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvrebTan qarTvelTa

da momTabare Turq tomebTan Setakebebi (ClaiZe 2004: 155). `qorquTis wignis~

mixedviT qarTvelTa SeiaraRebaa muzaradi, grZeli Subi (maT Soris bambukis),

xmali, kaparWi (anu mSvild-isari), eqvsfrTiani laxti (dede qorquTi 1987: 47-

48, 149); brZolis dros qarTvelebi isrebsac iyeneben (dede qorquTi 1987: 48,

93).

miuxedavad SeiaraRebaSi mSvildis danergvisa, es ar niSnavs, rom

qarTvelebi isriT srolis da brZolis im taqtikas aiTvisebdnen, romelsac

monRolebi (da zogadad, momTabareebi) flobdnen da rac gulisxmobda

mowinaaRmdegis moqancvas mudmivi sacecxle zemoqmedebiT, masTan miaxloebas,

isrebiT dacxrilvas, ukan Semoqcevas da isev Tavidan Setevas. safiqrebelia,

rom qarTvelebi iyenebdnen isris srolis im meTods, romelsac „isris wvima“

189

ewodeba da romelsac, Tavis droze, iyenebdnen sasanelebi, Semdeg ki abasiani,

selCuki da egvipteli mamluqebi (Smith 1997: 256, n32). „isris wvimis“ dros

adgilze idgnen da konkretul samiznes ki ar umiznebdnen, aramed

mowinaaRmdegis masisaken mimarTuli swrafi sroliT346 „mkvdar zonebs“

qmnidnen brZolis velze. aseTi srola nakleb msxverpls iwvevda, magram did

gavlenas axdenda mowinaaRmdegis moralze, cxenebze (Nicolle 1999a: 187),

momqancvel momTabarul taqtikasTan SedarebiT cxenebis nakleb ricxvs

saWiroebda, naklebad Rlida msrolels da iZleoda mZime abjris gamoyenebis

saSualebas (Nicolle, 2007a: 35).347

aseTi varaudis uflebas gvaZlevs qarTvelTa

cilidruli kaparWebi, romlebic swrafad srolisaTvis aris gamiznuli348 da

isic, rom qarTveli cxenosnis zogierTi varjiSi mamluqTa mzadebas hgavda

da, albaT, maTgan iyo gadmoRebuli: aseTia yabaxi, romelic sagangebod

SerCeul moedanze imarTeboda da isris srolaSi varjiSs warmoadgenda. am

dros maRal Zelze damagrebul samiznes WenebiT uaxlovdebodnen da isars

esrodnen. samiznes qabaq ewodeboda, rac sityvasityviT gogras niSnavs (Rabie

1975: 160). es saxelwodeba qarTulSicaa Semosuli: samxedro TamaSobas,

romlis drosac maRal samiznes esvrian, qarTuladac yabaxi qvia. marTalia,

yabaxi moZraobisas srolis unars aviTarebs, magram es axlo manZilze

xdeboda da araferi aqvs saerTo momTabareTa momqancvel taqtikasTan (Nicolle

1986: 39).

III periodi (XIV saukunis II naxevari – XVI saukunis I naxevari)

XIV saukunis II naxevridan iwyeba didi cvlilebebi SeiaraRebaSi,

romelic mimdinareobs TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis gaZlierebis niSniT. am

dros Cndeba sxeulis calkeuli nawilebis firfitovani dacva, rogoricaa

346 srulad gawvrTnil mamluqs pirveli xuTi isari 2,5 wamSi unda esrola (Nicolle 1999a: 187).

aseT siswrafes qveiTi mamluqisagan iTxovdnen, Tumca cxenze uZravad mjdomsac ar eqneboda

bevrad uaresi Sedegi (Smith 1997: 257). TiTqos aseT teqnikasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac zemoT

aRweril epizodSi daviT VII dgas da moaxloebul mters esvris; samwuxarod, es erTi

izolirebuli magaliTi ganzogadebis saSualebas ar iZleva.

347 es iyo mZlavri iaraRi, romelmac didi wvlili Seitana mamluqebis mier mogebul

brZolebSi RazasTan (1244), ain jaluTTan (1260), homsTan (1281) da SaqabTan (1303) (Nicolle 1986:

39; Nicolle 1993b: 14).

348 swrafad srolaze vrclad ix. Smith 1997: 256-258.

190

samuxle, sawvive, samklave; XV saukuneSi icvleba saisre kaparWis forma:

cilindrulis nacvlad tyavis brtyeli abga mkvidrdeba.

am periodis qarTveli meomari aRWurvilia sferokonusuri vavelis

tipis muzaradiT, tanze acvia jaWv-firfitovani abjari da laminari, sxeulis

sxvadasxva nawilze morgebuli aqvs sabarkuli sayirmuziT, liTonis

firfitovani wvivsafari, qafi da samklave, fexze mogvi acvia da mrgval fars

xmarobs. SeteviTi iaraRi warmodgenilia SubiT, moxrili xmliT, mSvild-

kaparWiT da laxtiT; ijda jaWv-firfitovani abjriT SejavSnul cxenze.

XIV saukunis meore naxevris SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb umdidres informacias

gvawvdis H1665 daviTni. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, is gviCvenebs monRolur-

nomaduri gavleniT transformirebul qarTul mxedrobas, romelic

inarCunebs ra cxenosanTa Sokuri Setevis da wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis

stils, amave dros, sxva meTodiTac iyenebs Subs. aRsaniSnavia, rom daviTnis

miniaturebSi mxedrebs SubTan erTad mSvild-kaparWic hkidiaT, magram

miniaturebSi erTxelac (!) ki ar aris brZolisas mSvildis gamoyeneba

naCvenebi. rainduli periodis grZeli uzangisagan gansxvavebiT, daviTnis

miniaturebSi Cans damoklebuli uzangi. miniaturebze gamosaxuli didi da

mZime xmlebi yovelTvis mcired ganxrili, Rariani da wverwamaxulia.

H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze erTi ucnauroba SeiniSneba: mxedrebi

yovelTvis ufarodaa gamosaxuli, maSin rodesac qveiTebi farebiT arian

aRWurvilni. l. ServaSiZem SeniSna, rom fexosanTagan gansxvavebiT cxenosnebi

fars ar floben, samagierod maT damatebiT gaaCniaT samklave, wvivsafari,

samuxle. es kanonzomiereba H1665 da H75 daviTnis yvela miniaturaSi

SeimCneva.349 am movlenis axsnaSi ucxouri paralelebi dagvexmareba. XIV

saukunidan dawyebuli, firfitovani abjris gavrcelebam dasavleT da

centralur evropaSi fari dromoWmuli gaxada. XV saukuneSi raindi

brZolaSi ukve aRar atarebda fars (Clements 2005: 464-465; Nickel 1988: 220).

rogorc Cans, saqarTveloSic SeiaraRebis damZimebam da dacvis axali

elementebis gamoCenam – abjars, muzarads, sabarkuls daemata samklave,

349 l. ServaSiZe aRniSnavs, rom cxenosanTa ufaroba ewinaaRmdegeba Semdgomi xanis mxatvrul

da werilobiT monacemebs qarTuli SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb, Tumca am Seusabamobis axsnas ver

poulobs (Шервашидзе 1964: 63).

191

samuxle da sawvive – pirvel xanebSi faris ugulvebelyofac ki gamoiwvia.350

yovel SemTxvevaSi, drois garkveul monakveTSi (XIV saukuneSi) saqarTveloSi

es tendencia SeiniSneba. amave dros, polonel, rus da litvel cxenosanTa

isris setyvaSi moxvedrili tevtoni raindebi iZulebulni arian farebs

daubrundnen (Nickel 2002: 116). rogorc Semdgomi periodis masala gvaCvenebs,

abjris gaZlierebiT gaTamamebuli qarTvelebic cota xanSi isev fars

ubrundebian, miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Cveni mowinaaRmdegeebi

mSvenivrad flobdnen mSvild-isars.

miuxedavad saqarTvelos Znelbedobisa XV-XVI saukuneebSi, misi

mebrZolebi SeiaraRebis naklebobas ar ganicdidnen. XVBI saukunis dasawyisSi

erT konkretul SemTxvevaSi erTi kuTxis (svaneTis) warmomadgenlebi 300 (!)

kargi xarisxis jaWvis abjars ixdian jafariZeTa sisxlis sanacvlod da es

maSin, rodesac 100 cali jaWvi ukve gadaxdili hqondaT tyveTa

gasaTavisufleblad. es faqti qveyanaSi arsebul saWurvlis siuxveze

metyvelebs.351

epoqis TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis sikeTe kargad Cans XV saukunis erTi

sabuTidan, sadac zedginiZe brZolaSi mefe giorgi VIII-is gadarCenis ambavs

mogviTxrobs: „ocdaoTxi Subi da isari da Ãrmali meso, iseTman wamoviyvane“

giorgi mefe omidano (berZeniSvili 1965: 121). zedmetia im abjris xarisxze

vilaparakoT, romelmac 24 dartymas gauZlo.

IV periodi (XVI saukunis II naxevari – XVII saukune)

XVII saukuneSi feodaluri epoqis qarTuli molaSqris SeiaraRebis

kompleqsi saboloo saxiT yalibdeba. am periodis qarTul SeiaraRebaze did

gavlenas axdens misi mezoblebis, iranisa da TurqeTis samxedro saqme.

mebrZolis aRWurvilobas emateba liTonis firfitovani kirasa – Car-aina,

Cndeba liTonis fari da kalkani da lekuri xmali. XVI saukunis meore

naxevarSi saqarTveloSi fexs ikidebs cecxlsasroli iaraRi: rusi elCebis

zvenigorodskis da antonovis moxsenebis Tanaxmad, 1590 wels kaxeTis mefe

aleqsandre II-s (1574-1605) 500 kaciani TofosanTa razmi hyavda (Сношения России

350 Sua saukuneebis yirgizi meomris aRWurvilobis Seswavlisas aseTive daskvnamde mivida i.

xudiakovi (Худяков 1980: 133-134).

351 ix. 1503 wlis sabuTi „wigni aleqsandre mefisa svanTa mier jafariZeTa sasisxlos

gadaxdaze“ (svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi 1986: 113-115).

192

с Кавказом 1889: 171). Tumca, XVII saukunis bolomde saqarTveloSi

naklebefeqturi patruqiani Tofia gavrcelebuli, ris gamoc sabrZolo

moqmedebebSi cecxlsasroli iaraRis roli mcirea da is arc Sedis qarTvel

mxedarTa SeiaraRebaSi.

XVII saukuneSi yvelaze kargad aRWurvil qarTvel meomars exura

kastelis da TavaqaraSviliseuli muzaradi, ecva grZeli jaWvi, romelsac

Car-aina aZlierebda, ekeTa jaWvis an jaWv-firfitovani sabarkuli da

samklave, ecva mogvi da iyenebda kalkans an liTonis mrgval fars; is

ibrZoda SubiT, qarTuli, iranuli an induri moxrili xmliT, laxtiT,

Turqul-iranuli mSvildiT da brtyeli kaparWiT. cecxlsasroli iaraRis

gavrcelebasTan erTad cxenis abjari sul ufro kargavs azrs da qsovilis

qejimiT an gavaze gadafarebuli cxovelis tyaviT icvleba.

ra Tqma unda, es mxolod ZiriTadi da yvelaze mZime SeiaraRebis

CamonaTvalia, romlis mravalgvari da ufro msubuqi variantebic arsebobda.

„rusudanianSi“ CamoTvlilia ZiriTadi „saomari iaraRi – jaWvi, javSani,

xmali, laxti, zuCi, xelnavi da yoveli saWurveli“ (rusudaniani 1957: 323);

vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier aRwerili qarTuli SeiaraReba ki ufro vrceli

da mravalferovania: „saomarni saWurvelni aqundaT: javSani, xvafTani,

polotikni, sabarkulni, muzaradni, Cabalaxni, Ãmalni, xanjalni, laxtni,

Cuglugni, gurzni, orolni, Subni, xiStni da mSÂldisarni“ (vaxuSti

batoniSvili 1973: 18). `SahnavazianSi~ iaraRis asxmis procesSi mocemuli

saxeobebi ZiriTadad emTxveva orive CamonaTvals:

`moirTo jaWvi, javSani, viTa lomgulTa wesia;

muzaradi da xufTani, kldisaganc umagresia;

sabarkuli da zaradi, erTmaneTs ukeTesia;

sakueTrad Ãmali da xiSti, samsalad moulesia~ (feSangi 1935: 140-141).

sayuradReboa, rom „rusudanianic“ da `Sahnavazianic~ erTmaneTis

gverdze asaxelebs jaWvs da javSans, romlebic aSkarad sxvadasxva dacviTi

saSualebebia. `SahnavazianSi~ aseTi adgilebi kidev gvxvdeba: „ecva jaWui da

javSani, cxensa jda omTa Cueuli~; „jaWui acuiaT, javSani, rkinaSi

gamoTlilia~ (feSangi 1935: 141, 182). cxadia, aq javSani Car-ainas Seesabameba,

romelsac jaWvis perangze icmevdnen, miT umetes, rom `rkinaSi gamoTlili

javSani~ calsaxad miuTiTebs Car-ainas rkinis fifitebze.

193

ucnobi avtoris mier 1696 wels daxatuli batoniSvil aleqsandre

arCilis Zis portreti warmogvidgens aRWurvilobas, romelsac XVII saukunis

bolos qarTveli didgvarovani atarebda (saganZuridan 2012: 133): aleqsandres

acvia sayeloiani, grZelmklavebiani jaWvi, ukeTia samklaveebi mtevnis

dasacavi wiTeli xaverdis sarCuliani jaWvis TaTmaniT, jaWvze acvia

mdidrulad mozarniSebuli Car-aina. batoniSvils welze kidia induri xmali

talvari, romlis cnobac damaxasiaTebeli tariT aris SesaZlebeli,

sartyelSi ki aRmosavluri xanjali aqvs gayrili.

rogorc vxedavT, aleqsandres aRWurviloba adgilobrivi da

aRmosavluri (iranul-induri) iaraRis nazavs warmoadgens, rac imis

maCvenebelia, rom qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsSi ucxouri elementebic

TvalsaCino rols TamaSobda. aRmosavluris garda, saqarTveloSi evropuli

iaraRic Semodioda.352 gansakuTrebiT didi moTxovna iyo evropul xmlis

pirebze, romlebsac Semdeg mTel kavkasiaSi adgilobriv tars argebdnen da

msgavsi piris gamoWedvisas, evropuli damRebis imitaciasasac eweodnen.

xevsureTSi evropuli warmoSobis xmlebi („daviTferuli“, „franguli“)

maRali reputaciiT sargeblobda da maT „jiSian“ xmalTa kategorias

akuTvnebdnen. adgilobrivi, kavkasiuri xmlebi („lekuri“, „Waruli“) ki

„ujiSo“ xmlebis rigs miekuTvneboda da gacilebiT iafi (3 Zroxa) Rirda

(gasitaSvili 1957: 88).353 evropuli iaraRis xsenebas, romelsac zogadad

franguls uwodebdnen, xSirad vxvdebiT xalxuri poeziaSi: „xmalma Tqva

frangeTs naWedma, frangma frangeTSi gamWeda“; „frangSi ostatma damWeda“;

„xmalo frangisa naWedo“ (gasitaSvili 1957: 88). gansakuTebiT xSiria

„franguli“ xmlis xseneba XVII saukuneSi, rodesac is, induri xmlis

msgavsad, ukve literaturul ZeglebSi gvxvdeba: „frangulma Seqna briali“,

„maRla artyia franguli“ (tlaSaZe 1962: 22, 33); „xmali Tqveni, franguli“

(arCili 1937: 12).

352 l. ServaSiZec aRniSnavs XVI saukuneSi saqarTveloSi, diplomatiuri Tu savaWro gziT,

evropuli iaraRis infiltracias (ServaSiZe 1959: 379).

353 s. makalaTias mowmobiT, aqaur xmlebSi yvelaze Zvirfasi daviTferulia, romelsac 25

Zroxad afaseben, franguli 10-12 Zroxa Rirs, gorda – 4-5 Zroxa (makalaTia 1984: 147).

194

metad damaxasiaTebelia XVII saukuneSi ruseTis xelmwifisaTvis rostom

mefis mier gagzavnili saCuqrebis CamonaTvali,354 sadac vxvdebiT Zvirfas,

oqroTi morTul nivTebs, rogoricaa induri mSvildi da misi bude, laxti,

espanuri satevari da sabrZolo najaxi, Tavrizuli Tofi, konstantinopoluri

ToqalTo da cxenis gadasafareblebi, aseve, oTxi bedauri (cincaZe 1965: 34).

rogorc am siidan Cans, saqarTveloSi mraval qveyanaSi warmoebuli iaraRi da

aRWurviloba xvdeboda.

uklebliv yvela werilobiTi wyaro, romelic XVI-XVII saukuneebis

qarTveli mebrZolis SeiaraRebas aRwers, adasturebs rom isini kargad iyvnen

aRWurvilni. qarTuli wyaroebisaTvis Cveuli iyo srulad SeWurvili meomris

moxsenieba: „esre SeWedili aris, rome arca Tunda frCxili uCans~; „kaci da

cxeni Savi rkiniTa ese SeWedili iyvnes, rom bewvi kacs ar uCnda~ (qaixosro

ColoyaSvili 1979: 163, 166-167). kasteli qarTvelebze wers, rom „TiTqmis

mTeli xalxi ganwyobilia iaraRisadmi“ (kasteli 1976: 88). XVI saukunis

bolos qarTlsa da kaxeTSi kargad SeiaraRebuli, SejavSnuli („javSnosani“)

jaris yofnas hasan rumluc adasturebs: „luarsabis Svili daviT-begi ...

javSnosani meomrebis razmiT Tavisi Zmis winaaRmdeg qalaqidan gamovida“;

„aleqsandre javSnosani jariT daiZra“ (hasan rumlus 1966: 38, 40).

XVII saukuneSi Sardeni aRwers dasavleT saqarTvelos da aRniSnavs

adgilobrivTa daxelovnebas SubiT brZolaSi: „megrelebis iaraRia: Subi,

mSvild-isari, mouxreli swori xmali, kombali,355 fari; cecxlsasrol iaraRs

cotani Tu xmaroben. isini kargi meomrebi da kargi mxedrebi arian. Zalian

daxelovnebuli arian Subis xmarebaSi“ (Sardeni 1975: 119). mas kvers ukravs

lambertic: megrelebs `yoveli iaraRi ise gamowyobili aqvT, rom mTavris

pirvelsave brZanebisamebr SeeZloT laSqrad gasvla. garda amisa loginSi

rom isveneben, mSvild-isari, far-xmali, abjari da samajeebi356 sasTumalTan

udevT xolme, raTa saWiroebisamebr sabrZolvelad mzad iyvnen~ (lamberti

1991: 83).

1647 wels qarTulma jarma da aRWurvilobam Zlieri STabeWdileba

moaxdina Turq mogzaur evlia Celebize: „samegrelos jarebs SevxvdiT. movida

354 ruseTSi aRmosavluri, kerZod iranuli, Zvirfasad morTuli iaraRi Zvirad fasobda da

fufunebis sagnad iTvleboda (kucia 1966: 50).

355 unda iyos laxti.

356 unda iyos samklave.

195

sami aTasamde Cacmul-daxuruli, SeiaraRebuli, TaviTfexebamde cisfer

rkinaSi Camjdari, xelSubiani,357 qeheilanis cxeniani, gveleSapiviT vaJkaci

megreli aznauri, aTasamde qveiTi meTofe da qarTveli warCinebuli“ (evlia

Celebi 1971: 323). aseve kargad SeiaraRebulia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

laSqaric: „Teimuraz-xanis Svili sami aTasi SeiaraRebuli, srulyofili,

TaviT fexebamde rkinaSi Camjdari qarTveli vaJkacebiT, ori aTasi qveiTi

jariT da meTofe jariT movida“ (evlia Celebi 1971: 332).

rogorc vxedavT, Sua saukuneebis mTel sigrZeze mZimed SeiaraRebuli

mxedari warmoadgens wamyvan figuras qarTul samxedro saqmeSi, axlo

manZilze xelCarTuli brZola ki bolomde inarCunebs prioritets. mZimed

SeWurvili mxedari kavaleriis araTu ZiriTad, aramed erTaderT saxeobas

warmoadgenda.358 rac Seexeba qveiT jars, masSi tradiciulad gamoiyofeboda

ufro mZime – Subosan-maxvilosanTa da msubuqi – mSvildosanTa razmebi.

SeiaraRebis kompleqsisa da misi calkeuli komponentebis Seswavlam,

iaraRis SedarebiTi analizma da istoriul konteqstSi ganxilvam misi

sistematizaciisa da ZiriTadi kanonzomierebebis gamovlenis saSualeba

mogvca. ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi daskvnebis

gakeTeba da qveyanaSi samxedro saqmis ganviTarebis donis Sefaseba. X-XII

saukuneebSi qarTuli samxedro xelovneba srulad pasuxobda mis winaSe

mdgar amocanebs da xSirad mowinavec iyo regionSi. XIII-XV saukuneebSi,

miuxedavad saqarTvelos politikuri dacemisa da rRvevisa, qarTveli

mebrZolis aRWurviloba da taqtika epoqis moTxovnebs Seesabameboda da

qveynis mmarTvelTa SeuTanxmeblobisa da Secdomebis miuxedavad, arsebobas

unarCunebda mas. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi sazogadoebrivi sistemis dacemas da

qveynis daqucmacebulobas Tan daerTo teqnologiuri CamorCena

cecxlsasroli iaraRis dargSi. qarTuli samxedro organizacia ukve veRar

pasuxobda drois moTxovnebs. aseTi mZime mocemulobis miuxedavad, qarTul

saxelmwifoTa mesveurebs mudam SeeZloT dayrdnobodnen laSqris elitas,

mZimed SeWurvil cxenosnebs, romlebic mezobel imperiaTa saukeTeso

nawilebsac ar udebdnen tols.

357 igulisxmeba, rom xelT Subi epyraT.

358 mcdaria mosazreba Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli msubuqi cxenosani danayofebis arsebobis

Sesaxeb (margiSvili 2006: 190).

196

yvela epoqaSi qarTul samxedro saqmes axasiaTebda mezobeli qveynebisa

da kulturebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba, mowinave teqnologiebisa da

ucxo novaciebis aTviseba, ramac, arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis pirobebSi

da XVI-XVII saukuneebSi materialur-teqnikuri bazis CamorCenis drosac,

saSualeba misca qarTul saxelmwifoebs umZimes viTarebaSic ki industriuli

epoqis dadgomamde SeenarCunebinaT arseboba.

197

Semoklebani

TsuS – Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi

TsusiiS – Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis

institutis Sromebi

ieiS – istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi

ijiiS – iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi

macne – saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis macne

miaexis – macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis

istoriis seria

mse – masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis

mski – masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis

siam – saqarTvelos istoriis aRmosavluri masalebi

sin – saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi

sis – saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi

smam – saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe

semm – saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe

ssmm – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe

spiS – saqarTvelos ssr pedagogiuri institutebis Sromebi

srx – saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi

sfxis – saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi

fsaZ – feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi

qse – qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia

qsZ – qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi

qw – qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba

xim – xelnawerTa institutis moambe

JMMH – The Journal of Medieval Military History

ВДИ – Вестник древней истории

КСИА – Краткие собщения Института археологии

МИА – Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР

МИАСК – Материалы и исследования по археологии Северного Кавказа

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Шевякова 1983; Шевякова Т.С. Монументальная Живопись Раннего Средневековья

Грузии. Тбилиси, Хеловнеба, 1983

Шервашидзе 1964; Шервашидзе Л. К Вопросу о Средневековой Грузинской Светской

Миниатюре (Миниатюры Батальной Тематики в Джручской Псалтыри). Тбилиси, Мецниереба,

1964

Шокарев 2001; Шокарев Ю.В. Луки и арбалеты. Москва, АСТ, 2001

mamuka wurwumia

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqari (900-1700)

organizacia, taqtika, SeiaraReba

disertaciis danarTi

a l b o m i

2

ilustraciaTa albomi

sur. 1 – qarTuli laSqris samxaziani wyoba: 1. winambrZoli, 2. marcxena frTa,

3. marjvena frTa da 4. rezervi.

sur. 2 – wminda evstaTe wagrZelebuli SubiT. martvilis taZris aRmosavleTi

fasadi, avtoris foto.

3

sur. 3 – wina planze mxedari wagrZelebuli SubiT gmiravs mowinaaRmdeges.

H1665 daviTni, gv. 222r, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.

sur. 4 – wm. giorgi gveleSaps gmiravs wagrZelebuli SubiT. XV saukunis

Jibianis xati, ermakovis foto.

4

sur. 5 – marcxena mxares gamosaxuli mxedarTa jgufi utevs wagrZelebuli

SubebiT. „vefxistyaosnis“ TavaqaraSviliseuli nusxa, H599 xelnaweri, gv. 138,

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.

sur. 6 – XI saukunis meore naxevris Semoqmedis xati.

5

sur. 7 _ mebrZolebi mTlianWedili da segmenturi sferokonusuri

muzaradebiT jruWis II oTxTavidan. xelnaweri H1667, gv. 186v-s fragmenti,


sur. 8 _ e.w. jalal ad-dinis muzaradi. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,

avtoris foto.

6

sur. 9 _ CaJaSis macxovris eklesiis fasadze gamoxatuli muzaradi. s.

sarjvelaZis foto.

sur. 10 _ bayaTaris muzaradi: a) v. pfafis 1869 wlis Canaxati, b) a. mileris

1928 wlis Canaxati, kuznecovis mixedviT, g) nioraZis foto.

sur. 11 _ XIV saukunis muzaradi vavelis muzeumidan.

7

sur. 12 _ vavelis muzaradis rozeti qarTuli warweriT.

sur. 13 _ ermitaJSi daculi vavelis tipis muzaradi. p. demidovis foto.

8

sur. 14 _ daviTnis sferokonusuri mTlianWedili muzaradebi. xelnaweri

H1665, gv. 233r, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.

sur. 15 _ goliaTi muzaradiT, romelzec ar Cans sacxvire. xelnaweri H1665,

gv. 230r-is fragmenti, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.

sur. 16 _ igive muzaradi sacxvireTi TavmokveTili goliaTis gverdiT.

xelnaweri H1665, gv. 230v-s fragmenti, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.

9

sur. 17 _ avTandili vavelis tipis muzaradiT unagiris taxtaze.

„vefxistyaosnis“ TavaqaraSviliseuli nusxa, H599 xelnaweri, gv. 255,


sur. 18 _ vaxtang gurieli, kastelis mixedviT.

sur. 19 _ mamia gurielis muzaradi, kastelis mixedviT.

10

sur. 20 _ sferokonusuri muzaradis ganviTarebis gza saqarTveloSi: a.

Semoqmedis xati (XI s.), b. jruWis II oTxTavi (XII s.), g. jalal ad-dinis

muzaradi (XIII s. meore naxevari), d. bayaTaris zuCi (XIII s. bolo), e. vavelis

muzaradi (XIV s.), v. kastelis da TavaqaraSvilis Canaxatebi (XVII s.).

sur. 21 _ lamelaris firfita gverdidan: a. kideze Semofenili tyaviT, b. ukan

tyavis safeniT, g. firfitis ukan da mis wina qveda nawilze amofenili

tyaviT.

sur. 22 _ berelSi napovni abjris firfitebi, radlovis mixedviT; ust-iSimis

tyaviT Semofenili lamelaris firfitebi, solovievis mixedviT.

11

sur. 23 _ Cukulis wm. giorgi tyavis safeniani lamelariT, CubinaSvilis

mixedviT.

sur. 24 _ CixareSis wm. giorgi or-moqloniani abjriT, CubinaSvilis mixedviT.

12

sur. 25 _ nakuraleSis wm. giorgi or-moqloniani lamelariT, CubinaSvilis

mixedviT.

sur. 26 _ wm. prokofi or-moqloniani lamelariT. xelnaweri A648, gv. 60r,


sur. 27 _ or-moqloniani abjris firfita, solovievis mixedviT.

13

sur. 28 _ wm. giorgi ormagmoqloniani xaziani lamelariT mravalZlis xatze.

T. kiunes foto.

sur. 29 _ faraxeTis wm. giorgi ormagmoqloniani xaziani lamelariT. T.

kiunes foto.

14

sur. 30 _ nakifaris wm. giorgi ormagmoqloniani „amobrunebuli“ lamelariT.

s. sarjvelaZis foto.

sur. 31 _ ifaris wm. giorgi zoliani umoqlono lamelariT, CubinaSvilis

mixedviT.

15

sur. 32 _ labeWinis wm. giorgi zoliani da or-moqloniani lamelariT,

CubinaSvilis mixedviT.

sur. 33 _ sufis wm. giorgi zoliani, moqloniani, „amobrunebuli“ lamelariT.

s. sarjvelaZis foto.

16

sur. 34 _ sufis qveiTi wm. giorgi tipuri zoliani moqloniani lamelariT. s.

sarjvelaZis foto.

sur. 35 _ adiSis wm. meomari (Tevdore?) tipuri zoliani moqloniani

lamelariT. s. sarjvelaZis foto.

17

sur. 36 _ a. lamelaruli abjris evoluciis I etapi – tyavis safenis gaCena

Tasmiani firfitebis ukan (Cukulis triptixis mixedviT), b. evoluciis II etapi

– xaziani lamelari ormagi moqloniT (mravalZlis wm. giorgis mixedviT), g.

III etapi – tipuri zoliani moqloniani lamelari (adiSis freskebis mixedviT).

sxvadasxva mxares daxrili StrixebiT naCvenebia sxvadasxva lamelaruli

rigis tyavis safeni.

sur. 37 _ wm. giorgi marTkuTxa firfitebiani lamelariT adiSis eklesiis

fasadze. s. sarjvelaZis foto.

sur. 38 _ gomelSi napovni firfitis tipi da abjris rekonstruqcia,

makuSnikovis da lupinenkos mixedviT.

18

sur. 39 _ jaxunderis wm. giorgi Tasmadamaluli lamelariT, CubinaSvilis

mixedviT.

sur. 40 _ xidisTavis wm. giorgi protuberanculi abjriT, CubinaSvilis

mixedviT.

19

sur. 41 _ favnisis wm. meomari protuberanculi lamelariT, privalovas

mixedviT.

sur. 42 _ timoTesubnis wminda meomari qvemoT mimarTuli protuberanculi

lamelariT. s. sarjvelaZis foto.

20

sur. 43 _ aleqsandre batoniSvilis portreti.

sur. 44 _ xevsuri meomari oTxnaWriani Car-ainiT.

21

sur. 45 _ ivane muxranbatonis Car-aina. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,

avtoris foto.

sur. 46 _ maxvili xevsureTidan, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi.

sur. 47 _ wm. evstaTe. atenis sionis freska.

22

sur. 48 _ wm. giorgis freska macxvariSis eklesiaSi.

sur. 49 _ niSapuris Tasi, viqtorias da albertis muzeumi.

sur. 50 _ X-XII saukunis qarTuli xmlebis tipologiuri sqema: 1. maxvili

swori vadiT, X saukune; 2. maxvili daSvebuli vadiT, XI saukunis dasawyisi; 3.

maxvili daSvebuli vadiT, langetiT da mcire zomis qudiT, XI saukunis

miwuruli – XII saukunis pirveli naxevari.

23

sur. 51 _ vanis xmali, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi. avtoris foto.

sur. 52 _ goxnaris saflavis qva. eTnografiuli muzeumi Ria cis qveS.

kompiuteruli naxazi.

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