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Wrilsdtd`l Enejeltss
(g-Kn`of Enejelts)DLW[@GUOWD@L 8
B`ur serdes b enejelts ire b`rjeg ky bdnndlc tae ?g, 7g, 5g ilg 2g suksaenns `b eneotr`ls. O nneotdveny taese
o`jprdse tae g-kn`of enejelts. Waey ire `btel oinneg is trilsdtd`l enejelts keoiuse taedr p`sdtd`l dl
perd`gdo tikne ds ketweel tae s-kn`of ilg p-kn`of enejelts. Waedr pr`pertdes ire trilsdtd`lin ketweel tae
adcany reiotdve jetinndo enejelts `b s-kn`of (wadoa b`rj d`ldo o`jp`ulgs) ilg tae enejelts `b p-kn`of
(wadoa ire nirceny o`vinelt). Wypdoinny tae trilsdtd`l enejelts aive il dlo`jpneteny bdnneg g neven.I trilsdtd`l
enejelt jiy ke gebdleg is tae enejelt wa`se it`j dl cr`ulg stite `r d`l dl `le `b o`jj`l `xdgitd`l
stites, ais pirtny bdnneg g-suk saenn d.e. aivdlc eneotr`ls ketweel 9 t` 4.
Cr`up 9; (tae zdlo cr`up) enejelts aive o`jpneteny bdnneg g-`rkdtins dl tae cr`ulg stite is wenn is dl taedr
o`jj`l `xdgitd`l stites. Waereb re, taey ire l`t recirgeg is trilsdtd`l enejelts.
Wae celerin eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd l `b g-kn of enejelts ds (l9) g99= ls9;, waere l ds tae `uter j`st saenn.
A`wever, pinnigduj g`es l`t b`nn`w tads celerin eneotr ldo o`lbdcuritd`l. Dt ais eneotr`l o`lbdcuritd`l VFrZ?2
7g9=
5s=
dl `rger t` aive stikdndty.
st trilsdtd`l serdes `r ?g serdes o`rresp`lgdlc t` bdnndlc `b ?g suk-saenn o`lsdsts `b tae b`nn`wdlc9= enejelts `b 7ta perd`g.
;9_o, Wd, R, Or, Jl, Be, O`, Ld, Ou ilg
?=Xl.
lg trilsdtd`l serdes `r 7g serdes o`rresp`lgdlc t` bdnndlc `b 7g suk-saenn o`lsdsts `b tae b`nn`wdlc9= enejelts `b 5ta perd`g.
?4T, Xr, Lk, J`, Wo, [u, [a, ]g, Ic ilg
71Og.
rg trilsdtd`l serdes `r 5g serdes o`rresp`lgdlc t` bdnndlc `b 5g suk-saenn o`lsdsts `b b`nn`wdlc9= enejelts `b 2ta perd`g.
53Ni, 3;Ab, Wi, S, [e, @s, Dr, ]t, Iu ilg 1=Ac.
DRta trilsdtd`l serdes r 2g serdes o`rresp`lgdlc t` tae bdnndlc `b 2g suk-saenn stirts wdta14
Io b`nn`weg
ky enejelts wdta it`jdo lujker 9=7 `lwirgs.
Waere ire creiter a`rdz`ltin sdjdnirdtdes dl tae pr`pertdes `b tae trilsdtd l enejelts. A`wever, s`je
cr`up sdjdnirdtdes ins` exdst.
Exijpne-9 @l wait cr`ulg y`u oil siy tait soilgduj (X : ;9) ds i trilsdtd l enejelt kut zdlo (X : ?=) ds l t0
_`nut d`l @l tae kisds `b dlo`jpneteny bdnneg ?g `rkdtins `b soilgduj, VIrZ91 ?g9 7s; , ilg o`jpneteny bdnneg ?g
`rkdtins `b Xl, VIrZ91 ?g9= 7s;, taey ire o`lsdgereg trilsdtd`l ilg l`l-trilsdtd`l enejelts respeotdveny.
Exijpne-; Wae enejelt wdta tae eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l VQeZ57 7b97 5g9 2s; ds i 8
(I) represeltitdve enejelt (K) g-kn`of enejelt
(O) niltail`dg (G) iotdl`dg
_`nut d`l Ibter ioadevdlc 7b97 5g= 2s; o`lbdcuritd`l, tae lext eneotr`l c`es t` 5g ilg tads ds tae oise `b
Nu(X : 39) wadoa ds tae nist enejelt `b niltail`dg serdes.
Waereb re, (O) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.
Exijpne-? Wae lujker `b trilsdtd`l serdes ds 8
(I) tw` (K) taree (O) b`ur (G) bdve
_`nut d`l Waere ire b`ur trilsdtd`l serdes 6 ?g, 7g, 5g ilg 2g serdes.
Waereb re, (O) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.
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CELE[IN W[ELG_ DL WAE OAEJD_W[T @B W[IL_DWD@L ENEJELW_.
Jetinndo oairioter 8
Dl g-kn`of enejelts tae nist kut `le (d.e. tae peluntdjite) saenn `b eneotr`ls ds expilgdlc. Waus taey aivejily paysdoin ilg oaejdoin pr`pertdes dl o`jj`l.Aeloe leirny inn tae trilsdtd`l enejelts gdspniy typdoin jetinndo pr`pertdes suoa is adca telsdne strelcta,guotdndty, jinneikdndty, adca taerjin ilg eneotrdoin o`lguotdvdty ilg jetinndo nustre. Sdta tae exoeptd`ls `bXl,Og, Ac ilg Jl, taey aive `le `r j`re typdoin jetinndo struotures it l`rjin tejperitures.
Nittdoe _truotures `b Wrilsdtd`l Jetins (Wikne-9)_o Wd R Or Jl Be O` Ld Ou Xl
aop aop koo koo Q koo oop oop oop Q(koo) (koo) (koo,oop) (aop) (aop) (aop)
T Xr Lk J` Wo [u [a ]g Ic Og
Aop aop koo koo aop aop oop oop oop Q(koo) (koo) (aop)Ni Ab Wi S [e @s Dr ]t Iu Ac
aop aop koo koo aop aop oop oop oop Q(oop, koo) (koo)
koo : k`gy oeltreg oukdo 6 aop : aexic`lin on`se piofeg
oop : oukdo on`se piofeg 6 Q : i typdoin jetin struoture
Wae trilsdtd`l enejelts (wdta tae exoeptd`l `b o`pper) ire very juoa airg ilg aive n`w v`nitdndty.Waey aive adca eltainpdes `b it`jdsitd`l wadoa ire sa`wl dl bdcure cdvel ken`w. Wae jixdji it ik`ut taejdggne `b eioa serdes dlgdoite tait `le ulpidreg eneotr`l per g `rkdtin ds pirtdounirny biv`urikne `b str`lcdlterit jdo dlteriotd`l. Dl celerin, creiter tae lujker `b vineloe eneotr`ls, str`lcer ds tae resuntilt k`lgdlc.Or, J` ilg S aive jixdjuj lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr ls ilg taereb re, taese ire very airg jetins ilgaive jixdjuj eltainpdes `b it`jdzitd l.Aeloe tae jetins wdta very adca eltainpy `b it jdsitd`l (d.e., very adca k dndlc p dlt) telg t` ke l`kne dl taedrreiotd`ls.Waejetins `b taeseo lg, 7g ilgtadrg,5g serdes aive creiter eltainpdes `b it`jdsitd`ltail taeo`rresp`lgdlcenejelts `b tae bdrst serdes, ?g ilg tads ds il djp`rtilt biot`r dlgdoitdlc b`r tae `oourreloe `b juoa j`rebrequelt jetin-jetin k`lgdlc dl o`jp`ulgs `b tae aeivy trilsdtd l jetins.
Cripa sa`wdlc Wrelgs dl eltainpdes `b it`jdsitd`l `b trilsdtd`l enejelts
_dze `b it`js ilg d`ls 8
Wae it`jdo rigdd `b tae trilsdtd`l jetins nde dl-ketweel ta`se `b s- ilg p-kn`of enejelts. Wae o`vinelt rigdd`b tae enejelts georeises br`j nebt t` rdcat ior`ss i r`w dl tae trilsdtd l serdes, ultdn leir tae elg wael taesdze dloreises sndcatny. Wae georeise dl sdze ds sjinn ibter jdg wiy. Dl tae kecdlldlc, tae it`jdo rigdusgeoreises wdta tae dloreise dl luoneir oairce (is it`jdo lujker dloreises), waere is tae sadengdlc ebbeot`b g-eneotr`ls ds sjinn. Ibter jdg wiy is tae eneotr`ls elters tae nist kut `le saenn, tae iggeg g-eneotr`lsadengs tae `uter j`st eneotr`ls. Aeloe wdta tae dloreise dl tae g-eneotr`ls soreeldlc ebbeot dloreises. Wadso`ulter kiniloes tae dloreiseg luoneir oairce. Is i resunt, tae it`jdo rigdd rejidl priotdoinny sije ibteroar`jduj.
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Leir tae elg `b tae serdes, tae dloreiseg eneotr`l repunsd`ls ketweel tae iggeg eneotr`ls dl tae sije`rkdtins ire creiter tail tae ittriotdve b`roes. Wads resunts dl tae expilsd`l `b tae eneotr`l on`ug ilg taus
it`jdo rigdus dloreises.
Wae it jdo rigdd, dl celerin, dloreise g`wl tae cr`up.Wae it jdo rigdd `b seo lgserdes ire nircer tail ta se`b bdrst trilsdtd`l serdes. Dl tae it`js `b tae seo`lg trilsdtd`l serdes, tae lujker `b saenns ire j`re tail
ta`se `b tae Dst trilsdtd`l serdes. Is i resunt, tae it`js `b DDlg trilsdtd`l serdes ire nircer tail ta`se `b taeenejelts `b tae bdrst trilsdtd`l serdes. Kut tae it`jdo rigdd `b tae seo`lg ilg tadrg trilsdtd l serdes ire inj`st
tae sije.
Wads pael`jel`l ds iss`oditeg wdta tae dlterveltd l `b tae 7b `rkdtins wadoa just ke bdnneg keb`re tae 5gserdes `b enejelts kecdl. Wae bdnndlc `b 7b keb`re 5g `rkdtin resunts dl i recunir georeise dl it`jdo rigdd oinneg
Niltail dg o`ltriotd`lwadoa esseltdinny o`jpelsites b`r tae expeoteg dloreise dl it`jdo sdze wdtadloreisdlc it`jdo lujker. Wae let resunt `b tae niltail`dg o`ltriotd`l ds tait tae seo`lg ilg tae tadrg
g-serdes exadkdt sdjdnir rigdd (e.c., Xr 92= pj, Ab 954 pj) ilg aive very sdjdnir paysdoin ilg oaejdoin
pr`pertdes juoa j`re tail tait expeoteg `l tae kisds `b usuin bijdny renitd`lsadp.
Wae trelg b`nn`weg ky tae d`ldo rigdd ds sije is tait b`nn`weg ky it`jdo rigdd. Wae d`ldo rigdd `b trilsdtd`l jetins ire gdbberelt dl gdbberelt `xdgitd`l stites.
Jentdlc ilg k`dndlc p`dlts 8
Wae jentdlc ilg k dndlc p`dlts `b tae trilsdtd l serdes enejelts ire celerinny very adca. Wae jentdlc p`dlts `btae trilsdtd`l enejelts rdse t` i jixdjuj ilg tael binn is tae it`jdo lujker dloreises. Jilcilese ilgteoaletduj aive ikl`rjinny n`w jentdlc p dlts. _tr`lc jetinndo k`lgs ketweel tae it`js `b taese enejelts
ittrdkute t` taedr adca jentdlc ilg k`dndlc p`dlts. Dl i pirtdounir serdes, tae jetinndo strelcta dloreises upt`
tae jdggne wdta dloreisdlclujker `b ulpidreg eneotr ls d.eup t` g5. Ibter oar jduj, tae lujker `b ulpidregeneotr ls c`es `l georeisdlc.Ioo rgdlcny, taejentdlc p`dlts georeise ibter jdggne(Or) keoiuse `b dloreisdlcpidrdlc `b eneotr`ls.
Wae gdp dl jentdlc p dlts `b Jl ilg Wo oil ke ittrdkuteg t` taedr stikne eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd ls (ainb bdnneg?g5 ilg bunny bdnneg 7s; ). Gue t` tads stikne eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l, tae gen`oindsitd`l `b eneotr`ls jiy ke
ness ilg taus tae jetinndo k`lg ds juoa weifer tail preoegdlc enejelts.
Exijpne-7 Say g` tae trilsdtd`l enejelts aive adcaer k`dndlc & jentdlc p`dlts 0_`nut d`l Keoiuse `b aivdlcnircer lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr ls dl taedr it`js, taey aive str lcer dlterit jdo
dlteriotd`l ilg aeloe str`lcer k`lgdlc ketweel it`js. Aeloe str`lc jetinndo k`lgs ketweel tae
it`js `b taese enejelts ittrdkute t` taedr adca jentdlc ilg k`dndlc p`dlts.
Exijpne-5 Wae it`jdo rigdd `b trilsdtd`l enejelts dl i perd g ire
(I) sjinner tail ta`se `b s-kn`of is wenn is p-kn`of enejelts.
(K) nircer tail ta`se `b s-kn`of is wenn is p-kn`of enejelts.(O) sjinner tail ta`se `b s-kn of kut nircer tail ta`se `b p-kn`of enejelts.(G) nircer tail ta`se `b s-kn`of kut sjinner tail ta`se `b p-kn`of enejelts.
_`nut d`l Ior`ss tae perd`g tae it`jdo rigdd celerinny georeise wdta dloreisdlc it`jdo lujker is ebbeotdve
luoneir oairce dloreise.Waereb re, (O) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.
Gelsdty 8
Wae it jdo v`nujes `b tae trilsdtd l enejelts ire n`w o`jpireg wdta tae enejelts `b cr`up 9 ilg ;. Wads ds
keoiuse tae dloreiseg luoneir oairce ds p``rny soreeleg ilg s` ittriots inn tae eneotr`ls j`re str`lcny. Dl
iggdtd`l, tae extri eneotr`ls iggeg `ooupydller `rkdtins. O`lsequeltny tae gelsdtdes `b tae trilsdtd`l jetinsire adca. Wae gelsdtdes `b tae seo`lg r`w ire adca ilg tadrg r`w vinues ire evel adcaer. Enejelts wdta taeadcaest gelsdtdes ire `sjduj ;;.53 c oj? ilg drrdgduj ;;.29 c oj?.
Ior`ss i perd`g br`j nebt t` rdcat it`jdo v`nujes georeise ilg it`jdo jisses dloreise. Aeloe taegelsdtdes ins` dloreise ior`ss i perd`g.
Wae nist enejelt zdlo ds il exoeptd`l, aivdlc nirce it`jdo v`nuje ilg aeloe n`wer gelsdty.
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D`ldsitd`l elercdes `r D`ldsitd`l eltainpdes 8
Wae bdrst d`ldsitd`l elercdes `b g-kn`of enejelts ire dlterjegdite ketweel ta`se `b tae s- ilg p-kn ofs. Wads succests tait tae trilsdtd`l enejelts ire ness eneotr`p`sdtdve tail cr`ups 9 ilg ; ilgjiy b`rj edtaer d`ldo `r o`vinelt k`lgs gepelgdlc `l tae o`lgdtd`ls. Celerinny, tae n`wer vineltstites ire d`ldo ilg tae adcaer vinelt stites ire o`vinelt. Ior`ss i perd`g br`j nebt t` rdcat d`ldsitd lelercdes criguinny dloreise wdta dloreise dl it`jdo lujker. Wads ds keoiuse tae luoneir oaircedloreises ilg tae it`jdo sdze georeises wdta dloreise dl it`jdo lujker in`lc tae perd`g.O`lsequeltny jifdlc tae rej`vin `b `uter eneotr l gdbbdount.
Dl i cdvel serdes, tae gdbbereloe dl tae d`ldsitd`l elercdes ketweel ily tw` suooessdve g-kn`ofenejelts ds very juoa ness tail tae gdbbereloe dl oise `b suooessdve s-kn of `r p-kn`of enejelts.Wae ebbeot `b dloreiseg luoneir oairce ilg soreeldlc ebbeot `b taeiggeg g-eneotr ls telg t` `pp`seeioa `taer. Aeloe gue t` taese tw` o`ulter ebbeots, tae gdbbereloe dl tae d`ldsitd l elercdes b tw`suooessdve trilsdtd`l enejelts ds very sjinn `l j`vdlc ior`ss i perd`g.
Wae bdrst d`ldsitd`l elercy `b Xl, Og, ilg Ac ire very adca keoiuse `b taedr bunny bdnneg (l9) g9= ls;o`lbdcuritd`l.
DDlg ilg DDDrg d`ldsitd l elercdes ins` dloreise in`lc i perd g.DDlg d`ldsitd`l elercy`b Or < Jl ilg Ou < XlWads ds keoiuse ibter tae rej`vin `b Dst eneotr`l Or ilgOu ioqudre stikne o`lbdcuritd`ls (g5 & g9=)ilg
tae rej`vin `b DDlg
eneotr`l taus keo`je very gdbbdount._djdnirny tae E
;`b
;?R >
;7Or
;4Ou Jl
;@
?> Jl@
;> Jl
;@
3
Exijpne4 Lije tae `x`jetin ild ls b tae bdrst serdes b tae trilsdtd`l jetins dl wadoa tae jetin exadkdts tae`xdgitd`l stite equin t` dts cr`up lujker.
_`nut d`l DlOr;@
3; ilg Or@
7; tae`xdgitd l stite `b Or ds+2 (;x + 3(;): ;ilg x + 7 ( ;) : ;) . Wae cr up
lujker ds equin t` tae lujker `b eneotr`ls dl (l-9) g ilg ls suk-saenns b`r g-kn`of enejelts. _`cr`up l`. : 5 + 9 : 2.Dl Jl@
7 tae `xdgitd`l stite `b Jl ds +3 (;x + 3(;) : 9). Wae cr up lujker ds equin t` tae lujker
`b eneotr`ls dl (l-9) g ilg ls suk-saenns b`r g-kn`of enejelts. _` cr`up l`. : 5 + ; : 3
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Exijpne-9= Xdlo g`es l t sa`w virdikne vineloy keoiuse `b 8(I) o`jpnete g suk-saenn (K) dlert pidr ebbeot (O) 7s; suk-saenn (G)l`le.
_`nut d`l ?=
Xl : VIrZ91 ?g9= 7s;. Xdlo ais o`jpneteny bdnneg g-suk-saenn s` rej`vin b eneotr l br`j o`jpnetenybdnneg 7g suk-saenn w`ung ke qudte gdbbdount. Waus dt g`es l`t sa`w virdikne vineloy.Waereb re, (I) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.
B`rjitd l `b O`n`ureg D`ls 8
J`st `b tae o`jp`ulgs `b trilsdtd l jetins ire o n`ureg dl tae s ndg b`rj `r s nutd l b`rj. Wae o n`ur `b taeo`jp`ulgs `b trilsdtd`l jetins jiy ke ittrdkuteg t` tae preseloe b dlo`jpnete (l 9) g-suk-saenn. Dl taeoise `b o`jp`ulgs `b trilsdtd`l jetins, tae elercdes `b tae bdve g-`rkdtins dl tae sije suk-saenn g` l`trejidl equin. Ulger tae dlbnueloe `b ippr`ioadlc d`ls t`wirgs tae oeltrin jetin d`l, tae g-`rkdtins `b taeoeltrin jetin spndt dlt gdbberelt elercy nevens. Wads pael`jel`l ds oinneg orystin bdeng spndttdlc. B r exijpne,wael tae sdx d`ls `r j`neounes ippr`ioa tae jetin d`l (oinneg `otiaegrin bdeng), tae bdve g- rkdtins spndt up dlt`
tw` sets 8 `le set o`lsdstdlc `b tw` g- rkdtins ( ;;; zyx g,g ) `b adcaer elercdes ilg tae `taer set o`lsdstdlc `b
taree g-`rkdtins (gxy
, gyz
, gzx
) `b n`wer elercdes.Dl tae oise `b tae trilsdtd l jetin d`ls, tae eneotr l oil ke eisdnypr`j`teg br`j `le elercy neven t` il`taerdl tae sije g-suk-saenn. Waese ire oinneg g-g trilsdtd`ls. Wae ij`ult `b elercyrequdreg t` exodte s`je `btae eneotr`ls t` adcaer elercy stites wdtadl tae sije g-suk-saenn o`rresp`lgs t` elercy`b oertidl o`n urs `bvdsdkne ndcat. Waereb re, wael wadte ndcat binns `l i trilsdtd l jetin o`jp`ulg, s`je`b dts elercyo`rresp`lgdlct` i oertidl o`n ur, ds iks`rkeg ilg tae eneotr`l cets ridseg br`j n`wer elercy set `b `rkdtins t` adcaer elercy
set `b `rkdtins is sa`wl ken`w 8
Bdcure sa`wdlc eneotr`ldo trilsdtd`l br`j t;c
t` ec
`rkdtins.
Wae exoess `b `taer o n`urs o`lstdtutdlc wadte ndcat ire trilsjdtteg ilgtae o`jp`ulgippeirs o`n ureg. Wae`kserveg o`n ur`b i sukstiloeds inwiys o`jpnejeltiryo`n`ur `b taeo`n urwadoads iks rkeg kytaesukstiloe.B`r exijpne, Wd?+ o`jp`ulgs o`ltidl `le eneotr`ldl g-suk-saenn (g9). Dt iks rks creelilg yenn w p rtd ls br`jtae wadte ndcat ilg knue ilg reg p`rtd`ls ire ejdtteg. Waereb`re, Wd?+ d`ls ippeir purpne. _djdnirny, aygritegouprdo o`jp`ulgs iks`rk rigditd`ls o`rresp`lgdlc t` reg ndcat ilg tae trilsjdtteg o`n`ur ds creeldsa knue(wadoa ds o`jpnejeltiry o`n ur t` reg o`n ur). Waus, ouprdo o`jp`ulgs aive creeldsa-knue o`n ur.
Wikne-9= 8 O`n`ur `b gdbberelt aygriteg trilsdtd`l jetin d`ls.
D`l @uter O`lbdcuritd`l O`n`ur b tae d`l
_o (DDD), Wd (DR) ?g= O`n`urness
Wd (DDD) ?g9 ]urpne
R (DR) ?g
9 Knue
R (DDD) ?g; Creel
Or (DDD) ?g? Creel
Jl (DDD) ?g7 Rd`net
Or (DD) ?g7 Knue
Jl (DD) ?g5 ]dlf
Be (DDD) ?g5 Tenn`w
Be (DD) ?g2 Creel
O` (DDD) ?g2 Knue
O` (DD) ?g3 ]dlf
Ld (DD) ?g1 Creel
Ou (DD) ?g4
KnueOu (D) ?g9= O`n`urness
Xl (DD) ?g9= O`n`urness
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Exijpne-99 Expnidl tae knue o n`ur `b [email protected]
;@.
_`nut d`l Ou;+ d`l (?g4) iks`rks reg ndcat br`j tae vdsdkne recd l, b`r tae pr`j td l `b ?g eneotr`ls, tae d`lsrebneot knue ndcat ilg ippeir knue.
Jicletdo ]r`pertdes
Dt ds dlterestdlc t` l`te tait wael tae vird`us sukstiloes ire pnioeg dl i jicletdo bdeng, taey g` l`t keaivedl i sdjdnir wiy d.e., taey sa`w gdbberelt keaivd ur wadoa ire fl`wl is jicletdo keaivd ur.
Waese ire onissdbdeg is 8(d) ]irijicletdosukstiloes. Wae sukstiloes wadoa ire ittrioteg ky jicletdo bdeng ire oinneg pirijicletdo
sukstiloes ilg tads oairioter irdses gue t` tae preseloe `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl tae it`jdo `rkdtins.
(dd) Gdijicletdo sukstiloes.Wae sukstiloes wadoa ire repenneg ky jicletdo bdeng ire oinneg gdijicletdosukstiloes ilg tads oairioter irdses gue t` tae preseloe `b pidreg eneotr`ls dl tae it`jdo `rkdtins.J`st `b tae o`jp`ulgs `b trilsdtd`l enejelts ire pirijicletdo dlliture ilg ire ittriotegkytae jicletdo bdeng.Wae trilsdtd`l enejelts dlv`nve tae pirtdin bdnndlc `b g-suk-saenns. J`st `b tae trilsdtd`l jetin d`ls `r taedro`jp`ulgs aive ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl g-suk-saenn (br`j o`lbdcuritd`l g9 t` g4) ilg taereb re, taey cdve rdse t`pirijicletdo oairioter. Wae jicletdo oairioter ds expresseg dl terjs b jicletdo j`jelt. Wae nircer taelujker `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl i sukstiloe, tae creiter ds tae pirijicletdo oairioter ilg nircer ds taejicletdo j`jelt. Wae jicletdo j`jelt ds expresseg dl K`ar jiclet`ls ikkrevditeg is K.J.
Wikne-99 8 Oinouniteg ilg `kserveg jicletdo j`jelt `b d`ls `b bdrst trilsdtd`l serdes.
Oinouniteg `kserveg
_o?+ ?g= = = =
Wd?+ ?g9 9 9.3? 9.35
Wd;+
?g; ; ;.17 ;.32
R;+
?g? ? ?.13 ?.12
Or;+ ?g7 7 7.4= 7.1=
Jl;+
?g5 5 5.4; 5.42
Be;+
?g2 7 7.4= 5.? - 5.5
O`;+ ?g3 ? ?.13 7.7 - 5.;
Ld;+ ?g1 ; ;.17 ;.4 - ?.7
Ou;+ ?g4 9 9.3? 9.1 - ;.;
Xl;+ ?g9= = = =
Jicletdo j`jelt
(K.J.)Lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls@uter O`lbdcuritd`lD`l
Wae experdjeltin giti ire jidlny b`r aygriteg d`ls dl s`nutd`l `r dl tae s`ndg stite.Eioa ulpidreg eneotr`l aive jicletdo j`jelt iss`oditeg wdta dts spdl ilcunir j`jeltuj ilg `rkdtin
ilcunir j`jeltuj. Dl tae o`jp`ulgs `b bdrst trilsdtd`l serdes, tae `rkdtin ilcunir j`jeltuj g`es l`to`ltrdkute juoa ilg taus ais l` sdcldbdoiloe. Waereb re, b`r tae bdrst trilsdtd l serdes enejelts, tae jicletdoj`jelt irdse `lny br`j tae spdl `b tae eneotr`ls. Wads oil ke oinouniteg br`j tae renitd`l 8
: );l(l K.J.
waere l ds tae lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls ilg ds jicletdo j`jelt dl K`ar jiclet`l (KJ) uldts.Wae pirijicletdsj bdrst dloreises dl ilytrilsdtd`lserdesilgtael georeises. Wae jixdjuj pirijicletdsjds `kserveg ir`ulg tae jdggne `b tae serdes (is o`ltidls jixdjuj lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr ls).
Dl iggdtd`l t` pirijicletdo ilg gdijicletdo sukstiloes, taere ire i bew sukstiloes suoa is dr`l jetin,dr`l `xdge wadoa ire adcany jicletdo (ik`ut 9=== tdjes j`re tail `rgdliry jetins). Waese ire very str lcnyittrioteg ky ippndeg jicletdo bdeng ilg retidleg taedr jicletdsj wael rej`veg br`j tae bdeng ire oinnegberr`jicletdo sukstiloes.
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Exijpne-9; Geterjdle tae jicletdo j`jelt `b i gdvinelt d`l dl ique`us s`nutd`l db dts it`jdo lujker ds ;5.
_`nut d`l Wae jetin aivdlc it`jdo lujker ;5 ais eneotr`l o`lbdcuritd`l VIrZ91 ?g5 7s;. _` dts gdvinelt d`l dlique`us s`nutd l wdnn aive eneotr`l o`lbdcuritd l VIrZ91 ?g5 7s=. Waus dt ais bdve ulpidreg eneotr`ls.
_` (spdl)
: );5(5 : 5.4; KJ.
B`rjitd`l `b o`jpnexes 8
Dl o`ltrist t` represeltitdve enejelts, tae trilsdtd`l enejelts b`rj i nirce lujker `b o` rgdlitd`lo`jpnexes.Wae trilsdtd l jetin d`ls kdlg t` i lujker `b ild`ls `r leutrin j`neounes dl taese o`jpnexes. Wae o`jj`lexijpnes ire VLd(LA
?)
2Z;+, VO (LA
?)
2Z?+, VBe(OL)
2Z?, VBe(OL)
2Z7, VOu(LA
?)
7Z;+, eto.
Wae creit telgeloy `b trilsdtd`l jetin d`ls t` b`rj o`jpnexes ds gue t` 8(d) sjinn sdze `b tae it`js ilg d`ls, (dd) adca luoneir oairce ilg (ddd) ividnikdndty `b vioilt g- rkdtins `b sudtikneelercy t` iooept n`le pidrs `b eneotr`ls g`liteg ky ndcilgs.
B`rjitd l `b Dlterstdtdin O`jp`ulgs 8
Wrilsdtd`l jetins b`rj dlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs wdta enejelts suoa is aygr`cel, k`r l, oirk`l ilg ldtr`cel.Wae sjinn it`js `b taese l`l-jetinndo enejelts (A, K, O, L, eto.) cet trippeg dl vioilt spioes `b taenittdoes `b tae trilsdtd`l jetin it`js is sa`wl ken`w.
Bdcure sa`wdlc b`rjitd l `b dlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs
Waey ire celerinnyl`l-st`doad jetrdo ilg ire ledtaer typdoinny d`ldo l`r o`vinelt. Wae o`jj`l exijpnes `bdlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs b trilsdtd`l jetins ire WdO, Jl
7L,Be
?A, WdA
;eto. Dt jiyke l teg tait taese b`rjuni
g` l`t o`rresp`lg t` ily l rjin `xdgitd`l stite `b tae jetin. Celerinny, tae l`lst doad`jetrdo jiterdins ire`ktidleg aivdlc tae o`jp`sdtd`l is WdA
9.3, RA
=.52, eto. Keoiuse `b tae liture `b taedr o`jp`sdtd`l, taese
o`jp`ulgs ire reberreg t` is dlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs.Is i resunt `b tae bdnndlc up `b tae dlterstdtdin spioes, tae trilsdtd`l jetins keo`je rdcdg ilg airg. Waesedlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs aive sdjdnir oaejdoin pr`pertdes is tae pirelt jetins kut gdbber sdcldbdoiltny dl taedrpaysdoin pr`pertdes pirtdounirny, gelsdty, airgless ilg o`lguotdvdty. B`r exijpne, steen ilg oist dr`l ireairg keoiuse taey b`rj dlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs wdta oirk`l.Wae trilsdtd`l jetins oil eisdny ioo`jj`gite tae sjinn l`l-jetinndo it`js keoiuse `b v`dg sdtes ketweel
tae piofeg it`js b tae orystinndle jetin. Waese spioes ire preselt keoiuse `b gebeots dl taedr struoturesilg exdsteloe `b virdikne `xdgitd`l stites.Wae celerin oairioterdstdo paysdoin ilg oaejdoin pr`pertdes `b taese o`jp`ulgs ire 8
(d) Waeyaive adca jentdlc p dlts wadoa ire adcaer tail ta`se `b pure jetins.
(dd) Waey retidl jetinndo o`lguotdvdty d.e. `b pure jetins.
(ddd) Waeyire very airg ilg s`je k rdges aive airgless is tait `b gdij`lg.
(dv) Waey ire oaejdoinny dlert.
Oitinytdo pr`pertdes
Jily trilsdtd`l jetins ilg taedr o`jp`ulgs iot is c``g oitinysts b`r vird`us reiotd`ls. @b taese, tae use`b Be, O`, Ld, R, Or, Jl, ]t, eto. ire very o`jj`l.
B`r exijpne,
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(d) Dr`l-j`nykgeluj ds useg is oitinyst dl tae syltaesds `b ijj`ldi ky Aikers pr`oess.
(dd) Ldofen ds useg dl aygr celitd`l reiotd ls dl `rcildo oaejdstry.
(ddd) R;@
5ds useg b`r tae `xdgitd`l `b _@
;t` _@
?dl tae O`ltiot pr`oess b`r tae jilubioture `b A
;_@
7.
(dv) Jl@;ds useg t` oitinyse tae geo`jp`sdtd`l `b A
;@
;s`nutd`l.
(v) O`kint sints oitinyse tae geo`jp`sdtd`l b kneioadlc p`wger.
Wae oitinytdo pr`perty `b trilsdtd`l jetins ds gue t` taedr telgeloy t` b`rj reiotd`l dlterjegdites wdta
sudtikne reiotilts. Waese dlterjegdites cdve reiotd`l pitas `b n`wer iotdvitd`l elercy ilg, taereb re dloreisetae rite `b tae reiotd`l.Waesereiotd`l dlterjegdites reigdny geo`jp`seydengdlc tae pr`guotsilg receleritdlctae `rdcdlinsukstiloe.Wae trilsdtd`l jetins b`rj taese reiotd`l dlterjegdites gue t` tae preseloe `b vioilt `rkdtins `r taedrtelgeloy t` b`rj virdikne `xdgitd`l stites.
(d) Dl s`je oises, tae trilsdtd l jetin oitinysts pr vdge i sudtikne nirce surbioe irei b`r tae igs rptd l `b taereiotilt. Wads dloreises tae o`loeltritd l `b tae reiotilts it tae oitinyst surbioe ilg ins` weifels taek`lgs dl tae reiotilt j`neounes. O`lsequeltny, tae iotdvitd`l elercy cets n wereg.B`r exijpne, gurdlctae o`lversd l `b _@
;t` _@
?, R
;@
5ds useg is i oitinyst. _ ndg R
;@
5igs`rks i j`neoune
`b _@;
`l tae surbioe t` b`rj R;@
7ilg tae `xycel ds cdvel t` _@
;t` b`rj _@
?. Wae gdviligduj tetr`xdge ds
tael o`lverteg t` R;@
5ky reiotd l wdta `xycel 8
R;@5+ _@;(oitinyst) _@?+ R;@7(gdviligduj tetr`xdge);R;@
7+ @
; ;R
;@
5
(dd) Dl s`je oises, tae trilsdtd`l jetin d`ls oil oailce taedr `xdgitd`l stites ilg keo`je j`re ebbeotdve isoitinysts. B`r exijpne, o`kint sints oitinyse geo`jp`sdtd`l `b kneioadlc p`wger is o`kint oil eisdnyoailce `xdgitd`l stite br`j +; t` +? is 8
O`;+ + @On + A;@ O`?+ + On + ;@A
;O`?+ + ;@A ;O`;+ + A;@ + @
;
Dr`l (DDD) ins` oitinyses tae reiotd l ketweel d`gdge ilg persunpaite d`ls (_;@
1;).
Exijpne-9? A`w dr`l (DDD) oitinyses tae reiotd l ketweel d`gdge & persunpaite0
_`nut d`l ;Be?+ + ; ;Be;+ + ;
;Be;+
+ _;@1;
;Be?+
+ ;_@7;
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
; + _;@
1; )(Be
;+ ; _@
7;
Inn`y B`rjitd`l 8
Inn`ys ire a`j`cele`us s`ndg s`nutd`ls dl wadoa tae it`js `b `le jetin ire gdstrdkuteg rilg`jny ij`lc taeit`js `b tae `taer jetin. Wae inn`ys ire celerinny b`rjeg ky ta`se it`js wadoa aive jetinndo rigdd wdtadlik`ut 95% `b eioa `taer. Wrilsdtd`l jetins b`rj i nirce lujker `b inn`ys. Wae trilsdtd`l jetins ire qudtesdjdnir dl sdze ilg, taereb`re, tae it`js `b `le jetin oil sukstdtute tae it`js `b `taer jetin dl dts orystinnittdoe. Waus, `l o``ndlc i jdxture s`nutd`l `b tw` `r j`re trilsdtd`l jetins, s`ndg inn`ys ire b`rjeg. _uoainn`ys ire airg, aive adca jentdlc p`dlts ilg ire j`re resdstilt t` o`rr`sd`l tail pirelt jetins.
B`r exijpne, tae j`st o`jj l fl`wl inn`ys ire berr us inn ys. Oar`jduj, jilcilese,viligduj, tulcstel,j`nykgeluj eto. ire useg t` pr`guoe virdety `b steens ilg stidlness steen. Inn`ys `b trilsdtd`l jetins wdtal`l-trilsdtd`l jetins suoa is kr`lze (o`pper-tdl), kriss (o`pper-zdlo) ire ins` dlgustrdinny djp`rtilt inn ys.
Bdcure sa`wdlc b`rjitd`l `b inn`ys
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Exijpne-97 Sadoa `b tae b`nn`wdlc b`rj il inn y 0(I) Ic + ]k (K) Be + Ac (O) ]t + Ac (G) Be + O
_`nut d`l Irceltdberr`us neig ds il inn`y o`ltidls Ic & ]k.'Be' ilg 'O' b`rj il inn y oinneg oejeltdte, Be
?O.
Waereb`re, (I) & (G) `ptd l ire o`rreot.
][E] [ WD@L_ LG ][@]E[WDE_ @B _@JE DJ]@[W LW g KN@OF JEW N O@J]@ULG_VIZ O@J]@ULG_ @B D[@L 8
Berr`us _unpaite, [email protected]
;@ (Creel vdtrd`n)
Dt ds o`jj`lny fl`wl is airifisds
]repiritd`l(d) Ky dr`l sorip 8
Be + A;_@
7 Be_@
7+ A
;
(dd) Br j fdpp's wiste 8
?Be_;+ ;A
;@ + 99@
; Be_@
7+ Be
;(_@
7)
?+ ;A
;_@
7
Be;(_@7)? + Be ?Be_@7(ddd) BeO@
?+ A
;_@
7 Be_@
7+ A
;@ + O@
;
]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8 Aygriteg berr us sunpaite ds i creel orystinndle o`jp`ulg, ebbn`resoes `l exp`sure t` idr.
Ilaygr`us Be_@7ds o`n`urness.
(k) Oaejdoin 8
(d) @l exp`sure t` itj`spaere, dt turls kr`wldsa-yenn`w gue t` tae b`rjitd`l `b kisdo berrdo sunpaite.
7Be_@7+ ;A
;@ + @
; 7Be(@A) . _@
7(kisdo berrdo sunpaite)
(dd) Ique`us s`nutd l ds iodgdo gue t` aygr nysds.
Be;+ + ;A;@ Be(@A)
;+ ;A+
(ddd) Be_@7. 3A
;@
O97=Be_@
7. A
;@ O?== ;Be_@
7 .Wejp
Adca Be
;@
?+ _@
; + _@
?
(dv) Be_@7+ 2FOL F
7VBe(OL)
2Z + F
;_@
7
(v) Dt iots is reguodlc icelt.
IuOn?+ ?Be_@
7 Iu + Be
;(_@
7)
?+ BeOn
?
2AcOn;
+ 2Be_@7
?Ac;On
;+ ;Be
;(_@
7)
?+ ;BeOn
?
Jl@7 + 1A+ + 5Be;+ 5Be?+ + Jl;+ + 7A
;@
Or;@
3; + 97A+ + 2Be;+ 2Be?+ + ;Or?+ + 3A
;@
Uses 8 Dt ds useg 8(d) b`r jifdlc Knue - Kniof dlf.
(dd) is j`rgilt dl gyedlc
(ddd) is dlseotdodge dl icrdounture
(dv) b`r jifdlc nik`rit`ry reicelts ndfe J`ar's sint eto.
Be_@7
+(LA7)
;_@
7+ 2A
;@) Be_@
7(LA
7)
;_@
7.2A
;@ (J`ar's sint)
(v) Be_@7+ A
;@
;fl`wl is Belt`l's reicelt ds useg is oitinyst.
Berrdo @xdge, Be;@
?8
]repiritd`l 8(d) ;Be(@A)
? Be
;@
?+ ?A
;@
(dd) ;Be_@7
Be;@
?+ _@
;+ _@
?
(ddd) 7Be_ + 3@;
;Be;@
?+ 7_@
;
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]r`pertdes 8(i) ]aysdoin 8Dt ds i geep reg p`wger ilg ds dls`nukne dl witer.
(k) Oaejdoin 8
(d) Ijpa`terdo liture `b dr l (DDD) `xdge.
Be;@
?+ 2AOn ;BeOn
?+ ?A
;@
Be;@
?+ ;Li@A busd`l A;@ + ;LiBe@;
Be;@
?+ Li
;O@
? busd`l ;LiBe@
;+ O@
;
Li@On ilg oan rdle `xdgdses tae LiBe@;
dlt`Li;Be@
7.
LiBe@;+ On
;+ 7Li@A ;Li
;Be@
7+ ;LiOn + ;A
;
(dd) 2Be;@
? O9?== 7Be
?@
7+ @
;
(ddd) Be;@
?+ ?A
; ;Be + ?A
;@
Uses 8 Dt ds useg is (d) i reg pdcjelt, (dd) il ikrisdve p ndsadlc p`wger ilg (ddd) i oitinyst.
Berrdo Oan`rdge, BeOn?
8
]repiritd`l 8(i) Ilaygr us BeOn
?8
(d) 9;BeOn;
(ilaygr`us) + ?@;
;Be;@
?+ 1BeOn
?
(dd) ;Be + ?On;(gry)
;BeOn
?
(ddd) BeOn?. 2A
;@ + 2_@On
; BeOn
?+ 9;AOn + 2_@
;
(dv) BeOn?.2A
;@+2OA
?
?
?
?
@OA|
OAO|@OA
BeOn?
+ 9;OA?@A+2OA
?O@OA
?
(k) Aygriteg BeOn?
8
(d) Be(@A)?
+ ?AOn BeOn?
+ ?A;@
(dd) Be;@?+ 2AOn ;BeOn?+ ?A;@(ddd) Be
;(O@
?)
?+ 2AOn ;BeOn
?+ ?A
;@ + ?O@
;
(dv) ;Be + 7AOn + On;
;BeOn?+ ;A
;
Inn s`nutd`ls `b BeOn?
`ktidleg dl ik`ve oaejdoin reiotd`ls `l orystinndsitd`l cdves aygritegBeOn
?.2A
;@.
]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin8
Ilaygr`us berrdo oan`rdge ds girf kniof s`ndg wadne aygriteg sint, BeOn?
. 2A;@ ds yenn`wdsa-kr`wlgendquesoelt
orystinndle s`ndg. K`ta ire s`nukne dl witer is wenn is dl etaer b`rjdlc s`nviteg speodes,
VBe(A;@)
7On
;ZOn . ;A
;@ ilg @ BeOn
?respeotdveny..
Dt ds sukndjeg it ?==O cdvdlc i gdjerdo cis, .
(k) Oaejdoin 8
(d) Iotd`l b aeit 8
(i) ;BeOn?
(ilaygr`us)
;BeOn;
+ On;
(k) ;VBeOn?. 2A
;@Z
Be
;@
?+ 2AOn + 4A
;@
(dd) Ique`us s`nutd l ds iodgdo gue t` aygr nysds.VBe(A
;@)
2Z?+ + A
;@ VBe(A
;@)
5(@A)Z;+ + A
?@+
iodg kise kise iodg(ddd) Is `xdgdsdlc icelt 8 ;BeOn
?+ _lOn
; ;BeOn
;+ _lOn
7
;BeOn?+ A;_ ;BeOn;+ ;AOn + _;BeOn
?+ _@
;+ ;A
;@ ;BeOn
;+ A
;_@
7+ ;AOn
;BeOn?+ ;FD ;BeOn
;+ ;FOn +
;
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(dv) B rjitd`l `b iggdtd l o`jp`ulgs 8
BeOn?+ 2LA
? BeOn
?. 2LA
? 6 BeOn
?+ L@On BeOn
?.L@On
(v) ;BeOn?
+ ?Li;O@
?+ ?A
;@ ;Be(@A)
?+ 2LiOn + ?O@
;
Uses 8Dt ds useg 8
(d) is i jegdodle (dts ino`a`ndo s`nutd`l lijeg is tdloture ds berrd peroan rdge).
(dd) b`r geteotd`l `b ioetites ilg pael`ns.
(ddd) b r jifdlc prussdil knue gye.(dv) is il xdgdsdlc icelt.
VKZ O@J]@ULG_ @B XDLO 8
Xdlo `xdge, Xl@ (Oadlese wadte `r padn`s`paer's w``n)Dt ds b`ulg dl liture is zdlodte `r reg zdlo `re.
]repiritd`l 8(d) ;Xl + @
; ;Xl@ (dd) XlO@
? Xl@+O@
;
(ddd) ;Xl(L@?)
; ;Xl@ + 7L@
;+ @
; (dv) Xl(@A)
; Xl@+A
;@
]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8
Dt ds i wadte p`wger wadoa keo`jes yenn`w `l aeitdlc gue t` oailce dl tae struoture `b nittdoe kut
icidl turls wadte `l o``ndlc. dt ds dls`nukne dl witer ilg sukndjes it 7==O.
(k) Oaejdoin 8
(d) Dt ds ijpa`terdo dl liture.
Xl@ + A;_@
7 Xl_@
7+ A
;@
Xl@ + ;Li@A Li;Xl@
;+ A
;@
(dd) Xl@ + A; O7==
Xl + A;@
Uses 8Dt ds useg 8
(d) is i wadte pidlt. Dt g`es l`t cet tirldsaeg evel dl preseloe `b A;_ keoiuse Xl_ ds ins` wadte.
(dd) b r prepirdlc [dljill's creel (Creel pidlt - XlO`@;)
(ddd) is oitinyst b`r prepiritd l b jetayn ino`a n
(dv) b r jifdlc s btrukker
(v) b`r jifdlc o`sjetdo p`wgers, oreijs ilg dl jegdodle
Exijpne-95 Xl(@A);
VQZ.
_eneot tae o`rreot stitejelt (s) b`r tae o`jp`ulg Q.(I) Q l aeitdlc wdta o`kint ldtrite cdves creel jiss
(K) Q `l aeitdlc in`le, keo`jes yenn`w kut turls wadte `l o``ndlc.
(O) _`nutd l `b Q dl gdnute AOn cdves knudsa wadte/wadte preodpdtite wdta exoess p`tissduj berr oyildge.
(G) Q ds dls`nukne dl ique`us s`gduj aygr`xdge.
_`nut d`l (I) Q ds Xl@ wadoa `l aeitdlc wdta o`kint ldtrite cdves Xl@. O`@, tae [dljill's creel.
(K) Dt turls yenn`w `l aeitdlc ilg keo`jes wadte `l o``ndlc.
(O) XlOn;
b`rjs knudsa wadte/wadte preodpdtite. Xl?F
;VBe(OL)
2Z
;.
? Xl;+ + ; F+ + ; VBe(OL)2Z7 F;Xl?VBe(OL)2Z;
(G) Xl@ + ;Li@A Li;Xl@
;(s nukne o`jpnex) + A
;@.
_` `ptd`ls I, K & O ire o`rreot ilg (G) ds dlo`rreot.
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Xdlo _unpaite, Xl_@7. 3A
;@ (Sadte vdtrd`n)
]repiritd`l 8(d) Xl + A
;_@
7 Xl_@
7+ A
;
(dd) Xl@ + A;_@
7 Xl_@
7+ A
;@
(ddd) XlO@?+ A
;_@
7 Xl_@
7+ A
;@ + O@
;
]r`pertdes 8(i) ]aysdoin 8 Dt ds i o`n urness, orystinndle s`ndg s`nukne dl witer. Dt sn`wny ebbn`resoes wael exp`seg t` idr.
Dt ds ds`j`rpa`us wdta Eps`j sint (Jc_@7. 3A
;@)
(k) Oaejdoin 8
(d) Xl_@7
+ ;Li@A Xl(@A);
(wadte) + Li;_@
7
Xl(@A);
+ ;Li@A Li;Xl@
;(s nukne o`jpnex) + ;A
;@
(dd) Xl_@7
+ ;LiAO@?
XlO@?
+ Li;_@
7+ A
;@ + O @
;
(ddd) [email protected]
;@ O9== Xl_@
7. 2A
;@ O;1= Xl_@
7 O1== Xl@+_@
?
Uses 8Dt ds useg 8(d) is eye n`td`l, (dd) b`r jifdlc ndta`pa`le - jdxture `b Ki_ + Xl_@
7(wadte pidlt) ilg (ddd) is j`rgilt dl
gyedlc
Xdlo Oan rdge XlOn;.;A;@ ]repiritd`l 8Dt ds prepireg ky gdss`nvdlc zdlo `xdge, oirk`lite `r aygr`xdge dl gdnute aygr`oan`rdo iodg
Xl@ + ;AOn XlOn; + A;@Wae s`nutd l s` `ktidleg `l o`loeltritd`l ilg o``ndlc cdves tae orystins `b XlOn
;. ;A
;@.
Ilaygr`us zdlo oan`rdge oill`t ke prepireg jereny ky aeitdlc tae orystins `b XlOn;
. ;A;@ keoiuse
i kisdo oan rdge Xl(@A)On ds b`rjeg gurdlc geo`jp`sdtd`l wadoa `l burtaer aeitdlc cdves [email protected]
;. ;A
;@ Xl(@A)On+ AOn+ A;@
Xl(@A)On Xl@+AOnAeloe ilaygr`us zdlo oan`rdge ds `ktidleg edtaer ky aeitdlc zdlo dl i ourrelt `b oan`rdle cis `r kygdstdnndlc i jdxture `b zdlo p`wger ilg jerourdo oan`rdge
Xl + On; XlOn; 6 Xl + AcOn; XlOn; + Ac
]r`pertdes 8Dt ds i wadte orystinndle s`ndg, gendquesoelt ilg s`nukne dl witer. @l aeitdlc dt b`rjs tae `xyoan`rdge ilgbdlinny tae `xdge. Dts o`loeltriteg s`nutd`l sets t` i airg jiss wael jdxeg wdta zdlo `xdge ilgtae pr`guot ds useg is i geltin bdnndlc.
VOZ O@J]@ULG_ @B O@]]E[
O`pper _unpaite, Ou_@7. 5A
;@ (Knue Rdtrd`n)
Dt ds ins` oinneg 'Ldnita`tai'.
]repiritd`l 8
(d) Ou@ + A;_@7 Ou_@7+ A;@(dd) Ou(@A);+ A
;_@
7 Ou_@7 + ;A;@
(ddd) Ou + A;_@
7+
9
; @
; Ou_@7+ A;@
(dv) OuO@?.Ou(@A)
; (jinioadte `re) + ;A
;_@
7 ;Ou_@7+ ?A;@+O @;
]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8Dt ds i knue orystinndle o`jp`ulg ilg ds s`nukne dl witer.
(k) Oaejdoin 8
(d) Ou_@7
+ ;Li@A Ou(@A); (knue) + Li;_@7
;Ou_@7
+ Li;
O@?
+ A;
@ Ou(@A);
(knue) + Li;
_@7
+ O@;
.
(dd) ;Ou_@7+ _@
;+ ;A
;@ + ;FD OuD;+ ;A;_@7+ F;_@7
;Ou_@7+ ;Be_@
7+ ;FD Ou; D; + Be;(_@7)?+ F;_@7
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(ddd) Ou_@7+ Be Ou + Be_@7
Ou_@7+ Xl Ou + Xl_@7
(dv) ;Ou_@7+ ;F_OL + _@
;+ ;A
;@ ;Ou_OL (wadte) + F;_@7+ ;A;_@7
;@
sebbn`resoe
;@ O9== Ou_@
7. A
;@ O;5= Ou_@7
O35= Ou@+_@;
+ @;
Uses 8Dt ds useg 8
(d) b r jifdlc`taer o`ppero`jp`ulgs.
(dd) b`r eneotr pnitdlc, eneotr typdlc, is j`rgilt dl gyedlc.
(ddd) dl jifdlc K`rgeiux jdxture wadoa ds useg dl icrdounture is bulcdodge ilg cerjdodge.
(dv) dl jifdlc Beandlc's s nutd l.
(v) dl jegdodle is iltdseptdo.
(vd) dl eneotrdo kitterdes.
Exijpne-92 Ilaygr`us wadte s`ndg (I) `l iggdtd`l `b p`tissduj d`gdge s`nutd l cive i kr`wl preodpdtite wadoa
turleg wadte (K) `l iggdtd`l `b exoess `b ayp` s`nutd`l. S ael p`tissduj oyildge ds iggeg t` il
ique`us s`nutd`l `b (I) i wadte preodpdtite ds b`rjeg wadoa tael gdss nves dl exoess b`rjdlc (O). I
s`nutd l (9%) `b (I) `l iggdlc t` i s`nutd`l `b wadte p`rtd`l `b ecc pr`guoeg vd`net o`n`uritd l dl
infindle jegduj (d.e. dl preseloe `b Li@A). Dgeltdby o`jp`ulg (I) ilg expnidl tae reiotd ls.
_`nut d`l Is 9% s nutd l `b (I) pr`guoeg vd net o n`uritd`l wdta wadte p rtd l `b ecc (Kduret test) ilg (I) wdta
p`tissduj d`gdgecdves kr`wlpreodpdtite wadoa turleg wadte `l iggdlc ayp`.Wae (I)jiy ke ilaygr`us
Ou_@7
(Sadte). Wads ds burtaer o`lbdrjeg ky tae reiotd`l `b (I) wdta p`tissduj oyildge.
;Ou_@7+ 7F Ou
;
;(wadte) +
;(yenn`w `r kr`wl) + ;F
;_@
7
(I) (K)
;+ ;Li
;_
;@
? Li
;_
7@
2+ ;Li
;Ou_@7
+ 7FOL ; Ou(OL); (yenn`w) + ;F
;_@
76 ;Ou(OL)
; ;OuOL (wadte) + (OL);
; OuOL + 2 FOL ; F?VOu(OL)
7Z (o`n`urness s`nukne o`jpnex).
(O)
Exijpne-93 [email protected]
;@ O9== VQZ (s) O;5= VTZ (s)
(I) Q ilg T ire Ou_@7. ?A
;@ ilg Ou_@
7 (K) Q ilg T ire Ou_@
7. ?A
;@ ilg Ou_@
7. A
;@
(O) Q ilg T ire Ou_@7. A
;@ ilg Ou_@
7 (G) Q ilg T ire Ou_@
7ilg Ou@
_`nut d`l [email protected]
;@ O9== Ou_@
7.A
;@(s) O;5= Ou_@
7(s).
_`, (O) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.
Ouprdo @xdge, Ou@Dt ds oinneg kniof `xdge `b o`pper ilg ds b`ulg dl liture is tel`rdte.
]repiritd`l 8Dt ds prepireg
(d) Ky aeitdlc Ou;@ dl idr `r ky aeitdlc o`pper b`r i n`lc tdje dl idr (tae tejperiture sa`ung l`texoeeg ik`ve 99==O)
;Ou;@ + @
; 7Ou@
;Ou + @; ;Ou@
(dd) Ou(@A);
Ou@+A;@
(ddd) ;Ou(L@?)
; ;Ou@ + 7L@
;+ @
;
(dv) @l i o`jjerodin soine, dt ds `ktidleg ky aeitdlc/oinodlitd l `b jinioadte wadoa ds b`ulg dl liture.
OuO@?
. Ou(@A);
;Ou@ + O@;
+ A;@
]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8
Dt ds kniof p`wger dls`nukne dl witer ilg stikne t` j`gerite aeitdlc.
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(k) Oaejdoin 8
(d) Wae `xdge gdss`nves dl iodgs AOn, A;_@
7`b AL@
?b`rjdlc o`rresp`lgdlc sints.
Ou@ + ;A+ Ou;+ + A;@
(dd) Sael aeiteg t` 99== 9;==O, dt ds o`lverteg dlt oupr`us `xdge wdta ev nutd`l b xycel.7Ou@ ;Ou
;@ + @
;
(ddd) Dt ds reguoeg t` jetinndo o`pper ky reguodlc icelts ndfe aygr`cel, oirk`l ilg oirk`l j`l`xdge.Ou@ + A
; Ou + A
;@
Ouprdo Oan`rdge, OuOn;
. ;A;
@
]repiritd`l 8(d) Wae jetin `r ouprdo `xdge `r ouprdo aygr`xdge `r o`pper oirk`lite ds gdss`nveg dl o`loeltriteg AOn.
Wae resuntdlc s`nutd`l `l orystinndsitd`l cdves creel orystins `b aygriteg ouprdo oan`rdge.;Ou + 7AOn + @
; ;OuOn
;+ ;A
;@
Ou@ + ;AOn OuOn;+ A
;@
Ou(@A);OuO@
?+ 7AOn ;OuOn
;+ ?A
;@ + O @
;
(dd) Ilaygr`us ouprdo oan rdge ds `ktidleg is i girf kr`wl jiss wael o`pper jetin ds aeitegdl exoess `b oan`rdle cis `r ky aeitdlc aygriteg ouprdo oan`rdge dl AOn cis it 95=O.
Ou + On;
OuOn;
OuOn;
. ;A;@
cisAOn
O95= OuOn;
+ ;A;@
]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8
Dt ds gendquesoelt o`jp`ulg ilg ds reigdny s`nukne dl witer. Wae gdnute s`nutd`l ds knue kut o`loeltritegs nutd l ds, a`wever, creel. Dt oailces t` yenn w wael o`loeltriteg AOn ds iggeg. Wae knue o n`ur ds gue t`o`jpnex oitd`l VOu(A
;@)
7Z;+ ilg yenn`w o`n`ur gue t` o`jpnex ild`l VOuOn
7Z; ilg creel wael k`ta ire
preselt.
(k) Oaejdoin 8
(d) Wae ique`us s`nutd l ds iodgdo gue t` dts aygr nysds
OuOn;
+ ;A;@ Ou(@A)
;+ ;AOn
(dd) Wae ilaygr us sint `l aeitdlc b`rjs Ou;On
;ilg On
;
;OuOn; Ou;On; + On;
?OuOn;. ;A
;@
_tr`lc
Ou@ + Ou;On
;+ ;AOn + On
;+ 5A
;@
(ddd) D t ds reigd ny reguoeg t` Ou;On
; ky o`pper turldlcs `r sunpaur gd`xdge cis `r lisoelt
aygr`cel (`ktidleg ky tae iotd l `b AOn `l Xl) `r _lOn;.
OuOn;
+ Ou Ou;On
;
;OuOn;+ _@
;+ ;A
;@ Ou
;On
;+ ;AOn + A
;_@
7
;OuOn;+ ;A Ou
;On
;+ ;AOn
;OuOn;
+ _lOn;
Ou;On
;+ _lOn
7
(dv) I pine knue preodpdtite `b kisdo ouprdo oan`rdge OuOn;
. ?Ou(@A);
ds `ktidleg wael Li@A ds iggeg.
OuOn; + ;Li@A Ou(@A); + ;LiOnOuOn
;+ ?Ou(@A)
; OuOn
;. ?Ou(@A)
;
Dt gdss`nves dl ijj`lduj aygr`xdge b`rjdlc i geep knue s`nutd`l. @l evip`ritd`l `b tads s`nutd`lgeep knue orystins b tetriijjdle ouprdo oan rdge ire `ktidleg.
OuOn;
+7LA7@A VOu(LA
?)
7ZOn
;. A
;@ + ? A
;@
VGZ O@J]@ULG_ @B _DNRE[8
_dnver Ldtrite, IcL@?(Nulir oiustdo) 8
]repiritd`l 8Dt ds prepireg ky aeitdlc sdnver wdta gdnute ldtrdo iodg. Wae s nutd l ds o`loeltriteg ilg o``neg wael taeorystins `b sdnver ldtrite sepirite `ut.
?Ic + 7AL@?(gdnute)
aeit?IcL@
?+ L@ + ;A
;@
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]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8
Dt ds i o`n`urness orystinndle o`jp`ulg, s`nukne dl witer ilg ino`a`n. Dt jents it ;9;O.
(k) Oaejdoin 8
(d) Dt p`ssesses p`werbun o rr sdve iotd l `l `rcildo tdssues, wadoa dt turls kniof espeodinnydl preseloe`b ndcat. Wae kniofeldlc ds gue t` bdleny gdvdgeg jetinndo sdnver, reguoeg ky `rcildo tdssue. Dt ds,
taereb re, st reg dl o`n ureg k`ttnes.
(dd) @l aeitdlc ik`ve dts jentdlc p`dlt, dt geo`jp`ses t` sdnver ldtrdte ilg `xycel.;IcL@
? ;IcL@
;+ @
;
Sael aeiteg reg a`t, dt cdves jetinndo sdnver
;IcL@?
;Ic + ;L@;+ @
;
(ddd) _ nutd`ls `b aindges, pa spaites, sunpadges, oar jites, tad oyilites, sunpaites ilg tad`sunpaites,inn cdve i preodpdtite `b tae o`rresp`lgdlc sdnver sint wdta sdnver ldtrite s`nutd`l (b`r reiotd`ls reber
quindtitdve ilinysds saeet).
(dv) _`ndg IcL@?
iks`rks ijj`ldi cis wdta tae b`rjitd`l `b il iggdtd l o`jp`ulg,IcL@?. ?LA
?.
Sael LA7@A ds iggeg t` sdnver ldtrite s`nutd`l, i kr`wl preodpdtite `b sdnver `xdge ippeirs wadoa
gdss`nves dl exoess `b ijj`ldi b`rjdlc i o`jpnex sint.
;IcL@?
+ ;LA7
@A Ic;
@+;L A7
L@?
+ A;
@
Ic;@+;LA
7L@
?+ ;LA
7@A ;VIc(LA
?)
;ZL@
?+ ?A
;@
(v) Wae ijj`ldoin s nutd l bIcL@?reiot wdta ioetynele t` b`rj i wadte preodpdtite.
;IcL@?
+ ;LA7@ A + O
;A
; Ic
;O
; (sdnver ioetyndge) + ;LA
7L@
?+ ;A
;@
(vd) Ijj`ldoin sdnver ldtrite ds oinneg W nnels reicelt ilg ds useg t` dgeltdby reguodlc sucirs ilg
ingeayges.
[OA@ + ;Ic+ + ?@A [O@@ + ;Ic + ;A;@
Dt ds fl`wl is sdnver jdrr`r test `b ingeayges ilg reguodlc sucirs.
Ic;@ + AOA@ ;Ic + AO@@A
Ic;@ + O
2A
9;@
2 ;I c+O
2A
9;@
3
(vdd) [eiotd l wdta d`gdle 8
(i) 2IcL@?(exoess) + ?D
;+ ?A
;@ IcD@
?+ 5IcD + 2AL@
?
(k) 5IcL@?+ ?D
;(exoess) + ?A
;@ AD@
?+ 5IcD+ 5AL@
?
(vddd) _dnver ds reigdny gdspnioeg br`j il ique`us sdnver ldtrite s`nutd l ky tae kise jetins, pirtdounirny, db
tae s`nutd`l ds s`je wait iodgdo.
;IcL@?+ Ou ;Ic + Ou(L@
?)
;
;IcL@?
+ Xl ;Ic + Xl(L@?)
;
(dx) ]a`spadle, irsdle ilg stdkdle inn preodpdtite sdnver br`j sdnver ldtrite s nutd l
]A?+ 2IcL@
?+ ?A
;@ 2Ic + 2AL@
?+ A
?]@
?
IsA?+ 2IcL@?+ ?A;@ 2Ic + 2AL@?+ A?Is@?
Uses 8(d) Dt ds useg is i nik rit ryreicelt b r tae dgeltdbdoitd l `b vird us iodgdo rigdoins espeodinnyb`r oan rdge,
kr`jdge ilg d`gdge. Wae ijj`ldoin sdnver ldtrite s`nutd`l d.e., W`nnel's reicelt ds useg dl `rcildo
oaejdstry b`r testdlc ingeayges, reguodlc sucirs, eto.
(dd) _dnver ldtrite ds useg b`r jifdlc sdnver kr`jdge wadoa ds useg dl pa`t cripay.
(ddd) Dt ds useg dl tae prepiritd l `b jifdlc dlfs ilg aidr gyes.
(dv) Dt ds useg extelsdveny b`r tae prepiritd l `b sdnver jdrr rs. Wae pr`oess `b gep`sdtdlc i tadl ilguldb rj niyer `b sdnver `l i oneil cniss surbioe ds fl`wl is sdnverdlc `b jdrr`rs. Dt ds ejpn`yeg b`rjifdlc n``fdlc cnisses, o`loive jdrr`rs ilg rebneotdlc surbioes. Wae pr`oess ds kiseg `l tae
reguotd`l `b ijj`ldoin sdnver ldtrite s`nutd`l ky s`je reguodlc icelt ndfe AOA@. Wae sdnver bdnjgep`sdteg `l tae cniss ds bdrst o`iteg wdta i virldsa ilg bdlinny pidlteg wdta reg neig t` prevelt dtskedlc soripeg `bb.
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_dnver `xdge (Ic;@) 8
]repiritd`l 8Dt ds prepireg is kr`wl s`ndg ky iggdlc s`gduj aygr`xdge s`nutd`l t` sdnver ldtrite s`nutd`l.
;IcL@?+ ;Li@A Ic
;@ + ;LiL@
?+ A
;@
]r`pertdes 8Dt ds i kr`wl s`ndg spirdlcny s`nukne dl witer.(d) @l aeitdlc, dt ds geo`jp`seg t` kniof jetinndo sdnver wdta ev`nutd`l b `xycel it 92=O.
;Ic;@
7Ic + @;(dd) Dt ds reguoeg t` tae jetin ky aygr`cel l aeitdlc
Ic;@ + A
; ;Ic + A
;@
(ddd) Wae ique`us s`nutd`l ds str`lcny kisdo, s`nutd`l keaivdlc is Ic@A. J`dst sdnver `xdge aygr`nyses
tae infyn aindge t` ino`a`n.
O;A
5Kr + Ic@A O
;A
5@A + IcKr
(dv) Gry gdstdnnitd`l b i jdxture b infyn aindge wdta sdnver `xdge pr`guoes etaer.
;O;A
5Kr + Ic
;@ O
;A
5 @ O
;A
5+ ;IcKr
Uses 8Dt ds useg 8
Is W nnels reicelt b`r tae geteotd`l `b ingeayges, b`rjdo iodg ilg terjdlin infyles. Dl tae jilubioture `b jdrr`rs.
]a`t cripay 8
I pa`t`cripado bdnj o`lsdsts `b i ndcat selsdtdve ejunsd`l `b bdle pirtdones (cridls) `b sdnver sints dl cenitdle
spreig `l i oneir oennun`dg strdp `r i cniss pnite. Wae cridl sdze ds very djp`rtilt t` pa`t`cripaers, is tads
ibbeots tae quindty `b tae pdotures pr`guoeg. IcKr ds jidlny useg is tae ndcat selsdtdve jiterdin. _`je IcD dsuseg dl bist ejunsd`ls.Wae bdnj ds pnioeg dl i oijeri. Sael tae pa`t`cripa ds exp`seg, ndcat br`j tae sukheot elters tae oijeri
ilg ds b`ousseg ky tae nels t` cdve i sairp djice `l tae bdnj. Wae ndcat stirts i pa`t`oaejdoin reiotd`l ky
exodtdlc i aindge d`l, wadoa n`ses il eneotr`l. Wae eneotr`l j`ves dl i o`lguotd l kilg t` tae surbioe `b taecridl, waere dt reguoes i Ic+ d`l t` jetinndo sdnver.
;IcKr(s) ndcat ;Ic + Kr;
Dl j`gerl pa`t cripay `lnyi sa`rt exp`sure `b peraips 9/9==ta `b i seo`lg ds useg. Dl tads sa`rt tdje, `lny
i bew it`js `b sdnver (peraips 9=5=) ire pr`guoeg dl eioa cridl exp`seg t` ndcat. ]irts `b tae bdnj wadoaaive keel exp`seg t` tae krdcat pirts b tae sukheot o`ltidl i n`t b cridls wdta s`je sdnver. ]irts exp`segt` piner pirts `b tae sukheot o`ltidls i bew cridls wdta s`je sdnver, wadnst pirts l`t exp`seg o`ltidl l`le.
Waus tae bdnj o`ltidls i nitelt djice `b tae sukheot. A`wever, tae lujker `b sdnver it`js pr`guoeg ds s`
sjinn tait tae djice ds l`t vdsdkne t` tae eye.Lext tae bdnj ds pnioeg i geven`per s`nutd`l. Wads ds i jdng reguodlc icelt, usuinny o`ltidldlc qudl`n. Dts
purp`se ds t` reguoe j`re sdnver aindge t`Ic jetin. Ic ds gep`sdteg jidlny waere taere ire inreigy s`jeIcit`js. Waus tae geven`pdlc pr`oess dltelsdbdes tae nitelt djice `l tae bdnj s` dt keo`jes vdsdkne. Wae
o`rreot o`lgdtd`ls b`r pr`oessdlc just ke useg t` `ktidl il djice `b tae requdreg kniofless.
;IcKr(s) + ;@A(iq) + A@ @A (iq) ;Ic(s) + ;A;@() + @ @ + ;Kr (iq)
aygr`qudl`n aygr`qudl`le
Db tae bdnj wis kr`ucat `ut dlt` giyndcat it tads stice, tae ulexp`seg pirts `b tae ejunsd`l w`ung turl kniofilg taus gestr y tae pdoture.W` prevelt tads aippeldlcilyuloailceg sdnver aindges ire rej`veg ky pniodlc
tae bdnj dl i bdxer s`nutd l.I s`nutd l `b s`gduj tad`sunpaite ds useg is bdxer. Dt b`rjs i s`nukne o`jpnex wdtasdnver aindges.
IcKr + ;Li;_
;@
? Li
?VIc(_
;@
?)
;Z + LiKr
Ibter bdxdlc, tae bdnj oil sibeny ke kr`ucat `ut dlt` giyndcat. ]irts kniofeleg ky sdnver represelt tae ndcat pirts`b tae `rdcdlin pdoture. Wads ds taereb`re i lecitdve.
W` `ktidl il djice wdta ndcat ilg girf tae rdcat wiy r`ulg, i prdlt just ke jige. Ndcat ds pisseg tar`uca taelecitdve `lt` i pdeoe `b piper o`iteg wdtaIcKr ejunsd l. Wads ds tael geven`peg ilg bdxeg dl tae sije wiyis keb re.
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VEZ ]@WI__DUJ ]E[JILCILIWE (FJl@7) 8
]repiritd`lWads ds tae j`st djp`rtilt ilg wenn fl`wl sint `b perjilcildo iodg ilg ds prepireg br`j tae pyr nusdte `re.
Dt ds prepireg ky busdlc pyr`nusdte re edtaer wdta F@A r F;O@
?dl preseloe `b itj`spaerdo `xycel `r ily
`taer `xdgdsdlc icelt suoa is FL@?. Waebuseg jiss turls creel wdta tae b`rjitd`l `b p tissduj jilcilite,
F;Jl@
7.
;Jl@;+ 7F@A + @
; ;F
;Jl@
7+ ;A
;@
;Jl@;+ ;F;O@?+ @; ;F;Jl@7+ ;O@;
Wae buseg jiss ds extrioteg wdta witer ilg tae s nutd l ds l`w treiteg wdta i ourrelt `b oan rdle `r `z`le `r
oirk`l gd`xdge t` o`lvert jilcilite dlt` perjilcilite.
;F;Jl@
7+ On
; ;FJl@
7+ ;FOn
;F;Jl@
7+ A
;@ + @
? ;FJl@
7+ ;F@A + @
;
?F;Jl@
7+ ;O@
; ;FJl@
7+ Jl@
;+ ;F
;O@
?
O`jjerodinny dt ds prepireg ky busd`l b Jl@;wdta F@A b`nn`weg ky eneotr`nytdo xdgitd`l `b jilcilite.
Jl@7
; (creel) Jl@7 (purpne) + e
Dl tae nik`rit`ry, i jilcilese(DD) d`l sint ds xdgdseg ky per x`gdsunpaite t` perjilcilite
;Jl;+
+ 5_;@1;
+ 1A;@ ;Jl@7
+ 9=_@7;
+ 92A+
]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8
Dt ds purpne o`n`ureg orystinndle o`jp`ulg. Dt ds j`geriteny s`nukne dl witer it r``j tejperiture.
(k) Oaejdoin 8
(d) Ebbeot `b aeitdlcSael aeiteg in le `r wdta il infind, dt geo`jp`ses ev`nvdlc `xycel.
;FJl@7
F35= F;Jl@
7+ Jl@
;+ @
;
;F;Jl@7 Aeitg[e
;F;Jl@?+ @;
7FJl@7+ 7F@A 7F
;Jl@
7+ ;A
;@ + @
;
`r
7Jl@7 + 7@A 7Jl@
7; + @
;+ ;A
;@.
Jl@7
; dl gdnute infindle, witer ilg iodgdo s`nutd`ls ds ulstikne ilg gdspr`p`rtd`lites t` cdve Jl@7 ilg
Jl@;.
?Jl@7
; + 7A+ ;Jl@7 + Jl@
; + ;A;@
?Jl@7
; + ;A;@ ;Jl@
7 + Jl@
; + 7@A
`r
?Jl@7
; + ?A;@ ;Jl@
7 + Jl@ (@A)
; +7@A
@l aeitdlc dl ourrelt `b A;, s`ndg FJl@
7cdves Jl@
;FJl@7+ 5A
; ;F@A + ;Jl@ + 7A
;@
(dd) @l treitjelt wdta o`loeltriteg A;_@
7(FJl@
7ds tifel dl exoess), dt b`rjs jilcilese aept`xdge
vdi perjilcilyn sunpaite wadoa geo`jp`ses expn`sdveny `l aeitdlc.
;FJl@7+ ?A
;_@
7 ;FA_@
7+ (Jl@
?)
;_@
7+ ;A
;@
(Jl@?)
;_@
7+ A
;@ Jl
;@
3+ A
;_@
7
Jl;@
3 ;Jl@
;+
?
;@
;
FJl@7
+ ?A;
_@7
(o`lo.) F+ + Jl@?
+ (creel) + ?A_@7
+ A?
@+.
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(o) A;_ ds `xdgdseg t` sunpaur 8
;Jl@7 + 92A+ + 5_; ;Jl;+ + 1A
;@ + 5_
(g) _@;ds `xdgdseg t` A
;_@
78
;Jl@7 + 5_@
;+ ;A
;@ 5_@
7; + ;Jl;+ + 7A+
(e) Ldtrdtes ire `xdgdseg t` ldtrites 8
;Jl@7 + 5L@
; + 2A+ ;Jl;+ + ?A
;@ + 5L@
?
(b) @xindo iodg ds `xdgdseg t` O@;8Wads reiotd`l ds sn`w it r``j tejperiture, kut ds ripdg it 2=O.Jl(DD) d`ls pr`guoeg oitinyse tae reiotd`l6 taus tae reiotd`l ds iut`oitinytdo.
;Jl@7 + 92A+ + 5O
;@
7; O2= ;Jl;+ + 1A
;@ + 9=O@
;
(c) AOA@ ds `xdgdseg t` AO@@A
;Jl@7 + 5AOA@ + 2A+ ;Jl;+ + 5AO@@A + ?A
;@.
(a) Dt`xdgdses aygr cel aindges (AOn, AKr `r AD) dlt` Q;
(ain`cel)
;Jl@7 + 92A+ + 9=Q ;Jl;+ + 1A
;@ + 5Q
;
(d) A;@
;ds `xdgdseg t` @
;.
;Jl@7 + 2A+ + 5A
;@
; 5@
;+ Jl;+ + 1A
;@.
Uses 8(d) FJl@
7ds useg is il `xdgdsdlc icelt dl nik`rit`ry ilg dlgustry.
(dd) Infindle p tissduj perjilcilite ds oinneg Kiyer's reicelt. Wads reicelt ds useg dl `rcildooaejdstry b`r tae test `b ulsituritd`l. FJl@
7 ds useg dl tae jilubioture `b siooairdl,
kelz`do iodg, ioetingeayge eto.
(ddd) FJl@7ds useg dl quindtitdve ilinysds b`r geteotdlc aindges, sunpadtes, `xinites, eto.
Exijpne-91 ]`tissduj perjilcilite iots is il `xdgilt dl leutrin, infindle is wenn is iodgdo jegdi. Wae bdlin
pr`guots `ktidleg br`j dt dl taree o`lgdtd`ls ire respeotdveny 8(I) Jl@
7; , Jl?+ ilg Jl;+ (K) Jl@
;, Jl@
;ilg Jl;+
(O) Jl@;, Jl@;+ ilg Jl?+ (G) Jl@ , Jl@;+ ilg Jl;+
_`nut d`l ?e + ;A;@ + Jl@
7 Jl@
;+ 7@A (leutrin jegduj)
e +Jl@7 Jl@
7; (gdnute infindle jegduj)
Jl@7 + 1A+ + 5e Jl;+ + 7A
;@ (iodgdo jegduj)
Waereb re, (K) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.
VBZ ]@WI__DUJ GDOA[@JIWE (F;Or
;@
3) 8
]repiritd`l 8Wae oar`jdte `re ds r`isteg wdta s`gduj oirk`lite dl preseloe `b idr dl i reverkerit`ry burlioe
7Be@. Or;@? (oar`jdte `re) + 1Li;O@? + 3@; idrdl[`istdlc 1Li;Or@7 + ;Be;@? +1O@;
Wae r`isteg jiss ds extrioteg wdta witer wael Li;Or@
7 c`es dlt` tae s`nutd`l neivdlc keadlg
dls`nukne Be;@
?. Wae s`nutd l ds tael treiteg wdta oinouniteg ij`ult b A
;_@
7.
;Li;Or@
7+ A
;_@
7 Li
;Or
;@
3+ Li
;_@
7+ A
;@
Wae s`nutd l ds o`loeltriteg wael ness s`nukne Li;_@
7orystinndses `ut. Wae s`nutd l ds burtaer o`loeltriteg
wael orystins `b Li;Or
;@
3ire `ktidleg. A`t situriteg s`nutd`l `b Li
;Or
;@
3ds tael treiteg wdta FOn wael
`rilce reg orystins `b F;Or
;@
3ire `ktidleg `l orystinndsitd`l.
Li;Or
;@
3+ ;FOD F
;Or
;@
3+;LiOn
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F;Or
;@
3ds preberreg `ver Li
;Or
;@
3is i prdjirystilgirg dl v`nujetrdo estdjitd l keoiuse Li
;Or
;@
3
ds aycr`so`pdo dl liture kut F;Or
;@
3ds l`t.
]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8
Dt ds `rilce-reg o`n ureg orystinndle o`jp`ulg. Dt ds j`geritenys`nukne dl o`ng witer kut breeny s`nukne dl a`twiter. Dt jents it ?41O.
(k) Oaejdoin 8
(d) Ebbeot `b aeitdlc 8@l aeitdlc str`lcny, dt geo`jp`ses ndkeritdlc `xycel.
;F;Or
;@
3 ;F
;Or@
7+ Or
;@
?+
;
?@
;
@l aeitdlc wdta infindes, dt ds o`lverteg t` oar jite, d.e., tae o`n ur oailces br`j rilce t` yenn`w.@l iodgdbydlc, yenn`w o`n`ur icidl oailces t` `rilce.
F;Or
;@
3+ ;F@A ;F
;Or@
7+ A
;@
Or;@
3
; + ;@A ;Or@7
; + A;@
@rilce Tenn`w
;Or@ 7;
+ ;A+
Or;@ 3;
+ A;@Tenn`w @rilce
Waus Or@7
; ilg Or;@
3; exdst dl equdndkrduj ilg ire dltero`lvertikne ky interdlc tae pA `b s`nutd l.
;Or@7
; + ;A+ ;AOr@7 Or
;@
3
; + A;@
Dl infindle s`nutd l, oar jite d`ls ire preselt wadne dl iodgdo s`nutd l, gdoar`jite d`ls ire preselt.
(dd) F;Or
;@
3+ ;A
;_@
7(o`lo. & o ng) ;Or@
? (krdcat `rilce/reg) + ;FA_@7 + A;@
;F;Or
;@
3+ 1A
;_@
7(o`lo. & A`t) ;F
;_@
7+ 1A
;@ + ;Or
;(_@
7)
?+ ?@
;
(ddd) Iodgdbdeg F;Or
;@
3s`nutd l reiots wdta A
;@
;t` cdve i geep knue s nutd l gue t` tae b`rjitd l `b Or@
5.
Or;@
3; + ;A+ + 7A
;@
; ;Or@
5+ 5A
;@
Knue o`n ur dl ique`us s nutd`l biges iwiy sn wny gue t` tae geo`jp`sdtd`l `b Or@5
t`Or?+ d`ls ilg`xycel. Dl ness iodgdo s`nutd l F
;Or
;@
3ilg A
;@
;cdve sint wadoa ds vd net o`n ureg ilg gdijicletdo
gue t` tae b`rjitd`l `b VOr@(@;)(@A)Z. Dl infindle jegduj wdta ?=% A
;@
;, i reg-kr`wl F
?Or@
1
(gdper x`) ds b`rjeg. Dt ds tetri per x`speodes VOr(@;)
7Z? ilg taus tae Or ds dl +R `xdgitd`l stite. Dl
ijj`ldoin s`nutd`l i girf reg-kr`wl o`jp`ulg, (LA?)
?Or@
7- gdper`x` o`jp`ulg wdta Or(DR) ds
b`rjeg.
(dv) ]`tissduj gdoar`jite reiots wdta aygr`oan rdo iodg ilg ev nves oan rdle cis.F
;Or
;@
3+ 97AOn ;FOn + ;OrOn
?+ 3A
;@ + ?On
;
(v) Dt iots is i p`werbun `xdgdsdlc icelt dl iodgdo jegduj (gdnute A;_@
7)
Or;@
3
; + 97A+ + 2e ;Or+? + 3A;@. (E : 9.?? R)
Wae `xdgitd`l stite `b Or oailces br`j + 2 t` +?.(i) D`gdle ds ndkeriteg br`j p`tissduj d`gdge 8
Or;@
3
; + 97A+ + 2e ;Or?+ + 3A;@
; ;+ ;e V?Z
Or;@
3
; + 97A+ + 2 ;Or?+ + ?;+ 3A
;@
(k) Berr`us sints ire `xdgdseg t` berrdo sints 8
2Be;+ + Or;@
3
; + 97A+ 2Be?+ + ;Or?+ + 3A;@
(o) _unpadtes ire `xdgdseg t` sunpaites 8
Or;@ 3;
+ ?_@ ?;
+ 1A+
?_@ 7;
+ ;Or?+
+ 7A;@
(g) A;_ ds `xdgdseg t` sunpaur 8
Or;@
3
; + ?A;_ + 1A+ ;Or?+ + 3A
;@ + ?_
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(e) _@;ds `xdgdseg t` A
;_@
78
Or;@
3; + ?_@
;+ ;A+ ;Or?+ + ?_@
7; + A
;@ 6
Oar je inuj ds ktidleg wael iodgdbdeg F;Or
;@
3s`nutd l ds situriteg wdta _@
;.
F;Or
;@
3+ A
;_@
7+ _@
;+ A
;@ O3=W F
;_@
7. Or
;(_@
7)
?. ;7A
;@
(b) Dt `xdgdses etaynino`a`n t` ioetingeayge ilg ioetingeayge t` ioetdo iodg
O;A
5@A Z@V OA
?OA@ Z@V OA
?O@@A
etayn ino`a n ioetingeayge ioetdo iodg
(c) Dt ins` `xdgdses ldtrdtes t` ldtrites, irseldtes t` irselites, AKr t` Kr;. AD t` D
;, eto.
(a) F;Or
;@
3+ ;O (oairo`in) Or
;@
?+ F
;O@
?+ O@
(vd) Oar`jyn oan rdge test 8 7On + Or;@
3; + 2A+ ;Or@
;On
; (geep reg) + ?A
;@
Or@;On
;+ 7@A Or@
7; (yenn`w) + ;On + ;A
;@
Or@7
; (yenn`w) + ]k;+ ]kOr@7 (yenn`w)
(vdd) Or ;@
3; (o`loeltriteg s`nutd l) + ;Ic+ Ic
;Or
;@
3 (reggdsa kr`wl)
Ic;Or
;@
3 + A;@ k`dn IcIc
;Or@
7 + Or@7; + ;A+ .
(vddd) Or ;@3; + Ki;+ + A;@ ;KiOr@7 + ;A+
Is str`lc iodg ds pr`guoeg, tae preodpdtitd`l ds `lny pirtdin. Kut db Li@A `r OA?O@@Li ds iggeg,
preodpdtite keo`jes quiltdtitdve.
Uses 8Dt ds useg 8
(d) is i v nujetrdo reicelt dl tae estdjitd l `b reguodlc icelts suoa is `xindo iodg, berr`us d`ls, d`gdge
d`ls, eto. Dt ds useg is i prdjiry stilgirg.
(dd) b`r tae prepiritd l `b severin oar`jduj o`jp`ulgs suoa is oar`je inuj, oar`je yenn w, oar`je
reg, zdlo yenn`w, eto.
(ddd) dl gyedlc, oar je tilldlc, oindo` prdltdlc, pa t`cripay eto.
(dv) is i oneilsdlc icelt b`r cniss wire dl tae b`rj `b oar`jdo iodg.
Exijpne-94 Il dl`rcildo o`jp`ulg (I) ais cirlet reg prdsjitdo orystins. (I) ds j`geriteny s`nukne dl witer ilg
gdss`nves dl o`ng o`loeltriteg A;_@
7 t` ydeng reg orystins (K). Dl preseloe `b gdnute A
;_@
7 dt
o`lverts i pulcelt cis (O) dlt` i yenn w turkdgdty (G) ilg o`lverts i subb oitdlc cis (E) dlt` i creel
s`nutd`l (B). Wae cis (O) ilg (E) ins` o`jkdle t` pr`guoe tae yenn`w turkdgdty (G). Sdta F ilgstiroa dl preseloe `b gdnute. A
;_@
7(I) ydengs knue o`n`ur. (I) ilg o`loeltriteg A
;_@
7jdxture ds
useg is i oneilsdlc icelt b`r cnisswire dl tae nik`rit`ry. Dgeltdby (I) ilg expnidl tae reiotd`ls.
_`nut d`l Is o`jp`ulg (I) ais cirlet reg prdsjitdo orystins wadoa wdta o`ng o`lo. A;_@
7cdves reg orystins
ilg i subb`oitdlc cis (_@;) turls dts s nutd l dl witer dl t` creelo`n uregs nutd l, taereb reo`jp`ulg
(I) jiy ke F;Or;@3.F
;Or
;@
3+ 7A
;_@
7+ ?A
;_ FA_@
7+ ; Or@
?(reg orystins) + A
;@
(I) (K)
F;Or
;@
3+ 7A
;_@
7+ ?A
;_ F
;_@
7+ Or
;(_@
7)
?+ 3A
;@ + ?_ (Tenn`w)
(O) (G)
F;Or
;@
3+ A
;_@
7+ ?_@
; Or
;(_@
7)
?(Creel s`nutd`l) + F
;_@
7+ A
;@
(E) (B)
F;Or
;@
3+ 3A
;_@
7+ 2F 7F
;_@
7+ Or
;(_@
7)
?+ 3A
;@ + ?
;
;
+ _tiroa Knue o`n`ur
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JD_OENNILE@U_ _@NREG ][@KNEJ_ (J_]s)
9. Ij`lc tae b`nn wdlc stitejelts oa``se tae true r binse stitejelt(s).
(i) F;Or
;@
3`l aeitdlc wdta oairo`in cdves jetinndo p`tissduj ilg Or
;@
?.
(k) @l aeitdlc dl ourrelt `b A;tae orystinndle FJl@
7ds o`lverteg dlt` F@A ilg Jl
?@
7.
(o) Aygriteg berrdo oan rdge `l treitjelt wdta ;, ;gdjeta`xypr`pile cdves ilaygr`us berrdo oan rdge.
Ils. (i) Binse (k) Binse (o) Wrue
_`n. (i) F;Or
;@
3+ ;O (oairo`in) Or
;@
?+ F
;O@
?+ O@ .
(k) ;FJl@7+ 5A
; ; F@A + ;Jl@ + 7A
;@.
(o) BeOn?
. 2A;@+2O A
?
?
?
?
@OA|
OAO|@OA
BeOn?
(ilaygr`us) + 9;OA?@A+2OA
?O@OA
?.
;. I o`jp`ulg (I) ds useg dl pidlts dlsteig `b sints `b neig. O`jp`ulg (I) ds `ktidlegwael i wadte o`jp`ulg
(K) ds str`lcny aeiteg. O`jp`ulg (K) ds dls`nukne dl witer kut gdss`nves dl s`gduj aygr`xdge b`rjdlc i
s`nutd`l `b o`jp`ulg (O). Wae o`jp`ulg (I) `l aeitdlc wdta o`fe cdves i jetin (G) ilg i cis (E) wadoa
kurls wdta knue bnije. (K) ins` gdss`nves dl ijj`lduj sunpaite s`nutd l jdxeg wdta ijj`lduj aygr`xdge.
_ nutd l `b o`jp`ulg (I) dl gdnute AOn cdves i knudsa wadte / wadte preodpdtite (B) wdta exoess `b F7VBe(OL)
2Z.
Dgeltdby (I) t` (B) ilg expnidl tae reiotd`ls.
Ils. (I) Xl@, (K) Xl(@A);, (O) Li
;Xl@
; , (G) Xl, (E) O@, (B) F
;Xl
?VBe(OL)
2Z
;
_`n. Xl(@A);
(K) Xl@ (I) + A;@.
Xl(@A);
(K) +;@A VXl(@A)7Z; (O) (s`nukne o`jpnex).
Xl@ (I) + O Xl (G) + O@ (E).
Xl(@A);(K)+ 7LA
? VXl(LA
?)
7Z;+ (s nukne o`jpnex) + ;@A.
Xl@ + ;AOn XlOn; + A;@.
?XlOn;
+ ;F7VBe(OL)
2Z F
;Xl
?VBe(OL)
2Z
; (knudsa wadte/wadte) (B) + 2FOn.
?. Il ulfl`wl dl`rcildo o`jp`ulg (Q) cive tae b`nn`wdlc reiotd ls8
(d) Wae o`jp`ulg (Q) `l aeitdlc civei resdgue, `xycel ilg `xdge `b ldtr cel.
(dd) Il ique`us s nutd`l `b o`jp`ulg (Q) `l iggdtd`l t` tip witer cive i turkdgdty wadoa
gdg l t gdss`nve dl AL@?.
(ddd) Wae turkdgdtygdss nves dl LA7@A.
Dgeltdby tae o`jp`ulg (Q) ilg cdve equitd ls b`r tae reiotd ls (d), (dd) & (ddd).
Ils. Q : IcL@?
_`n. ;IcL@?(Q) ; Ic + ;L@
;+ @
;.
IcL@?(iq.) + On IcOn(wadte) + L@?
.
IcOn + ;LA?
VIc(LA?)
;Z+ (s`nukne o`jpnex).
7. Ij`lcst VWdB2Z; , VO`B
2Z? , Ou
;On
;ilg VLdOn
7Z; VIt`jdo lujker 6 Wd : ;;, O` : ;3, Ou : ;4, Ld : ;1Z tae
o`n`urness speodes ire 8
(I) VWdB2Z; ilg VOu
;On
;Z (K) Ou
;On
;ilg VLdOn
7Z; (O) VWdB
2Z; ilg VO`B
2Z? (G) VO`B
2Z? ilg VLdOn
7Z;
Ils. (I)
_`n. Dl VWdB2Z; tae tdtilduj ds dl +7 `xdgitd`l stite aivdlc tae eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l VIrZ91 ?g= 7s=. _djdnirny dl
Ou;On
;tae o`pper ds dl +9 `xdgitd`l stite aivdlc tae eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l VIrZ91 ?g9= 7s=. Is taey g` l`t
aive ily ulpidreg eneotr`ls b`r g-g trilsdtd l, taey ire taereb re o`n urness.
Dl VLdOn7Z; tae ldofen ds dl +; `xdgitd`l stite ilg eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l ds VIrZ91 ?g1 7s=. Is dt ais tw`
ulpidreg eneotr`ls, s` tae o`jpnex ds o`n`ureg.Dl VO`B
2Z?, tae o`kint ds dl +? `xdgitd`l stite aivdlc eneotr`l o`lbdcuritd`l VIrZ ?g 2 7s=. Is dt ais b`ur
ulpidreg eneotr`ls, s` tae o`jpnex ds o`n`ureg.
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5. @l tae kisds `b trelgs dl tae pr`pertdes b tae ?g-serdes enejelts, succests p`ssdkne J;+ iqui d`ls b`r use
is reguodlc icelts, ilg wrdte i kiniloeg oaejdoin equitd l b`r tae reiotd l `b le `b taese d`ls wdta @;
dl
iodgdo s`nutd`l.
_`n. Keoiuse `xdgitd`l stite +; ds j`st stikne b`r tae niter enejelts `b ?g-serdes enejelts, str`lc reguodlc
icelts dlonuge d`ls `b tae jetins l tae nebt `b tae serdes8 suoa d`ls dlonuge R;+ (iq) ilg Or;+ (iq) Wae Be;+
(iq) d`l ds `lny weifny reguodlc. Wae O`;+ (iq), Ld;+ (iq), ilg Ou;+ (iq) d`ls ire l`t `xdgdzeg dl witer.
Be?+ 33.= Be;+ 77.= Be
Wae oaejdoin equitd l b`r tae `xdgitd`l ds tael
7 Be;+ (iq) + @;(c) + 7A+ (iq) 7Be?+ (iq) + ;A;@ ().
2. Jitoa tae reiotd`ls cdvel dl o`nujl-D wdta tae oairioterdstdo(s) `b tae reiotd l pr`guots cdvel dl
o`nujl-DD.
O`nujl-D O`nujl-DD
(I) WdOn7
Xl (p) @le `b tae pr guots ds krdcat `rilce o n`ureg kut
gdijicletdo.
(K) BeOn?
F53? (q) @le `b tae pr guots ds creel o n`ureg ilg pirijicletdo.
(O) FJl@7
F35= (r) @le `b tae pr guots ds vd net ilg pirijicletdo.
(G) F;Or
;@
3+ A
;_@
7(o ng & o`lo.) (s) @le `b tae pr`guots exdsts is gdjer.
Ils. VI rZ 6 VK s 6 VO qZ 6 VG pZ.
_`n. (I) WdOn7
Xl WdOn?, vd net (`le ulpidreg eneotr`l s` g-g trilsdtd`l ds p`ssdkne).
(K) ;BeOn?
F53? cis gdjer..
(O) ;FJl@7
F35= F;
Jl@7
creel (`le ulpidreg eneotr`l s` g-g trilsdtd`l ds p`ssdkne) + Jl@;
+ @;
.
(G) F;Or
;@
3+ ;A
;_@
7 ;Or@
?krdcat `rilce (gdijicletdo) + ;FA_@
7+ A
;@.
3. Sadoa `b tae b nn wdlc ds true b`r tae speodes aivdlc ?g7 o`lbdcuritd`l 0
(I) Or;+ ds reguodlc dl liture. (K) Jl?+ ds `xdgdsdlc dl liture.
(O) K`ta (I) ilg (K) (G) L`le b taese
_`n. Or;+ ds reguodlc is dts o`lbdcuritd`l oailces br`j g7 t` g?, tae nitter aivdlc i ainb-bdnneg t?;c
elercy neven `b ?g
`rkdtins dl `otiaegrin orystin bdeng spndtdlc. @l tae `taer ailg, tae oailce br`j Jl?+ t` Jl;+ resunts dl tae
ainb-bdnneg (g5) o`lbdcuritd`l wadoa ais extri stikdndty.
Waereb re, (O) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.
1. Sadoa `b tae b`nn wdlc dloreisdlc `rger `b xdgdsdlc p`wer ds o`rreot b`r tae b`nn`wdlc speodes 0R@
;+ , Jl@
7 , Or
;@
3;
(I) R@;
+ > Or;@
3; > Jl@
7 (K) R@
;+ > Jl@
7 > Or
;@
3;
(O) Or;@
3; > R@
;+ >Jl@
7 (G) Or
;@
3; > Jl@
7 > R@
;+
_`n. Wads ds ittrdkuteg t` tae dloreisdlc stikdndty `b tae n`wer speodes t` wadoa taey ire reguoeg.
Jl@7 ds reguoeg t` Jl;+ wadoa ais stikne ainb bdnneg vineloe saenn eneotr`l o`lbdcuritd`l V?g5Z.
Or;@
3; ds reguoeg t` Or?+ wadoa ais ainb bdnneg t?
;celercy neven `b ?g `rkdtins dl `otiaegrin orystin bdeng spndtdlc
R@;
+ ds reguoeg t` R?+ wadoa ais eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l VIrZ91 ?g; 7s=.
_` tae `rger `b dloreisdlc stikdndty `b tae reguoeg speodes ds Jl;+ < Or?+ < R?+ ilg, taereb re, tae dloreisdlc
`rger `b `xdgdsdlc p`wer ds R@;
+ > Or;@
3; > Jl@
7 .
Waereb re, (I) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.
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4. Sadoa `b tae b`nn`wdlc stitejelt(s) ds/ire o`rreot 0
(I) Wrilsdtd`l jetins ilg jily `b taedr o`jp`ulgs sa`w pirijicletdo keaivd`ur.
(K) Wae eltainpdes `b it`jdsitd`l `b tae trilsdtd`l jetins ire adca
(O) Wae trilsdtd`l jetins celerinny b`rj o`n`ureg o`jp`ulgs
(G) Wrilsdtd`l jetins ilg taedr jily o`jp`ulgs iot is c``g oitinyst.
_`n. (I) Is jetin d`ls celerinny o`ltidl `le `r j`re ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl taej & aeloe taedr o`jpnexes
ire celerinny pirijicletdo
(K) Keoiuse `b aivdlc nircer lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl taedr it`js, taey aive str`lcer dlterit`jdo dlteriotd`l ilg aeloe str`lcer k`lgdlc ketweel tae it`js.
(O) Ioo`rgdlc t` OBW, dl preseloe `b ndcilgs tae o`n`ur `b tae o`jp`ulg ds gue t` tae g-g trilsdtd`l `b
tae eneotr`ls.
(G) Wads iotdvdty ds isordkeg t` taedr ikdndty t` ig`pt juntdpne `xdgitd`l stite ilg t` b`rj o`jpnexes.
Waereb re, (I,K,O,G) `ptd ls ire o`rreot.
9=. Sael O@;ds pisseg dlt` ique`us 8
(I) Li;Or@
7s`nutd`l, dts yenn`w o`n`ur oailces t` `rilce.
(K) F;Jl@
7s`nutd`l, dt gdspr`p`rtd`lites t` FJl@
7ilg Jl@
;
(O) Li;Or
;@
3s`nutd l, dts `rilce o`n ur oailces t` creel
(G) FJl@7s`nutd`l, dts pdlf o`n`ur oailces t` creel._`n. (I) Li
;Or@
7
ALi
;Or
;@
3(`rilce o`n`ur)
(K) Jl@7
; A
Jl@7 + Jl@
;, dl leutrin `r iodgdo jegduj
(O) Binse - Dl iodgdo jegduj l` o`n`ur oailce tifes pnioe.
(G) Jl@7 + e
@A Jl@7
; 6 dl str`lc infindle jegduj pdlf o`n`ur `b FJl@7oailces t` creel.
Waereb re, (I,K) `ptd`ls ire o`rreot.
99. Sadoa `b tae b`nn`wdlc stitejelt(s) ds (ire) l`t o`rreot wdta rebereloe t`berr`usilg berrdo d`ls
(I) Be?+ cdves kr`wl o`n ur wdta p`tissduj berrdoyildge
(K) Be;+ cdves knue preodpdtite wdta p`tissduj berrdoyildge
(O) Be?+ cdves reg o`n`ur wdta p`tissduj sunpa`oyildge
(G) Be;+cdveskr wlo n urwdtap tissdujsunpa`oyildge
_`n. Be?+ pr`guoes reg o`n`uritd l wdta F_OL kut Be;+ g`es l t cdve kr`wl o n`ur wdta F_OL.
Waereb re, (G) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.
9;. _WIWEJELW-98Ijj`ldoin sdnver ldtrite o`lverts cnuo`set` cnuo`ldo iodg ilg jetinndo sdnver ds preodpdtiteg.
_WIWEJELW-; 8 Cnuo`se iots is i weif reguodlc icelt.
(I) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Wrue6 _titejelt-; ds i o`rreot expnilitd`l b`r _titejelt-9.
(K) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Wrue6 _titejelt-; ds L@W i o`rreot expnilitd l b`r _titejelt-9
(O) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Binse
(G) _titejelt-9 ds Binse, _titejelt-; ds Wrue
_`n. (I)Ic;@ + O2A9;@2;Ic + O2A9;@3.
9?. _WIWEJELW-98 Wae lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl tae b nn wdlc cise`us d`ls 8
Jl?+, Or?+, R?+ ilg Wd?+ ire 7, ?, ; ilg 9 respeotdveny.
_WIWEJELW-; 8Or?+ ds j`st stikne dl ique`us s`nutd`l ij`lc taese d`ls.
(I) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Wrue6 _titejelt-; ds i o`rreot expnilitd`l b`r _titejelt-9.
(K) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Wrue6 _titejelt-; ds L@W i o`rreot expnilitd l b`r _titejelt-9
(O) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Binse
(G) _titejelt-9 ds Binse, _titejelt-; ds Wrue
_`n. (K) Jl?+ : VIrZ91 ?g7 , Or+? : VIrZ91 ?g? , R?+ : VIrZ91 ?g; , Wd?+ : VIrZ91 ?g9
Or?+ ds j`st stikne dl ique`us s`nutd`l keoiuse dt ais ainb bdnneg t?;c
elercy neven `b ?g `rkdtins dl
`otiaegrin orystin bdeng spndtdlc ilg ioo`rgdlc t` orystin bdeng tae`ry (OBW) dt ais adcaest vinue `bOB_E d.e. 9.;
@.
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97. _9
8Dlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs aive adca jentdlc p`dlts, adcaer tail ta`se `b pure jetins.
_;8]erjilcilite tdtritd`ls dl preseloe b aygr`oan rdo iodg ire ulsitdsbiot`ry.
_?8 FJl@
7g`es l`t iot is il `xdgdsdlc icelt dl str`lc infindle jegduj.
_78FJl@
7`l aeitdlc dl i ourrelt `b A
;cdves Jl@.
(I) W W B W (K) W B B W (O) W B W W (G) B B W B
_`n. _98Gue t` str`lc dlterit`jdo b`roes.
_;8 _`je `b tae aygr`oan`rdo iodg ds `xdgdseg t` oan`rdle ilg taus we cet ness v`nuje `b FJl@
7tail tae
iotuin `le.
_?8 Jl@
7 + e
@AJl@
7;
_78 ;FJl@
7 + 5A
; ;F@A + ;Jl@ + A
;@.
Waereb re, (I) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.
95. Jitoa tae reiotd`ls dlO`nujl Dwdta liture `b tae reiotd`ls/type `b tae pr`guots dl O`nujl DD.
O`nujl D O`nujl DD
(I) IcL@?(iq) + D
;(exoess) + A
;@ (p) Gdspr`p`rtd litd l
(K) F;Jl@
7(iq) + O@
;(c) (q) O`jpr`p`rtd`litd`l
(O) Li;Or;@3 + O
(r) [eg`x(G) OuOn
;(iq) + Ou(s) (s) @le `b tae pr`guots ds dls`nukne dl witer
Ils. (I p, r, s) 6 (K p, r, s) 6 (O r, s) 8 (Gq, r, s)
_`n. (I) 5IcL@?(iq) + ?
=
D ;(exoess) + ?A;@ R
?AD@
+9
IcD5 + 5AL@?
_` dt ds reg`x ilg gdspr`p`rtd`litd`l reiotd`l. IcD dls`nukne dl witer.
(K)RD
7;Jl@F?
(iq) + ;O@;(c)
RDD
7FJl@;
+DR
;Jl@
+ ;F;O@
?
_` dt ds reg`x ilg gdspr`p`rtd`litd`l reiotd`l. Jl@;dls`nukne dl witer.
(O)=
O; +
RD
3;; @OrLi
DDD
?;@Or
+
DR
?;O@Li
+ DD
O@
_` dt ds reg`x reiotd`l. Or;@
?(creel pdcjelt) ds dls`nukne dl witer.
(G)DD
;OuOn
(iq) + =
Ou (s) D
;;OnOu
(s)
_` dt ds reg`x ilg o`jpr`p`rtd`litd`l reiotd`l. Ou;On
;ds dls`nukne dl witer.