Cytology Levels of Organization (2-4) Cell Theory (5-12) Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic (14) Animal Cell (14-31) Plant Cell (14-31) Unicellular vs. Multicellular.

CytologyCytology

Levels of Organization (2-4)Levels of Organization (2-4)

Cell Theory (5-12)Cell Theory (5-12)

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic (14)Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic (14)

Animal Cell (14-31)Animal Cell (14-31)

Plant Cell (14-31)Plant Cell (14-31)

Unicellular vs. Multicellular (32)Unicellular vs. Multicellular (32)

Cell Membrane &Cell Membrane &Cellular Transport (33-39)Cellular Transport (33-39)

Cytology – The study of the “CELL”Cytology – The study of the “CELL”

Analogy of “The Brick”Analogy of “The Brick”

Cytology – The study of the “CELL”Cytology – The study of the “CELL”

The Levels of OrganizationThe Levels of Organization

The Levels of OrganizationThe Levels of Organization

OrganelleOrganelle

CellCell

TissueTissue

OrganOrgan

Organ SystemOrgan System

OrganismOrganism

The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory

12

3

Historical ContributorsHistorical Contributors

15951953

Historical ContributorsHistorical Contributors

15951953

Hans & Zacharias Janssen (1600)Hans & Zacharias Janssen (1600)

Robert Hooke (1665)Robert Hooke (1665)

•English ScientistEnglish Scientist•Looked at cork through a compound microscopeLooked at cork through a compound microscope•Observed tiny room-like structuresObserved tiny room-like structures•Called these structures “CellsCalled these structures “Cells•Only saw outer walls of the cells because cork cells are Only saw outer walls of the cells because cork cells are not not alivealive

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1680)

•Dutch fabric merchant and amateur scientistDutch fabric merchant and amateur scientist•Looked at blood, scrapings from teeth and rain Looked at blood, scrapings from teeth and rain water through a simple microscope (1 Lens)water through a simple microscope (1 Lens)•Observed living cells called some “animalcules”Observed living cells called some “animalcules”•Some of the small “animalcules” are now calledSome of the small “animalcules” are now called bacteria.bacteria.

Matthias Schleiden (1838)Matthias Schleiden (1838)

•German BotanistGerman Botanist•Viewed plant parts under a microscopeViewed plant parts under a microscope•Discovered that plant parts are made of cellsDiscovered that plant parts are made of cells

Theodor Schwann (1839)Theodor Schwann (1839)

•German ZoologistGerman Zoologist•Viewed animal parts under a microscopeViewed animal parts under a microscope•Discovered that animal parts are made of cellsDiscovered that animal parts are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow (1855)Rudolf Virchow (1855)

•German PhysicianGerman Physician•Stated that all living cells comeStated that all living cells come from other living cellsfrom other living cells

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Animal CellAnimal Cell

Lysosome

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Ribosome

Centrioles Golgi Body

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Vacuole

Cell Membrane

ERRibosome

Animal CellAnimal Cell

Lysosome

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Ribosome

Centrioles Golgi Body

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Vacuole

Cell Membrane

ERRibosome

NucleusNucleus

The Nucleus controls most cell activities andThe Nucleus controls most cell activities andcontains the hereditary information of DNAcontains the hereditary information of DNA

NucleolusNucleolus

Found within the nucleus, site of ribosome formationFound within the nucleus, site of ribosome formation

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum

Responsible for the modification and Responsible for the modification and transportation of proteins throughout the celltransportation of proteins throughout the cell

Rough ER = Ribosomes attachedRough ER = Ribosomes attachedSmooth ER = No Ribosomes attached Smooth ER = No Ribosomes attached

MitochondriaMitochondria

Site of Cellular RespirationSite of Cellular RespirationUses energy from food to make ATP (cellular Energy)Uses energy from food to make ATP (cellular Energy)

Cell Membrane – Fluid Mosaic ModelCell Membrane – Fluid Mosaic Model

Regulates what enters and leaves the cellRegulates what enters and leaves the celland also provides protection and supportand also provides protection and support

Golgi BodyGolgi Body

Serve as processing, packaging, and Serve as processing, packaging, and storage centers for the products storage centers for the products

released from the cellreleased from the cell

CentriolesCentrioles

Found in Animal Cells and Found in Animal Cells and involved in cell divisioninvolved in cell division

VacuoleVacuole

Fluid-filled organelles that serve as Fluid-filled organelles that serve as storage sites for certain cell productsstorage sites for certain cell products

i.e. Food Vacuole, Contractile Vacuolei.e. Food Vacuole, Contractile Vacuole

LysosomeLysosome

Contain digestive enzymes and responsibleContain digestive enzymes and responsiblefor the digestion of worn-out cell partsfor the digestion of worn-out cell parts

WBC’s contain lysosomes to digest bacteriaWBC’s contain lysosomes to digest bacteriaingested by the WBCingested by the WBC

RibosomeRibosome

Site of Protein SynthesisSite of Protein Synthesis

-some are attached to the ERsome are attached to the ER-some are free in the cytoplasmsome are free in the cytoplasm

ChloroplastChloroplast

Contains the photosynthetic pigments – ChlorophyllContains the photosynthetic pigments – ChlorophyllSite of Photosynthesis – food making process in plantsSite of Photosynthesis – food making process in plants

Cell WallCell Wall

Found in plants and most Prokaryotic CellsFound in plants and most Prokaryotic Cells

Lies outside the cell membrane and gives Lies outside the cell membrane and gives shape and provides protection for the cellshape and provides protection for the cell

-Made of nonliving material called cellulose in plantsMade of nonliving material called cellulose in plants

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Watery material lying within the cell betweenWatery material lying within the cell betweenthe cell membrane and the nucleusthe cell membrane and the nucleus

Most of the chemical reactions of the cellsMost of the chemical reactions of the cellsMetabolism take place in the cytoplasmMetabolism take place in the cytoplasm

Plant CellPlant Cell

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Golgi Body

ER

Ribosome

Vacuole

ER

Chloroplast

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Plant CellPlant Cell

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Golgi Body

ER

Ribosome

Vacuole

ER

Chloroplast

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Unicellular vs. MulticellularUnicellular vs. Multicellular

vs.vs.

Cell Membrane – Fluid Mosaic ModelCell Membrane – Fluid Mosaic Model

Cell MarkersCell Markers(Receptors)(Receptors)

Major Types of Cellular TransportMajor Types of Cellular Transport

Passive TransportPassive Transport

Major Types of Cellular TransportMajor Types of Cellular Transport

DiffusionDiffusion

Equilibrium

Semipermeable Membrane= O2

Diffusion

Semipermeable Membrane= O2

Major Types of Cellular TransportMajor Types of Cellular Transport

OsmosisOsmosis

Osmosis

Semipermeable Membrane= H2O

Equilibrium

Semipermeable Membrane= H2O

Major Types of Cellular TransportMajor Types of Cellular Transport

Active TransportActive Transport

Active Transport

Semipermeable Membrane= Na

Active Transport

Semipermeable Membrane= Na

Osmosis – Effect of Different Solutions on CellsOsmosis – Effect of Different Solutions on Cells

Osmosis – Effect of Salt Solutions on CellsOsmosis – Effect of Salt Solutions on Cells

Isotonic SolutionIsotonic Solution

• Equal % solute Equal % solute and solvent as and solvent as cell cell

99% H99% H22OO1% Salt1% Salt

Hypertonic SolutionHypertonic Solution

• Higher % soluteHigher % solute Lower % solventLower % solvent than cellthan cell

95% H95% H22OO5% Salt5% Salt

Hypotonic SolutionHypotonic Solution

• Lower % soluteLower % solute Higher % solventHigher % solvent than cellthan cell

100% H100% H22OO0% Salt0% Salt