Cyc Cyc Representing, Acquiring and Representing, Acquiring and Using Knowledge Using Knowledge Dr. Michael Witbrock Cycorp, RER d.o.o. http ://cycorp.eu [email protected]May 24 th , 2007 “People have silly reasons why computers don’t really think. The answer is we haven’t programmed them right; they just don’t have much common sense. There’s been only one large project to do something about that, that’s the famous Cyc project…” - Prof. Marvin Minsky MIT, May, 2001
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Cyc Representing, Acquiring and Using Knowledge Dr. Michael Witbrock Cycorp, RER d.o.o. [email protected] May 24 th, 2007 “People have.
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CycCycRepresenting, Acquiring and Representing, Acquiring and Using KnowledgeUsing Knowledge
The typical bird has 1 beak, 1 heart, lots of feathers,…Hearts are internal organs; feathers are external
protrusionsMost vehicles are steered by an awake, sane, adult,…
humanTangible objects can’t be in 2 (disjoint) places at onceBadly injuring a child is much worse than killing a dogCauses temporally precede (i.e., start before) their
effectsA stabbing requires 2 co-temporal and proximate
actors ◦etc., etc., etc., etc., …
Millions of facts, rules of thumb, etc. that capture human common sense about our everyday world
General Knowledge about TerrorismGeneral Knowledge about Terrorism
Specific data, facts, and observationsabout terrorist groups and activitiesSpecific data, facts, and observationsabout terrorist groups and activities
General Knowledge about Terrorism:Terrorist groups are capable of directing assassinations: (implies (isa ?GROUP TerroristGroup) (behaviorCapable ?GROUP AssassinatingSomeone directingAgent))…If a terrorist group considers an agent an enemy, that agent is vulnerable to an attack by that group:(implies (and (isa ?GROUP TerroristGroup) (considersAsEnemy ?GROUP ?TARGET)) (vulnerableTo ?GROUP ?TARGET TerroristAttack))
General Knowledge about Terrorism:Terrorist groups are capable of directing assassinations: (implies (isa ?GROUP TerroristGroup) (behaviorCapable ?GROUP AssassinatingSomeone directingAgent))…If a terrorist group considers an agent an enemy, that agent is vulnerable to an attack by that group:(implies (and (isa ?GROUP TerroristGroup) (considersAsEnemy ?GROUP ?TARGET)) (vulnerableTo ?GROUP ?TARGET TerroristAttack))
General Knowledge about TerrorismGeneral Knowledge about Terrorism
Specific data, facts, and observationsabout terrorist groups and activitiesSpecific data, facts, and observationsabout terrorist groups and activities
Specific Facts about Al Qaida:(basedInRegion AlQaida Afghanistan) Al-Qaida is based in Afghanistan.(hasBeliefSystems AlQaida IslamicFundamentalistBeliefs) Al-Qaida has Islamic fundamentalist beliefs.(hasLeaders AlQaida OsamaBinLaden) Al-Qaida is led by Osama bin Laden.…(affiliatedWith AlQaida AlQudsMosqueOrganization) Al-Qaida is affiliated with the Al Quds Mosque.(affiliatedWith AlQaida SudaneseIntelligenceService) Al-Qaida is affiliated with the Sudanese Intell Service…(sponsors AlQaida HarakatUlAnsar) Al-Qaida sponsors Harakat ul-Ansar.(sponsors AlQaida LaskarJihad) Al-Qaida sponsors Laskar Jihad.…(performedBy EmbassyBombingInNairobi AlQaida) Al-Qaida bombed the Embassy in Nairobi.(performedBy EmbassyBombingInTanzania AlQaida) Al-Qaida bombed the Embassy in Tanzania.
Specific Facts about Al Qaida:(basedInRegion AlQaida Afghanistan) Al-Qaida is based in Afghanistan.(hasBeliefSystems AlQaida IslamicFundamentalistBeliefs) Al-Qaida has Islamic fundamentalist beliefs.(hasLeaders AlQaida OsamaBinLaden) Al-Qaida is led by Osama bin Laden.…(affiliatedWith AlQaida AlQudsMosqueOrganization) Al-Qaida is affiliated with the Al Quds Mosque.(affiliatedWith AlQaida SudaneseIntelligenceService) Al-Qaida is affiliated with the Sudanese Intell Service…(sponsors AlQaida HarakatUlAnsar) Al-Qaida sponsors Harakat ul-Ansar.(sponsors AlQaida LaskarJihad) Al-Qaida sponsors Laskar Jihad.…(performedBy EmbassyBombingInNairobi AlQaida) Al-Qaida bombed the Embassy in Nairobi.(performedBy EmbassyBombingInTanzania AlQaida) Al-Qaida bombed the Embassy in Tanzania.
The inference engine has more than 1,000 “agents” that attack every problem and, recursively, every sub-problem. They have specialised representations and methods to quickly solve common problems.
Cyc is not committed to any one reasoning mechanism
Temporal RelationsSenses of “x is a physical part of y”Senses of “x is physically in y”Events and their performers (role types)OrganizationsPropositional AttitudesBiologyMaterialsDevicesWeather
“The plants that produced the cranes that NASA deployed in space in the 1990s are in Canada.”
The plants (#$FactoryBuildingComplex 0.8817 #$Plant 0.0967) that produced (#$Production-Generic 0.6017) the cranes (#$Crane-MotorizedDevice 0.9387 #$Crane-Bird 0.0408) that NASA (#$NASA) deployed (#$DeployingMaterial) in space (#$OuterSpace 0.51 #$SpaceInAHOC 0.1473 #$ReservedSpaceRegion 0.0459 #$Area 0) in the 1990s ((#$DecadeFn 199) 1) are in Canada (#$Canada 1).
Knowledge for DisambiguationKnowledge for Disambiguation
Simple Example: #$isa“… natural resources, of which oil and
Example: “common sense”“The heart pumps blood to the lungs.”
“heart”• #$Heart-Suit• #$Heart-LocusOfFeeling• #$CenterOfRegion• #$Heart“pumps”• #$PumpingFluid• #$Pumping-MakingSomething Available
#$typeBehaviorCapable#$typeBehaviorCapable
Are there any pairs Are there any pairs <C1,C2> such that <C1,C2> such that
every C1 is capable of every C1 is capable of playing a role in an playing a role in an event of type C2?event of type C2?
Cyc Knows: The heart is a kind of Cyc Knows: The heart is a kind of pump.pump.Cyc Knows: Every pump can pump Cyc Knows: Every pump can pump fluid.fluid.
No page foundNo page found Hypothesis not logically consistent
Hypothesis not logically consistent
Uninformative sentence
Uninformative sentence
Unable to parseUnable to parse
(#$genls #$Polygraph #$Device-Physical)
Automatically Adding to the ModelAutomatically Adding to the Model
… Klingberg contacted the USSR for the first time in 1957, and soon after that he started his espionage activity. Israel's foreign and domestic intelligence agencies, Mossad and Shin Bet, started suspecting Klingberg of espionage, but shadowing brought no results. At one point, the scientist also successfully passed
Given a set of events that Cyc already knows about…
…recognize new instances of that event type in textMalacca Straits:
On 17 April 2006, a Malaysian fishing vessel was attacked by armed pirates at approximately nine nautical miles off Parit Haji Baki coast in the Malacca Straits at about 0200 Hrs LT. Six pirates armed with guns in a speedboat closed in rapidly and opened fire at the fishing vessel underway. Several shots hit the side of the vessel but the crew escaped injuries. The fishing vessel crew lodged a police report.
Malacca Straits:
On 17 April 2006, a Malaysian fishing vessel was attacked by armed pirates at approximately nine nautical miles off Parit Haji Baki coast in the Malacca Straits at about 0200 Hrs LT. Six pirates armed with guns in a speedboat closed in rapidly and opened fire at the fishing vessel underway. Several shots hit the side of the vessel but the crew escaped injuries. The fishing vessel crew lodged a police report.
On 17 April 2006, a Malaysian fishing vessel was attacked by armed pirates at approximately nine nautical miles off Parit Haji Baki coast in the Malacca Straits at about 0200 Hrs LT. Six pirates armed with guns in a speedboat closed in rapidly and opened fire at the fishing vessel underway. Several shots hit the side of the vessel but the crew escaped injuries. The fishing vessel crew lodged a police report.
Malacca Straits:
On 17 April 2006, a Malaysian fishing vessel was attacked by armed pirates at approximately nine nautical miles off Parit Haji Baki coast in the Malacca Straits at about 0200 Hrs LT. Six pirates armed with guns in a speedboat closed in rapidly and opened fire at the fishing vessel underway. Several shots hit the side of the vessel but the crew escaped injuries. The fishing vessel crew lodged a police report.
NewPiracyEvent
PiracyEvent 1
Group ofPirates 1Group ofPirates 1
SomaliaSomalia
January20, 2006January
20, 2006
MV DeltaRanger
MV DeltaRanger
perpetrator
dateOfEvent
intendedAttackTargetseventOccursNear
intendedAttackTargets
PiracyEvent 2
Group ofPirates 2Group ofPirates 2
PhilippinesPhilippines
January15, 2006January
15, 2006
MV ManChu Yi
MV ManChu Yi
perpetratordateOfEvent
eventOccursNear
PiracyEvent 3
Group ofPirates 3Group ofPirates 3
NigeriaNigeria
February18, 2006February18, 2006
perpetrator
dateOfEvent
eventOccursNear
SpeedBoat 1SpeedBoat 1
deviceUsed
…look at role fillers for known events…
and find similar types of concepts mentioned in the text.
perpetrator
intendedAttackTargets
dateOfEvent
eventOccursNear
??????
??????
??????
??????
Malacca Straits:
On 17 April 2006, a Malaysian fishing vessel was attacked by armed pirates at approximately nine nautical miles off Parit Haji Baki coast in the Malacca Straits at about 0200 Hrs LT. Six pirates armed with guns in a speedboat closed in rapidly and opened fire at the fishing vessel underway. Several shots hit the side of the vessel but the crew escaped injuries. The fishing vessel crew lodged a police report.
Malacca Straits:
On 17 April 2006, a Malaysian fishing vessel was attacked by armed pirates at approximately nine nautical miles off Parit Haji Baki coast in the Malacca Straits at about 0200 Hrs LT. Six pirates armed with guns in a speedboat closed in rapidly and opened fire at the fishing vessel underway. Several shots hit the side of the vessel but the crew escaped injuries. The fishing vessel crew lodged a police report.
MalaysiaMalaysia
PiratesPirates
SomePirateSomePirate
Parit HajiBaki
Parit HajiBaki
MalaccaStraits
MalaccaStraits
SpeedBoatsSpeedBoats
SomeSpeedBoat
SomeSpeedBoat
PolicePolice
SomePoliceOfficer
SomePoliceOfficer
DatesDates VehiclesVehicles PeoplePeople
ThingsThings
PlacesPlaces
April 17,2006
April 17,2006
People& Org.sPeople& Org.s
Concepts in Cyc’s ontology are found in the text
Malaysia
Pirates
SomePirate
Parit HajiBaki
MalaccaStraits
SpeedBoats
SomeSpeedBoat
Police
SomePoliceOfficer
DatesDates VehiclesVehicles PeoplePeople
ThingsThings
PlacesPlaces
April 17,2006
Org.sOrg.s
People& Org.sPeople& Org.s
Group ofPirates 1
Somalia
January20, 2006
MV DeltaRanger
Group ofPirates 3
February18, 2006
Group ofPirates 2
PhilippinesJanuary
15, 2006MV ManChu Yi
SpeedBoat 1
Groupsof
Pirates
Groupsof
Pirates
The concepts associated with the known events are alsomapped to the ontology.
The most relevant Collections are those where the probability of seeing them is high for concepts that have this relation toan event of this type, and have low probability of being seenotherwise.
Malaysia
Pirates
SomePirate
Parit HajiBaki
MalaccaStraits
SpeedBoats
SomeSpeedBoat
Police
SomePoliceOfficer
DatesDates VehiclesVehicles PeoplePeople
ThingsThings
PlacesPlaces
April 17,2006
Org.sOrg.s
People& Org.sPeople& Org.s
Groupsof
Pirates
Groupsof
Pirates
Probabilities can be estimated for extracted concepts…
After repeating this process for every relation, choosingrelation/concept pairs with >0.5 probability, a potentialevent has been extracted from the text.
NewPiracyEvent
SomeSpeedBoat
SomeSpeedBoat
April 17,2006
April 17,2006
eventOccursNear
MalaysiaMalaysia
Parit HajiBaki
Parit HajiBaki
MalaccaStraits
MalaccaStraits
intendedAttackTargets
dateOfEvent
Malacca Straits:
On 17 April 2006, a Malaysian fishing vessel was attacked by armed pirates at approximately nine nautical miles off Parit Haji Baki coast in the Malacca Straits at about 0200 Hrs LT. Six pirates armed with guns in a speedboat closed in rapidly and opened fire at the fishing vessel underway. Several shots hit the side of the vessel but the crew escaped injuries. The fishing vessel crew lodged a police report.
Malacca Straits:
On 17 April 2006, a Malaysian fishing vessel was attacked by armed pirates at approximately nine nautical miles off Parit Haji Baki coast in the Malacca Straits at about 0200 Hrs LT. Six pirates armed with guns in a speedboat closed in rapidly and opened fire at the fishing vessel underway. Several shots hit the side of the vessel but the crew escaped injuries. The fishing vessel crew lodged a police report.
Probabilities for each relation/concept pair canthen be used to estimate the overall probability of theextracted event being correct.
April 17,2006(1.0)
April 17,2006(1.0)
PiracyEvent(0.67)
SomeSpeed
Boat (1.0)
SomeSpeed
Boat (1.0)
eventOccursNear (1.0)
Malaysia(1.0)
Malaysia(1.0)
Parit HajiBaki (1.0)Parit HajiBaki (1.0)
MalaccaStraits(1.0)
MalaccaStraits(1.0)
intendedAttackTargets (0.67)
dateOfEvent (1.0)
Malacca Straits:
On 17 April 2006, a Malaysian fishing vessel was attacked by armed pirates at approximately nine nautical miles off Parit Haji Baki coast in the Malacca Straits at about 0200 Hrs LT. Six pirates armed with guns in a speedboat closed in rapidly and opened fire at the fishing vessel underway. Several shots hit the side of the vessel but the crew escaped injuries. The fishing vessel crew lodged a police report.
Malacca Straits:
On 17 April 2006, a Malaysian fishing vessel was attacked by armed pirates at approximately nine nautical miles off Parit Haji Baki coast in the Malacca Straits at about 0200 Hrs LT. Six pirates armed with guns in a speedboat closed in rapidly and opened fire at the fishing vessel underway. Several shots hit the side of the vessel but the crew escaped injuries. The fishing vessel crew lodged a police report.