Cyber-ocracy vs. Cyber-tarianism: What does the Internet mean for China? Rebecca MacKinnon Open Society Fellow Assistant Professor, Journalism & Media Studies Ctr., University of Hong Kong e-mail: [email protected]blog: http://rconversation.blogs.com
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Cyber-ocracy vs. Cyber-tarianism: The Chinese Internet
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Cyber-ocracy vs.
Cyber-tarianism: What does the Internet mean for China?
Rebecca MacKinnon
Open Society Fellow Assistant Professor, Journalism & Media Studies Ctr.,
• “Outside the great firewall” • Filtering of websites outside of China
2 layers of Chinese Internet censorship
• “Outside the great firewall” • Filtering of websites outside of China
• “Inside the great firewall”
2 layers of Chinese Internet censorship
• “Outside the great firewall” • Filtering of websites outside of China
• “Inside the great firewall”• Deletion of content on domestic
commercial websites
2 layers of Chinese Internet censorship
• “Outside the great firewall” • Filtering of websites outside of China
• “Inside the great firewall”• Deletion of content on domestic
commercial websites
• Takedown of domestically hosted websites
2 layers of Chinese Internet censorship
• “Outside the great firewall” • Filtering of websites outside of China
• “Inside the great firewall”• Deletion of content on domestic
commercial websites
• Takedown of domestically hosted websites
• Shut-down of data centers
All websites are physically hosted on a computer server in some countryʼs jurisdiction
Neopolitan and CityNAP data center in San Antonio, Texas. Photo by Robert Scoble, Creative Commons-BY on Flickr at: http://flickr.com/photos/scobleizer/2340202215/
The “Great Firewall” in action
Image search for “Tiananmen massacre”
Image search for “Tiananmen massacre”
Image search for “Tiananmen massacre”
Tianya blog service: Blog post about
“Tiananmen Mothers”
Censorship by Chinese blog-hosting companies
Your post “Tiananmen mothers organization publishes a website” has been successfully submitted! Because it
contains sensitive words, please wait for the community editors to approve it. Please donʼt re-post. Thank you.
CENSORED
Sina.com: Report about explosion in Xinjiang, published successfully, but...
Post is removed within 24 hours.Error message at same URL: “Sorry, the blog address
you visited does not exist.”
8 OUT OF 15 BLOG SERVICES TESTED CENSORED THIS CONTENT
Tests show blogs are censored by companies, amount and methods very decentralized
Company A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
0 27 54 81 108
1
3
9
13
17
19
20
22
24
26
27
31
34
44
60
Number of blog posts tested
Blog
ser
vice
s
NOTE: Company names have been replaced with letters due to concerns that companies who censor
less will be subject to repercussions.
For more about Chinese blog censorship see February issue
Photos: LEFT: “noelinthebahamas” on Flickr at http://flickr.com/photos/noelinthebahamas/2417798169/ (Creative Commons BY-NC-ND)RIGHT: “yunmeng” on Flickr at http://flickr.com/photos/yunmeng/323886547/ (Creative Commons BY-NC-SA)
Some foreigners who have eaten their fill have nothing better to do than point their
fingers at our affairs.
V.P. Xi Jinping in Mexico
Some foreigners who have eaten their fill have nothing better to do than point their
fingers at our affairs.
“It is only by way of this frankness that the confidence of a responsible big power can be better displayed; it is only by way of this frankness that the bright attitude of an increasingly powerful China can best be shown; and also it is only with this frankness
our fellow countrymen will feel excited.”
V.P. Xi Jinping in Mexico
Some foreigners who have eaten their fill have nothing better to do than point their
fingers at our affairs.
“It is only by way of this frankness that the confidence of a responsible big power can be better displayed; it is only by way of this frankness that the bright attitude of an increasingly powerful China can best be shown; and also it is only with this frankness
our fellow countrymen will feel excited.”
“Vice President Xi Jinping is so cool! He trashed the unfriendly
foreigners.”
Cyber-ocracy?
2008 Chinese Blogger Conference, Guangzhou.Photos courtesy “HKdom” http://www.flickr.com/photos/hkdom/3046205362/
and http://www.flickr.com/photos/hkdom/3046219444/in/photostream/
Photo by Joi Ito (Creative Commons BY) at: http://freesouls.cc/essays/07-isaac-mao-sharism.html
If we want free speech, first we need free thinking.
Philosophy of “sharism” - using technology and social networks that enable people to engage and share with one another in ways that facilitate collective learning, critical thinking, public discourse, social justice and emergent democracy.
Photos by Josh Chin at 2007 CNbloggercon, Beijing. On Flickr under “hunxue-er” at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/21953266@N00/1849687423/ and http://www.flickr.com/photos/21953266@N00/1849689005/ (Creative Commons BY-NC-SA)