C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

Chapters 31-33leftovers

Shelmerdine Chapter 31The perfect system The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part) The dative of personal agent The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal parts) Result (consecutive) clauses

Shelmerdine Chapter 316. Result (consecutive) clauses This chapter introduces ways to express result in ancient Greek. A result clause (also called a consecutive clause), as its name suggests, refers to one action which is the result of another action.

Shelmerdine Chapter 316. Result (consecutive) clauses English can express several types of result clauses: Socrates is such a great man that he always tells the truth. Socrates is so wise that he always tells the truth. Socrates is too wise not to tell the truth.

Shelmerdine Chapter 316. Result (consecutive) clauses In Greek, introduces a result clause. Usually a word such as , or sets up the clause: . Socrates is such a great man that he always tells the truth. . Socrates is so wise that he always tells the truth.

Shelmerdine Chapter 316. Result (consecutive) clauses If a comparative sets up the clause, will also appear: . Socrates is too wise to have told lies. (Socrates is wiser than to have told lies).

Shelmerdine Chapter 316. Result (consecutive) clauses If the result has not actually happened, but is hypothetical or theoretical, the verb in the result clause becomes an infinitive: . Socrates is the sort of person who always tells the truth. .Socrates is wise enough not to tell lies.

Shelmerdine Chapter 31for next class (Tuesday, April 26, 2011):Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 32Verbs: omit Prepare Xenophon Reading

Shelmerdine Chapter 32The 2nd (strong) perfect active Reduplication The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs The perfect active participle The perfect middle/passive participle Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

Shelmerdine Chapter 326. Supplementary participles not in indirect statement You have seen a number of verbs which complete their meaning with an infinitive: . I want to stay. . I order you to stay. This use of the infinitive is called the complementary infinitive.

Shelmerdine Chapter 326. Supplementary participles not in indirect statement Some verbs complete their meaning with a circumstantial participle.This use of the participle is called the supplementary participle but is really just a technical term for a specialized use of circumstantial participles for verbs that virtually always use them.This section gives examples of three verbs which use supplementary participles: , and .

Shelmerdine Chapter 326. Supplementary participles not in indirect statement means meet by chance . I meet the guard by chance or I happen to run into the guard. An accompanying supplementary participle expresses what the subject happens to be doing at the time. . I happen to be walking home. Notice that English normally expresses this idea with an infinitive (to walk) rather than a participle.

Shelmerdine Chapter 326. Supplementary participles not in indirect statement means escape notice. The accompanying supplementary participle expresses what the subject is doing at the time. . I escape the guards notice while I escape I escape without the guard noticing. . I escape without being noticed.Notice that English makes the action of the participle (escape) the main verb.

Shelmerdine Chapter 326. Supplementary participles not in indirect statement means do something before someone or anyone else. The accompanying supplementary participle expresses what the subject does. . As I lead the horse, I am doing it before anyone else. I lead the horse first. .I lead the horse before you do.Notice that English makes the action of the participle (lead) the main verb.

Shelmerdine Chapter 32for next class (Wednesday, April 27, 2011):Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 33Continue Xenophon Reading

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers. The numbers one, two, three and four decline (see 33.3), but the rest do not:one: , , two: three: , four: ,

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers:five: six: seven: eight: nine: ten:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers:eleven: twelve: thirteen: fourteen: fifteen:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers:sixteen: seventeen: eighteen: nineteen: twenty: ()twenty one: ()

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers:thirty: forty: fifty: sixty: seventy: eighty:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers. Numbers two hundred and higher decline again:ninety: hundred: two hundred: three hundred: four hundred:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: five hundred: six hundred: seven hundred: eight hundred: nine hundred: thousand:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: two thousand: three thousand: ten thousand: twenty thousand: ( )hundred thousand: hundred million:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers In the classical period, inscriptions show the following numerals: 6. |10. ()20. 100. ()200. 1000. ()10,000. ()50. 6000. 1. |2. ||3. |||4. ||||5.

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts):6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts):

80. 90. 100. 200. 300. 400. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70.

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts):

2,000. 3,000. 10,000. 20,000. 100,000. 500. 600. 700. 800. 900. 1,000.

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives:first: second: third: fourth: fifth: sixth:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives:seventh: eighth: ninth: tenth: eleventh: twelfth:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives:thirteenth: twentieth: thirtieth: fortieth: fiftieth: sixtieth:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives:seventieth: eightieth: ninetieth: hundredth:

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 333. Declension of numbers The number one declines as follows (the masculine and neuter use 3rd declension endings; the feminine follows the first declension): masculineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.feminineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.neuterNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.Masc. nom sg.

Shelmerdine Chapter 333. Declension of numbers The number two declines as follows (these are the older, dual endings, lost from most Greek words): masc/fem/neutNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 333. Declension of numbers The number three declines as follows (3rd declension): masc/femNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = Nom.Voc. = Nom.neuterNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = Nom.Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 333. Declension of numbers The number four declines as follows (3rd declension): masc/femNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.neuterNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = Nom.Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 334. The negative pronouns/adjectives and The number one with the prefix serves as no one, nothing: masculineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.feminineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.neuterNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 334. The negative pronouns/adjectives and When is used instead of , make the same substitution ( )masculineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.feminineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.neuterNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 335. Clauses of fearing This chapter presents clauses of fearing. In both Greek and English, verbs which refer to fear set up clauses which explain what the speaker fears. In English, that, or no conjunction at all, can set up such a clause:I am afraid (that) the enemy is coming.

Shelmerdine Chapter 335. Clauses of fearing In Greek, a verb of fearing sets up a clause beginning with , which, even though it technically means not, must be omitted in translation.

Shelmerdine Chapter 335. Clauses of fearing . I am afraid the enemy is coming. .I am afraid the enemy is not coming. . I am afraid the enemy came.

Shelmerdine Chapter 335. Clauses of fearing If the feared event is some possibility in the future, the verb in the fearing clause changes to the subjunctive or optative. As with other clauses, in primary sequence the verb becomes subjunctive, while in secondary sequence it generally becomes optative.

Shelmerdine Chapter 335. Clauses of fearing . I am afraid the enemy will (could, might) come. .I was afraid the enemy would come.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions Previous chapters have introduced direct questions (24.4, 25.4, 29.4, 29.6). Where are the people? An indirect question is one reported rather than asked directly. I know where the people are.

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions Greek may mark indirect questions in one or both of two ways. The indirect question usually has a different interrogative than the direct question. Following a verb in a secondary tense (imperfect, aorist, pluperfect), the verb of the indirect question may change to the optative mood.

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions Recall that sets up a yes/no question. ; Are the people near? In an indirect questions, normally replaces . . I ask if (whether) the people are near.

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions For other interrogatives, the indefinite form (usually created by adding the prefix -) replaces the direct form. ; Where are the people ? . I ask where the people are.

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions As with indirect statement, English will backshift the tense but Greek will not. . I ask where the people are. . I asked where the people were.

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions But in secondary sequence, Greek may change the verb of the indirect question to the optative. . . I asked where the people were.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33for next class (Thursday, April 28, 2011):Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 34 from Conjunctions: omit Continue Xenophon