CVP Analysis Final

Marginal Costing and Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP)

References: M.N.Arrora -Cost and Management

Accounting Khan and Jain-Management

Accounting Accounting for Management-Dr.

Jawahar Lal Management Accounting-I.M.Pandey Cost Accounting for Business

Managers-Ashish K Bhattacharyya

What is cost and Total cost? Cost-Amount incurred to get

something/ resources used for the production of goods and services

Total Cost-is the total cost of producing unit of product. It is the total of all variable cost and fixed cost incurred to produce the goods.

Variable

Fixed

Mixed

Types of Costs

Minutes Talked

To

tal L

on

g D

ista

nce

Tel

eph

on

e B

ill variable costs change

when activity/unit changes.

Your total long distancetelephone bill is basedon how many minutes

you talk.

Variable Cost

Minutes Talked

Per

Min

ute

Tel

eph

on

e C

har

ge

Variable costs per unit do not changeas activity/unit increases.

The cost per long distance

minute talked is constant.

For example, Rs.7 per minute.

Variable Cost Per Unit

Variable Costs Example

Consider Indian Railway. Assume that Tea costs in Indian

Railway Rs.3 per person. If the railway carries 2,000

passengers, it will spend Rs 6,000 for Tea services.

Variable Costs Example

0 1 2 3 4 5

24 –

18 –

12 –

6 –

– – ––

Volume(Thousands of passengers)

Tot

al V

aria

ble

C

osts

(th

ousa

nd

s)

Number of Local Calls

Mo

nth

ly B

asic

T

elep

ho

ne

Bill

Total fixed costs remain unchangedwhen activity changes.

Your monthly basic

telephone bill probably

does not change when

you make more calls.

Total Fixed Cost

Mixed Costs

Contain fixed portion that is incurred even when facility is unused & variable portion that increases with usage.

Example: monthly electric utility charge Fixed service fee Variable charge per kilowatt hour used

Total mixed cost

Variable

Utility Charge

Activity (Kilowatt Hours)

To

tal

Uti

lity

Co

st

Fixed Monthly

Utility Charge

Mixed Costs

Marginal Cost

Marginal Cost-is the cost of producing an additional unit of product. It is the total of all variable cost incurred to produce the extra one unit.

Marginal Costing Marginal Costing Technique is used for

short term decision-making. It assumes that fixed costs are not

affected by the decision to allocate resources to different activities.

Therefore, variable costs are the only relevant cost for decision making.

Marginal costing is also known as Variable costing and Direct Costing

Marginal Cost Statement

Sales- Variable Costs

Contribution - Fixed Costs

Profit

Example Mr.Thomas manufacture a device that

allows users to take a closer look at icebergs from a ship.

Expected price of the device Rs.1000 Variable costs are Rs700 per unit. He receive a proposal from a company

Tiggertol to sell 20,000 units at a price of Rs.850.

Contribution Margin Concept Example

There is sufficient capacity to produce the order.

How do we analyze this situation? Earning=Rs.850 – Rs.700 = Rs.150 Total Earning=Rs.150 × 20,000

units = Rs.30,00,000


Sales (20,000 x Rs.850)Rs.1,70,00000

Variable costs (20,000 x Rs.700) (1,40,00000)Contribution margin

Rs.30,00000

If Fixed cost is Rs.40,00000.What will be his decision?

Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP)

CVP analysis is an extension of principles of marginal Costing

Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP) is the study of the relationship between selling prices, sales volumes, fixed costs, variable costs and profits at various levels of activity.

CVP analysis is used by the management in budgeting and profit planning.

CVP analysis is also known as Break even point Analysis

Assumptions of CVP/BEP Analysis Expenses can be classified as either

variable or fixed. Mixed cost have to be divided into

fixed and variable elements. Sales prices, unit variable cost, and

total fixed expenses will not vary. Synchronisation between

production and sales

Objective

Use CVP analysis to compute Contribution Profit Volume Ratio (P/V) Break Even Point Margin of Safety


Sales- Variable Costs

Contribution - Fixed Costs

Profit

Contribution The contribution is calculated by following

formula:Contribution=Sales-Variable cost (C=S-V)Also, Contribution=Fixed cost + Profit

(C=F+P)Or Contribution=Fixed cost – Loss (C=F-L)From this the following marginal cost

equation is developedS-V = F+P

Example:

If Given Sales =Rs 12000 Variable Cost = Rs 7000 Fixed Cost =Rs. 4000Find out Contribution and Profit.

Example:

If Given Profit = Rs 1000 Contribution=Rs 5000 Variable Cost = Rs 7000Find out :-Sales and Fixed Cost

P/V ratio( Also Known as C/S ratio or Contribution Margin Ratio)

P/V ratio= Profit-volume ratio C/S= Contribution to Sales ratio This ratio denotes the percentage

of each sales rupee available to cover the fixed cost and to provide income to firm.

Computing P/V Ratio

P/V Ratio= Contribution Sales = C/S = (S-V)/SBy Transposition, we have(i) C=S X P/V ratio(ii) S= C P/V ratio

Example

Sales= Rs 10000 Variable Cost = Rs. 8000Then P/V Ratio = C/S = (S-V)/S =10000-8000 10000 = 20%

Alternative Formula

P/V ratio= Change in contribution Change in Sales = Change in Profit Change in sales

Example-P/V ratio

Year Sales Net Profit2009 20000 10002010 22000 1600

P/V Ratio = Change in Profit Change in Sales = 1600 – 1000 X 100 = 30% 22000-20000

The unique sales level at which a company earns neither a profit nor incurs a loss.

Profit = 0Sales – Total Cost = 0

Sales – Variable Costs – Fixed Costs = 0

What is Break-Even Point?

Break-Even Analysis

Break Even Analysis may be performed by the following two methods

a) Algebraic Calculationb) Graphic presentation

Algebraic Method-

Breakeven point in Sales Rupees = Fixed costs

P/V Ratio

Breakeven point in units = Fixed costs

Contribution per unit

Break Even Point Example

Sales Rs.100000 Variable cost Rs.70000 Fixed costs Rs.15000Required:

Compute the breakeven point (in Rupees)

Breakeven point is = Fixed costs P/V Ratio

= Rs.15000 30/100

= Rs 50000 Sales revenue at breakeven point = Rs.50000

Break Even Point Example

Selling price per unit Rs.12 Variable cost per unit Rs.3 Fixed costs

Rs.45000Required:

Compute the breakeven point (in units) and in Rupees

Breakeven point in units = Fixed costs Contribution per unit

= Rs.45000

Rs.12-Rs.3

= 5000 units

Sales revenue at breakeven point = Rs.12 * 5000 = Rs.60000

Target Profit Example

Suppose that our business would be content with Profit of _________________.(Target Profit)

How many units must be sold?

Formula

No. of units to be sold at target profit Fixed cost + Target profit

Contribution per unit=

Required sales revenue

Fixed cost + Target profit

Contribution to sales ratio=

Example

Selling price per unit Rs.12 Variable cost per unit Rs.3 Fixed costs Rs.45000 Target profit Rs.18000Required:

Compute the sales volume required to achieve the target profit

No. of units at target profit


Contribution per unit=

Rs.45000 + Rs.18000

Rs.12 - Rs.3=

= 7000 units

Required to sales revenue = Rs.12 *7000 = Rs.84000

Alternative method

Required sales revenue


Contribution to sales ratio=

Rs.45000 + Rs.18000

75%=

= Rs.84000

Units sold at target profit = Rs.84000 /Rs.12 = 7000 units

Problem:- The following data is given:Fixed Cost Rs. 12000Selling Price Rs. 12 per unitVariable Cost Rs. 9 per unitWhat will be the Amount of Sales if it is

desired to earn a profit ofa) Rs. 6000b) Rs 15000

Answer

a) Rs 72,000b) Rs. 1,08,000

Calculate the missing figures

Given Break –even point=Rs 30000Profit = Rs. 1500Fixed Cost = Rs.6000What is the amount of Variable cost?

Solution

Contribution=Fixed cost + Profit =6000 + 1500=7500Break-Even Point= Fixed Cost P/V Ratio

P/V Ratio=6000 x 100 = 20% 30000

P/V Ratio=Contribution/Sales Sales =7500 x 20/100 Sales = 37500Variable cost=Sales-Contribution =37500-7500 =30000

Problem:-

The following data is given:Fixed Cost Rs. 12000Selling Price Rs. 12 per unitVariable Cost Rs. 9 per unitWhat will be the profit when sales area) Rs. 60000b) Rs 100000

Solution

P/V Ratio=C/S=3/12=25%a) When Sales=Rs 60000 Contribution =Sales x P/V ratio =60000 x 25 % =Rs.15000 Profit = Contribution-Fixed Cost = 15000 – 12000 = 3000

B) Answer=Rs.13000

Problem The following information is given:Sales=Rs. 200000Variable Cost=Rs. 120000Fixed Cost=Rs. 30000Calculatea) Break Even Pointb) New BEP

a) If Selling price is reduced by 10%b) If Variable cost increases by 10%c) If fixed Cost increases by 10%

Answer

a) 75000a) 90000b) 88235c) 82500

Home work

Sales=4000 units @ Rs 10 per unit

Break Even Point=Rs. 1500 units Fixed Cost= Rs. 3,000What is the amount ofa) Variable Costb) Profit

Graphic Presentation (BEP)

Use CVP analysis for profit planning and graph the cost-volume-profit relations

Volume in Units

Co

sts

and

Rev

enu

ein

Ru

pee

s Total fixed costs

Preparing a CVP Chart

Total costs

Volume in Units

Co

sts

and

Rev

enu

ein

Ru

pee

s Total fixed costs

Preparing a CVP Chart

Total costs

Sales

Break-even Point

Margin of safety

Margin of safety Excess of expected sales over

breakeven sales. Margin of safety is a measure of

amount by which the sales may decrease before a company suffers a loss.

This can be expressed as a number of units or a percentage of sales

Formula

Margin of safety= Margin of safety Budget sales level

*100%

Margin of safety= Budget sales level – breakeven sales level

Sales revenueT

otal

Cos

t/R

even

ue

Rs.

Sales (units)

Total costProfit

BEP

Margin of safety

Example The breakeven sales level is at

5000 units. The company sets the target profit at Rs.18000 and the budget sales level at 7000 units

Required:Calculate the margin of safety in units and express it as a percentage of the budgeted sales revenue

Margin of safety= Budget sales level – breakeven sales level= 7000 units – 5000 units= 2000 units

Margin of safety= Margin of safety Budget sales level= 2000 7000= 28.6%

*100 %

*100 %

The margin of safety indicates that the actual sales can fall by2000 units or 28.6% from the budgeted level before losses areincurred.

Example

Selling price per unit Rs.12 Variable price per unit Rs.3 Fixed costs

Rs.45000 Current profit

Rs.18000

Change in Sales Price Example

If the selling prices is raised from Rs.12 to Rs.13, the minimum volume of sales required to maintain the current profit will be:



=Rs.45000 + Rs.18000

Rs.13 - Rs.3

= 6300 units

Change in Fixed and Variable Costs Example

If the fixed cost fall by Rs.5000 but the variable costs rise to Rs.4 per unit, the minimum volume of sales required to maintain the current profit will be:Fixed cost + Target profit


= Rs.40000 + Rs.18000

Rs.12 - Rs.4

= 7250 units