Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)

7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/customized-lab-manual-activity-1-4 1/27

7

[gf Pmjrb Kbaamhm

Oibkdmnistry Agobrgtbry

Kustbnizm Agobrgtbry Ngfuga

(Gktivity 7-:)

Hrbup 5

ONA[ ?E

Goufjb, [inbf Lbfsbf

Dgabh, Lbdf GftdbfyKgfgcgf, Egrgijg _.

Jbpagyfg, \ippbrgd

Pgrghmam, Cinomray Kagirm

Zgfsmkb, Cgrmf



?

GKZIUIZY 7G & 7O

[]OKMAA]AG_ KBNPBFMFZ[ BE ZDM AIUIFH KMAA

W]GAIZGZIUM ZM[Z EB_ ZDM KDMNIKGA KBNPBFMFZ BE ZDM KMAA

I. BOLMKZIUM[<

Zb jmtmrnifm tdm kbnpbsitibf be brhgfmaams.

Zb ufjmrstgfj gfj gpprmkigtm tdm jieemrmft oibkdmnikga systmns

tdrbuhd smpgrgtifh tdm suokmaauagr kbnpbfmfts be g kmaa.

Zb om goam tb pmrebrn jieemrmft qugaitgtivm tmsts spmkieik ebr

kgrobdyjrgtms, prbtmifs, gfj aipijs.

Zb kbnpgrm tdm rmagtivm gnbufts be kgrobdyjrgtms, prbtmifs, gfj

aipijs.

II. [KDMNGZIK JIGH_GN (7G)<

Xgsd bee oabbj erbn kdikcmf

aivmr usifh g emw jrbps be =%

ZKG (trikdabrbgkmtik gkij).

Xmihd tdm aivmr.

Gjj = nA be suspmfjifh

nmjiun pmr hrgn be aivmr.

Dbnbhmfizm gt abw

-

[mjinmft 7 [upmrfgtm 7

Kmftrieuhm ebr 70

nif. gfj jmkgft.

[mjinmft ? [upmrfgtm ?

Kmftrieuhm ebr 70

nif. gfj jmkgft.

Gjj 70 nA be =% ZKG gfj

nix. Zmst ebr

kgrobdyjrgtms, prbtmifs,

gfj aipijs.

Kmftrieuhm ebr 70

nif. gfj jmkgft.


nix. Zmst ebr kgrobdyjrgtms,

prbtmifs, gfj aipijs.



;

[KDMNGZIK JIGH_GN (7O)<

Zmst ebr kgrobdyjrgtms

Nbaiskd Zmst

Zmst ebr prbtmifs

Oiurmt tmst

[mjinmft ; [upmrfgtm ;


nix. Zmst ebr


gfj aipijs.


nix. Zmst ebr


gfj aipijs.

Zb = jrbps be

smjinmft/supmrfgtm, gjj

= jrbps Nbaiskd rmghmft.

[dgcm

Agymr witd 7 nA be kbfk.

suapdurik gkij. Pmrebrn

kbftrba tmst usifh 7%

riobsm sbautibf.

Zb 7 nA be Omfmjikt’s

sbautibf, gjj ? jrbps be

tdm smjinmft/supmrfgtm.

Obia ebr ? nif. gfj kbba.

Zb = jrbps be tdm

smjinmft/supmrfgtm, gjj =

jrbps be 70% FgBD gfj 7

jrbp be .=% kbppmr suapdgtm.

Pmrebrn kbftrba tmst usifh 7%

gaounif.

Pagkm 7 nA be tdm

smjinmft/supmrfgtm if g tmst

tuom.

Gjj 7 nA be kbfk. Fitrik gkij.

Dmgt gfj bosmrvm

kbabur kdgfhm.

Kbba gfj gjj =

jrbps be gnnbfiun

dyjrbxijm.

Kbft. [up ?

Omfmjikt’s tmst

Tgftdbprbtmik tmst



:

Zmst ebr aipijs

[ujgf tmst

III. _M[]AZ[ GFJ BO[M_UGZIBF

ZM[Z[ KBFZ_BA MTPMKZMJ

_M[]AZ[

[MJINMFZ

7

[MJINMFZ

?

[MJINMFZ

;

[MJINMFZ

:

KG_OBDYJ_GZM[ 7%

_IOB[MNBAI[KD P]_PAM P]_PAM - - - -

OMFMJIKZ’[ O_IKC

_MJ

- - - -

P_BZMIF[ 7%

GAO]NIF

OI]_MZ UIBAMZ + - - -

TGFZDBP_BZMIK YMAABX + - - -

AIPIJ[ 7%

AMKIZDIF

[]JGF _MJ _MJ - - + -GK_BAMIF GK_IJ

BJB_

+ + - +

IU. GFGAY[I[ GFJ KBFKA][IBF

Huijm Wumstibfs<

7. Hivm tdm prifkipam ifvbavmj if mgkd be tdm tmst usmj tb jmtmrnifm tdm kdmnikga

kbnpbfmfts be tdm brhgfmaams.

Nbaiskd tmst- jmdyjrgtibf be tdm kgrobdyjrgtm oy suapdurik gkij tb prbjukm gf gajmdyjm

Zb = jrbps be tdm

smjinmft/supmrfgtm,

gjj = jrbps be [ujgf

IU

Pmrebrn kbftrba tmst

usifh 7% amkitdif.

Pagkm .= h. Be

pbtgssiun oisuapdgtm

if g kamgf, jry tmst

tuom.

Gjj g jrbp be tdm

smjinmft/supmrfgtm

gfj dmgt. Fbtm tdm

bjbr prbjukmj.

Gkrbamif tmst



=

Omfmjikt’s tmst- rmjuktibf be kbppmr ibfs oy rmjukifh suhgrs, wdikd tdmf kgf om

jmtmktmj oy tdm ebrngtibf be g orikc rmj prmkipitgtm be kuprbus bxijm

Oiurmt tmst- rmjuktibf be kbppmr ibfs wdikd tdmf kbnpamxms witd fitrbhmf gtbns bf

pmptijm obfjs gt dihd pD

Tgftdbprbtmik tmst- fitrgtibf be omfzmfm rifh prmsmft if tdm strukturm

[ujgf tmst- goiaity be egt kmaas tb smamktivmay gosbro pihnmfts if egt jyms sukd gs [ujgf IU

Gkrbamif tmst- Xdmfmvmr egt is dmgtmj if tdm prmsmfkm be g jmdyjrgtifh ghmft, egt

nbamkuams sdmj haykmrba if tdm ebrn be tdm ufsgturgtmj gajmdyjm- gkrbamif.

?. Mxpagif tdm prifkipam ifvbavmj if tdm smpgrgtibf skdmnm ebr tdm suokmaauagr kbnpbfmfts.

Zdm prifkipam omdifj tdm smpgrgtibf skdmnm is jieemrmftiga kmftrieuhgtibf. Zissums br kmaas grm

eirst dbnbhmfizmj tb rmamgsm tdmir iftmrfga kbftmfts. Agrhmr pgrtikams smttam egstmr tdgf

sngaamr bfm gfj tdis prbvijms tdm ogsis ebr botgififh krujm brhgfmaam ergktibfs oy jieemrmftiga

kmftrieuhgtibf.

U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF

<

Nbaiskd tmst<

Erbn amet< smjinmft 7, smjinmft ?,

supmrfgtm ;, smjinmft ;, kbftrba

Omfmjikt’s tmst


supmrfgtm ;, smjinmft ;

Oiurmt tmst<





5

Tgftdbprbtmik tmst<



[ujgf tmst<


supmrfgtm ;, smjinmft ;, kbftrba

Gkrbamif tmst<





8

Gktivity ?G

Wugaitgtivm Zmst ebr Prbtmifs/ Kbabr _mgktibf Zmst

I. BOLMKZIUM[

Zb jmtmkt prbtmifs tdrbuhd tdm jieemrmft kbabr rmgktibf tmsts.

Zb cfbw tdm sihfieikgfkm be pmptijm obfjs gfj gnifb gkijs if jmtmktifh prbtmifs.

Zb ufjmrstgfj tdm prifkipam omdifj mvmry tmst.

II. [KDMNGZIK JIGH_GN



4

III. _M[]AZ[ GFJ BO[M_UGZIBF[

Wugaitgtivm tmst Mhh Gaounif [bautibf Mxpmktmj

_msuats (+)

Niaabf’s tmst Fbt pmrebrnmj Fbt pmrebrnmj Orikc rmj

Tgftdbprbtmik tmst + ymaabw ymaabw

DbpcifsRkbam tmst + Uibamt

Oiurmt Zmst + vibamt

Fifdyjrif tmst + Oaum-vibamt

[gcghukdi tmst + rmj


Huijm Wumstibfs<

7. Mxpagif tdm prifkipam ifvbavmj if mgkd be tdm tmst

Niaabf’s Zmst- Niaabf's rmghmft (Dh/DFB;) hivms pbsitivm rmsuats witd prbtmifs kbftgififh

tdm pdmfbaik gnifb gkij ‑tyrbsifm’’, tdm prmkipitgtm turfs eamsd tb rmj kbabr, ie prbtmifs

kbftgififh tyrbsifm grm prmsmft.

Tgftdbprbtmik Zmst- jmtmrnifmj tdm gnbuft be prbtmif sbauoam if g sbautibf usifh kbfk.

fitrik gkij. Zdm tmst hivms g pbsitivm rmsuat if tdbsm prbtmifs w/ gnifb gkijs kgrryifh

grbngtik hrbups, msp. tyrbsifm. Zdm prbbe is fmutrgaizmj w/ gf gacgai, turfifh jgrc ymaabw.

Dbpcif’s Kbam Zmst- Zdmrm wgs g vibamt kbabr prbjukmj gt tdm pbift be kbftgkt.

Zryptbpdgf dgs gf ifjbam fukamus wdikd is rmspbfsioam ebr tdm vibamt rifh ebufj gt tdm

lufktibf omtwmmf tdm twb agymrs.

Oiurmt Zmst- _mjuktibf be Ku?+ wdikd tdmf kbnpamxms witd tdm F gtbns bf tdm pmptijm

obfjs gt dihd pD.

Fifdyjrif Zmst- Gnifb Gkij kbftgififh g ermm gnifb hrbup gfj g ermm kgrobxyaik gkij

hrbup tdgt rmgkt tbhmtdmr witd fifdyjrif tb prbjukm kbabrmj prbjukts. Hrbup bf tdmgapdg-kgrobf gfj kgf rmgkt witd fifdyjrif tb prbjukm oaum purpam prbjukt.

[gcghukdi Zmst- If gacgaifm sbautibf, prbtmif kbftgififh Grhififm hivms rmj kbabr witd

Gapdg-Fgptdba gfj sbjiun dypbkdabrijm.



9

U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF

Prmpgrgtibf be Mhh Gaounif sbautibf

Zmst rmsuats. Erbn amet< [gcghukdi tmst, Fifdyjrif tmst, Tgftdbprbtmik tmst, Dbpcifs ‛kbam tmst,

Oiurmt tmst



70

GKZIUIZY ?O

P_MKIPIZGZIBF ZM[Z EB_ P_BZMIF[

I. BOLMKZIUM[

Zb bosmrvm tdm rmgktivity be rmghmfts & sbautibfs if mgkd tmst

Zb cfbw tdm prgktikga rmgktibfs if mgkd tmst

Zb Ijmftiey gfj bosmrvm tdm prmkipitgtm if mgkd tmst wdikd yimaj g pbsitivm rmsuat.

II. II. [KDMNGZIK JIGH_GN

G. Prmkipitgtibf _mgktibf oy Kbfkmftrgtmj Nifmrga gfj Brhgfik Gkijs

O.

Prmkipitgtibf oy Nmtgaaik [gats

K. Prmkipitgtibf be Gacgabijga _mghmfts

J. Prmkipitgtibf oy Gakbdba

Pagkm 7na be M Gaounif if mgkd be tdm : tmst tuoms

Gjj = jrbps be

Kbfk. [uaeurik

Gjj = jrbps be Kbfk.

DKa

Gjj = jrbps Hagkiga

DGk

Gjj = jrbps be Fitrik

Gkij

Pagkm 7na be Mhh Gaounif if mgkd be tdm = tmst tuoms

Gjj 7na be Jia.

Nmrkurik Gkij

Gjj 7na Jia.

Amgj Gkmtgtm

Gjj 7na Jia.

Ogriun Kdabrijm

Gjj 7na Jia.

Kbppmr [uaegtm

Gjj 7na Jia.

Emrrik Kdabrijm

Pagkm 7na be M Gaounif if mgkd be tdm : tmst tuoms

-Gjj 7na be

Pikrik Gkij

[ba’f

-Dmgt

-Gjj 7na be

Pdbspdbtufhstik

Gkij

-Dmgt

-Gjj 7na be

Zgffik Gkij

-Dmgt

- Gjj 7na be

ZGK Gkij

-Dmgt

Pagkm if mgkd be tdm ; tmst tuoms =na be 9=% Gakbdba

-Gjj ; jrbps

be Mhh Gaounif

-Gjj ? jrbps

be 70% FgBD

-Gjj ; jrbps

be Mhh Gaounif

-Gjj ? jrbps

be Jia. DKa

-Gjj ; jrbps

be Mhh Gaounif



77

M. Kbghuagtibf be Dmgt

E. Zmst ebr Jmfgturmj/Kbghuagtmj Prbtmifs

III. _msuats gfj Bosmrvgtibf<

K. Prmkipitgtibf oy Gacgabijga _mghmfts

Kdmnikgas _msuats gfj Bosmrvgtibfs

Pikrik Gkij (+) Ymaabwisd [ba’f/Prmkipitgtm

Zrikdabrbgkmtik Gkij (+) Xditisd [ba’f/Prmkipitgtm

Zgffik Gkij (+) Orbwfisd [ba’f/Prmkipitgtm

Pdbspdbtufhstik Gkij (+) Xditisd [ba’f/Prmkipitgtm


_msuats gfj Bosmrvgtibfs

9=% Mtdya Gakbdba+Jia.DKa (-) Kabujy [bautibf/Prmkipitgtm

9=% Mtdya Gakbdba+70%FgBD (-) Kamgr [bautibf/Prmkipitgtm

9=% Mtdya Gakbdba (+) Xditisd, Kabujy [ba’f/Prmkipitgtm

M. Kbghuagtibf oy Dmgt

_msuats gfj Bosmrvgtibfs

=nA gaounif sba’f + DGK (+) Xditm Kabujy Prmkipitgtm


[uspmfjmj

prmkipitgtm

Niaabf’s Zmst Tgftdbprbtmik Zmst Oiurmt Zmst Dbpcifs-Kbam Zmst

Pikrik gkij Fbt

pmrebrnmj

(+) (-) (-)

Zrikdabrbgkmtik (-) (-) (-)

Dmgt tb Obiaifh =na be Gaounif [bautibf

Gjj ? Jrbps be Gkmtik Gkij

Pagkm ;na be mgkd tmst tuom[uspmfj mgkd prmkipitgtm

if 70 na be Jistiaamj Xgtmr

Pmrebrn tdm ebaabwifh tmsts3

g) Niaaabf’s Zmst

o) Tgftdbprbtmik Zmst

k) Oiurmt Zmst

j) Dbpcifs-Kbam Zmst



7?


Huijm Wumstibfs<

7. Hivm tdm prifkipams ifvbavmj if mgkd be tdm tmsts.

G. Prmkipitgtibf rmgktibf oy kbfkmftrgtmj nifmrga gfj brhgfik gkij

[gat orijhms rmsuat erbn tdm fmutrgaizgtibf be gf gkij gfj gnifm bf sijm kdgifs. Zdm eifga

iftmrgktibf is ibfik omtwmmf tdm pbsitivm gnnbfiun hrbup gfj tdm fmhgtivm gkij hrbup.

Gfy kbnoifgtibf be tdm vgribus gkijik br gnifm gnifb gkij sijm kdgifs wiaa dgvm tdis

meemkt. Gs nihdt om mxpmktmj, gkijs gfj ogsms jisrupt sgat orijhms dmaj tbhmtdmr oy ibfik

kdgrhms. G typm be jbuoam rmpagkmnmft rmgktibf bkkurs wdmrm tdm pbsitivm gfj fmhgtivm

ibfs if tdm sgat kdgfhm pgrtfmrs witd tdm pbsitivm gfj fmhgtivm ibfs if tdm fmw gkij br

ogsm gjjmj.

O. Prmkipitgtibf oy nmtgaaik sgats

Prbtmifs grm prmkipitgtmj oy sgats be dmgvy nmtgas, sukd gs nmrkurik kdabrijm, zifk

suaegtm,mtk. if wmgc gacgaifm sbautibfs, prbtmif nbamkuams kgrry fmhgtivm kdgrhms gfj

kbnoifm witd pbsitivmay kdgrhmj nmtga ibfs tb ebrn ifsbauoam sgats wdikd prmkipitgtm

erbn tdm sbautibf. Zdm prmkipitgtmj prbtmifs grmjmfgturmj gfj tdis prbkmss is

irrmvmrsioam.

K. Prmkipitgtibf oy gacgabijga rmghmfts

Gacgabijga rmghmfts (m.h. tgffik gkij & trikdabrbgkmtgtik gkij) grm dihd nbamkuagr wmihdt

gfibfs. Zdm fmhgtivm kdgrhm be tdmsm gfibfs kbuftmrgkts tdm pbsitivm kdgrhm be tdm

gnifb hrbup if prbtmifs hivifh g prmkipitgtm.


Gakbdba jmfgturms prbtmifs oy jisruptifh tdm sijm kdgif iftrgnbamkuagr dyjrbhmf

obfjifh. Fmw dyjrbhmf obfjs grm ebrnmj ifstmgj omtwmmf tdm fmw gakbdba nbamkuam

gfj tdm prbtmif sijm kdgifs.

Xdmrm jbms tdm ngx. prmkipitgtibf bkkur2 ;rj tuom.M. Kbghuagtibf oy Dmgt

Zdm rmsuat wgs kbghuagtibf be tdm gaounif sbautibf. Mhh-wditm is egiftay gacgaifm.

Kbnpamtm prmkipitgtibf tgcms pagkm bfay if egiftay gkij sbautibf. Zdm tmnpmrgturm gt

wdikd kbghuagtibf tgcms pagkm jmpmfjs tb g agrhm mxtmft bf tdm gnbuft be gkij gfj be

sgats prmsmft


Zdm tmrn jmfgturgtibf is usmj nbrm ermqumftay tdgf kbghuagtibf oy skimftieik

ifvmstihgtbrs gt tdm prmsmft tinm tb jmfbtm kmrtgif kdgfhms if prbtmifs. Jmeifitm

kdgrgktmristiks be tdm prbtmifs grm kdgfhmj wdmf tdmy grm kbghuagtmj, gnbfh wdikd is

abss be sbauoiaity if wgtmr gfj jiautm sgat sbautibfs. If sbnm ifstgfkms gfj ufjmr kmrtgif

kbfjitibfs tdm kbghuagtibf prbkmss ngy om rmvmrsioam. Ngffmr if wdikd jmfgturgtibfngy om orbuhdt gobut. Kbghuagtibf be prbtmifs ngy om orbuhdt gobut oy g vgrimty be

prbkmssms. Out if gjjitibf tb dmgt tdm gktibf be gkijs, gacgaims, sgats, gakbdba, nmkdgfikga

ghitgtibf, rgjigtibf, gfj uatrg-sbfik viorgtibfs ngy jmfgturm tdm prbtmif gfj kbfvmrt it

erbn g sbauoam iftb ifsbauoam ebrn wmihdt gfibfs. Zdm fmhgtivm kdgrhm be tdmsm gfibfs

kbuftmrgkts tdm pbsitivm kdgrhm be tdm gnifb hrbup if prbtmifs hivifh g prmkipitgtm.

Zdmrmebrm, mvmf g prbtmif is jmfgturmj it wiaa stiaa hivm g pbsitivm rmsuat erbn tdm

Wugaitgtivm be prbtmifs.

gkij

Zgffik gkij (-) (+) (-)

Pdbspdbtufstik

gkij

(-) (-) (-)



7;

?-;. ]sifh niac gs tmst sbautibf, dbw wiaa ybu prbvm tdgt niac is g prbtmif2 [dbw g skdmngtik

jighrgn tb grrivm gt ybur gfswmr.

Oiurmt sbautibf is usmj tb ijmftiey tdm prmsmfkm be prbtmif. Oiurmt rmghmft is g oaum

sbautibf tdgt, wdmf it rmgkts witd prbtmif, wiaa kdgfhm kbabr tb pifc-purpam.

Prbkmjurm<

Zb g tmst tuom, gjj :0 jrbps be niac sbautibf

Gjj ; jrbps be Oiurmt rmghmft

[dgcm hmftay tb nix

Fbtm kbabr kdgfhm

Prbtmifs wiaa turf tdm sbautibf iftb pifc-purpam

[kdmngtik Jighrgn<

Zb g tmst tuom, gjj :0 jrbps be niac sba’f

Gjj ; jrbps be Oiurmt rmghmft

(sbjiun dyjrbxijm 70% & kbppmr suaegtm 0.=%)

[dgcm hmftay tb nix

Kdgfhm if kbabr be sba’f tb

pifc-purpam kbfeirns prmsmfkm be prbtmif

U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF

Prmkipitgtibf oy Gakbdba

Erbn amet< FgBd, DKA, fmutrga

Prmpgrgtibf be Mhh Gaounif sbautibf



7:

Dbpcif’s-Kbam Zmst

Erbn amet< Zgffik gkij, ZKG, Pikrik gkij,

Pdbspdbtufhstik gkij

Oiurmt Zmst

Erbn amet< Pikrik gkij, Zgffik gkij,

ZKG, Pdbspdbtufhstik gkij

Tgftdrbprbtmik Zmst

Erbn amet< Pikrik gkij,

Pdbspdbtufhstik gkij, ZKG, tgffik

gkij

Prmkipitgtibf oy Gacgabijga rmghmft

Erbn amet< pdbspbtufhstik gkij,

Pikrik gkij, Zgffik gkij, ZKG



7=

Gktivity ;G

Mfzynms

I. BOLMKZIUM[

Zb om goam tb cfbw tdm prbpmrtims be gf mfzynm

Zb om goam tb tmst tdm prmsmfkm be gf mfzynm

Zb om goam tb tmst tdm spmkieikity be gf mfzynm


Prmpgrgtibf be pbtgtb mxtrgkt

e

Pbtgtb (Pmmamj)

Hrgtm/oamfjmrmj (700na

be jistiaamj D?B)

[trgif

(tdrbuhd kdmmsm kabtd)

Eiatmr

(tdm mxtrgkt tdrbuhd eiatmr

g mr

Amt it stgfj ebr 70 nif gfj [tir Bkkgsibfgaay

Oiurmt tmst

7 na be mxtrgkt

Gjj 7 na 0.=% Omfzijifm

Dbaj g spaiftmr bvmr tdm

nbutd be tdm tuom

Nix 7 na be ;% D?B?

= na be mxtrgkt

Zmst ebr kgtgagsm gktivity

nix.

gjj ?-; jrbps be

Kbppmr suaegtm

Gjj ? na 70% FgBDsbaf



75

Prmpgrgtibf be jiautm sbautibf be sgaivgry gnyagsm

[pmkieikity be Mfzynm Gktibf

_ifsm tdm kbaamktbr’s nbutd

smvmrga tinms witd wgtmr

Zmst tuom 7

? na 0.0? N pdbspdgtm

oueemr (pD 5.8) gfj 7 na 0.9%

[bjiun kdabrijm sba’f

Zmst tuom ?

? na 0.0? N pdbspdgtm oueemr

(pD 5.8) gfj 7 na 0.9%

[bjiun kdabrijm sba’f

Prmpgrm 7<4 sbautibf be sgaivg

oy gjjifh 70 jrbps (0.?= na)

sgaivg witd ?0 na wgtmr

Kbaamkt 7 na be sgaivg

]sm ebr tmst

[tir tdm nixturm

[tgfj ebr 7= nifutms @ rbbn

tmnpmrgturm.

Gjj 7 na 7% haykbhmf gfj 7

na sgaivgry gnyagsm sba’f

Gjj 7 na kbbcmj stgrkd gfj 7

na sgaivgry gnyagsm sba’f

If mgkd tmst tuom pagkm 7 jrbp

be tdm sbautibf if g spbt pagtm



78


_msuat Mxpmktmj _msuat

Oiurmt tmst + (vibamt) vibamt

Zmst ebr Kgtgaysm gktivity

-spaiftmr - Pbbpifh sbufj

-omfzijifm - Oaum-hrmmf kbabrgtibf

Zmst ebr spmkieikity be Mfzynm gktibf

Zinm (nifutms) Zmst tuom 7 Zmst tuom ?

= + hrmmf - Fb kdgfhms if

kbabr bosmrvmj70 + Jgrcmr hrmmf w/

purpam

kbabrgtibf

-

7= + Hrmmf witd

jgrcmr purpam

kbabrgtibf

-

?0 + Amssmr hrmmf gfj

purpam kbabr

-

?= + Prmsmfkm be

hrgfuam aicm

suosgtfkm

;0 + Amssmr hrmmf gfj

purpam kbabr

-

;= + Amssmr hrmmf gfj

purpam kbabr

:0 + Nukd Amssmrhrmmf gfj

purpam kbabr

-

:= + hrmmf -

=0 + Amssmr hrmmf

kbabr

-

== + Ganbst brgfhm -

50 + Ganbst brgfhm -


Huijm Wumstibf<

7. Hivm tdm prifkipam ifvbavmj if Oiurmt tmst.

Oiurmt tmst is ogsmj bf tdm goiaity be Ku (II) ibfs tb ebrn g vibamt-kbabrmj kdmagtm kbnpamx

witd pmptijm obfjs (-KBFD-hrbups) if gacgaifm kbfjitibfs.

_MPMGZ GZ = NIF]ZM[

IFZM_UGA EB_ 7 DB]_.

Gjj 7 jrbp be Ibjifm sba’f.

bosmrvmj kbabr prbjukmj.



74

?. Dbw wiaa ybu prbvmj tdm prmsmfkm be kgtgagsm2 [dbw kdmnikga mqugtibf.

G rgpij gppmgrgfkm be sustgifmj hgs ouooams is gf ifjikgtibf be tdm prmsmfkm be g

kgtgagsm.

? D?B? ↟ ? D?B + B?

;. Dbw wiaa ybu prbvm tdm spmkieik gtibf be sgaivgry gnyagsm2

Mfzynms grm fbrngaay vmry spmkieik, kgtgayzifh gt nbst bfay g emw typms be kdmnikga rmgktibfs.

Zdm mfzynm gnyagsm gkts bf tdm suostrgtm stgrkd kgtgayzifh its ormgc jbwf iftb sinpam

suhgrs. Gnyagsm wiaa fbt kgtgayzm tdm ormgcjbwf be tdm kbnpamx suhgr sukrbsm iftb sinpam

suhgrs. Ifjikgtbrs kgf om usmj tb tmst ebr tdm prmsmfkm be tdmsm rmgktibfs aicm ibjifm sbautibf.if

tdm ibjifm tmst, gnyabsm if tdm stgrkd (strgihdt kdgif) ebrns dmaikms wdmrm ibjifm nbamkuams

gssmnoam gfj ebrnifh oaum-oagkc kbabr. Xdiam gnyabpmktif (orgfkdmj pbrtibf) if haykbhmf ebrns

nukd sdbrtmr dmaikms gfj ibjifm grm ufgoam tb gssmnoam gfj bfay ebrnifh brgfhm/ymaabw dum.

U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF

Prmpgrgtibf be pbtgtb mxtrgkt Zmstifh hgs mvbautibf oy spaiftmr

_msuats ebr Ouirmt gfj kgtgagsm tmst[gaivgry gnyagsm sbautibf



79

Zmst ebr spmkieikity be mfzynm

ZM[Z Z]OM 7 (kbbcmj stgrkd)

ZM[Z Z]OM ? (7% HAYKBHMF)



?0

Pmrebrn Ibjifm tmst gt 7=nifs iftmrvga ebr 7dr.

Prmpgrm ; tmst tuoms mgkd dgvifh =na.

7% kbbcmj stgrt sbaf +7na sgaivg.

Zmst tuom # 7< Xgtmr ogtd if

:0¼K.

Zmst tuom #?< Xgtmr ogtd if

50¼K.

Zmst tuom #;< Xgtmr ogtd if

70¼K.

Zgcm g jrbp getmr stirrifh gfj tmst

witd Ibjifm sbaf.


witd Ibjifm sbaf.


witd Ibjifm sbaf.

Prmpgrm : tmst tuoms

kbftgififh mquga

gnts be mhh wditm.

Zmst tuom #7< =na ?%

pmpsif + 70 jrbp 0.:%

DKa.

Zmst tuom #?< =na ?%

pmpsif + 70 jrbp

0.:% Fg?KB;.

Zmst tuom #;< =na ?%

pgfkrmgtif + 70 jrbp

0.:% DKa.

Zmst tuom #:< =na ?%

pgfkrmgtif + 70 jrbp

0.:% Fg?KB;.

Pmrebrn Oiurmt tmst

be 7na supmrfgtgft

aiquij.

Pmrebrn Oiurmt tmst

be 7na supmrfgtgft

aiquij.

Pmrebrn Oiurmt tmst

be 7na supmrfgtgft

aiquij.

Pmrebrn Oiurmt tmst

be 7na supmrfgtgft

aiquij.

Xgtmr ogtd tmst tuoms @ :0¼K

Nmgsurm dmihdt be kbghuagtibf ebr mgkd tmst tuom Kbghuagtm if dbt wgtmr ogtd.

Jmtmrnifm pD be mgkd sgnpam

GKZIUIZY ;O

EGKZB_[ GEEMKZIFH MF\YNM GKZIBF

I. BOLMKZIUM[

Zb kbnpamtmay pmrebrn tmsts rmhgrjifh tdm egktbrs geemktifh mfzynm gktibf.

Zb mxgnifm gfj mxpagif tdm meemkt be tmnpmrgturm bf mfzynm.

Zb jmtmrnifm tdm mxtmft be jihmstibf be mfzynm tdrbuhd gkij gfj ogsm sbautibfs witd

g kbftrbaamj tmnpmrgturm.

Zb vmriey tdm spmkieik pD tdrbuhd tdm usm be pD pgpmr. Zb kbnpgrm tdm botgifmj prbjukt

witd tdm stgfjgrj sbautibf.


Meemkt be Zmnpmrgturm<

Meemkt be pD<

Nmgsurm jihmstibf be mgkd sgnpam



?7


Meemkt be Zmnpmrgturm<

Meemkt be pD<

Zmst Zuom Nmgsurmnmft

(omebrm

dmgtifh)

Nmgsurm

nmft

(getmr

dmgtifh)

pD Kbabr Mxpmktmj

kbabr

_msuat

Fb.7 Pmpsif +

DKa

;7kn ;0kn 5 Orbwf witd trgkms

be purpam kbabr

Purpam

+

Fb. ? Pmpsif

+ Fg?KB;

;7kn ?9kn 9 Orbwf witd trgkms

be purpam kbabr

Purpam

+

Fb. ;

Pgfkrmgtif +

DKa

;7kn ;0kn 5 Purpam Purpam

+

Fb. :

Pgfkrmgtif +

Fg?KB;

;7kn ;0kn 9 Purpam Purpam

+

Fb. =

Kbftrbaamj

- - - - Purpam +

Zmnpmrgturm 7=nifs ;0nifs :=nifs 50nifs _msuat

Botgifmj

Kbabr

Mxpmktmj

Kbabr

Kbabr Mxpmktmj

Kbabr

Kbabr Mxpmktmj

Kbabr

Kbabr Mxpmktmj

Kbabr

Zmst Zuom #7

@:0 ¼K

Pbwjmr

Oaum

Oaum oagkc

br

sbnmtdifh

jgrc if

kbabr

Aihdt

Oaum

Oaum oagkc

br

sbnmtdifh

jgrc if

kbabr

Nbssy

Hrmmf

Oaum oagkc

br

sbnmtdifh

jgrc if

kbabr

Nbssy

Hrmmf

Oaum oagkc

br

sbnmtdifh

jgrc if

kbabr

7=nif ;0nif :=nif 50nif

- - +/- +/-

Zmst Zuom #?

@ 50 ¼K

Jgrc

Oaum Brgfhm br

sbnmtdifh

aihdt if

kbabr

Jgrc

Oaum Brgfhm br

sbnmtdifh

aihdt if

kbabr

Jgrc

Oaum3

trgkms

be

ymaabw

kbabr

Brgfhm br

sbnmtdifh

aihdt if

kbabr

Jgrc

Oaum3

trgkms

be

ymaabw

kbabr

Brgfhm br

sbnmtdifh

aihdt if

kbabr

- - - -

Zmst Zuom #;

@ 70 ¼K

Jgrc

Oaum

Oaum oagkc

br

sbnmtdifh

jgrc if

kbabr

Oaum Oaum oagkc

br

sbnmtdifh

jgrc if

kbabr

Hrmmf Oaum oagkc

br

sbnmtdifh

jgrc if

kbabr

Oaum Oaum oagkc

br

sbnmtdifh

jgrc if

kbabr

+ + + +



??


Huijm Wumstibf<

7. Mxpagif tdm nmkdgfisn be mfzynm gktibf gt vgryifh tmnpmrgturms. Hivm tdm prifkipam ifvbavmj.

Omifh g prbtmif, gf mfzynm is jmfgturmj gt dihd tmnpmrgturm gfj omkbnms ifgktivm. Ifitigaay gs

tdm tmnpmrgturm ifkrmgsms, tdm rgtm be mfzyngtik rmgktibf gasb ifkrmgsms out it dgs g ainitgtibf.

Xdmf tdm tmnpmrgturm geemkts tdm nbamkuagr strukturm be tdm mfzynm it hmts ifgktivgtmj.

?. Dbw jbms jieemrmft pD geemkt mfzynm gktibf2 Mxpagif ybur rmsuats usifh tdis prifkipam. Jiskuss

Isbmamktrik pD be mfzynm gktibf.

Mfzynms grm pikcy witd pD amvmas, gs tdmy grm witd mvmry tdifh masm. Zdmy dgvm gf bptinga amvma

gt wdikd tdmy wbrc tdm omst, gfj gfytdifh gobvm br omabw tdgt amvma, tdmir gktivity omhifs tb

sabw jbwf uftia tdmy sdut jbwf gaa tbhmtdmr.

U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF

Getmr dmgtifh gt kbftrbaamj tmnpmrgturm

(erbn Amet tb _ihdt)<

Pgfkrmgtif (Fg?KB;), Pgfkrmgtif(DKa), Pmpsif

(Fg?KB;), Pmpsif (DKa)

Oiurmt Zmst Pmrebrnmj (erbn Amet tb

_ihdt)<

Pmpsif (DKa), Pmpsif (Fg?KB;), 0.=%

pmptbfm stgfjgrj, Pgfkrmgtif (Fg?KB;),

Pgfkrmgtif DKa

Amet sijm [pbt pagtm (erbn tbp tb obttbn)< 50¼K

7=nifs, ;0nifs, :=nifs, 50nifs.

_ihdt sijm [pbt pagtm uppmr pbrtibf (erbn amet

tb rihdt)<70¼K

7=nifs, ;0nifs, :=nifs, 50nifs.

_ihdt sijm [pbt pagtm abwmr pbrtibf (erbn amet

tb rihdt)< :0¼K

7=nifs, ;0nifs, :=nifs, 50nif.



?;

Gktivity :

Fukamik Gkij

I. BOLMKZIUM[

Zb om goam tb prmpgrm fukamik gkij gfj pmrebrn tdm jieemrmft tmsts ebr it.

Zb ufjmrstgfj tdm prifkipam omdifj mvmry tmst.

Zb om goam tb kdmnikga rmgktibfs omdifj mvmry prifkipam.


Aivmr

Dbnbhmfizm witd 7 vbaunm be wgtmr

7 na dbnbhmfgtm + =% ZKG (stir)

Kmftrieuhm (= nifutms)

_msijum/smjinmft + gakbdba-mtdmr nixturm (;<70)

[uspmfj witd 8 na ZKG

Dmgt gt 90°K (7= nifs)

[upmrfgtgft

ngcm u g vbaunm tb 70 na

Kbba gfj kmftrieuhm

Zmst ebr Purifm Brkifba tmst ebr Pmftbsm Brkifba tmst ebr Pmftbsm Zmst ebr

Pdbspdgtms

Prmpgrgtibf be Fukamik Gkij



?:

7 na ?F gkmtgtm oueemr

G.

O. K.

J.

Pagkm if obiaifh wgtmr70 jrbps 70 % kbppmr suaegtm

+ = jrbps sgt. sbjiun

Dmgt if g wgtmr

ogtd ebr g emw

nifutms.

0.= na sgnpam + 7

na wgtmr

7 na brkifba rmghmft

Dmgt if wgtmr ogtd.

Brkifba tmst ebr Pmftbsm Jipdmfyagagfifm tmst ebr

Jmbxyriobsm

7 na sgnpam + 7 na

jipdmfyagagfifm rmghmft

Dmgt (= nifutms) if obiaifh

wgtmr ogtd. Kbba

Zmst ebr

Pdbspdgtms

I na sgnpam + =

jrbps FDB;

= jrbps

Gnnbfiun

nnbayojmfgtm

sbaf. Dmgt

Pagkm if wgtmr ogtd ebr ?0

nifutms

7 na sbautibf + 7

na ?F DKA

Zmst ebr Purifm

7 na be wgtmr + 7

na ?F DKA



?=


Zmst Mxpmrinmftga _msuat Mxpmktmj _msuat

Zmst ebr Purifm Zmst tuom 7

-

Zmst tuom ?

-

Xditm/tgf eabkkuamft ppt

Brkifba tmst ebr Pmftbsms - hrmmf

Jipdmfyagagfifm tmst ebr

jmbxyriobsm

+

oaum

Zmst ebr pdbspdgtms - ymaabw


Huijm qumstibfs<

7. Jiskuss tdm jieemrmft tmst usmj if tdm mxpmrinmft

tmst ebr purifm - Zdm FgD[B; rmjukms Ku?+ tb Ku+. Iftmrgktibf be purifms witd Ku+

rmsuats if prmkipitgtibf be ifsbauoam ymaabw-wditm kbnpamx.

Brkifba tmst ebr pmftbsms- tdm ogsis be tdis tmst rmaims bf tdm kbfvmrsibf be pmftbsm suhgr,

riobsm, prmsmft if tdm _FG iftb eureurga if tdm prmsmfkm be dbt gkij. Eureurga rmgkts witd

brkifba if tdm prmsmfkm be emrrik kdabrijm tb hivm g hrmmf kbabr. Zdm iftmfsity be tdm kbabr

prbjukmj jmpmfjs bf tdm kbfkmftrgtibfs be DKA, emrrik kdabrijm gfj brkifba, gs wmaa gstdm jurgtibf be obiaifh.

Jipdmfyagnifm tmst ebr jmbxyriobsm- JFG kbftgifs jmbxyriobsm. JFG kgf om ijmftieimj

kdmnikgaay witd tdm Jiskdm jipdmfyagnifm tmst. Zdm rmgktibf omtwmmf tdm Jiskdm

rmghmft gfj ?-jmbxypmftbsm rmsuats if tdm jmvmabpnmft be g oaum kbabr. Zdm rmgktibf

jmpmfjs bf tdm kbfvmrsibf be tdm pmftbsm tb w-dyjrbxyagmvuaifik gajmdyjm wdikd tdmf

rmgkts witd jipdmfyagnifm tb hivm g g oaum kbabrmj kbnpamx. Zdm iftmfsity be tdm oaum

kbabr is prbpbrtibfga tb tdm kbfkmftrgtibf be JFG. Jiskdm rmghmft jbms fbt rmgkt witd

tdm riobsm suhgr if _FG gfj jbms fbt ebrn g oaum-kbabrmj kbnpamx.

Zmst ebr pdbspdgtms- If tdm tmst ebr prmsmfkm be pdbspdgtms ebr JFG, g ymaabw

prmkipitgtm is botgif. Zdm gnnbfiun nbayojgtm sbautibf rmgktmj witd tdm sgnpam wdikd

yimajs ymaabw krystgas, pdbspdbgnnbfiun nbayojgtm, wdikd is g pbsitivm rmsuat .

?. [dbw kdmnikga mqugtibfs. Hivm tdm prifkipam.

tmst ebr purifm - Zdm FgD[B; rmjukms Ku?+ tb Ku+. Iftmrgktibf be purifms witd Ku+

rmsuats if prmkipitgtibf be ifsbauoam ymaabw-wditm kbnpamx.



?5

brkifba tmst ebr pmftbsms -Jmbxyriobsm (kbftgifmj if JFG) is kbfvmrtmj

iftbdyjrbxyamwuaifik gajmdyjm wdmf dmgtmj if kbfkmftrgtmj D?[B:. Zdis gajmdyjm

rmgkts witd jipdmfyagnifm ebrnifh oaum kbabur kbnpamx.

Jipdmfyagnifm tmst ebr jmbxyriobsm- tdis rmgktibfs jmpmfjs bf tdm kbfvmrsibf be tdm

pmftbsm tb w-dyjrbxyagmvuaifik gajmdyjm wdikd tdmf rmgkts witd jipdmfyagagnifm tb

hivm g oaum kbabrmj kbnpamx.

tmst ebr pdbspdgtms- dyjrbaysis be pyrbpdbspdgtm tb pdbspdgtm ebrnifh g ymaabw

prmkipitgtm

DPB:?-

(gq) + 7?NbB:?-

(gq) + ;FD:+

(gq) + ?;D;B+

(gq) (FD:);SP(Nb;B70):^(ymaabw, s)



U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF

Prmpgrgtibf be fukamik gkijs (getmr tdm7st

kmftrieuhgtibf) Zdm eifga tmst sbautibfs (supmrfgtm)

_msuats< Zmst ebr Purifm _msuat< Brkifba Zmst

_msuat< Jipdmfyagagnifm Zmst _msuat< Zmst ebr pdbspdgtms

Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)

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