7/22/2019 Curs practic de limba engleză - Come Alone http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/curs-practic-de-limba-engleza-come-alone 1/228 UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET RODICA ŞTEFAN RUXANDRA VASILESCU SANDA MARCOCI ELENA BELDEA Curs practic de limba engleză – nivel mediu – EDITURA FUNDA Ţ IEI ROMÂNIA DE MÂINE Bucureşti, 2004 COME ALONG COME ALONG Universitatea SPIRU HARET
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7/22/2019 Curs practic de limba engleză - Come Alone
3. What are the countries where English is spoken as:
♦ native language?♦ official language?♦ international language?Which language in the world is spoken by most people?How many people are English native speakers?
Which language might become the language of the future?
4. Decide whether the following statements are true ( ) or false ( ).
1. Nick’s parents were born in Australia.2. Nick’s mother doesn’t speak English as well as his father.
3. Faryal still feels homesick.4. Faryal’s problems with English weren’t too serious.5. Gerhard likes everything about English.6. Yvonne is ashamed of her French origin.
7. Angela hasn’t decided about her future career.8. Abedayo accepts that English was probably the best choice for his country.
LANGUAGE WORK
Work in pairs and talk about your answers to the following questions:
• Have you ever spoken English with a native speaker?• Where can you read English journals/ magazines/ books outside the classroom
in your town?• How often do you listen to English on the radio or watch films on TV?• Have you ever written in English (to a pen-friend )?• Have you ever been to an English-speaking country?
In pairs ask each other questions to find out the missing information in the
following:
1. My partner has been learning English for ………….years.
2. In English he/ she is the best at ……………
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1 . Ask questions to the words underlined. Remember that the particle goes to the
end of the sentence.
Example: I work for a computer company.
1 I am thinking about my next holiday.2 He is waiting for his sister.3 We worked with an important company.4 They were talking to our major customer.5 I am interested in their new project.
6 She is proud of her children.
2. Make questions with you from the sentences:
Example:
I come from Wales. (Where?)
a I speak two languages ( How many?) b I live in a house near the centre of the town. ( Where?)c I’m wearing jeans and a T-shirt. (What?)d I was born in Edinburgh in 1981. (Where? When?)e I’m studying English because I’d like to travel. (Why?)
f I’ve been to France and Canada. (Which countries?)g I have one brother. ( How many?)h I’ve been learning English for seven years. ( How long?)
i I’ll be 20 years old in November. ( How old?) j I’ve got £10 in my pocket. ( How much?)k I went to the seaside last summer. (Where?)l I’m going to visit my grandparents next holiday. (Whom?)
3. Make questions about the subject, and the object in each, as shown in the
example.
Example: Ann likes her new colleagues.Who likes her new colleagues? (Ann)
Who does Ann like? (her new colleagues)
Where do you comefrom?
Who do you workfor?
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h) Catherine left on a trip to Rome last summer, ……………….?i) Let’s have one more look at this plan, ………………..? j) I’m not too intruding, I hope, ………………..?
k) You aren’t too enthusiastic about my idea, …………………….?l) People sometimes overreact in stressing situations, ……………..?m) There are lots of students wishing to learn foreign languages, ……………… ?
Remember!
You form questions in the following ways:
Yes/No questions With the auxiliary verb – be, have, will
Are you coming with us to the library?
Have you even been to Italy?
Will you come back later?
With the modal verb – can, may, must Can you understand this rule?
May I sit down?
Must I do this exercise?
With the auxiliary do followed by short infinitive when the verb has noauxiliary
Do you look up every new word you come across?
The answer is generally short, containing just the personal pronoun and theauxiliary verb.
Have you got some paper? Do you like going out?
Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t. Yes, I do./ No, I don’t.
Wh questions
With the question words – what, who, which, how, when, where, why, how
many, how much, how long , to ask about the object of the sentence. They are
followed by the auxiliary or the modal verb.
What did you study last year?
I studied Economics. ( Economics = object)
With the question words who, what to ask about the subject of the sentence.They are not followed by the auxiliary do.
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Answers: 1) In the dictionary. 2) Robinson Crusoe – he had all his work done by
Friday! 3) You are too young to be engaged. 4) Because its mother and father
were in a jam. 5) Meet you at the corner.
CHECKLIST
1.Name: i) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a mother tongue.ii) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a second official language.iii) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a foreign language.
2. Give two synonyms for the noun COMPANY (~ business entreprise).3. DO, BE, HAVE, WILL are auxiliaries placed first in an interrogative sentence.Give examples of such interrogative sentences.4. What intonation do you use in a TAG QUESTION i) to ask for information ?
ii) to show you expect agreement?5. What is the WORD ORDER in an English i) affirmative sentence?
ii) interrogative sentence?
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and when you want to emphasize that one person, and no other, does something:
e.g. And did you build the whole house by yourself?
Yes, we had to do it by ourselves because we didn’t have enough money to
pay a builder.
in some special phrases:
e.g. Does she live by herself? - No, her sister lives with her.
Enjoy yourself at the dance tonight!
Help yourself to some more cake!
Make sure those children behave themselves and don’t make too much
noise.
Remember!
Personal
pronoun
Object
pronoun
Possessive
pronoun
Possessive
adjective
Reflexive pronoun
I me mine my myself
you you yours your yourself
he him his his himself
she her hers her herself
it it - its itself
we us ours our ourselves
you you yours your yourselves
they them theirs their themselves
1 . Use the possessive pronoun instead of the possessive adjective:
a. He is one of my friends. b. Is this one of your little schemes? c. She played
one of her old records. d. That’s one of our favourite topics. e. Here, John, meetone of your well-known commentators. f. He took a fancy to one of my cousins.g. Some of their computers got out of order. h. I gave him one of my CDs.
i. Was it one of her applications? j. Do you have one of my copies?
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What do companies deal with?What companies do you know?Are they success companies or bankrupt companies?What does the success of a company consist in?
READING
A SUCCESS LIFE STORY IN BUSINESSA wartime bomb is exploding in front of Guido Borghi’s electric-appliance shop in
Milan. That means that his 40 years of hard work are wiped out. Borghi is tellinghis three sons, “We have to go back to being hired workmen. I am too old to startall over again.”Today at Comerio, some 30 miles north of Milan, stand the headquarters of themulti-million-pound Borghi complex, Italy’s largest refrigerator manufacturer.Giovanni Borghi keeps everything going with his own boundless energy. Heworks together with his sons. They are making now hot plates, water heatersand electric irons as well as cookers. From now on there is nowhere for theBorghis to go but up. By day Giovanni and his sons run the business and makedeliveries, at night they take products apart to find ways of improving them.They now have more than 4,000 employees. They cooperate with their
customers. With the Italian standard of living constantly rising, a mass marketis developing for their refrigerators and all their other household and industrial
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products. To mass-produce successfully at the right price, to cut costs, Borghismake new investments of most of their fortune. The output rises constantly.Day by day they prove to be more efficient.
Despite the success of their business, the Borghis live a simple life. All they
earn is put back into the business, either to develop new products and new
factories or to improve the employees’ welfare. Giovanni’s greatest pride and
joy is the six-storeyed ultra-modern home built on the factory premises for
450 apprentices between 16 and 21. A luxury apartment block in appearance,
the hostel has dormitories, study and game rooms, an assembly hall where
films are shown, and athletics facilities together with many other company
facilities for employees. Giovanni Borghi always plays to win, whether in his
business or in his other undertakings. His favourite remark to his younger
employees is: “Every one of you can become like me. The important thing is
never to treat success like a comfortable armchair”.
(based on Indro Montanelli, Italy’s Biggest Enterprises)
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Why are the Borghis ruined? Do they really go bankrupt?
2. Where are their company’s headquarters?
3. What do they manufacture and what do they expand their products to?
4. Why are their products efficient? What contributes to the efficiency of their
products?
5. Which is the key of Giovanni’s success in business?
1. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the text:
The Borghis have to …… everything because a …… bomb is exploding in front of
their shop. The company’s …… are at Comerio. They are making refrigerators,
cookers, electric irons, washing-machines ……. They put back into the business all
they …… because they want to …… new …… and new …… and to improve their
employees’ ……. The company’s …… between 16 and 21 live in beautiful and
well-equipped ……. Giovanni’s success key is to work ceaselessly and not to treat
…… like a comfortable …….
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Example: Juan comes from Spain. He is a Spaniard and he speaks Spanish.
a. Birgit comes from Denmark. She is a ……………….… and she speaks ……
b. Zafer comes from Turkey. He is a …………………….. and he speaks …….c. Michael comes from Athens. He is a …..……………… and he speaks …….d. Anita comes from Sweden. She is a ……………….….. and she speaks …….e. Eleanor comes from Scotland. She is a ……………….. and she speaks ……f. Shuhei comes from Japan. He is a ….……………….… and he speaks …….g. Iris comes from Finland. She is a …………………...… and she speaks ……
4. Mr. Scott, a company’s manager, is offering a 15,000 interest-free loan. An
interest-free loan is a loan that is free of interest. Use similar compound adjectives
to express the following ideas:
a. a job that consumes a lot of time ……………………………………………….. b. an event forgotten for a long time ………………………………………………c. a flower that smells sweet ………………………………………………………d. a suit made by a tailor …………………………………………………………..e. a plane that flies high ………………………………………………….………..f. goods that are free of tax ………………………………………………………..g. a child who is seven years old …………………………………………………..
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5. Look at the words in the box, which have certain similarities in meaning. Put
each word into its appropriate sentence:
trade job business profession vocation
practice living craft industry commerce
1. He qualified as an economist in 1995, and set up in ……………... in Sheffield.2. After leaving school, he……………………………….… in a solicitor’s office.
3. I like my son to take over the ………………………………….… when I retire.
4. Nursing is not just a job; it is a …………………………..…, calling for much
self-sacrifice and devotion.
5. She earns her ………………………………... by telling fortunes at the seaside.
6. The ancient …………………………………. of weaving has been carried on
in these islands for centuries.
7. My uncle Joshua has worked in the local Chamber of …………………….…
since he graduated from Oxford.
8. Our …………………………… mark is a circle with the letters “G L” inside it.
9. There are a lot of Scotsmen in the medical …………………………………..…
10. It’s a dirty, smoky city, as there is a lot of heavy ………..…… on the outskirts.
6. Read the following text about “BICC” and make the company profile:
BICC is a large multinational with about forty thousand employees world-wide anda turnover of approximately three billion pound. The group’s main activities are
construction and manufacture of cables. The group has five different divisions.“Balfour Beatty” is Britain’s leading construction company with a turnover ofaround $ 1,700 m. The company is famous for its work constructing motorways, buildings and of course, the channel tunnel.
Another division is “BICC Cables”. They are the largest manufacturer of fibreoptic cables in Europe and they now own the Italian company “Ceat Cavil”,“CelCat” in Portugal; part of “CGC” in Spain and “KVC” in the former East Germany.
“BICC Cables” is expanding fast in Asia too and it has a turnover of $ 1,103 m.
Make also a profile of each division of the multinational company “BICC”.
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“ICL” is a ……. of Fujitsu, which is a an 82% shareholder in the parent company.
The company ……. a total of 12,000 people. “ICL” group consist of twenty-nineautonomous companies. Each company has its own Managing Director. The groupis ……. three divisions. The first is Industry Systems. This division produces
business solutions (software) for ICI’s customers. The second is Technology,which …… computers and components. The third ……. is Services, which sellscomputer services, like maintenance and training. ICL operates in six differenttarget markets: ……. - that’s shops, supermarkets and so on; financial services;
local and central government; healthcare; manufacturing; travel and transport.
1. What is a holding or parent company?2. What is a subsidiary?3. What is a division?4. What does the group consist of?5. What is a company made up of?6. Where do the companies of a group operate in?7. What is a target market?
8. Ask questions about the building and the facilities of a company, using the
words below and beginning with:
Is the building ……? There is a/an …… There are …….Is there a/an …….? Are there ……..? Are they any ….?
There isn’t a/an…. There aren’t any…. There are no …modern separate rooms for smokersstaff restaurant large car park
facilities for disabled staff near a railway stationlifts bus stop nearbynoisy crèche
air conditioning system sport or recreational facilitiescold in winter nice to work in
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1. I usually teach literature, but ….. (teach) grammar this year.2. Why ……(be) so upset? What’s the matter with you?3. You ….. (be) very unrealistic, life is not such.4. She ….. (always, talk) on the phone when I come to see her.5. He ….. (continually, lose) his glasses and (ask) me to look for them.
2. Use present continuous tense to describe personal fixed plans and appointmentsin the near future:
1. I ….. (fly) to Paris on Friday.2. They ….. (have dinner) with the sales team tonight.3. ….. you ….. (do) anything this evening? No, I’m not.4. We ….. (have breakfast) at 7.00 tomorrow because Tom doesn’t want to miss
the early train.5. Where ….. you (go) at the weekend? Don’t you want to pay me a visit?
3. Use simple present or present continuous:
1. I …. (hear) music. It ….. (sound) fine.
2. I ….. (think) he is a good man.
3. You ….. (hear) from your daughter?
4. I ….. (think) of his parents. How are they now?
5. You ….. (be) rude today!
6. You can’t see the manager now, he ….. (to have) an interview.
7. He ….. (usually, speak) so quickly. I ….. (not understand) what he ….. (say) now.
8. You ….. (enjoy) yourself or you ….. (like) to leave now?
9. I ….. (enjoy) myself very much. I ….. (want) to stay to the end.
10. ….. (come) with me for a walk? …..(mind) if I bring my dog?
Translate into English:
Ce-i determină pe oameni să muncească? Pare evident că oamenii muncescnumai pentru a se hr ăni şi a se îmbr ăca. Dar există căi de a-i determina să
muncească pentru mai mult decât atât. Dar mai mulţi bani şi mai multe beneficii nu
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duc automat la o productivitate crescută. Primul lor efect este să încurajeze oameniisă r ămână în slujbă, nu să producă mai mult sau să fie fericiţi.
Managerii se gândesc să dea oamenilor slujbe potrivite talentelor
individuale. În cazul banilor ca stimulent, oamenii muncesc pentru ei până la un punct - să-şi satisfacă concepţiile personale de viaţă bună. Există teoreticieni care pretind că banii şi beneficiile sunt “stimulente negative”, absenţa lor îi face pe
oameni nefericiţi, dar prezenţa lor nu-i face mai productivi. Aceiaşi teoreticienispun că banii contează doar împreună cu performanţa individuală. Pentru a stimulaangajaţii, multe companii îi atrag în procesul de luare a deciziilor, aşa încât ei să-şi poată raporta ţelurile personale la cele ale companiei. În multe cazuri sugestiile
salariaţilor sunt aplicate de către patroni cu succes.
Remember!
The following verbs cannot be used in the continuous aspect. Some of these verbscan be used in the continuous aspect with different meanings:
VERBS VERBS WITH DIFFERENT
MEANINGS IN THE
CONTINUOUS ASPECT
EXAMPLE
Verbs of senses when
they show an invo-
luntary action: to see, to
hear, to smell, to taste,
to feel, to sound, to look;
Verbs of senses: to smell, to
taste, to feel , when they
express a voluntary action;
The verb to see = to visit, the
verb to hear = to hear from (to
have news from somebody);
I’m feeling the material to
see if it is real silk.
I’m seeing my family on
Sunday.
Are you hearing from your
sister?
Verbs of mental activity:
to think, to understand,
to believe, to expect, to
remember, to suppose;
The verb to think when it doesn’t
express ideas but recollections;
The verb to expect = to wait
for;
I’m thinking about my
summer holidays.
I’m expecting a present from
Santa Claus.
Verbs of feeling: to
like, to dislike, to love,
to hate, to loathe, tomind;
The verbs to like, to love, to
enjoy when they don’t express
permanent states but a short period of time;
I’m loving/enjoying this
party.
I’m liking school betternow.
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It’s the first day at university. Lecturer: “What’s your nationality?”Student: “It’s difficult to say.” Lecturer: “What do you mean?”Student: “Well, you see, my father is Polish, my mother Lithuanian, and I was
born on a Russian ship, in Romanian waters, under the Turkish flag.”
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One day he went to stay at a hotel in New York and asked for thecheapest room they had. Rockefeller said “What is the price of the room?”.The manager told him. “And which floor is it on?”. Again the manager toldhim. “Is that the lowest priced room you have? I am staying here by myselfand only need a small room.” The manager said, “That room is the smallestand cheapest we have”, and added, “But why do you choose a poor roomlike that? When your son stays here he always has our most expensiveroom; yours is our cheapest.” “Yes”, said Rockefeller, “but his father is awealthy man; mine isn’t.”
CHECKLIST
1. Comment an the following statement: „Never treat success like a confortable chair”.2. State the difference between wages and salaries.3. Choose the correct verb form: i) The Prime Minister meets/is meeting the
foreign delegation at 10 a.m.
ii) I meet/am meeting my friends at 10 p.m.4. What important information should a job vacancy ad contain?
5. What is a holding company?
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• Do you think that the number of students should be greater?• Do you think education should be free?
• Are there advantages in a private educational system?• Is a diploma necessary to get well-paid jobs?• What other ways are there to get qualifications?
Complete these sentences with a word or expression to do with education from
the box below:
1 Margaret had left school and was anxious to go to ………………… to studyarchitecture.
2 The ……………………………….. are preparing their first exams.3 Joan attends the business courses regularly, so she is a ………..…………
student.4 When he finished the law studies, Christian was awarded a ……………….
to become a lawyer.
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Complete the chart. Then compare the educational system in UK or the USA with
the educational system in our country.
UK USA Romania
Courses
DegreesAdmission
Tuition fees
Concerns
Write a paragraph describing some of the main differences .
1. In pairs decide whether the following statements are true ( ) or false ( ).
1 Medicine, architecture and foreign languages are studied for three years.2 Students are only accepted based on entrance examinations.
3 The grant received by students is being paid back at present. 4 High schools and colleges are not attended by many Americans.5 Education is considered vital to the American ideal.6 Not so many people think that the quality of education is a problem that
must be addressed.2. Do you know what the following abbreviations stand for?
BSc, PhD, VIP, CD, DJ, MA, Washington, D.C., SOS, IT, p.m., e.g., i.e.Can you add some more?………………………………………………………………………………………
VOCABULARY
Clippings are some words normally used in an abbreviated form in informalsituations.
You take / do / sit an exam. If you are well prepared, you’ll pass / do well in your
exam. If you skip lectures, you’ll probably fail / do badly in the exam. Therefore, before an exam it’s a good idea to revise for it. When you pass all your exams, yougraduate from university – you’re a graduate.
1. Look up the following terms specific to the US education system:
sophomore freshman junior senior
2. Here are some words related to education and training. Put them in columns
under these headings: degrees, subjects, education institutions, teachers
3. Correct the following sentences:
1 I can’t come out. I’m studying. I’m passing an examination tomorrow.
2 Congratulations! I hear you succeeded your exam!3 She’s a professor in a primary school.
4 He left university and now he’s an economist.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Put in the prepositions in, at or on. 1 Nick was so bored, he had nothing to do ____ the weekend.2 Derek went swimming ____ Sunday morning and _____ the evening he
played bridge.3 I took my annual holiday in August, but I had a few days off ____
Christmas as well.4 I was born ____ 1954.
statistics professor college economics
bachelor master university accounting
tutor postgraduate lecturer geographyhigh school international business doctor
polytechnics reader
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A: Yes. Your tickets 1) have arrived (arrive) and they’re with my secretary. And I2) ……….…………..( just/have) a fax from the hotel confirming your reservation.
B: Thank you. What about money?
A: I 3) ……………….…….. (already/order ) some zloty for you. I 4) …………………... (ring ) the bank yesterday, and they’ll have them tomorrow.
But there’s a problem with your Eurocheque book. I 5) …………………. (ask )them to send one a week ago, but it 6) …………………… (not/arrive) yet.
B: That’s all right. I 7) …………………. (never/need ) a Eurocheque before. Inormally use a credit card.
A: Really? Are you sure you can do that?
B: I think so. Certainly when I 8) …………………. ( go) to Austria last SeptemberI 9) ………………. (take) my Visa card and my MasterCard, and I 10)……………… (not/have) any problems. But I’ll check about Poland. 11) …………………. ( you/ever/be) there?
A: No, but have a word with Jennifer Cooper in Marketing. She 12) ………………(be) there a couple of times, so I expect she would know.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS?
7. Underline the correct form of the verb. Remember that some verbs cannot beused in the continuous aspect.
Example: I didn’t realize that you and David were friends. How long
have you known/been knowing him?
1. Peter is a natural salesman. He has sold/has been selling eight insurance policies since the beginning of the week.
2. The French visitor has arrived/been arriving at the airport for half an hour! Youhave to leave immediately to pick him up.
3. We have waited/have been waiting for Helen for one hour. I guess she won’tcome at all.
4. This report is a nightmare. I have written/have been writing it for two weeks, and
it is still not finished.
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Work in pairs. Student A should use the information below and Student B shouldlook at the information in File 2 on page 191. Then answer the following
questions:
• Which university is the oldest, Cambridge or Harvard?• Which college is the oldest?• Which college is the most recent?• Which college is the most famous?• Which institute is best placed in science and technology?
READING
Cambridge must be one of the best-known universities in the world. The renownedEnglish institution started during the 13th century and grew steadily, until todaythere are more than twenty colleges. Most of them allow visitors to enter the
grounds and courtyards. The oldest college, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284, andthe most recent , Robinson College, was opened in 1977. The most famous is probably King’s, because of its magnificent chapel. Its choir of undergraduates isalso very well known. Every year thousands of students from overseas come to
Cambridge to study English in the first place.
Each year in May there are the Eight Weeks of various sporting events, amongwhich the most celebrated is the boat-race Oxford v. Cambridge. It was first rowedin 1829 and has became a regular event since 1856.To the North of this ancient city is the modern face of the University – the
Cambridge Science Park, which has developed in response to the need foruniversities to increase their contact with high technology industry. It was
established in 1970 by Trinity College, which has a long scientific tradition going back to Sir Isaac Newton. Cambridge Science Park is now a centre of more thansixty companies and research institutes.
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Cambridge Science Park is now a centre of more than sixty companies andresearch institutes. (British English)Cambridge remains a center of intellectual life, especially since it’s become hometo MIT. (American English)
Here are some of the main difference both in spelling and vocabulary between the two:
Spelling Vocabulary
British English American English British English American English
met re, theat re meter, center petrol gas(oline)
col our, hum our col or, hum or lorry truck
program me, dialogue program, dialog luggage baggage
analy se, organi se analy ze, organi ze holiday vacation
defen ce, licen ce defen se, licen se pavement sidewalktravell er, jewell ry travel er, jewel ry lift elevator
2. Translate the following into British English:1. We’ve run out of gas in the freeway.2. We’re leaving by subway.3. I’m looking forward to my vacation.4. He put his baggage into the truck.
5. When does the fall semester start?
6. She bought a nice apartment on the first floor.7. Can you change this bill for me?
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4. Is this more interesting as his latest exhibition? ………………….………..
5. My brother is the same height like me. …………………………………..…
6. I paid less than you for the holiday. …………………………………..…….
7. The chess player was more smart then the computer. ……………………...
8. Study the information contained in the following chart and then complete the
passage below, using the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives:much, little, high, low, near (some of them appear twice).
The chart above illustrates the different levels of per capita expenditure on leisureactivities for some EU member countries in 1997. As you can see, the(1)………..……… amount spent was by the Portuguese with the Spaniards in(2)………………….. position at 70 EUs. Amongst those nations who spent the (3)………..…….. on this type of product were the Irish who were almost two hundredEUs ahead of their rivals, the Danish. In comparison, the expenditure of theBelgians was only half that of the (4) …………… amount. Both the British and the
Dutch were by five ecus (5) …………..…. or (6) ……………... than the EUnational average of 149.
SOCIAL ENGLISH
1. Match a line in A with a line in B.
A
1. Shall we meet this afternoon at 3 o’clock?2. Sorry I’m late. I got held up in the traffic. Did I miss anything?
3. Could I have the bill, please?
283
148
369
202119 152
564
105164
58 70149
B e l g i u m
B r i t a i n
D e n m a r k
F r a n
c e
G r e e c e
H o l l a n d
I r e l a
n d
I t a l y
L u x e m b o
u r g
P o r t u
g a l
S p a
i n
E C
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It was the furthest point debated.near Kate was nearer the truth than
Jane.
Victoria is the nearest station.
My cousin lives next door.
late I arrived later than I expected. The latest fashion is very simple.
The last time I saw him was in May.
Let’s learn some new expressions!In group A you will find common expression you could hear in conversation,television and film. Can you match each of them with the meaning in group B?
GROUP A GROUP B
1. It’s all in the melting pot. a) He can’t justify.2. It’s like looking for a needle in ahaystack.
b) It’s very difficult to keep going.
3. It’s an uphill struggle. c) He’s very unpleasant to be with.4. It’s a storm in a teacup. d) He’s misunderstood it.5. He’s got hold of the wrong end of the
stick.e) He’s really happy and excited.
6. He’s over the moon. f) No decisions have yet been taken.7. He can’t get a leg to stand on. g) He really annoys other people.8. He’s like a bear with a sore head. h) It’s an almost impossible task.9. He’s got plenty on his plate. i) He’s got a lot to do.10. He gets under everyone’s skin. j) It’s a lot of fuss and commotion
about nothing.
CHECKLIST
1.a.Does one still feel ill if he/she says: ”I have caught a cold”? b. What tense do we use to talk about: i) the present results of a past action?
ii) the time when something happened?2. Name the educational levels in the UK and Romania comparatively.3. What are the comparative and superlative degrees of these adjectives: far, big,
reliable, bad, funny?. 4. What expressions can you use to ask for information?6. Give examples of words that differ in American English and British English.
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1. To what extent is correspondence important in business communication?2. How many types of letters/messages can you think of?3. What is the “contents of a letter”?4. Give as many specimen sentences for the opening lines and complimentary
close as you know.
LETTERS: DATES AND SALUTATIONS
Note that when expressing date, several variations are possible: January 10th, 2000
10th January, 2000
10 January, 2000
January 10, 2000
The date may also be written in short. In Britain the day precedes the year:30.12.2000
30/12/2000
In the US, the month often precedes the day:
12.30.2000
12/30/2000
That is why you had better write the month with letters.
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A number of closing salutations are possible at the end of a letter, but they are usedin different situations:• “Yours faithfully” is used when the name of the person you are addressing is
unknown. Your letter probably began “Dear Sir/Sirs/Madam,” (or “Gentlemen:” in US usage).
• “Yours sincerely” (or “Sincerely yours” in US usage) is used when you do
know the name of the person to whom you are writing, but wish to remain onfairly formal terms. Your letter probably began “Dear Mr. Talbot/Ms Tomlin”.
• “Yours truly” or ”Truly yours” is used, principally, in the US as an alternativeto “Yours sincerely”. Your letter probably began ”Gentlemen:”.
• “Best/Kind regards” is frequent in friendly business letters (faxes). • “Cordially” or “Best wishes” are used when you know the name of the person
to whom you are writing. It is less formal, so your letter probably began “Dear
John/Laura”.
Correct any inappropriate elements in the following letter:
Hartley-Mason Inc.
618 West and Vine Street, Chicago, Illinois
ATTN: Mr. M. Tirnoveanu 29/5/00Motor Systems SRLStr. Toamnei nr. 12
BucharestROMANIA
Dear Sir,
We are in receipt of your letter of 27 May and are pleased to see that the samples
we sent you are to your satisfaction and the workmanship is to your standards.The United States, like Romania, has also experienced an increase in motorbikesales, and like you we think that there is a vast market to be tapped for the touring bike.
With regard to your offer, I should tell you straight away that we never use soleagencies anywhere in the world, but rely on merchants buying our products on their
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own account, then retailing them at market prices in their country. We, of course,offer a 30% trade discount off net list prices and a further discount for sales aboveUS$100,000.
As far as advertising is concerned, you will be pleased to hear that we have arranged foran extensive campaign which begins next month and features our machines. We aresending dealers throughout Europe with brochures, leaflets and posters to hand to their
customers and this will be followed up by television advertising in May.Our terms of payment are L/C open at a Bank of your preference, order shippedCFR a port of your designation. Should any slight flaw be found, we undertake toremedy it as soon as possible.
In the hope of signing a long-term contract with you, thank you for writing to us,and we are looking forward to hearing from you.
Best wishes,
President
J. R. MasonEnc. Please find our catalogue.
LANGUAGE WORK
Remember!
Some abbreviations you might see on a letter/fax/envelope:
c/o care of (e.g. T. Smith, c/o J. Brown; the letter goes to J. Brown’s address)enc. enclosed (e.g. enc. application form)PS postscript (extra message after the letter has been ended)asap as soon as possible (e.g. ring me asap)PTO please turn overpc. pieceNB please note (Latin: nota bene)RSVP please reply (French: répondez s’il vous plaît)a/c account current
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1. Translate this note from the boss to a group of workers in an office, into full
words.
Memo from: Mr. Braneless (MD) TO: All staffDate: 3/5/91 Ref: 04056/DC
May I remind you that all new lab equipment should be registered
with Stores & Supplies, Room 354 (ext 2683). NB: new items must be notified before 17:00 hrs on the last day of the month of purchase, i.e. the current budgeting month. All a/c nos must berecorded.
Braneless
Sometimes the samples you receive do not comply with your standards and
you must give up cooperation with that company. Write a letter of cancellation ofthe order.
2. Match the Romanian expressions to their corresponding English terms:
1. vă rugăm să confirmaţi în scris A. I look forward to hearing from you
2. dacă nu ne veţi informa contrariul B. unless we hear from you to the contrary3. aştept cu ner ă bdare r ăspunsul dvs. C. within a fortnight4. confirmăm primirea D. we are holding the matter pending5. am luat notă de E. under separate cover
6. v-aş r ămâne recunoscător F. in the near future7. în termen de 14 zile G. I have duly noted8. în viitorul apropiat H. we shall take the necessary action
9. în plic separat I. I/we acknowledge receipt of10. problema r ămâne în atenţia noastr ă J. kindly/please confirm in writing11. vom lua măsurile necesare K. I would be grateful if you would kindly
3. Match the abbreviations on the left to the full form on the right:
1. PLS A. with reference to
2. RQD B. cost and freight3. YR C. payment4. CFR D. your5. ATTN E. bill of lading
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The modals have the following main characteristics:
• Do not have the infinitive form.• Do not get the III-rd person singular -s of the present tense.• Do not get the -ing suffix.• Make the interrogative and negative without TO DO.• The modals are followed by the short infinitive (without TO), except OUGHT• Are replaced by modal equivalents for the tenses and moods they do not have.
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1. Use CAN/COULD to express ability and permission (COULD is more polite):
a. ........... you fill in this application form for me?
b. They .............. build better houses.c. I ............ give a response to this fax message, because they ............ supply me
with all the information I needed.
d. ...................... I go to the customs and take the samples on your behalf?e. What .…………….... he see in the hall of the airport?f. He .…………... join the yacht club as soon as he is through with his last
exam.
g. The CEO says that everybody ..………………….... take part in thediscussion.
2. Fill in the blanks with CAN’T/COULDN’T + present or past infinitives to
express negative deduction and reproach:
a. The customer says that the meat ........ (be) good after so many days.
b. It ........... (be) his secretary who answered the phone. She was on lunch break.
c. You .................. (pay) the company’s debt last month. Now we are in
litigation with our suppliers.
d. They ......... (pay) this order. Their company is bankrupt.
e. All Saints ........ (win) MTV awards last year. They didn’t enter the
competition.
3. Use MAY or MIGHT to express permission or possibility:
a. Let us book our tickets today so that when we go to the station there
………………..... be no unnecessary hurry and excitement.
b. Those who have finished their papers ………………….. leave the lecture-
hall if they go quietly.
c. They spoke in whispers so that the people in the next room ……………....
not know of their presence in the house.
4. Fill in the blanks with MUST or NEED to express obligation: Note. In questions must and need are often similar in meaning, but need cannot
be used after question words; when using need the speaker hopes for a
negative answer:
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a. ............ I take the exam this semester? No, but next semester you must. b. Where .......... I put this file?c. .............. I attend the meeting too?
d. ........... I pay the telephone bill today? I’m so busy.
5. Fill in the blanks with OUGHT TO, MUST, HAVE TO, SHOULD to express
advice: a. As the others insist on it, you ......... do as they say. b. You ...... go to the mountains. You look very tired.
c. “You ...... finish your work before going on holiday.” “I know I ............d. You ........... take these pills three times a day as the doctor has told you to.e. You .......... (not) smoke cigars, they will ruin your health.
f. Robert looks quite ill. He ...... have a rest.g. I want to get as thin as a movie star. What .......... I do? You .......... see a
doctor about it.h. You ........ stop drinking, or else you will get drunk.
6. Change the sentences below, using I would rather or I had better followed by a
short infinitive to express preference:
Note: Would rather + infinitive shows preference (e.g. I would rather drinkmineral water than Coca Cola)
Had better + infinitive shows desirability or advisability. (e.g. You had better come in now. = You should come in now / You ought to come in now).
a. He prefers to work abroad than get a job in his own country. b. It will be better if he sees a therapist at once.c. It is advisable for her to go in for the TOEFL test.d. I prefer not to sit up late.e. It will be better for you to apply for a well-paid job.f. It is advisable that we phone the After-Sales Services ourselves.g. She prefers to watch passively than actively participate in the discussion.
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WILL definite intention, firmdecision polite (but firm) requestand invitationsrepeated actionrefusal (in negativesentences)
Will you marry me?
Will you sign the register, please? Will you have anothersandwich?He will sit on the bench forhours.
She won’t say a word about itWOULD wish, intention polite invitations andrequest
repeated actionrefusal (in negativesentences)
I would tell you, but you didn’t listen.Would you accompany me tothe concert?Would you do me a favour?She would wait for me everymorning.He wouldn’t let me help him.
DARE a) as main verb (toventure, to challenge) b) as a modal (to have thecourage/impudence to)expressing indignation
Nobody dared to contradict theteacher.
How dare you talk to me likethat?
USED TO (no present form; used forregular activities in the past) repeated action
I used to smoke when I wasyounger, but I gave up five yearsago.
BE TO order, instructions(impersonal )
He is to stay at the airport untilthe President arrives.
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d. colour-fast;e. crease-resistance;f. water-proof;
g. before purchasing extensively.
2. Read the telephone dialogue below. Choose the best answer for each blank.
Marcu: Sigma Representative Offices, can I help you?
Anca: Yes. ________________________
a. This is Anca Barbu b. This is Ms. Barbu
Marcu: Hi, Anca. This is Marcu speaking. How are you?
Anca: ________________________
a. Fine and you? b. How are you?
Marcu: Just fine, thank you.
Anca: I’m calling to see if we can arrange a meeting. There are several
matters I’d like to discuss with you.Marcu: Sure, when would it be convenient to you?
Anca: _________________________________
a. I want to meet with you tomorrow. b. Could we meet
tomorrow?
Marcu: Yes, that’s possible. What time suits you?
Anca: ___________________________________
a. How about 2:30? b. I’d like to see you at 2:30.
Marcu: Fine. I can make it. I’m looking forward to seeing you.
Anca: Me too. OK, in your office at 2:30 tomorrow, right?
Marcu: Right. See you then.
Anca: See you tomorrow.
3. Translate into English:
1. Dacă nu ştii un număr de telefon, îl poţi căuta în cartea de telefon sau formează
931 şi întreabă telefonista.2. Desigur ai nevoie şi de prefixul oraşului sau regiunii unde apelezi.3. Când nu eşti acasă şi vrei să dai un telefon, îţi trebuie o cartelă telefonică sau
nişte monede.
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4. Cine a lăsat acest mesaj pe robotul telefonic?.5. “Îmi puteţi da interior 114, vă rog?” “Aşteptaţi un moment. Vă fac legătura”.6. Îl puteţi ruga pe asociatul dumneavoastr ă să mă sune mâine neapărat ?
4. Complete these sentences with words from the box:
a. As we have in mind an order of 5,000 pcs. of your product, could yougive us a ........................, considering that ours is a highly competitivemarket.
b. While appreciating the good quality of all your .................., we find the prices of patterns 235 and 236 rather high for our market.
c. Unfortunately, we cannot give you a better price, as ............................. israther expensive.
d. Pursuant to the quality inspection many ................... were found with your
goods.e. Following our phone conversation two of our representative will travel to
Bucharest to enter into a .................... with your company.
5. Translate the following sentences, paying particular attention to modal verbs.
You will find the following vocabulary useful.
charges customs authorities free on board
customs formalities packing services stoppages
1. Ar trebui să evităm creşterea tarifelor la transportul naval până anul viitor;concurenţa este mare.
2. 60% dintre societăţi estimează că respectarea termenelor de livrare le-ar permite să-şi mărească cifra de afaceri.
3. Pentru produsele destinate exportului, atât ambalajul de transport cât şi celde prezentare trebuie să îndeplinească anumite condiţii.
4. Conform autorităţilor vamale, acest furnizor ar fi trebuit să ne expediezemărfurile cu transportul achitat.
5. S.N.C.F.R. se poate ocupa de formalităţile vamale, cu condiţia să i se pună la dispoziţie facturile.
6. Am fost nevoiţi să amânăm sau să anulăm unele livr ări din cauza uneidefecţiuni la calculator.
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7. Nu am putut să respectăm termenul de livrare din cauza unei serii de greveîn cadrul serviciului de ambalare.
8. Probabil că directorul a uitat să-i dea dosarul de prezentare.
9. Ca urmare a faptului că la ultima livrare s-au deteriorat mai multecontainere, s-ar putea să ne schimbăm agentul de transport.
10. Probabil că furnizorul a confundat ofertele deoarece pentru ultimul an a dat
un preţ mai mare.
Let’s learn some new phrases
by and large – this is another way of saying “usually”, “ on the whole”, or “moreor less”.“Joseph makes mistakes from time to time of course, but by and large he is a good student.”
off the cuff – spontaneous. At dinner parties in England, people used to makespeeches and sometimes, so they wouldn’t forget what to say, the men wrote a fewnotes on their stiff, white shirt cuffs. These days, it means something said without
any preparation.“I stood up and said a few words, right off the cuff.”
off the top of one’s head – without any preparation. This came into use in the late1930s in the world of radio and later, TV programmes. The controller of the broadcast would tap the top of his head as a sign to the people on air or on camerathat the programme was running ahead of schedule, and that they would have tothink of something more to say to fill in the rest of the time. For example, if the gapwas three minutes, the controller would tap his head and hold up three fingers.“I don’t know exactly how old Mr Ford is. Off the top of my head, I would say
about 40.”
CHECKLIST
1. Name the component parts of a business letter.
2. What modal verbs can you use to make recommendations?3. What is the difference between: i) I didn’t need to do my homework.
ii) I needn’t have done my homework.4. What do you say i) when you phone a company and ask to speak to someone?
ii) when somebody phones your company and asks to speak to
your boss?5. What are the negative contracted forms of WILL and SHALL?
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1. Fill in the blanks with one word (you are given either the beginning or the
end of it):
In Shakespeare’s time, there were only about six million speakers ofEnglish altogether. (1) Now …………… it has become the most (2)……………spread, as one of the major languages in the world, second only toChinese in the number of people who speak it. However, recent research (3) est
…………… that there are now over 400 million who use it as their mother tongue.Globally, native speakers are in the (4) min …………… as perhaps as many as a billion more people use it as a foreign language. This is, of course, largely due toits use in the USA.
In some countries such as Ghana and Nigeria it has the status of an (5)……………cial language. In India, English is an official language alongside Hindiand no fewer than 3,000 English newspapers are (6) pub …………… throughout the
country.All round the world people are trying to learn English. In 1983 more than100 million people watched a course on Chinese TV made by the BBC to teach thelanguage at (7)…………… tary level.
People are motivated to learn because it has become the main language ofcommunication in (8) ……………macy, business, sport and sea-faring. It is also theofficial language of air-traffic control, and airports. Three quarters of the world’smail is (9) wri…………… in it as well as 80% of all information stored in (10)
…………… ers. A Japanese company wishing to (11) …………… ate with an Italianclient would conduct its (12) nego …………… in English.
Two thirds of all scientists write in English. A Brazilian doctor reports thathe spends as much time improving his English as he does (13) …………… ing medicine.
Due to telecommunications, and (14) esp …………… to Internet, Englishis thought by some to become ‘the language of the future’, although the predictionthat all other languages will die out is absurd.
2. Complete these sentences with a positive or negative question tag from the box.
isn’t it were they weren’t you do you
didn’t you shall we have you haven’t you
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A: And then you all moved to Los Angeles, (2) ………………………. ?
B: Well, no. We moved to San Francisco first, then to LA.A: Sorry. But you don’t live in LA now, (3) ……………………. ?
B: No, my family do. I live in Washington.
A: I see. Now, you’ve got two brothers, (4) …………………. ? And you are all
actors. That’s very unusual, (5) ………………… ?
B: I think it is, but my parents were both actors, so …
A: They weren’t very happy at first about your becoming an actor, (6) ……… ?
B: No, not at first. They didn’t want me to follow in their footsteps. But now
they’re really pleased about my success.
A: I know you’ve acted with your brothers in a film but you haven’t made a filmwith your parents yet, (7) …………………. ?
B: No, but we’re hoping to do one together next year.
A: That’s very interesting. Let’s continue our interview after a small break, (8)... ?
B: Certainly.
3. Put in the right prepositions from the box.
Gerry is a teacher in a language school. He lives (1) ……… a small flat(2) ……. the fourth floor of a building (3) …………… a small street (4) …………Dresden. The school is not very (5) …………. his home; he goes (6) …………
work (7)…………… bus and leaves home at eight o’clock to arrive (8) ………..work at nine. He usually does some work in the bus (9) ……… his way (10)…………. work.
Gerry’s school is (11) ……….. a railway station. It is very big and it has alot (12) …… students. Gerry likes his office; it is (13) ………… the receptiondesk, but it is big and quiet; there are some pretty trees (14) .………. his window.
He works (15) …………… nine o’clock (16) ……….. a quarter to one and thengoes to have lunch. Then he starts work again (17) ……… two and stops (18)
at by from in in front of near next to of on opposite to until
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………… five. On his way back (19) ………… work he does some shopping andhas supper (20) ………….. home. He likes living (21) ………… Germany; hedoesn’t go home to England (22) ………… holiday, but visits the sights (23) …….Germany.
It is Saturday morning now, and Gerry is (24) ……… home (25) ……. bed. (26) …….. Saturday he gets up at ten o’clock and then sits (27) ……… theliving room to have breakfast. (28) ………….. Saturday afternoons he plays tennis
or goes swimming. (29) ……. Saturday evenings he usually goes out. He enjoysthe sort (30) ……… life he lives.
4. Fill in the blanks with a , an or (no article):
1. I like to go abroad about three times _____ year.2. Have you met my brother? He’s _____ engineer too.3. I’m thinking about buying _____ new car. What would you recommend?4. _____ computer software is not as expensive as you think.5. The government has urged businesses not to give _____ pay rises above
inflation.6. How long have you been in _____ engineering?7. I think I should do _____ course in Business Administration.8. I have _____ idea: what about doing _____ evening course in _____accounting? It only takes up _____ hour a week.
5. Complete the blanks in the following passages with the or (no article):
Hi, my name’s Todd Sawyer. I’m a financial analyst, and I work for a companycalled (1) _____ Pacific Investment which is based in (2) _____ Channel Islands.Our offices are in (3) _____ St. Helier, (4) ____ capital of the main island, (5) _____ Jersey. Jersey is very popular with financial institutions from (6) _____England because it is not part of (7) _____ UK for tax purposes, and it is also popular with investors from (8) _____ Europe.
I work for a tour operator called (9) _____ Lakeland Travel, and we specialize in
bringing people to (10) _____ Lake District which is in (11) _____ north of (12)
_____ England. We run a hotel, (13) _____ Capitol, which is in (14) _____
Ambleside, a small town on shores of (15) _____ Lake Windermere. Many of our
visitors come from Scotland, which is very close, but others come from as far away
as (16) _____ New York or (17) _____ Far East.
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4. Research and Development d. organises payment5. Sales e. sends goods to customers
6. Dispatch f. buys goods for the company
7. Purchasing g. sells the company’s products
8. Production h. makes goods in the factory
9. After-Sales i. deals with employees
7. In each of the following sentences, put one of the verbs into the present simple
and the other into the present continuous:
Example: We are interviewing (interview) people from outside the company for the new
post in the export department, but I think (think) we ought to give the job to MrJackson.1. At the moment, we ____________ (carry) out an experiment to find out whatsort of after-sales service our customers ___________ (want).2. We’ve got a competition on at work about our new range of cosmetics. The
marketing people ___________ (try) to find a brand name that __________(sound) natural and sophisticated.
3. ___________ (you/ know) what Mrs. Ericson ___________ (do) ? She’s not inher office and she hasn’t left for lunch either.
4. Could you help me? I ___________ (try) to translate this letter from a Spanishclient and I don’t know what this word ____________ (mean).
5. I ___________ (apply) for a transfer to our London office, but I don’t know if
I’ll be successful. It all ____________ (depend) on whether or not they have any
vacancies.
6. Their new instant coffee ___________ (taste) very good, so it’s not surprising
that it ______________ (become) more and more popular.
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(5) I am writing to thank you for the lovely gift that you sent me for my birthday. How did you know that my favourite colour was red? It was verykind of you to think of me.(6) Velvet Vibes
117 High StreetWimbledon
London SW12Tel: (0181) 967 2456
(7) Dear Monique,(8) My exams finish next week. We've got Maths on Wednesday and English onFriday. After that, it's the holidays!
(9) I am writing to inform you that the CDs you ordered on 24 February arrivedthis morning(10) Write soon and tell me all you news. I am enclosing a photo that Celia took ofme wearing my new red T-shirt.
(11) Yours sincerely,
(12) Take care. Hope to hear from you soon.(13) 1 March 1999
(14) Aurora(15) Let me know your plans for the holidays – maybe we could arrange something.(16) Ms Annette Jacks
53 Old Coach Rd
TootingLondon SW13 6YT
(17) Now you can see how it looks on me!(18) Love,
(19) Dear Ms Jacks,(20) I would love to see you. Maybe I could visit you in France, or would you liketo come to Spain?(21) I would be grateful if you would contact me as soon as possible with your
c) “I expected her to come too”. “ She wanted to, but I …………...... let her”.d) I wanted to leave, but she .…………………………………......... hear of it.e) No matter how hard I try, this engine ……………………………....... start.
f) Can you lend me your car? Mine .………………………………….... start.
13. Replace the italicized words by used to or to be used to as required by the
sense. Make any other necessary changes:
Note: Used to + infinitive = a past discontinued habit. (e.g. I used to skate when I
was young)To be used to + noun/-ing form = be accustomed to. (e.g. She was used to
the noise in the workshop).
a. At their age they are not accustomed to working so late.
b. John was in the habit of getting whatever he wanted.c. Usually they went to the university by tube.
d.
He always had a cup of coffee after lunch.e. Students usually turned in rather late.
f. Before I joined the army I was in the habit of having my own way.g. I am not accustomed to being spoken in this way.h. He had the habit of asking “why” to whatever question you asked him.
14. Match the sentences (1-20) with their appropriate translations (A-T):
1. She can write it. A. Se poate să-l scrie ea.2. She could write it. B. Ea va trebui să-l scrie.
3. She was able to write it. C. S-ar putea să-l scrie ea.4. She could have written it. D. Ar fi trebuit să-l scrie.5. She will be able to write it. E. Nu era nevoie să-l scrie.6. She must write it. F. Nu i s-a permis să-l scrie.
7. She will have to write it. G. Nu trebuia neapărat să-l scrie.8. She had to write it. H. Ar fi putut să-l scrie.9. She must have written it. I. Dacă l-ar scrie…10. She should write it. J. S-ar putea să-l fi scris.
11. She should have written it. K. Ar trebui să-l scrie.12. She would have written it. L. Trebuie să-l scrie.
13. She may write it. M. A putut să-l scrie.14. She might write it. N. Se poate să-l fi scris.
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15. She may have written it. O. Probabil că l-a scris.16. She might have written it. P. A trebuit să-l scrie.17. She didn’t need to write it. Q. Poate să-l scrie.
18. She needen’t have written it. R. L-ar fi scris.19. She wasn’t allowed to write it. S. Va putea să-l scrie.20. If she should write it ... T. Ar putea să-l scrie
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the opportunity to work abroad How many hours a week do you
think you will work?
LEISURE
What will your hobbies be?
Will you be a vegetarian? YES NO
• Will pollution be
(a) a more serious problem than now?
(b) a less serious problem than now?
• What will be the most important
source of energy?
• Will there be a cure for
(a) AIDS? YES NO(b) cancer? YES NO
• How many nuclear weapons will
there be?
• (a) more than today (b) the same
number as now (c) fewer than
today (d) none
1. Complete these sentences below with words from the box:
1 People grow vegetables and flowers in a ……………………………………... .2 When people cannot read or write, they are ………………………………….. .3 Refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, TV sets are …………………………………. .4 A(n) ………………………….. is someone who uses personal computers,
telephones, etc., to work from home.5 …………………….. is the statistically determined average number of years of
life.6 An object that cannot be found in nature is ……………………. .7 ……………………. is a system in which the beginning or the end of working
hours is not fixed.8 The ………………… are people past middle age.9 …………………… is any substance burnt as a source of heat or power, such
as coal or petrol.10 ………………….means that someone is protected against poverty or want as a
result of unemployment.
environmentally-friendly teleworker
on-line greenhouse flexitime
life expectancy illiterate job security fuel
man-made elderly household appliances
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11 A(n) …………………….. device is directly connected to and controlled by acentral processing unit of a computer.
12 Any product or process that does not harm the ecological system is ………… .
READING
Between 1981 and 1989 the number of children in Britain between the agesof 10 and 15 dropped from over four million to just over three million. The pictureis similar all over Europe.
By the year 2000, there will have been a 37% drop in the youth population
of Germany, a 22% drop in the United Kingdom and a 12% drop in France.There will be fewer adolescents in the late 1990s in Britain, but the number
of people between 30 and 44 will grow by 8%. Economists say that because of this,High Street will change. Fewer shops will sell clothes, food and drink for young
people. There will be less loud music in restaurants and pubs and the whole
atmosphere will be quieter.What kind of people will today’s adolescents be by the year 2000?Certainly more people will be vegetarian. The number of vegetarians may growfrom 2% of the population to almost 4% in the next ten years. 10% of all studentsare vegetarians. They will also be more conscious of healthy foods and theenvironmentally-friendly things in shops.
Young people will have more international life-styles, and many will goabroad to work in the next decade. Over 50% of 18–21-year olds in Britain think ofthemselves as ‘European citizens’.
Read the text and decide whether the following statements are true ( ) or false ( )
1. ___ There is a dramatic decrease in the number of youth in Europe.2. ___ There will be more adolescents in Britain at the end of the decade.3. ___ Not many shops will sell articles for young people.
4. ___ The adolescents will ignore healthy foods and environmentally-friendlygoods.
5. ___ Less than half of the young people in Britain think of themselves as‘European citizens’.
Have the predictions made than years ago become true?
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2. Work in pairs. You’re going to read an article called Growing trends which is
about life in the future. Here are the topic sentences taken from four of the
paragraphs. Discuss what you think each paragraph will say.
1 In the 21st century we will almost certainly be living in a warmer world.
2 In the 21st century most families will be using computers in the home to do
a variety of tasks.3 By the 21st century a population explosion will have taken place in the
developing world.
4 Statistics show that society is becoming more violent.
The environment
In the 21st century we will almost certainly be living in a warmer world. The
world will continue to use fossil fuels which release carbon dioxide, the main causeof global warming, ‘the greenhouse effect’ as it is also called.
Damage done to the ozone layer by man-made chemicals will mean that our
children will have an increased risk of developing skin cancer.We will be living in a world with less energy available and we will be forced
to reduce our energy consumption.
Technology
In the 21st century most families will be using computers in the home to do awide variety of tasks. A great part of the technology we will be using a generationfrom now already exists in some form. Over 3 million British households have personal computers today and a further 650,000 will probably purchase them in the
next year.In 25 years’ time computers will be a million times faster than they are today.They will have become easier to use, but anyone who has not learnt how to usethem will be seriously disadvantaged, particularly in the field of employment. Theywill be considered ‘computer illiterate’.
Population
By the 21st century a population explosion will have taken place in thedeveloping world. In developed countries, the size of the population will havestabilised but the proportion of older people will have increased dramatically and
there will be problems associated with care of the elderly and medical services. Itmay no longer be possible for the government to provide pensions for everybody.
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Society Statistics show that society is becoming more violent. 95% of Britons think
that it is unsafe to walk the streets at night; 85% believe that it used to be safer 30
years ago. The average person’s risk of becoming a victim of violent crime hasincreased three times since 1979.
This trend will almost certainly continue. Rising criminality will be one of the
most serious problems that people in the 21st century will be facing.(adapted from Reward , Heinemann)
Match the following suggestions with one of the predictions in the text.
1 Don’t fear technology or become a slave to it. It’s more important tolearn what technology can do for you than to understand how it is
done.2 Do your best to conserve energy.3 Buy sun-hats and sun-cream and teach your children to keep out of the
sun.
4 Start talks with your neighbours about hiring private security guards.5 Take out a private pension plan so that you are not dependent on the
government when you are older.6 Travel as much as you can now. With decreasing fuel supplies it may
not be possible when you are older.
Work in pairs. Do you agree with these suggestions? Can you imagine other
solutions?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Fill in the gaps with the suitable prepositions: by, of, over, to, under 1.
Example: Productivity will rise from 4% to 10%.
1. The profits of telecommunications companies will grow ____ approximately25% in the next decade.
2. The sales of our beauty soap have dropped ____ the lowest level in the last
years.3. ____ 2 million people left their homes running away from the huge hurricane.4. The promotion campaign had a poor echo. ____ 15% of the target consumers
bought the new brand of oil.
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opposite dissatisfaction, illogical, im probable, incorrect, irrational, unimportant
multi- many multinational
over-, super-, hyper- too much overtime, superman
under- too little underestimated
Suffixes Meaning Example
-ful with careful
-less without careless
-able, -al, -ible, -ic,
-ing, -ive, -ous
forms adjectives readable, national, flexible,
economic interesting, productive,
humorous,
-ence, - ent, -ian,
-ion,
-ist, -ity, -ness, -or,-ship
forms nouns patience, achievement, politician,
explanation, ecologist, activity,
fitness, actor, dealer ship
-ly forms adverbs slowly
Did you know that ...
... in an average life you will walk 240,000 km, sleep for 25 years, eat 7,800 loavesof bread, lose 127 kg of dead skin and spend 12 years watching television?
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What are you doing at the weekend?Where are you going to spend your summer holiday?
Are you going to get a job next year?Are you going to learn Spanish?
READING
A Hello, Barbara. How are you?
B Fine, Alice. And you?A Not so bad, thanks. Listen, I’m ringing to arrange a meeting with you. I’mcoming to Edinburgh next Wednesday to see our partners. (1) Will you goshopping with me any time in the afternoon?
B (2) I won’t be in Edinburgh, I’m afraid. I’m going abroad for a few days on
business.A Oh, where are you going?B To Germany. I’m attending a conference in Hamburg on environment.A Mmm. Sounds nice. When are you going?
B On Monday evening, and I’m coming back on Thursday morning.
A Oh, well. I could stay overnight and see you then.B Right. (3) I’ll give you the address of a good B&B.
A That seems fine. (4) Will you book a room for me then?B Certainly. Say, Alice, what are you going to buy?A Wallpapers and paintings for our new flat. (5) Will you help me choose
some?
B It goes without saying. I’m sure (6) we’ll have a great time together.Thanks for ringing. Bye.
A Cheerio. I’ll see you on Thursday then. Have a good trip.
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(a) Read the dialogue. Find out which of the will phrases in italics is used to:
make an instant decision…………… make a prediction …………………..…..make an invitation ……………….… make a request ………………….…..….
(b) Match the sentences on the left with the replies on the right:
1. I’ll buy you another drink. A. Yes, they all say it’ll be fine.2. I’ll arrive as soon as I can. B. Okay, what would you like?
3. Will you get me something to eat? C. Thank you. That’s very kind ofyou.
4. Will you sit down with us? D. I’m sorry. I’ll bring you another plate.
5. I’m sure you’ll have a wonderful
evening.
E. Thanks. I’ll have an orange juice.
6. I won’t have this soup. It’s cold. F. Okay, make sure you’re not late.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
A. Read the following sentences:a. Wait a minute , will you? I’m speaking on the phone.
b. I’m speaking with my partner on Friday. We have to sort out things.
a. I’m sorry I can’t join you, but I’m very busy at the moment. I’m
preparing my exams.
b. I’m presenting the annual report next week.
What tense was used in each of them? Which sentences refer to actions happeningat the moment of speaking? Which sentences refer to actions that will happen in the
future? What future time phrases are used?
Present simple or present continuous?
1. Complete the conversation using the present continuous for arrangements (e.g.
he’s coming) or the present simple for official schedules (e.g. he comes). The first
one has been done for you.
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8. Christopher …………………… 64 years old in November and he………………. retire next year.
3 . Add comments to the sentences. Use present continuous, going to , or will .
Example: I’m afraid I can’t meet you for the lunch on the 30th.
I’m seeing Mr. Mullin in Lisbon.
1. The management have announced how they intend to reduce costs.
………………………………………………………………………………………2. I’m sorry, I didn’t realize you were busy.……………………………………………………………………………………....3. The company is in serious financial difficulty.
……………………………………………………………………………………...4. I need some time to think about this proposal.………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Sorry. I’m in a hurry right now.
……………………………………………………………………….………..……6. My boss is looking for another job.………………………………………………………………..…………………..…
7. I’m not sure whether the flight to Rome is due tomorrow.…………………………………………………………………………………..….8. Our Export Manager is in Romania at the moment looking at new offices.……………………………………………………………………………………….
Colours
People grow vegetables and flowers in a greenhouse. Here are some morewords and phrases with colours.
When you are £50 in the red, it means that you spent more than you have in
your account and you owe money to the bank. If your finances are in the black
you do not owe anybody any money.
Black-and-white may refer to photographs, films, TV sets, anything written or
printed, or situations that seem simple and easy to make decisions about.
White goods mean fridges, washing machines and other large pieces of
household appliances, as opposed to brown goods - TV sets, (video)cassette
recorders, CD players, stereo systems, and other electronic equipment.
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1. He doesn’t accept he can make mistakes. …………….., he is totally
incapable.
2. Some fruits and vegetables, ……………apricots, peaches, or carrots, are rich
in beta-carotene.
3. …………………, we may say that all the proofs have shown she was wrong.
4. ……………………, I think the next century will be very interesting.5. The train was an hour late. ……………., I managed to get to the meeting in
time.
6. I don’t think they’ll come to the party. ……….…….. they are very busy. Then,
they don’t socialise too much.
Choose on of the following topics and write a composition of 250 words. ♦ Testing drugs and cosmetics on animals♦ The nuclear energy♦ Package holidays♦ Career women♦ TV - an educational medium♦ Marrying young
Start by stating the topic issue.Working abroad may have both advantages and disadvantages.
Continue the paragraph with ‘for’ reasons.
On the plus side, it is often easier to find work there.
Begin a new paragraph with a topic sentence presenting the ‘against’ reasons.
However, many people cannot adapt themselves to the new environment.Continue the paragraph adding further information.
What is more, they feel homesick more often than not.
Finish the composition with a new paragraph, starting with a topic sentence whichstates your conclusion.
In conclusion, I think that living abroad can be appealing especially to
young people.
State your reasons.
They like the excitement of adventure and find it easier to learn new
customs and rules.
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• What are hobbies? What are they good for?• Which is the difference between an interest and a hobby?• Do you think an interest supposes going deeper, both theoretically and
practically into the matter?• What do you think of being more scientific: an interest in doing something or a
hobby?• Don’t you think that people who pass all bounds in a hobby go into the field of
a profession?• What is the difference among these words: hobby, pleasure, entertainment,
passion, science, profession and recreation?
READING
AUTOGRAPHS THAT SPELL MONEY
While leafing through an old handwritten book of poetry, Peter Croft of Sotheby’s,the London auctioneers, noticed that certain pages were in a different hand fromthe rest. The moment he saw the handwriting on those dozen pages he realized thathe had uncovered a rare seventeenth century literary treasure.
INTERESTS AND HOBBIES
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Croft’s expert eye had recognized the handwriting of Robert Herrick, one of
England’s finest lyric poets. He knew the book had been bought in 1848 for 58
shillings. At auction, the book fetched 34,000 pound.
Today, collectors are prepared to pay ever-increasing prices for coveted
autographs-hand-written and signed letters or manuscripts, not just scrawledsignatures on photographs or slips of paper. A letter written by Charles Dickens
could be bought for 1 pound in 1903; today it is worth 600 pound.
So great is the demand by collectors and scholars for autographs that Sotheby’s
now hold a special monthly sale in their New Bond Street auction rooms. Last
May, a United States buyer gave 17,000 pound for Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s
manuscript of the poems he wrote in 1796, which he had copied out for his
publisher.
What gives an autograph such appeal? One letter now available in the British
Museum for all to read, helps to explain the fascination that collectors find in
autographs. The letter is by Lord Nelson who, on board “H.M.S. Victory” on
October 19, 1805, wrote to Lady Hamilton. Two days later Nelson fell mortally
wounded at Trafalgar. After the battle Captain Hardy delivered the letter to Lady
Hamilton. To read it now, in the bold, left-handed writing, which Nelson adopted
after he had lost his right hand, is to become personally involved in history.
When signatures are so rare that they never come on the market, even forgeries can be of interest. Only six authenticated examples of Shakespeare’s signature, all on
official documents, have ever been found. No one has discovered a letter written by
him, nor a single page of any original manuscript of his plays. But a forged
Shakespeare’s signature sells for 20 pounds today.
British collectors have always valued the autographs of creative minds.
(Ann Huxley, Letters Written by Famous People, Ed. Laurel, 1984)
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1. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with suitable words you find in the text: 1. Peter Croft of Sotheby’s recognized Robert Herrick’s hand-writing while …….
through an old handwritten book of poetry.2. Coveted autographs – hand-written and signed letters or manuscripts …….
much money at ……. from passionate collectors.
3. Collectors pay …….prices for ……. and ……. letters or manuscripts not only……. signatures on photographs ……. of paper.
4. Two days after Nelson had written his last letter addressed to Lady Hamilton,
the great admiral fell mortally …….at Trafalgar.5. As only six authenticated examples of Shakespeare’s signature were found,
even ……. can be of interest for the …….
2. Match the words with their explanation:
1. auction a. a person’s signature2. handwriting b. something written by hand, not typed or printed
3. autograph c. a person’s style of something written by hand orwith a pen or pencil
4. manuscript d. a person who makes careful study and investi-
gation, in order to discover new facts or infor-mation
5. collector e. a person who collects things6. researcher f. a fraudulent imitation or copy in order to pass it
off as real
7. forgery g. a public sale in which articles are sold to thehighest bidder.
3. Except autographs and letters, we have just spoken about, what are themost common things people collect? What do children, students collect and what do some grown-ups collect?What is the reason? Is money important in gathering things in order to
form collections?
In the following list of objects establish which ones are collected especially by
children and students and which ones grown-ups afford collecting, investmentbeing involved?
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Do you collect anything? What? Speak about the way you started collecting and ifit was difficult to start a collection of your own!
4. Read the following text about a fine art collector of antiques:
“A Chinese jade figure of a rhinoceros, claimed to be worth about 1 million pound, has
been stolen with other valuable antiques, from the Mayfair home of Mr. David Edge,65, a fine art collector, was revealed yesterday.” ( Daily Telegraph, June 16, 1993)
The news announcing the theft is a compound sentence that contains nine pieces ofinformation:
1. a figure has been stolen 6. Mr. Edge lives in Mayfair2. the figure was made of jade 7. Mr. Edge is 65 years old3. the figure was Chinese 8. Mr. Edge is a fine art collector4. it was a figure of a rhinoceros 9. This news was revealed yesterday5. it was in the home of Mr. Edge
Write similar compound sentences to combine the following sets of information:
a. Mrs. Martha Edwars is the mother of Paula Edwars. Paula Edwars is a famousactress. She acts in films. She won an award at the Cannes Film Festival. TheCannes Film Festival took place last month. Paula Edwars has given hermother a necklace from her own jewelry collection. The necklace is made ofdiamonds. The necklace was a birthday present.
b. Patricia Austin is a famous soprano. She has been singing with the CosmopolitanOpera for the last sixteen years. She announced yesterday that she is going toretire. She is going to retire next October. She wants to spend more time in painting expositions and at auctions. She is a passionate paintings collector.
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5. “Hobbies” are a great British and American tradition. A hobby is a specialinterest or activity that people do in their time off. Some people have animals ashobbies. Others are crazy about plants.
6. Sports represent other worldwide hobbies. English play football, cricket and polo but they play other sports too. We must consider the many advantages which
education derives from games, when practised as they ought to be. “Games are thehandmaid of lessons – a means of making you fit and fresh for work and a meanswhere the game itself is only of secondary importance, compared with the spirit in
which it is played. People will generally play games in the right .spirit, if those whocontrol them show in their own methods and conduct what that spirit is” theeducational writer Max O’Rell from ‘Daily Mail’ says.
7. Brainstorming activity. Role-play expressing your opinions: - Have you ever practised any sport?- What are the chief open-air sports practised in England? What about your
country?- What sport do you prefer? Why? Speak about it!- Give a short account, if you can, of the way in which football is played, or
describe a football match. Did you know that British invented it?- Give your opinion on the advantages and inconveniences of games and sports.- Doesn’t football teach discipline? What’s your opinion?
8. Work in pairs and name as many sports as possible. Together with your partner
try to classify them in outdoor and indoor sports. Use words like: team,competition, stadium, fan, player, international tournament, to enjoy sailing,
enthusiastic, own boat, sailing races (‘regattas’), baseball, summer sport, wintersport, bowler, ball, bat, batsman, pitcher, batter at cricket, a bowler throws the balland the batter hits it with his bat league, top player, big star….
9. Work in pairs and with your partner’s help, describe cricket (the typical British
sport) and baseball (the American typical sport).
- Give an account of the American football and the football played in the rest ofthe world.
- In what sports do you have to wear a helmet? Choose among boating, boxing,American football, cricket, bowling, ice hockey, surfing, Canadian hockey,
surfing, climbing, soccer.
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- What do you know about soccer? Do you know that it is known as Associationfootball and every year, the football teams of most cities and towns in Britain play in the Cup Final at Wembley Stadium in London?
10. In the following sentences fill the gaps with play when they refer to sports
played with a ball and where teams are involved, go when they refer to individual
and leisure activities and do when they refer to sports or activities where bodymovements are implied:
Model: My brother likes doing judo, going skiing in winter and playing bowls
with his friends.
- She looks forward to …… swimming when summer comes.
- Why do all little girls are fond of ….. ballet?- I don’t go in for sport now, but I felt like…. football daily when I was a little
boy.- Her mother was against ….. badminton as she found it too childish.
- What about ….. diving, the weather is very fine.- Don’t you prefer….. gymnastics to….. snooker in that club?- He took to ….. jogging as he was getting fat.
- They put off ….. fitness classes as they were very busy.- Well, I like …. skating when the ice is thick enough.- Why don’t you leave off ….. hockey with your broken arm?
Practice: Use in sentences of your own: to go gliding, fishing/horse-riding/cycling;
to do aerobics/ballet/judo/squash; to play golf/cricket/darts/table tennis/lawn tennis.
11. Read this text about music: Music
Silence’s most eloquent contradiction is music – not because music breakssilence with its sounds but also because it interrupts its motion. All the arts do this: books freeze events between two covers, pictures pin them against a wall. Butmusic goes viscerally to the source of our mortality. It stops time in its tracks and
reinvents it. What a supernatural act it is to command a tempo and a rhythm, to settime in motion and bring it to a halt. In a life of temporal endlessness, the musician
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who makes time starts and stops plays at being God. This is music’s comfort andits triumph: that somewhere there exists an antidote for decay.
The technologies of the ear (the radio, the record player and the compact
disc) both give and take away. Fishing in my collection of records the other day, Idid find a recording of Brahms' Fourth. I put it back on the shelf, I’m not quite surewhere. I am not worried. I know how it goes. This is how I relive (and therefore
live) this music - in my imagination. The imagination is our great healer.(Bernard Holland, A New and Awful Silence)
• What does Bernard Holland mean when he says that the “musician who makestime start and stop plays at being God”?
• Do you agree with Holland who asserts that the sheer availability of music hassomehow cheapened it, taken away its special pleasures, music being all aroundus today – on the radio, in the office, in the market and the shopping mall?
• Has music’s accessibility ruined your enjoying it? Why? Why not?• What is electronic music? How do synthesizers replace traditional instruments?
• What kind of music might be synthesized?• What do you like more: listening to real music (bands on stage or recorded) or
digital sounds music (someone capable of playing a keyboard instrument can be a one-man band)?
12. In the following sentences, use either play + instrument and instrument + player or person + sing and type of music + singer:
1. Elvis Presley was a rock’n’roll ………….. He came from Memphis,
Tennessee, USA and was called the ‘king of rock’n’roll’.2. Which of these instruments do amateurs usually………………. : the piano,oboe, violin, harp, banjo, drum, saxophone, guitar, trumpet, organ, accordeon,flute?
3. Can you …………………… any of them? Which?4. That great guitar…………….. couldn’t read the score, he only could …………
by ear.5. If somebody …………...… a song, can you accompany him or her
and…………………the piano or guitar?6. The great opera ……………....was so much clamored that she gave an encore.
7.
The ‘Beatles’ from Liverpool, were the most famous pop …….… in the 1960s.8. Arthur Rubinstein, the great piano ……………... , died at 90 years old.
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1. Look at this sentence: ”A writer friend, who visits my apartment when I amaway, phoned me in Tangier and told me there had been a robbery.”
Use past perfect tense of the verbs in brackets in the following sentences:1. As soon as I ……………... (finish) my breakfast, I went to the stadium2. By the time the coach ……………... (give) us all the training instructions, the
last member of the team arrived.3. The referee didn’t whistled the beginning of the game until all football players
……………..… (gather).4. When we reached the stadium, the goal-keeper …………… (already, arrive).
5. After a player …………….. (kick) the ball, it was taken by the forward player.6. After we ………………... (play) hard, we won.
2. Decide the order in which these things happened. Then write two sentencesusing after and the past perfect:
Example: The symphony orchestra came on the stage.The conductor arrived on the stage.The symphony orchestra members stood up.
After the symphony orchestra had come on the stage, the
conductor arrived on the stage too.After the conductor had arrived on the stage, the symphony
orchestra members stood up.
1. The tourists got out of the coach.They took photos.They got back in the coach.
2. The reporter wrote a report on the accident.She interviewed the people there.She went to the scene of the accident.
3. The mechanic put a new tyre on.
He put the wheel back on.He took the wheel off the car.
Activity: Write sentences of your own using the same patterns.
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1. Have you noticed this structure: “… he saw the handwriting on …”, “Findingsuch as Croft’s Herrick discovery …”. They are gerunds.
In the following sentences use verb + ing as a subject : Example: ……. (to swim) is something I don’t do very often.
Swimming is something I don’t do very often.1. …… (to fish) is a profession and …… (to angle) is a hobby.2. …… (to box) is a rather dangerous sport.3. …… (to take exercise) is only one part of keeping fit.
Practice: Use the verbs: to read, to ski, to work, to write, to drive, to travel, to run
in sentences of your own.
2. Either verb + ing as a subject or long infinitive as a subject may be used in the
following sentences: e.g. ……. (to read) French is easier that ……. (to speak) it.Reading French is easier than speaking it.To read French is easier than to speak it.
1. ……. (to shake hands) is not a habit Englishpeople use.2. ……. (to study) the local customs is necessary for a traveller.3. ……. (to have) good manners is appreciated everywhere.
Make five similar sentences of your own.
3. Use gerund after propositions:e.g. After …… (to swim) I felt cold.
After swimming I felt cold.1. Can you touch your toes without … (bend) your knees?2. His wife raised the money by … (to sell) her jewelry.3. He insisted on … (to see) her.4. I have no objection to … (to hear) your story again.5. He is good at … (to tell) lies.
6. We had a lot of difficulty in … (to find) the club.
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to give up to keep onto leave off to look forward toto put off to see about
to take to to go on
Use the gerund in the following sentences:
1. I have seen the film, now I am looking forward to … (see) the film.2. I don’t care for … (stand) and … (watch) the match.3. He took to … (garden) when he retired.4. They gave up … (ski) and took to … (farm).
Make sentences of your own with all the other phrasal verbs.
5. Make sentences, according to the model :
Model: Alice is studying medicine and they approve of it.They approve of Alice’s studying medicine.
He wants to study law but his father is against it.His father is against his studying law.
1. He rang us up in the middle of the night. He apologized for it.
2. She’ll attend classes in French. Her brother insists on it.3. Mary got the scholarship and we were proud of it.4. Jane will marry Gerald. Her mother is for it.
6. Make sentences according to the model :
Model: You’ll have to share with somebody, I’m afraid.That’s quite all right. I don’t mind sharing with somebody.
1. ……. do your own washing …….2. ……. pay in advance …….
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Make sentences with the verbs regret, remember and forget drawing the distinction
between a past action and a future action:
e.g. I forgot giving him the money. (in the past)
I won’t forget to give him the money. (in the future)
Make sentences with to be afraid of + gerund used for involuntary actions and to beafraid + infinitive to show a strong awareness of the feeling :
e.g. He was afraid of falling. (involuntary action) He was afraid to jump so he stayed where he was.
(to be aware to perform the action)
Translate into English:
1. Adam învăţase engleza înainte să vină în Anglia.
2.
Când am ajuns pe teren, jocul începuse.3. Când Margareta a terminat partida, a deschis radioul.
4. Îţi place să citeşti?5. Îmi place să citesc, dar nu-mi place să citesc această carte.6. Schiul este fantastic.7. Ador să shiez.8. Ur ăsc să aştept la cozi.
9. Îmi place să conduc cu viteză.10. El a fost acuzat de contrabandă.11. Ea are multă experienţă in ingrijirea copiilor.
12. El era ocupat cu cultivarea florilor.13. Aştept cu ner ă bdare să plec în str ăinătate în timpul concediului.14. Încercaţi să evitaţi să călătoriţi în orele de vârf.15. El a negat că a fost acolo şi că a văzut accidentul.16. Iartă-mă că te întrerupt.
17. Ei nu se pot abţine să nu râdă de glumele lui.18. Nu ne putem permite să mergem în Franţa iarna aceasta.19. Expoziţia lui merită să fie văzută.20. Vă deranjează dacă nu fumaţi în această camer ă?
21. Ei au încetat să se mai uite la televizor pentru că programul era neinteresant.
22. Ei s-au oprit ca să cumpere bilete pentru festival.23. Lui îi era teamă să nu piardă trenul.
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door = When she heard the bell, she wentto open the door.
5. Complex structures with gerund
(gerund preceded by possessive adjec-
tives or accusative personal pronouns):
His being a champion made the family
very happy - more formal with possessive
adjectives.
She doesn’t mind me coming late. - less for-
mal with the accusative personal pronoun.
Either gerund or infinitive can be used after the following verbs: stop, begin, start,advise, recommend, allow, permit, need, require, want, propose, try, means,
go on, used to, be afraid (of).
They show: Example:a. distinction general/particular I like writing letters (general)
I like to write letters to my best friend (particular)
b. distinction ceased activity/
purpose
He stopped looking at her (he didn’t look at her any
more)
He stopped to look at her (in order to look at her)
c. distinction past action/ future
action
I remember having given him the book
I’ll remember to give him the book.
d. need/want/require can be fol-lowed either by the gerund or
by the passive infinitive but
the gerund is more usual
The grass needs cutting/needs to be cut The engine wants fixing/wants to be fixed.
e. try/be afraid (of), go on,
propose, mean used to, have
different meanings according
to whether they are used with
gerund or infinitive
try + infinitive = attempt
He tried to repair the TV set.
try + gerund = make the experiments
He tried repairing the engine.
u sed to + infinitive = habit in the past
He used to smoke (he doesn’t smoke now).
u sed to + gerund = to be accustomed to
I’m used to waiting for buses.
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be afraid +infinitive = strong awareness of the fear
I was afraid to move so I sat quiet.
be afraid + gerund = involuntary fear
I was afraid of being caught.
propose + infinitive = intention
I propose to leave now.
propose + gerund = suggestion
I propose waiting till dawn.go on + infinitive = continue but with the
introduction of a new aspect of the topic
He was speaking about France and went on to
tell about its climate.
go on + gerund = continue
He went on speaking (about the same topic).
flavour of the month – a phrase which refers to the current fashion. Similar phrases are “flavour of the week” and “flavour of the year”. Such terms were first
used when advertising ice-cream parlours in the US in the 1940s, when a specialflavour of ice-cream would be promoted. Today, they are used to ironicallydescribe a passing trend that will soon be replaced by another.
“The Spice Girls are the flavour of the month right now, but where will
they be in a year’s time?”
to keep one’s year to the ground – to keep oneself informed. It has been said thatthe phrase was first used when talking about Indian scouts in the Wild West ofAmerica. A scout would press one ear to the earth before announcing how manyhorsemen were approaching, and from how far away.
I don’t know of any jobs in my company at the moment, but I’ll keep my ear
to the ground and let you know.”
old hat – very old-fashioned. By the mid-1500s, the Italian city of Milan hadestablished itself as the fashion centre of Europe, especially for hats. The styleschanged almost every week, so that people who wanted to stay in fashion had to buy new hats all the time. To be ‘old hat’ means ‘behind the times’.
“He’s very old hat – he uses a typewriter instead of a computer.”
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• What do you know about the Olympic Games?• In what country did they begin and why?
• When do they take place?• What do the Olympic Games mean for the mankind?• What can you say about wars and any other conflicts among nations during the
Olympic Games?
READING
GOING TO THE OLYMPICS
Patricia: Here’s to the new Olympics!Jeffrey: OK! Cheers!
Patricia: Did you know Mark’s actually thinking of going to see the Olympics?
Jeffrey: Wow! Is he really?
Patricia: Apparently it’s a life-long ambition. He’s been saving up for ages and
he’s going to do it in style. You know, four-star hotels, front-row seats,
the whole works. He’s even bought a camcorder to take with him, so he
can keep a record of the whole trip.
Jeffrey: Sounds great! God help him meet his dream!Trevor: Oh, I don’t know, it will cost him a bomb and I think you get a much
better idea from the telly. But he wishes he’d seen them live.
Jeffrey: Yes, as from the telly you don’t get the atmosphere. Oh, no, I think it
would be great. I’d go myself if I had half a chance.
Patricia: But if I were him, I wouldn’t go alone. I don’t think it would be much
fun going on your own, which is what he’s planning to do. It’s the sort
of thing you need to do with someone else to get the most out of it, so
you can talk about it and compare notes.
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Jeffrey: Oh, no, if he’s on his own he can do exactly what he wants to do,
without having to fit in with anybody else, hang about waiting for
people and all that sort of hassle.
Patricia: The only thing that’s putting him off is the thought of the journey itself.
He ‘d have to go by plane and he’s not too keen on flying. If only he
could go by train or by coach.
Trevor: Well, I think he’s crazy to even consider it - I bet you anything that I’ll be able to tell you more about it from the telly and it won’t have cost me
a penny! I’d rather he stayed at home and watched them on the telly
with us.
Comprehension
• What are the three friends talking about?
• What is Patricia saying about Mark’s intention of spending his time during the
games?• What ‘s Trevor’s opinion about watching the Olympic Games?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Study these nouns/verbs/phrase: journey/to journey; travel/to travel; voyage/tovoyage; trip/to take a trip to a place; excursion/to make a short journey/a pleasure-
trip:
to travel They all mean covering a distance (a călători). To travel is theto journey neutral term: we may travel both by land and by sea or air;to voyage to travel is usually indefinite and implies covering long distances;trip to journey, generally, by land and having an appointed destination;excursion to voyage is to travel by sea/water or by plane/air; to take a trip
means to journey especially for pleasure; excursion means to makea short journey/to take a pleasure-trip.
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2. Fill the gaps with the adequate forms of the verbs to travel, to journey, tovoyage or of the nouns travel, journey, voyage, trip, excursion:
1. .……. broadens mind.2. Our ……. to London was very interesting.
3. Most people like …… .4. He …… for three days, it was a long ……
5. They took a two-days …… to Sinaia.6. The board of directors decided an ……. for the whole staff.7. His …… over the Pacific in a small boat must have been very difficult.
3. Speak about a journey you made during your last holidays.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
SUBJUNCTIVE
1. What can you say about the way of saying “God help him meet his dream!”Where is the ‘s’ at the end of help? It doesn’t exist, does it? It is the Subjunctive
Mood , used to express a wish, or a prayer that something may be. Very often the
Subjunctive is expressed by using one of the modals may, might.
Long live he! Be that as it may!Though the heart be still… Far be it from me to …
(Byron) Come what may!
May I live to see it! Suffice it to say
If need be Be it so!/So be it!
2. Use the following verbs into subjunctive (the same form as the infinitive), to
complete the following exclamations expressing a wish or hope: damn, curse, bless,
forgive, help, be praised, be:
God ……… you! …………. this fog!
Heaven ……. us! ……. ……this fog!
……. ……..you! God …….with you!
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3. The Present Subjunctive is also used in conditional clauses implying a negative. In
this case were is used instead of was for the first and the third persons. Change the
sentences according to the model :
Model: If it were not for the seats, I’d have enjoyed the performance.
But for the seats, I’d have enjoyed the performance.
1. If it were not for you, I’d never go to see play for second time.2. If it were not for the cast, the play would have been a success.3. If it were not for the acting, the play wouldn’t be worth seeing.
4. After verbs: suggest, propose, insist, recommend, advise, order, the construction
that….. should + subjunctive is used. Change the sentences according to the model:
Model: Roger recommended that we should distribute the tickets.
1. Richard told her to check the list.2. George told me to read something about university life in present day England.3. The teacher told us to read the book in the original.
5. After the impersonal sentences it is/was important, necessary, advisable, better,vital, surprising, amazing etc., either the structure for + object or that ….. should
+ subjunctive may be used. Change the sentences according to the model, using
for + object: Model: It is better that you should ask him for permission to use the car.
It is better for you to ask for permission to use the car.
1. It is vital that you should avoid the subject.2. It is necessary that they should discuss the problem raised.3. It is essential that you should study the local habits.
6. After wish present subjunctive or perfect subjunctive are used to express regret.
Change the sentences according to the model:
Model: I regret/I’m sorry/It’s a pity/What a pity I don/t have a bicycle.I wish I had a bicycle.
Father didn’t buy me a bicycle.I wish father had bought me a bicycle.
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1. It’s a pity he doesn’t/didn’t practise more often.2. I regret they don’t/didn’t play chess. 3. I’m sorry she doesn’t/didn’t attend a music school.
7. Transform the following sentences according to the model:
Model: The coach has already begun and no goal has been scored yet. The coachtells the players:
“It’s time for you to score a goal.”
“It’s high time you scored a goal” (high makes the expression more
emphatic)
1. Many people in Britain are worried because the conflict in Northern Irelanddoesn’t stop. They think:………………………………………
2. Holidays are coming and Helen hasn’t bought yet a new bathing-suit. Herhusband says to her:……………………………………………
3. I’ll leave to the festival in a fortnight and I haven’t got the plane ticket yet. Mymother tells me:………………………………………………..
8. Change the following sentences according to the model:
Model: Don’t believe her! She isn’t from Paris. He hasn’t visited Rome.But she behaves as if she were from Paris. But he talks as though he had
visited Rome.1. It doesn’t rain in summer here but it looks …2. Nothing has happened but they talk …. 3. They don’t know the subject but they speak …
Translate into English:
Jocurile Olimpice au o istorie foarte lungă. Ele au început în anul 776 î.e.n. şiau avut loc la fiecare patru ani timp de aproape 1200 de ani la Olympia, în Grecia.Ele includeau multe si diferite feluri de sport: alergări, box, lupte, pentatlon (cincisporturi diferite) şi curse de care de luptă. În 394 e.n., jocurile au încetat şi templul
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din Olympia a fost distrus. 1500 de ani mai târziu, în 1894, un francez, BaronulPierre de Coubertin, a convins lumea din cincisprezece ţări să reia JocurileOlimpice. Primul din seria modernă a jocurilor a avut loc la Atena doi ani mai
târziu, în 1896. La a patra ediţie a Jocurilor Olimpice, în 1908, au fost peste două mii de concurenţi din douăzeci şi două de ţări. De atunci, numărul de atleţi careconcurează a crescut de fiecare dată. Comitetul Olimpic Internaţional din
Lausanne, Elveţia, decide unde se va desf ăşura fiecare ediţie a Jocurilor Olimpice.Se cere ca un oraş (nu o ţar ă) să fie gazdă - un oraş pentru Jocurile Olimpice deIarnă şi unul pentru Jocurile Olimpice de var ă.
Remember!
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
FORM EXAMPLE
a. The archaic Present Subjunctive has exactly
the same form as the infinitive.
To be = be (for all persons)
To take = take (for all persons)
He asked that the request be
accepted.
It is decided that he take part in
the conference.
b. The modern Present Subjunctive has the same
form as the simple past tense in all the verbs
except to be, whose present subjunctive is were for
all persons.
Suppose he came! I wish I were
you.
c. The Past Subjunctive has the same form as the
past perfect indicative:
I wish I had been there.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE EXPRESSES: EXAMPLE
1. an unreal comparison or a preference: Mother treats me as if I were a little girl.
If you had met them, you would have liked
them.
2. a regret for the present and the past
and a desire for the future.
I wish I were a student again!
They wished they had not come so late.
3. an exclamation Oh! that it were possible!Oh! that he had come yesterday.
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4. an unreality or doubt: He talks to me, as if I were his wife.
He looks/looked as if he had seen a ghost.
5. an unconditioned preference I would rather he went by train (different
subjects)
I would sooner you came with me.
EXCEPT THESE MEANINGS THESUBJUNCTIVE MAY ALSO BE USED:
EXAMPLE
a. after the impersonal constructions
introduced by it: it is necessary
/essential/probable/likely/unlikely
/wrong/proper/reasonable/just/fair/
vital/strange/odd/surprising/
amazing/absurd/ridiculous…generally with
the constructions that…should +
subjunctive
It is right that Mary be accepted.
(American)
It is right that Mary should be accepted.
b. after verbs like these ones: suggest, propose, command, order, advise,
recommend … generally with the
colloquial construction that … should.
He suggested that Mary beaccepted.(American)
He suggested that Mary should be
accepted.
He suggested that Mary was/were
accepted. (modern Present Subjunctive)
Let’s have fun Limericks, Sayings, Humour
Sympathy without relief Fools make feasts and wise men eat them;Is like mustard without beef. Wise men make jests and fools repeat them.
(Traditional)
Limerick English humour
There was a composer named Liszt “There’s been an accident”, they said,Whose music no one could resiszt. “Your servant’s cut in half: he’s dead!”When he swept the keyboard “Indeed!” said Mr. Jones, “and please
Nobody could be bored Send me that half that’s got my keys”.
And now that he’s gone he is miszt.(Harry Graham)
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2. State the difference between: i) I stopped talking to her.ii) I stopped to talk to her.
3. Which of the two sentences is correct: i) I went out after I finished myhomework.
ii) I went out after I had finished my
homework.4. Use two subjunctive sentences to make recommendations to your employees.5. Use the word ”means” in two different contexts with different morphological
values.
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2. Read the text again. Are the following statements true or false?
• Airline personnel’s jobs will be easier with swipe-cards. • With a swipe-card a passenger will walk straight onto the aeroplane. • The technology of the swipe-card is not yet perfect. • A swipe-card is nothing like a credit card. • The International Air Transport Association is worried about dishonest use of
swipe-cards.
AT THE HOTEL
Desk Clerk: “Good morning, sir! What can I do for you?”James Grant: “Good morning. I’m James Grant. My secretary must have sent
you a fax the other day for reservation, but I’ve had noconfirmation”.
Desk Clerk: “Oh, yes, we’ve received it. But she mentioned only the length of
your stay so I didn’t know what kind of room you would like tohave”.
James Grant: “ I’d like a single with a bathtub, if possible.”
Desk Clerk: “Sorry, sir, I’m afraid our singles only have showers. Would that
be O.K.?”James Grant: “Oh, well, I guess so. Does the room happen to be in the back? It’s
much quieter there, you know”.Desk Clerk: “Oh, you’ll find the room perfectly quiet. It looks on a quiet little
square. Now, would you fill in this registration card, please? Howdo you prefer to pay? Cash or credit card”.
James Grant: “I’ll pay cash. Oh, what about breakfast?”Desk Clerk: “Breakfast is included, of course. Here is your key. Your room
number is 114. It is on the first floor. Front. On the first floor youalso have a bar and a restaurant. The porter will take your luggagefor you. Have a nice stay in our hotel.”
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catering facilities (restaurant, snack bar, day bars, coffee rooms, tea rooms, lunch
rooms); shops.
What about a big airport : information desk; the currency exchange office;
the public address system, phone box.
3. Under what circumstances do you book : a single, one way ticket; a return, round
trip ticket; a platform ticket; a season ticket; a direct (ticket), point-to-point flight;open-dated return ticket; a dated ticket.4. Which are the airport formalities: flying ticket checking; luggage weighing;customs control; passport control; security check.
NOTE: When is the “OK” or “RQ” code used?
OK - means confirmed seatRQ (requested seat) - the confirmation of the requested seat wasnot yet possible.
Some words connected with travel
Last week he flew to New York. It was an early-morning flight. The plane was to
take off at 6 a.m. and land at 7 a.m. local time. He was stranded at the airportovernight. The plane was delayed by fog. Air passengers often suffer such delays.Trains always run on time here. You have to change trains at Crewe.We are sailing on the QE2. It sets sail at noon. It will dock in New York at 6 p.m.and shall disembark as soon as we can.The ship was wrecked. The passengers were marooned on a desert island.Our car does 10 km to the litre. It goes quite fast. We can usually overtake other
cars. The car swerved into the middle of the road to avoid the cyclist. He backed the car into the drive and parked in front of the house.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Set of rules expressing the relation between the tense of the predicate of a
subordinate clause and the tense of the predicate of the main clause. Here are the
main rules:
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1. Present, Present Perfect, Future Any tensee.g.He thinks (that) a. she is applying for a job.
b. she applies for a job.
c. she applied for a job.d. she has already applied for a job.e. she will apply for a job.f. she will have applied for a job byMarch 5.
2. Past Tense, Past Perfect etc. a) simultaneous actions
Past Tense
e.g. : He thought (that) she applied for a job.she was applying for a job.
b) the action of the subordinate clauseis prior to that of the main clause
Past Perfect
e.g.: I thought (that) she had applied for a job, but shedidn’t.
c) the action of the subordinate clauseis subsequent to that in the main clause
Future-in-the-Paste.g. I thought (that) she would apply for a job.
Future Perfect in the Past
she would have applied for a job byMarch 5.
EXCEPTION
• when the subordinate clause contains an assertion of general character:
e.g.: We all knew that mathematics is a science, you needn’t repeat that.• in attributive clause, the verb in the subordinate can be at any tense required
by the sense:
e.g.: He told me things which I shall never forget.
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• when the tense of the action in the subordinate is independent from the tense of
the action in the main clause, the verb in the subordinate is as required by the
context:
e.g. I liked those textile samples so much that I shall certainly place an order.• in comparative clauses introduced by: as, more than, as well as, as much as,
the tense of the verb is as required by the context:
e.g. They asked for the apartment more than I ask or will ever ask for it.
1. Use the right tense-form of the verbs in the following sentences:
a. At their astronomy class they were told that the Moon (to be) 24,000 miles awayfrom Earth. b. Last year he worked more than he (to do) this year. c. Last night Ihad the opportunity of meeting the person who (to live) next door to you. d. Lastnight I completed the report which my boss (to read) now. e. The former secretaryspoke English more fluently than the secretary we (hire) this year (to speak) at present. f. I suddenly remembered the saying that boys (to be) boys. g. Thetraveller asked the station-master when his train for Paris (to leave).
2. Use the verbs in brackets in appropriate tenses:
a. The businessman faxed that he (to arrive) on the following day. b. Harris saidhe (to know) what kind of job I (to mean). c. The question was what he (to do)next. d. He did not know what he (to talk) about. e. We were afraid that she (not
to able to) complete her work in time and so we (to offer) to help her. f. Thecustomer wanted to know if that equipment (to be used) in electrical outfits.
g. I knew that if it (to rain), they (not to go) to the fair.
Translate into English:
a. Nu ţi-am spus că de câteva zile nu am mai r ăspuns la telefon. b. Ai avut vreoidee de ce conţinea fişa postului? c. Angajaţii au constatat că şefii lor nu lemăriser ă salariile deşi le promiseser ă. d. Înainte de a pleca în călătoria de afaceri,ne-am asigurat că s-au primit faxurile care anunţau sosirea noastr ă. e. Faptul că atrebuit să mă opresc la Ploieşti m-a f ăcut să-mi schimb toate planurile. f. Nu ştiacât de mult îi va folosi ghidul de conversaţie. g. Nu ştiam când v-aţi întors. De cenu ne-aţi anunţat în prealabil? h. Care este titlul articolului pe care l-ai scris?
i. Iată-l! L-am publicat într-o revistă de specialitate care va apărea la sfâr şitul luniiviitoare. E o revistă trimestrială. j. Toată lumea aştepta să afle ce hotăr ăsc cenzorii.
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4. Here are some more words which could have been included in the above table.
Where would they fit into the table?
bonnet balloon deck-chair guard’s van
mast petrol pump bus driver anchorglider oar rudder left luggage lockerscheck-in desk control tower canoe dual carriageway
5. Fill in the blanks. Most of the words you need can be found above:
Yesterday John was supposed to take a ................................ (1) from London to
Paris. He got up very early, put his luggage in the .................................. (2) of hiscar and tried to start the engine. It wouldn’t start. John lifted the.............................(3) but he couldn’t see what the matter could be. He immediatelycalled his local ............................................ (4) to ask them to send a..................................... (5) at once. Fortunately, the garage had a man free and hewas with John within ten minutes. He quickly saw what the matter was. ‘You’ve................................. (6) of petrol”, he said. John felt very foolish. ‘Why didn’t I
........................................... (7) everything last night?’ he wondered. Despite allthis, he got to the airport, checked in quite early and then went straight through tothe ............................ (8) to read a newspaper while he waited. Soon he heard anannouncement. ‘Passengers on flight BA 282 to Paris are informed that all flights
to and from Paris are ..................................... (9) because of a heavy snowfall lastnight.’ ‘If only I had decided to go by ..................................................... (10)’, Johnthought. ‘It would probably have been quicker in the end and even if I sometimesfeel sick on the ................................. (11) across the Channel, it can be quite pleasant sitting in a .................................... (12) on the deck, watching the seagullsand the other ....................................... (13). The ......................... (14) on a ship
seem to produce much better food than those on an aircraft too.’
GRAMMAR FOCUS
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
In Direct Speech we quote the actual words a speaker said. The words are markedoff at either end with quotation marks. (Note that in English, quotation marks arelike this: “ _________ “ or this: ‘ _________ ‘)In Indirect Speech one speaker’s words are reported by someone else. This is
happening by using in the main clause a verb such as reply, say, tell, ask, answer etc. The indirect speech is contained in a subordinate (dependent) clause. In
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Indirect Speech the main clause may precede the subordinate clause or follow it.The conjunction that is used in Indirect Speech, but can be left out in Direct Speech(e.g.: He says, “I don’t travel much”. He says (that) he doesn’t travel so much.)
REPORTED STATEMENTS
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Present Simple (e.g. I want to play) Past Simple (e.g. He said that he wanted to
play)
Present Continuous (e.g. I am writing) Past Continuous (e.g. He said he was writing)
Present Perfect Simple (e.g. I have just
eaten)
Past Perfect (e.g. He said he had just eaten)
Present Perfect Continuous (e.g. I have
been learning for many hours)
Past Perfect Continuous (e.g. He said he had
been learning for many hours)
Past Simple (e.g. I lost my dog) Past Perfect (e.g. He said he had lost his dog)
Past Perfect Continuous (e.g. I had
been working a lot)
Past Perfect Continuous (e.g. He said he had
been working a lot)
Future (e.g. I will not have a largemeal)
Future in the Past (e.g. He said he would nothave a large meal)
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
today becomes that day
yesterday becomes the previous day; the day before
last night becomes the night before; the previous night
tomorrow becomes the next day; the following day
now becomes then
here becomes there
this, these becomes that, those
thus becomes so
ago becomes before
next becomes the next
REPORTED COMMANDS
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Imperative (e.g. Turn off that radio! she
said)
Infinitive (e.g. She told me to turn off
that radio)
Reporting verbs: to tell, to ask, to urge, to advise, to persuade.Also: to shout, to complain, to observe, to say scornfully.
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have solid training to match the requirements of this position?” e. Our Presidentsaid yesterday, “In all societies people want more than they are capable of producing”.
3. Replace the verb “said” in the sentences by one of the words in the box.
Use each word only once. Then, rewrite the sentences in Indirect (Reported)
Speech:
suggested agreed muttered exclaimed
insisted whispered boasted admitted
shouted claimed objected protested
1. “He can speak five languages fluently”, he said.
2. “Let’s go to the Mall this evening”, she said.3. “Stop that noise”, said the teacher.
4. “That car we are driving is my property”, the man said.5. “Yes, I broke the windows with my catapults”, the boy said.
6. “You can’t take me to prison. I know my rights”, the man said.7. “I shall always remember your vows”, said his fiancée.8. “We don’t have enough money to carry out the plan”, said the treasurers.9. “This teacher doesn’t know what he’s talking about”, said the student.10. “Well, it is a surprise to meet you here today”, he said.11. “Well, yes; if the weather is bad, we can’t go”, he said.12. “If you can’t come today you simply must come tomorrow”, she said kindly.
Translate into English:
a. L-am întrebat: “Ai mai fost vreodată la un târg de bunuri de larg consum”. b.Mi-a spus supărat: “Am încercat timp de o or ă să deschid cutia înainte să o
arunc”. c. “Mă voi antrena mai mult ca să obţin rezultate mai bune la anul”, ne-a spus sportivul. d. Preşedintele Consiliului de Administraţie ne-a spus: “Laultima şedinţă de consiliu s-a hotărât schimbarea echipei manageriale”. e.
Funcţionarul de la primărie a declarat ieri: “Cetăţenii ar trebui informaţireferitor la avantajele noilor metode de plată”. f. Expertul contabil îl întreabă pecontabil: “Aţi ţinut toate registrele la zi?” g. Azi-dimineaţă secretara m-a
anunţat: “Şedinţa s-a amânat cu o zi”.
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Imagine a horse pulling a cart. Nothing unusual. Now try to imaginea cart placed in front of a horse. It would really look strange, even if the
horse were able to push it!This saying means that people should do things in a specific order. Whensolving a problem, you have to think of things one step at a time. If you dothings too soon, you put the cart before the horse.
CHECKLIST
1. What do you say when you phone a hotel to make a reservation for your boss?2. Change this direct question into an indirect question: Do you have a reservation,
sir?
3. In what contexts can you use the verbs TELL and respectively SAY?4. Translate into English: Mi-a spus că are 20 de ani.
5. What is a swipe card?
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• Have you ever heard the story of Frankenstein? What happened in the story?• Can you explain what genetic engineering is?• What do you think that genetically engineered food is? Do you think it’s
healthy or not? Read the text to find out.
READING
You are going to read a text about genetically engineered food. Five sentences
have been removed from it. Choose from the sentences A-E the one which fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).
These days much of our food is quick and easy to prepare but is often notas fresh and natural as it used to be. Cheese, for example is no longer made in the
old-fashioned way because it takes too long. The process is speeded up with
chemicals and then flavour and colour are added.In the case of genetically engineered food not only colour or flavour are
added.Perfectly round tomatoes all exactly the same size, long straight cucumbers
and big fat chickens are now a normal part of our diets. They are made that way bygenetic engineering – not by nature. Their genes have been changed.
LET’S GO SHOPPING !
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Every living thing has genes. 0 -- B. They are passed on from generation
to generation. They make sure that humans give birth to humans and cows give
birth to cows. They also make sure that a dog cannot give birth to a frog, or an
elephant to a horse. Genetic engineers take genes from one species – for example, a
scorpion, and transfer them to another – for example, corn. In this way a new life
form is created. 1 --…
Genetic engineers put duck genes into chickens to make the chickens bigger. They put hormones into cows to make them produce more milk. They put
genes from flowers into soya beans and from scorpions into corn. This does not
make them cheaper, tastier or healthier. It makes them easier and faster for the
farmer to grow.
The effects of genetic engineering on our health are not known. Many of
the genes which are used – such as those of scorpions, rats, mice and moths – are
not part of our diet so we do not know how dangerous they may be.
The effects of genetic engineering on the natural world may be disastrous.
The engineers may create life forms – monsters – that we cannot control. The newlife forms have no natural habitat or home. They will have to find one, fight for
one – or kill for one. 2 -- … Moreover, the effects of these experiments can often
be cruel. In America, pigs were given human genes to make them bigger and less
fatty. 3 --… The pigs became very ill and began to lose their eyesight.
Greenpeace is trying to prevent all such food experiments. Some - but not
all – food companies are refusing to use genetically engineered foods. 4 --… We
must all be aware of what is happening.
Some people believe, though, that genetic engineering could be the
solution to the problem of famine. Plants which grow faster, or cows which
produce more milk, can save the lives of starving people.
We would all like a better, healthier and longer life, and genetic
engineering might give us this. On the other hand, it may be a dangerous
experiment with nature. In the story, Frankenstein created such a terrible monster,
that he had to destroy it. We must make sure that it remains a story – and no more
than that.
A. The experiment failed.
B. Genes carry information.
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C. Some – but not all – supermarkets are telling their customers which foods aregenetically engineered.D. It may be your land they fight for – or that they kill.E. These new life forms have been described as a “real-life Frankenstein”.
LANGUAGE WORK
Look at the words and expressions in bold in the text and try to explain them,
then choose any three and make sentences. What are the arguments for and against genetically engineered food? What do
you think about it?
1. Look at the words below and list them under these headings:
2. Below are some notes about vitamins. Try to put things in order:
VITAMIN A –VITAMIN B –VITAMIN C –
VITAMIN D –VITAMIN E –
Fights colds, respiratory infections. For healthy heart and circulation. To help digestive process, circulation, nerves. Important for bones. For healthy skin and good eyesight.• Found in eggs, fish, liver, rays of sun.• Found in apricots, carrots and dairy products. Stored in the body and released
when necessary.• Found in wheat germ.
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1. Read the following conversation. Find and correct eight grammatical mistakes;
A: Hi. I’m home. Can you help me unpack the shopping?
B: Yeah. Oh good, you got some chips for lunch. But why did you get so few
bread? And you’ve bought so little biscuits.A: They’re fattening and there weren’t some chocolates ones, which are the only
ones I really like. I’ve bought much milk – you said we needed some.
B: Good. But why have you bought so much razors?
A: We didn’t have some left and we haven’t got many washing powder either, so I
decided to get some more.
B: I hate when you go shopping. You never get some chocolate.
A: Listen, you go next time.
WAYS OF EXPRESSING QUANTITY
You can use the following expressions of quantity:
- with countable nouns: a(n), few, a few, many, both (of), several, neither
(of)
(e.g. a few dollars, several pounds)- with uncountable nouns: very little, not much, a little, less, much, a great
deal of
(e.g. very little money, less tax)
- with both countable and uncountable nouns: some, any, no, none, hardly
any, half, all, a lot of, lots of, (not) enough, more, most
(e.g. some money, hardly any cash)
2. Complete the sentences with suitable expressions of quantity from the list below.
A few some some more a couple hardly any a lot
any at least three
A: Can you lend me ______ money? I forgot to go to the bank.B: Well, I’ve only got _______ pound left.A: Oh, dear. I need quite _______ . Don’t worry, I’ll go to the bank when I go
shopping.
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B: If you’re going shopping, can you get me ______ of bottles of water? You canget bottled water at _______ shop on the high street.A: Yes, and we need _____ tins of tomatoes. I’m making spaghetti bolognese
tonight. We’ve got ______ beans. Shall I get _____ beans as well?B: All right.
3. Work in pairs. Imagine that you are planning to invite some friends to abarbecue. Make a list of the things that you will need. Then, prepare a
conversation about the thing you already have and the things that you need to
buy, using dialogue in 1 to help you. Act out your dialogue for the class.
4. Play a memory game, saying why you went to the supermarket. Each person
rembers what went before and adds to the list alphabetically, like this:
A: I went to the supermarket to get an apple.B: I went to the supermarket to get an apple and some beef.
C: I went to the supermarket to get an apple, some beef and a few …
Close your eyes and imagine a house just before a party. Write a list of things
you can hear, see and smell.
Write a poem called “Before the party”. Use your list and patterns like these:
A lot of people running
Some baked potatoes
A few packets of crisps
Not much time
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Match the parts of these sentences to form sayings connected with money.
1) A fool and his money a) grow on trees.2) Money is like b) for love nor money.3) I wouldn’t do it c) the pounds will look after themselves.4) Money doesn’t d) are soon parted.5) If you look after the pennies e) root of all evil.
2. Which of the expressions from Exercise 1 would you use to comment on these
situations?
1) You’re watching a TV programme about a man who fights crocodiles for fun.2) You hear that someone you think is stupid paid £200 for some jeans.
3) You’re reading a newspaper article about two brothers who killed each other
over £50.
4) A child you know is saving up for a bicycle, but complains that it is a slow
process.
5) Paul wants his parents to buy him a very expensive pair of trainers. They want
him to realise that you have to work to earn money.
READING
SHOPPING
Customer: Excuse me, I bought this colour TV here last week and I’m not satisfiedwith the picture. I’d like to have my money back, please.Shop assistant: I’m sorry, sir, but I’m afraid we don’t give refunds. May I see yourreceipt?Customer: Here you are.Shop assistant: We can give you a credit note for this amount, sir, or you can
exchange it for something of equal value.
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Customer: All right, I’ll take the exchange.Shop assistant: Actually, sir, you are very lucky. We’ve got a sale this week. Wehave some really great bargains. Now, this Zandy 3000 is a great deal. It’s 40 per
cent off the normal retail price. In fact, we’re selling it for just over the wholesale
price that we pay. It has remote control and it has a one year guarantee, so that ifanything goes wrong you can bring it back and have it repaired.
Customer: It still seems expensive to me.Shop assistant: No, no, sir, that’s a fantastic price. It’s cheap, believe me. We’vesold hundreds of them and this, I believe, is the last one.
Customer: The last one, eh? OK. I’ll take it. How much extra do I owe?
Shop assistant: Just £125.
Customer: And can I pay by credit card or would you prefer a cheque?
Shop assistant: Credit card will be fine, thank you.
Customer: Good-bye!
Shop assistant: Good-bye, sir.
Shop assistant (two minutes later ): Bring out another Zandy 3000, will you?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the
story.
1. ___ The man returned the television because it was broken.2. ___ The man wanted a refund.3. ___ The Zandy 3000 was being sold at half price.4. ___ If the Zandy 3000 breaks in the next year, the man will get his money
back.5. ___ The Zandy 3000 cost more than the television that the man had returned.6. ___ The man paid by cheque.7. ___The man bought the last Zandy 3000 in the shop.
2. Decide if the following sentences are similar (S) or different (D) in meaning. 1. It’s fifty per cent off. ___ It’s half price.2. It’s a bargain. ___ It’s a good deal.3. It’s reduced. ___ It’s at the normal price.4. It’s at the retail price. ___ It’s at the wholesale price.
5. It’s a big discount. ___ It’s a great reduction.6. It’s in a sale. ___It’s at the normal retail price.
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3. Match the words with their definitions: a) refund
b) credit note
c) exchange
d) guarantee
e) receipt
f) cheque
g) credit card
1 _______ a piece of paper that says that you bought something in a store2 _______ money that you get back after you return goods in a store3 _______ a piece of paper promising you money, a replacement or repair ifsomething goes wrong with what you have bought4 _______ a piece of plastic that you can use like money to pay for goods5 _______ a piece of paper that says you can spend money in that store6 _______ goods in return for goods that you bought in a store
7 _______ a piece of paper that says that you will pay with money in your bank.
4. All the following words have to do with making payments
salary wages charge fees fare commission tip
Which one describes the money you pay
1. to thank someone for their services (for example, a waiter or waitress)?2. to an agent or salesperson?3. for a professional service (for example, to a lawyer)?
4. for a service (for example, electricity, postage)?5. for travelling?6. to your staff every week?
7. to your staff every month?
5. Now use the same seven words to complete these sentences:
1. The taxi _____ was $18 and I gave the driver a $4 ______ .2. On orders of over 2,000 pieces delivery is free of ____ .3. The builders receive their weekly _____ in cash.
4. In addition to your basic ____ you will receive a 25% _____ on all goods sold.5. She’s a good accountant but her ______ are high.
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1. Look at these sentences about the achievements of some famous people.
Unfortunately, the achievements have been attributed to the wrong people.
Rewrite the sentences using the correct information.
1. The telephone was invented by William Shakespeare.2. Mount Everest was first climbed by James Watt.3. Imagine was sung by Sir Edmund Hilary and Sherpa Tensing.
4. The Pastoral Symphony was composed by Alexander Graham Bell.5. The Earth was first orbited in space by Joern Utzon.6. Hamlet was written by Leonardo da Vinci.7. The steam engine was invented by John Lennon.
8. The Sydney Opera House was designed by Yuri Gagarin.9. The Mona Lisa was painted by Ludwig van Beethoven.
PASSIVE VOICE
USAGE EXAMPLES
To describe actions without saying who
does them
In this way a new life form is created.
The sauce is made of butter and parsley.
Their genes have been changed .
To describe processes The process is speeded up with chemicals
and then flavour and colour are added .
NOTE: You can use the passive voice
and still say who performed an action byusing “by”
They are made that way by genetic
engineering – not by nature.
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Imagine that you have just spilled some milk on the floor – you were goingto have a nice glass of milk when an accident happened. Should you cry? Of coursenot, that would be silly! There are more serious problems in the world than spiltmilk. Moreover, you can’t get the milk back into your glass.
Therefore, to cry over spilt milk is to be upset about something that is notworth your tears, when there is nothing you can do about it.
CHECKLIST
1. Whats is the difference between i) I have few friends.ii) I have a few friends?
2. Turn into the Passive: i) Nobody has drunk from that glass.ii) Nobody has slept in this bed.
3. Think of two contexts for: cow/beef and pig/pork .4. What are the features of genetically engineered food?5. What is the difference between change and exchange?
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• What ways of conveying information to the general public do you know?
• Which one of the communication means is today more broadly defined as mass
media?
• What do you know about and which is the difference between print media,
electronic media?
• What and which are media professionals?
READING
UNDERSTANDING MEDIA
Slightly more than 550 years ago, a German craftsman invented a machine which
introduced to the then civilized world what is now known as mass media. Johannes
Gutenberg and his colleagues little realized that moveable type and the printing
press would initiate what ultimately became the “communications revolution” - a
revolution which has affected virtually everyone throughout the world.
Revolution it has been. It is impossible to tell how many millions of words and pictures have been disseminated in just the past 100 years, let alone since the
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invention of the printing press. But in that 100 years, we have shifted from the primitive, hand-operated printing presses, which changed little from those of thefifteenth century, to sophisticated, technologically superior systems and devices
which permit almost instantaneous transmission of media messages to any locale inthe world. Only the most na ï ve among us would say we are not affected by thosemessages. From the moment people tumble out of bed in the morning until they
crawl under covers at night, they are in some way subjected to the influences ofmass media. We would like to examine here the extent and the effects of that mediainfluence.
Consider this: just today some millions of copies of daily newspapers are being
circulated. Just this week, millions of copies of weekly newspapers will be
distributed. Just this month thousands of magazine titles will reach the media
marketplace. And just this year, some thousands of new book titles will compete
for readers.
The extent of influence of the electronic media is even more difficult to assess.
Thousands of television stations send signals to an estimated of 98 percent of
world-wide households. Additionally, cable television signals reach millions of
homes. Radio - who honestly knows the extent of its listenership? Thousands of
stations are picked up by millions of radio receivers. No one really knows how
many radio sets are operative, given the millions of inexpensive transistorized
personal receivers that the public uses while jogging, working or relaxing.
It is also true that no one really knows the extent of the distribution of films. Anestimated 4,000 to 5,000 feature films are released annually. They are viewed on
the big screen in some thousands of movie theatres across the countries by millionsof movie-goers (mostly teenagers and young adults). How many millions morewatch the same films in the privacy of their residences? How many students watch
films in their classrooms? How many organizations and corporations use films ofvarious types for training?
Media influence is pervasive and persuasive. It surrounds us, engulfs us. Massmedia are such an integral part of our educational, social, political, and economic
system today that if they disappeared, our society would suffer seriousconsequences.
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1. Who invented the printing press?2. What consequence has this invention entailed and how do people call it?
3. How have media developed for 100 years?4. How much of our life are we under the influence of media?
5. How would you define daily newspapers, weekly newspapers and magazines?6. Explain the influence of electronic media on the general public.7. Why do students watch films in classrooms?
8. What would happen if mass media disappeared? Why?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the text:
1. Johannes Gutenberg invented about 550 years ago the …………………….…....2. The invention of the printing press brought about a …………………………...in the world of communications.
3. Superior systems and devices permit today an almost…………………...transmission of media ……………………….anywhere in the world.
4. From the moment they wake up until they go to bed people are …………..…. tothe ……………………………………..of mass media.
5. Every day …………………………….... newspapers, every week ………….….newspapers and every month ……………………... reach the media ……...…...
6. While jogging, working or relaxing, the public uses ……………………. personal ………………………..…7. Millions of ………………...., mainly teenagers and young grown-ups, watch
………………………. films on the big screen in thousands of movie theatresall over the country.
8. Lots of organizations and corporations use …………….…. of various ……….…. for …………………..…. their staff.
2. Do you think the following statements are true or false? Write T or F:
1. Benjamin Franklin invented the printing press.
2. Media suppose channels or means of mass communication as the press,television etc.
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3. Black had set his heart on the ‘News’ , which he saw as a key part of his plan to build a world-wide media………………………………………..
4. The thought of a quiet ceremony and a small dinner party to follow is becomingmore attractive to stars as they watch publicised marriages like Elizabeth
Taylor’s being transformed into a media……………………………..5. Estimates by Browen Maddox, media………………….…. at Kleinwort Benson
Securities are that the company will lose more than 330 million pound thisyear.
6. Another satellite network came into being, Sky Television, owned by media………………………….... Mr. Rupert Murdoch.7. The Palace had claimed that Fergie had hired top media ……………………..
Sir Tim Bell to handle publicity on her behalf.
5. Use the words documentary and entertainment and the new-made words
docudrama (documentary and drama) and infotainment (information and
entertainment) with their proper meaning, in sentences about TV shows:
1. What we need is ……, variety shows with comedians, singers, pianists, jugglers and acrobats.
2. That thin line between fact and fantasy has never looked thinner than in this
ABC…… movie, provisionally titled ‘Charles and Diana’.3. An interview with Ron Brown, the Democratic Party Chairman, was edited to
40seconds. Slotted between special video-effects and soundtrack, it is part of an
……revolution.
4. We have a …..on the social issues, like the housing problem and the public policies on education, health, and the social policies of the government.
6. Look at these newspaper extracts and match the types of TV programmes to
their definitions:
- His fiction was derived from ‘Dallas’ and other glossy SOAP OPERAS whichare consumed abroad.
- By combining the PHONE-IN with the TALK-SHOW, he was able to convey
his reaction to the ‘concerns of the average American’ more immediately than by any other form.
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3. column4. classified ads5. lead story6. editorial7. headline8. story or article
A. Technically, a vertical section of words on the page; but in a colloquial sensethe terms can mean a regular feature in the paper (e.g. the editorial).
B. A story containing something about the personal life of one or moreindividuals. These stories can be about ordinary people and have no politicalsignificance.
C. The “title” of an article.D. A column which expresses the paper’s own point of view.E. Very short advertisements which are arranged under different headings.F. A newspaper in the form that it appears on a particular day.G. Any item written by a journalist.
H. The main front-page story.
Write articles of your own, about happenings you know, trying to observe the
logical order of the events.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
CONDITIONAL
Notice this sentence from the main text Understanding Media: “if they were todisappear, our society would suffer serious consequences”.
1. Charlotte works for an advertising company. She has made some notes aboutdifferent products. Write sentences with if + the simple present + will to advertise
the products:
Example: Wash your hair with Head and Shoulders – it looks super.If you wash your hair with Head and Shoulders, it will look super.
Feel better – take PanadolYou’ll feel better if you take Panadol.
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a. choose a Sunspot holiday – have a great time b. sleep a lot better – sleep in a Dreamway bedc. people notice you – wear Rodeo jeans
d. shop at Kwikbuy – save money
Write a few sentences advertising some other products. Use if-clauses of type 1.
1. You can choose real products.
2. Read the following interview:
Jeffrey: Hi! My name’s Jeffrey. Our subject is going abroad. (Patricia’s familyhas arranged for her to spend two months with a family in France).Patricia, when are you going to France?
Patricia: Next week.Jeffrey: What will you do if you don’t understand the language?Patricia: I’ve learnt a little French in school and I’ll have a phrase book, so I’ll
try to speak French if people can’t speak English! Jeffrey: And what will you do if you’re lonely?
Patricia: Well, I’m sure to be homesick, but I’ll try to make new friends and I’llwrite to my boy-friend every week. I won’t be sad and miserable!
Imagine you are Jeffrey. Prepare for the interview by writing some questions using
if + simple present + will. Use these expressions: feel lonely, get lost, don’t like thefood, meet an English person, feel homesick, can’t speak to people.
Example: Don’t understand the language.What will you do if you don’t understand the language?
3. Use tentative possible conditions: if + should + infinitive:
Example: If you happen to see her, ask her to dinner sometime.If you should see her, ask her to dinner sometime.Should you see her, ask her to dinner sometime.
a. If by any chance Alice comes to see us, we’ll have a party. b. If you happen to get two tickets for that show, will you spare one for me?
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c. If you happen to come on Sunday, you’ll meet your favourite actress.d. If you happen to meet him, tell him to ring me up.
4. Use unless + a positive verb instead of if …not:
Example: Patricia won’t miss our meeting, if she is not ill
Patricia won’t miss our meeting, unless she is ill.
a. If you don’t apply to the chief editor, you won’t get a rise. b. The correspondents won’t enter the palace, if they don’t have the president’s
permission.c. She won’t say anything, if you don’t speak about the article.d. If you don’t take out a permit, you won’t be allowed there.
5. Patricia is a secretary. She’s grumbling about her new job and her boss. Match
each sentence in the first column with one in the second. Rewrite the sentencesusing if-clauses type 2 (if + simple past):
Example: If my boss didn’t play golf, he wouldn’t be out of the office so much.If he told me where he was, I could contact him.
1. The pay isn’t good. A .I can’t afford a nicer flat.2. He gives me so much work. B. I can’t contact him.3. His writing is so awful. C. I can’t read it.4. He doesn’t listen to me. D. I have to tell him everything twice.
6. If I were you, I wouldn’t (go by bus). I’d (go by underground)This pattern is commonly used to make tentative suggestions. It is a more polite
and considerate way of advising .
Practice this dialogue with a partner using the clues below. Instead of buy , you
may use get, purchase, invest in:
Patricia: I’m thinking of buying a “Whizzy” washing machine.
Jeffrey: I wouldn’t if I were you. I’d buy “Whirly”. It’s cheaper than a“Whizzy”.
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on to Raveley. Five miles further on Patricia had an accident. She fell and hurt herleg. So they had to go more slowly after that. They lost even more time. Theymissed their bus home because they got to Raveley so late. There wasn’t any othertransport, so they rang their friend Adam. Luckily he was at home, so he was able
to come and fetch them in his car. They were glad to get home.
Translate into English:
Mass media sunt mijloacele prin care informaţiile sunt transmise publiculuilarg. Există mijloace de informare tipărite, cum ar fi ziare, reviste, căr ţi şi mijloacede informare electronice, cum ar fi televiziunea şi radioul.
Cine ar fi crezut vreodată că, dacă Gutenberg n-ar fi inventat tiparul, care a
însemnat “revoluţia comunicaţiilor”, am fi ajuns astăzi la aparatura sofisticată din punct de vedere tehnologic, care permite transmiterea imediată a oricărui gen demesaj în orice colţ al lumii.
Zi de zi suntem într-un fel sau altul sub influenţa mass mediei. Nu putem
să nu fim afectaţi de informaţiile transmise prin ziare, televiziune, radio etc.Influenţa copleşitoare a mass mediei este văzută în însuşi modul nostru de a gândi.
Consecinţele şi rolurile majore ale mass mediei joacă un rol covâr şitor înviaţa noastr ă. Dacă n-ar fi formele mass media, n-am afla niciodată evenimentelemajore din ţar ă şi din întreaga lume.
Remember!
TYPE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE EXAMPLE
1. A) Possible,probable/real
condition referringto something whichmay or equally maynot happen.
B)Tentative
possible condition,referring tosomething, which israther unlikely to
happen, but stillcould do so
Present Tense
Should
Future Tense
Future/imperative
If it rains, we won’t go to buythe newspaper.
If you should meet Philip, tell him the news.
Should you meet Philip, tell
him the news. (more formal)
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condition referringto something whichthe speaker canimagine happeningin theory
Simple Past
Tense
Present
Conditional
Tense
If she became a reporter, shewould work very hard.Unless (if …not) we invited her, she would not come.If I were you, I wouldn’t
change my job.
3. Impossible
condition referringto something in the past which, becauseit is in the past,cannot by definitionhappen.
Past Perfect
Tense
Perfect
Conditional
If he had known English, hewould have translated thereport.Had he known English, hewould have translated thereport. (more formal)
With modal verbs
If she had been able toanswer the questions, shemight have passed theexamination.
Let’s learn a new proverb!
Don’t put off tomorrow what you can do today It’s easy to put things off. Just say, “I’ll do that tomorrow”. We call that procrastination (quite a big word, isn’t it?). What about you? Do you often putthings off? What type of things? Homework, certainly. What else? We usually putoff things that we do not enjoy. Sometimes, we may not have a good reason for why
we procrastinate.However, our work won’t go anywhere, no matter how long we wait to do it.
Therefore, if we don’t have a good reason, we should just do it.
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• What is the difference between advertisement and publicity?• What does advertising deal with?• What do you know about the language of advertisements?
READING
T. V. ADVERTS
Patricia: The adverts will be on in a minute. You want a cup of tea, don’t you?
Jeffrey: Yes, please. Do you want a hand? It was kind of you to have invited me.Patricia: No, thanks, I’ve just got time.Jeffrey: I don’t know what the advertisers would do if everyone was like mum.
She always makes a cuppa during the adverts.
Patricia: Yes, loads of people do, that’s why they put the sound up, so you can
still hear the ad, even if you can’t see it. Jeffrey: Is that true? You’re kidding, aren’t you? It’s stupid of them not to watch
the images too.
Patricia: No, I’m not. You haven’t noticed, have you?Jeffrey: Well, no, I can’t say that I have. Isn’t that awful!Patricia: Why is it awful? Adverts aren’t that bad. In fact, some of them are
pretty good. The ones they did for shampoo, a while back, were really
great, and the ones with the monkeys were hilarious. It was very cleverof the advertiser to have chosen such a subject for an advert.
Jeffrey: Well, I think they’re a pain in the neck. Three stupid adverts forwashing powder in the middle of a film, it just ruins it, doesn’t it? It’s
wrong of the broadcasters to slot the film in this way.Patricia: Mmm! you’re right about that. Washing powder ads are worse than
everything. I can’t believe they help to sell the product. I mean, they’re
all the same, aren’t they?Jeffrey: What, the adverts you mean, or the products?
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Patricia: Well, both actually. But I meant the adverts. Jeffrey: Yeah, they just copy each other. First it was changing two packets for
one, then the “biological” powders and now the latest thing is those
liquid ones.Patricia: Here’s the tea, come on, stop chatting now.Jeffrey: Television - the great conversation killer!
Comprehension
1. What do the two friends speak about?
2. What do they think about advertisements?
3. Does Jeffrey like advertisements in the middle of a film? What’s his opinion
about that?
4. What kind of language do they use? Is their talk formal or informal?
5. What characteristic features do you notice in their speaking an “everyday
language”?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. What do you know about advertisements in newspapers? Do you know whatclassified ads are? All people want to know about business, job changes, personalinformation and others, is dealt with through the classified columns of local,
regional and national papers. Indeed, many people in British and Americancommunities buy newspapers for the sole purpose of checking the small ads.The classifieds contain important expressions and abbreviations which you, as a
language learner, need to know.
2. Read the following text about Internet and try to understand it with a dictionary:
What is the Internet and why do I need it?
Now you should have a film grasp of the World Wide Web and what it has to offer.The Web can link together information from anywhere in the world and make itavailable to anyone. Any student can jump from Dun & Bradstreet financial
information to a tour of Croatia’s capital, Zagreb, to Southern Africa - without everleaving his desk.
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Although the Web has existed for only a short time, it is already being used innumerous areas by both public and private institutions. Business have discoveredhow beneficial advertising and performing transactions on the Web can be.
Educational institutions also are making more information available on the Web,and students are discovering that they can get increasingly more research done by
searching Web pages rather than library books. You can make travel plans, buyhouses, read about your favourite hobby, and make new friends via the Web.
ROLE - PLAY
Plan your holidays through the Internet by e-mailing a travel agency. Speakabout it. You are the customer and another student is the agency’semployee.
You are a refreshments company employer. Your company is not very successful and you have to put down your prices. Use World Wide Web.
Write a summary about it.
You are being bored. To get out of it you need somebody. You have the
brilliant idea of accessing the Internet to make friends. Write about your
bad mood and speak about how you have succeeded in making a friend and
how your relations have evolved. Have you ever met?
GRAMMAR FOCUS
PHRASAL VERBS
1. Here are six examples with get. Read the examples carefully.
The new manager is easy to get on with.Fred is healthy again. He got over his illness pretty well.The files are locked up and I can’t get at them. Don’t let this rainy weather get you down.How’s Jack getting on at school?
Susan got through her exams successfully.
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Redactarea unui exemplar publicitar este ca şi redactarea unei ştiri.Accentul în scrierea unei reclame se pune pe concizie şi claritate. Fiţi exact şi
cinstit - aceasta este o responsabilitate de bază în publicitate. Studiaţi reclamele.Uitaţi-vă prin reviste şi ziare. Observaţi simplitatea reclamelor. Aţi remarca deîndată că există apeluri pentru diversele interese ale cititorilor atât prin ilustraţii, câtşi prin text.
Multe căr ţi despre publicitate discută psihologia vânzării. Unele vă vor daliste lungi cu trebuinţelor oamenilor. Psihologii au publicat liste ale dorinţelorumane şi au pus cele mai puternice dorinţe la începutul acestora.
Este foarte bine să vă uitaţi la lista de apeluri pentru a găsi unul bun pentru produsul dvs. Selectaţi-l pe cel mai bun şi care este, de asemenea, logic şi credibil.Alegeţi un apel care va face cu adevărat vânzări. Nu încercaţi să vindeţi tuturor
pentru a sfâr şi să nu vindeţi nimic nimănui.Fiţi selectivi în ceea ce scrieţi. Hotărâţi ceea ce va vinde cel mai bine
produsul cititorului dvs. Fiţi creatori. Cea mai bună reclamă n-a fost încă pregătită. Nici unul dintre exper ţi nu are toate r ăspunsurile.
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The scene was in a drawing-room, and a strange idea came into her mind. She wasromantic, and all kinds of strange ideas flitted in and out of her pretty, little head.
Stamping as hard as she could on the carpet, throwing back her shoulders and pointing to the cabinet in the corner of the room with a commanding gesture, shesaid: “Open one of those three drawers.”The young man rushed toward the cabinet.“Don’t be in such a hurry. First listen to what I have to say.”He stopped suddenly, as if she had told him the drawers might explode if he
touched them.“Open one of those drawers, and be careful how you choose, for in each one I have placed an answer to the favour you have asked of me. If you put your hand on the paper on which “Yes” in written, then I am yours. But if the paper in the drawer
says “No”, then understand that is my final decision.”“You are too cruel”, said he; “I am sure it will be ‘No’ ”.“You must take your chance” she replied. He paused to look into her face for
guidance, but he found none there; so, closing his eyes and trusting to Providence,he opened the middle drawer, and took out a tiny roll of scented pink paper andhanded it to her.“Well, what is my sentence” he inquired.
“Read it yourself”, she said, as she held out the leaf of paper, upon which waswritten the world “Yes”. Now she was his; she had given her word and she must keep it. After a few minutes
the young man became suddenly cool.“What’s the matter, darling?” she asked, noting the change. “Are you not happynow?”“Not quite”.
“Not quite!” she repeated, “am I not yours for ever?” “That is so, but I won you bychance. You did not come to me of your own free will, did you?”“Don’t be so silly”, she said, as she put her arms round his neck.“If you want to know the truth, I put the same answer in each of the three drawers”.
( Anonymous)
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Don’t put all of your eggs in one basketWhat would happen if someone put all off their eggs in one basket, and
then dropped the basket? They would lose everything. But what if they put some inanother basket? In that case, if they dropped one basket, they would still have eggs
from the other one.That is why bankers usually advise people to place their money in severaldifferent investments or banks. If one investment fails or one bank goes bankrupt, people will save the money deposited in the others.
CHECKLIST
1. Is media a singular or a plural noun?
2. When can you use the verb would in an IF-clause?3. What verbs can you use to make suggestions?4. What is a phrasal verb?5. Give one exemple for each type of conditional sentence.
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1. Underline the correct option from the words in italics.
1. I’d like a/some advice about the government’s latest tax proposals.2. I’ve just received a/some very nice gift from one of my friends.
3. Did you meet an/any interesting people at the party?4. Bill wants you to phone him. He says he has a/some good news for you.5. Shall we carry on working, or would you like to go out for a/some meal?6. I just have to go to the bank to get a/some money.7. The engineers are having a/some problems with the new engine.
2. Write complete sentences:
Example: he / the day after tomorrow / manager / see /
He is seeing the manager the day after tomorrow.
A. present continuous or ‘will’?
Jack: everybody / come / to the presentation on Friday afternoon?........................................................................
Pam: Most people.Jack: you think / it / be a long one?
...........................................................................Pam: I'm not sure. It / probably / be about 3 hours. Why?
...........................................................................Jack: I / go to the dentist at 5.30. I made an appointment two weeks ago.
Example: I don't know many people (and I'm lonely). I wish I knew more people.
I've eaten too much and now I feel sick. I wish I hadn't eaten so much.
1. I live in a big city (and I don't like it). ................................................................
2. It's cold (and I hate cold weather). ...................................................................3. I didn't applied for the job advertised in the newspaper.
..........................................
4. I can't go to the party (and I'd like to). ...............................................................
5. I forgot to take my camera. .............................................................................
6. I'm not lying on a sunny beautiful beach ( and that's a pity).
.....................................
7. I have to study tomorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed).
..............................................
8. I didn't study English hard when I was at school. ...................................................9. Ann isn't here (and I need to see her). ...................................................…............
10. I don't know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). …............
..........…………
12. Somebody says something to you which is the opposite of what they said
before. Write a suitable answer beginning I thought you said... .
Example: That restaurant is expensive.
1. Ann is coming to the party tonight.
Is she? I thought you said she ................................................................
2. I know lots of people.
Do you? I thought .............................................................................
3. Ann likes music.
Does she? ......................................................................................
4. I'll be here next week.
Will you? .......................................................................................
5. I'm going out this evening.Are you? ........................................................................................
Is it? I thought you said
it was cheap.
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Can you? .......................................................................................
7. I haven't been to the theatre for ages.Haven't you? ..................................................................................
13. Read the report about what a candidate said at an interview. Change thewords in italics into Direct Speech.
Miss Baker said that (1) she was very interested in working for us, and sheexplained that (2) she had been working in the City for three years. When I askedher about her reasons for leaving, she said that (3) she liked what she did, but she
wanted more responsibility. She seems well-qualified for the post, as she said that(4) she had a degree in Economics and an MBA. As far as her terms of notice areconcerned, she made it clear that (5) she couldn't leave her job for another month. Idecided to offer her the job, and she said (6) she would consider our offer, and
would let us have her decision the next week .
1. She said: "I am very interested in working for you". 2. She said: ............................................................................................3. She said: ............................................................................................4. She said: ............................................................................................
5. She said: ............................................................................................6. She said: ............................................................................................
14. A speaker was asked these questions after a presentation. Report the questions.
1. "When will the new product be ready?"
2. "How much are you planning to spend on advertising?"3. "Where do you intend to advertise?"4. "What discount will you give to your distributors?"5. "Why has it taken so long to develop?"6. "How much market interest has there been in the new product?"
7. "Who is the product aimed at?"8. "What sort of problems have you had in developing the product?"
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Complete the sentences below to give a general description of the recruitment
process. Use the passive in your answers.
1. The vacancy is advertised in-house.
2. If there is not a suitable in-house candidate ....................................................3. The vacancy .........................................................................................
4. Applicants ...........................................................................................5. Some candidates ....................................................................................6. A shortlist ............................................................................................
7. Selected candidates .................................................................................8. The best candidate ...................................................................................9. The references .......................................................................................10. The successful candidate ..........................................................................
17. Complete the following sentences with the first conditional :
1. I'll probably stay in my present job unless ..................................................................................................................2. The economic situation will continue to improve as long as ..................................................................................................................3. I won't be able to go to the interview on Thursday unless ..................................................................................................................4. Provided the Boeing get the safety certificate for their new aeroplane, ..................................................................................................................5. Unless I have to change the time of the meeting for some reasons, ..................................................................................................................
6. We will allow you to become the sole distributor of our product providing ..................................................................................................................
18. Put the verb into the correct form:
1. They would be rather offended if I didn't go to see them. (not/go)2. If you took more exercise, you would feel better. (feel)3. If I were offered the job, I think I ________________ it. (take)4. I'm sure Amy will lend you the money. I'd be very surprised if she
____________ . (refuse)5. If I sold my car now, I _____________ much money for it. (not/ get)
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6. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory _____________ . (closedown)7. What would happen if I _______________ that red button? (press)
8. Liz gave me this ring. She ______________ very upset if I lost it. (be)9. Mark and Carol are expecting us. They would be very disappointed if we _______________ (not/ come)
10. Would George mind if ______________ his bicycle without asking him?(borrow)11. If somebody _______________ in here with a gun, I'd be very frightened.(walk)
12. I'm sure Sue _______________ if you explained the situation to her.(understand)
19. Put the verb into the correct form:
1. I didn't know you were in hospital. If I had known (know), I would have gone
(go) to visit you.2. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If he ________________ (miss)it, he _______________ (be) late for his interview.
3. It's good that you reminded me about Ann's birthday. I __________________(forget) if you __________________ (remind) me.4. Unfortunately, I didn't have my address book with me when I was in New York.If I ________________ (have) your address, I _________________ (send) you a
postcard.5. I took a taxi to the hotel, but the traffic was very bad. It ________________ (be)quicker if I _________________ (walk).
6. I'm not tired. If __________________ (be) tired, I'd go home now.7. I wasn't tired last night. If I __________________ (be) tired, I would have gonehome earlier.
20. You have applied for these jobs. Say why you think you should get the job.
Example: Accountant I’ve always been good at figures. I worked asan accountant from 1990 to 1995. I’ve read alot of books about accounting. I like working inan office.
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a. Tourist guide for your town or country. b. Hotel managerc. Journalist
Write the letter of application for one of these jobs. Include any information
you think relevant. Think particularly about
your education and qualifications any experience relevant to the job why you are interested in the job. when you are available for interview
……………………………………...
………………………………………
Dear
I would like to apply for the position of ……………………………………..………,
which I saw advertised in………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………..……………………………
…………………………………………………………………..…………………………
………………………………………………………………………..……………………
……………………………………………………………………………..………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
21. Choose the correct word:
I’m off on a travel/trip to Paris tomorrow by car as I’m looking for work/job. I sawan advertisement/publicity for a job in a company there, which does scientificresearch/experiment. I’m only taking one bag/baggage and a briefcase because I’monly staying for two nights. I hope there isn’t too much traffic/cars on themotorway as I don’t like traffic jams. I believe that place to stay/accommodation
for me has been booked in a hotel close to the centre. I hope to get a view/scenery of the Eiffel Tower.
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Bob: They won’t find it so easy against Poland. ……. (difficult, to win).
Trevor: Yes, you’re right. Poland have a good team.
Jeffrey: Lobak looks, doesn’t he ……. (hard, the Austrian, to stop)?
Trevor: It will be an interesting game, won’t it?
Bob: England haven’t been very good …….(wrong, not to have the luck on
one’s side).
Trevor: But why is Bodger playing? He isn’t very good ……. (silly, the team, toselect).
Jeffrey: Well, we should beat Nigeria, shouldn’t we?
Bob: I don’t know. Anything could happen, couldn’t it?Trevor: The German are good. They don’t take any risks, do they?Jeffrey: They’re playing Hungary tonight…..(advisable, you, to watch).
Trevor: Yes, of course.
24. Fill the gaps with the following words: business, affair(s), matter:
1. The meeting was a long …….2. Don’t interfere in your relatives’ …….
3. This is your own …….4. He never discusses his ……. with anybody.5. The spy interferes in the home ……. of other countries.6. The picnic was a very pleasant …….
7. Mr. Parker is having a ……. talk with a visitor.8. He has just returned from a ……. trip.9. It is a ……. of time.
10. What’s the …….? Why is everybody shouting?11. He hates it when people interfere in his …….12. I can’t help him with this, it’s his own …….13. I don’t want to argue. It’s a ……. of opinion. 14. The Minister of Foreign …………. attended an international conference.
FILE 1
Advanced schooling in the U.S.
Many students, upon finishing high school, choose to continue their
education. Community colleges, also known as junior colleges, offer two-year programs leading to a bachelor’s degree (as well as, in many cases, further
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programs leading to higher degrees). These schools may be public or private; private schools cost a lot more. U.S. colleges and universities have many studentsfrom around the world, especially from Asia.
Many more Americans than ever before are finishing high school andcollege. More than 20 percent of all adults have finished college and more than 75 percent have finished high school. Although the number of years in of schooling is
going up, there are signs that the quality of education may be going down. This isof great concern, especially since education is considered crucial to the Americanideal that each person should achieve all that he or she can.
There are many theories about where the problems lie. Some think that
students have too many ‘ electives’, or courses they choose, and too few courses in basic subjects. Others think students watch too much TV and do too littlehomework. Everyone agrees that the problems must be addressed.
(From Spotlight on the USA, OUP)
FILE 2
Cambridge is sometimes called the birthplace of American intellectual life.It has the nation’s oldest university, Harvard University, founded in 1636.Cambridge remains a center of intellectual life, especially since it’s become hometo MIT, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Harvard has an excellent
reputation in many fields; MIT is the best placed in science and technology.Students attending Harvard and MIT come from around the world; Harvard alonehas students from 90 countries.
Since one-fourth of the people in Cambridge are students, it’s notsurprising that Cambridge has many bookstores, shops, restaurants, coffee housesand clubs.
A common sight in Cambridge is Harvard oarsmen rowing on the Charles River.The Harvard rowing team spends all year preparing for races in the spring, espe-cially for the Harvard-Yale Regatta. Yale University is Harvard’s big rival.
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1. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets. Make allthe necessary changes in the word order of the sentence. Make sure you read thewhole text first, to get some ideas of what it is about.
Women in AdventureThe last hundred of years 1) (to see) ………………….. many exceptional
woman travellers. The Victorian ladies with their long skirts and umbrellas maysometimes 2) (to seem) ……………….. amusing to us now, but after the laughter3) (to disappear ) ……………….. what remains must surely 4) (to be) …………respect. Some woman travellers 5) (to drive) ……………….. by scientific reason,others by religious faith or simply curiosity. Most 6) (to be) ……………. middle-aged and independently wealthy, but all 7) (have) …………………. incredible bravery and they all 8) (to determine) …………..………. . There 9) (to be)……………, for example, May French Sheldon, who 10) (to make) an expeditionto Africa’s Mount Kilimanjaro in 1891. She 11) (to know) ………………… to theAfricans as ‘Bebe Bwana’ or ‘Lady Boss’. Once she 12) (to astonish)
………………… a group of tribal chiefs by 13) (to arrive) ……………… at aceremony in a blond wig and a ball dress complete with a ceremonial sword.
Mrs. French Sheldon 14) (to experience) …………………. her share ofdanger, too. One night she 15) (to wake up) ………………… and saw somethingthat 16) (to terrify) ………………. any traveller. It 17) (to be) ……… . Anenormous python about fifteen feet long. If the python hadn’t been caught andkilled by an African the life of Mrs.’ Sheldon 18) (to end ) ………………..tragically.“I came very near to collapsing”, Mrs. Sheldon said. “But there was not time forweakness; there 19) (to be) ………….. other sequences 20) (to consider )…………….. .”
2 . Read the text below. Use the appropriate word made of the word given in brackets to complete the text. Make sure you read the whole text first, to get someideas of what it is about.
Welcome to Socorro, New Mexico Located in Central Mexico, Socorro is a unique 1) ( to mix) …………… of
the 2) (tradition) …………………… ways and advanced technology. Socorro, alsothe name of the County, means “help” or “aid” in 3) (Spain) ………….. . One 4)(history) ……………… source tells us that in 1598 members of the Juan de OnateExpedition gave this name to the 5) (to exist ) ………….. Pueblo village. There,
they received very 6) (to help) ……….……. assistance from the Piro people whohad been the area’s first 7) (to inhabit ) ……………….. .
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Paul: “Hi, George!”You: “This is John, my cousin. John, this is Paul, my best friend.”Paul: “Hi, John, nice to meet you!”John: “Hi, Nice to meet you too!”
ii) You: “Hello, madam. I’d like you to meet my boss, Mr Ionescu, the GeneralManager. Mr. Ionescu, this is Mrs. Perrault, the L’Oreal representative in Romania.”
Mr. Ionescu: “How do you do, Madam!”Mrs. Perrault: “How do you do, sir! I’ve been looking forward to meeting you!”
iii) you: “Hello, Mrs Popescu!”The teacher: “Hello, Miss!”You: “Let me introduce myself to you! I’m Maria Preda and I’ll be your
student this year.”
The teacher: “Nice to meet you, Miss Preda!”
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2. i) Hello, sir! I’m Mihai Vasilescu, head of the Marketing Department. How do
you do! ii) What do you usually do in the morning?iii) How are you today?
Fine, thanks!3. a possessive adjective4. Normally none of these nouns can be accompanied by an indefinite article, because they are uncountable.
5. man – men woman – women child – children foot – feet tooth – teethox – oxen mouse – mice louse – lice die – dice brother – brethren
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 3
1. Success is not supposed to make you stop fighting; on the contrary, you should
work even harder in order to keep yourself successful2. wages – money earned usually by blue – collar workers, paid per hour/day/salary - money earned usually by white – collar workers, paid monthly.3. i) meets (planned and official future action).
ii) am meeting (planned future action).
4. A job vacancy should – announce the vacant position (secretary, engineer, etc) – state the qualities required from the applicant (age,qualifications, experience etc.
– contain information about the way the applicant cancontact the employer (send acv, make an appointment by phone, send a fax etc.)5. A holding company is a group of more companies. The holding owns shares inthe existing companies, called subsidiaries. The subsidiaries are sister companies toeach other.
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 4
1. a) yes, one still feels ill. b) i) The Present perfect
ii) The Past Tense2. The UK: kindergarten, grammar school, college, university
Romania: kindergarten, general school, highschool, university3. far – farther – the farthest
– further – the furthest big- bigger – the biggestreliable – more reliable – the most reliable bad – worse – the worstfunny – funnier – the funniest
4. Sir/Madam, could you tell me …… please?
Sir/Madam, would you mind telling me …..please?(more formal)
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(less formal)5. British English: cheque, metre, holiday.
American English: check, meter, vacation.
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 5
1. heading, date, inside address, references, salutation, subject of the letter, bodyof the letter, complimentary close, signature, enclosures.2. Should, ought to, must, might.3. i) I didn’t do my homework because it was not necessary
ii) I did my homework though it was not necessary.4. i) Hello Sir/Madam! I’m Mary Smith from ”Jonson & Co. Ltd” May I speak toMr Green, please?
ii) Hello Sir/Madam! I’ ll put you through immediately!OR: Hello Sir/Madam! I’m sorry, Mr Black is not in his office right now.
Would you like to leave a message for him?5. Won’t, shan’t.
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 6
1. the will- future; present continuous2. positive meaning: - ful, super - ; negative meaning - less; under –3. Only older pupils can participate to the contest.
His elder brother is a musician4. He’s likely to come any minute. OR: He must return soon.
He’s unlikely to get back before 10' clock. OR: I’m not sure you can find himthis morning.5. Yes the sentence is correct. (It means: If you want to wait for him…)
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 7
1. The auction will start in an hour.He bid 1, 000, 000 for that painting
2. i) I ceased speaking to her.ii) I ceased doing something else in order to talk to her.
3. Both sentences are correct.4. It is necessary that you should arrive to the office on time.
It is important that you should communicate your projects to your boss.5. Trams, planes, trains are means of transport. (noun)
Do you happen to know what this word means in English? (verb)
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1. Hello Sir/Madam! I’m Jane Brown, secretary at “Jonson & Co. Ltd”. I’d like tomake a reservation for the General Manager, Mr Edward Jonson, please!2. Sir, I’d like to know if you have a reservation.3. Tell is more likely to occur in Indirect Speech.
Say is more likely to introduce Direct Speech.
4. He told me he was twenty.5. A swipe card is a special magnetic card containing all the travel informationnecessary to a passenger.
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 9
1. i) the sentence has a negative meaning.ii) the sentence has a positive meaning
2. That glass has not been drunk from.This bed has not been slept in.
3. Cows and pigs are domestic animals.
This restaurant offers a varied range of both pook and beef menus.4. Genetically engineered food contains changed genes; it tries to attain perfection(in terms of flavour, colour, size)5. Change implies only one agent (e.g: I changed my clothes).
Exchange implies more agents (e.g. They exchanged business cards amongthemselves).
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 10
1. Media is a plural noun.2. The verb WOULD can be used in an IF-clause when it keeps its meaning of
volition.e.g. If you wouldn’t mind, could you help me please? (~ If you want)3. You might; you could; you’d better.4. A phrasal verb is a verb followed by a particle; the meaning of the newconstruction is different from the meaning of the original verb.e.g.: to make – to manufacture
to make out – to manage to seeto make up – to become friends again
5. I go on trip if it doesn’t rain.I’d go on a trip if it didn’t rain.I’d have gone on a trip if it hadn’t rained.
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be awarded vb. a fi premiat oficialbe aware of vb. a fi conştient de / că be sea-sick vb. a avea r ău de marebear a grudge vb. a purta pică
behave oneself vb. a prezenta bune manierebend vb. a îndoi, a aplecabilingual adj. bilingv
bill of lading s. conosamentboast vb. a se lăudabold adj. (despre scris) reliefat, proeminentbonnet s. bonetă, beretă, capotă boom vb. a produce senzaţie, a prospera, a fi înfloritorboost vb. a mări valoarea; a creşte reputaţia, a promovabooth s. cabină bother vb. a necă ji, a sâcâiboundless adj. f ăr ă limită bow tie s. papion
bowl vb. a rostogolibowler s. jucător care serveşte mingea la cricket; jucător care ţinteşte mingea la baseballbravery s. curaj, bărbăţiebreak smth. down vb. a sparge, a doborîbreeze s. briză brewer’s yeast s. drojdie de berebring up vb. a educabroaden vb. a lărgi, a lăţi, a extindebroker s. agent, misitbudgeting month s. luna în care venitul sau cheltuielile sunt planificate sau
repartizate în bugetbump s. cucui; vb. a (se) ciocnibundle s. legătur ă, snopbuoy s. geamandur ă
Ccamcorder s. (camera + recorder) camer ă de luat vedericampaign (media campaign) s. campanie mass mediacancellation s. anulare, revocarecatapult vb. a catapulta
cater vb. a furnizaCEO abvr . chief executive officer director executiv, manager, administrator
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challenge s. provocarechap s. (fam.) băiat, tipcheat vb. a trişa
check-in desk s. biroul in spatele căruia stă casierul sau recepţionerul, ghişeucheers! interj. vivat! noroc!chilled adj. conservat la o temperatur ă joasă f ăr ă a îngheţa
circulate vb. a r ăspândi, a difuzaclue s. indiciu, cheiecockpit s. 1. arenă pentru lupte de cocoşi; 2. teatru de r ăzboi; 3. carlingă collocation s. alăturare; (lingv.) colocaţie, îmbinare de cuvinte
colonial language s. limbă vorbită în coloniecome over vb. a fi copleşitcommission s. comisioncommuting-train s. tren pentru navetişti
companionship s. societate, tovăr ăşie, companie
complaint s. plângere
comply with vb. a se conformacomprehend vb. a înţelege, a pricepe
computer-fraud s. furt cu ajutorul calculatorului
consultant s. consultantcooker s. aragazcost a bomb vb. a costa foarte mult
cost and freight s. cost şi navlu
coterie s. coterie, salon (literar, artistic, etc.)courtyard s. curte
covet vb. a râvni, a dori cu înfocare
crash s. 1.cădere sau coliziune violentă; 2. faliment; 3.( fam.) a intra într-un loc f ăr ă permisiune (bilet, invitaţie)crate s. ladă crease-resistant adj. neşifonabil
creased adj. şifonat, încreţitcrew s. echipă, echipajcrisis ( pl . crises) s. criză cross smth. out vb. a tăia, a bara (pe un formular)cuppa s. (colocvial ) o ceaşcă de ceai
currently adv. curent
customer s. client; în prezentcut costs vb. a reduce cheltuielile
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