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Limba englez
Introduction
We often hear that it is not the one who participates in some
form of training that has to adapt to
the school system, but, on the contrary, it is the school system
itself that has to adapt to the one
who is trained. With this project we envisaged the creation of
an interactive training system that
could offer the user, irrespective of level (undergraduate or
graduate), the possibility to develop
linguistic self-awareness as they learn general and economic
English, especially for the
petroleum field.
With the interactive system the users can learn at their own
pace, the system being capable of
adapting to the users individual needs. By means of numerous
self-assessment units (Controlled
Practice within each of the fifteen units, the initial and the
final tests), the system can offer the
user items of information that are to be processed as well as
the possibility to obtain and
consolidate knowledge.
Each unit has the following structure: Pre-reading, Reading
(each Reading contains Listening: a
native speaker reads the texts, so that the user can familiarise
themselves with the right English
pronunciation), Ways with Words (based on vocabulary exercises),
Grammar Reference (that
contains theoretical explanations), followed by Controlled
Practice, made up of one to four types
of assessment units. The user interested in completing the
exercises contained in Ways with
Words is asked to fill in the answers and send them as
attachment to their teacher of English. The
user may also use the chat module and make searches in the
databases containing (English-
Romanian dictionary, English-English dictionary, several
phrases, lists of verbs, prepositional
verbs and adjectives, etc.) from:
http://www.informatica.upg-ploiesti.ro/engleza/
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Contents Unit 1
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4
Pre-Reading Tasks
......................................................................................................................
4
Reading
.......................................................................................................................................
4
Ways with
words.........................................................................................................................
5
Grammar Reference
....................................................................................................................
8
The verb to be
.........................................................................................................................
8
The demonstrative pronoun and adjective
..............................................................................
8
Question forms
........................................................................................................................
8
Controlled practice
......................................................................................................................
8
Unit 2
...........................................................................................................
10
Pre-reading tasks
.......................................................................................................................
10
Reading
.....................................................................................................................................
10
Ways with
words.......................................................................................................................
11
Grammar reference
...................................................................................................................
13
The personal pronoun
...........................................................................................................
13
Mood, tense and aspect
.........................................................................................................
13
Present Simple
......................................................................................................................
13
Present Continuous
...............................................................................................................
14
Controlled practice
....................................................................................................................
14
Unit 3
...........................................................................................................
17
Pre-reading tasks
.......................................................................................................................
17
Reading
.....................................................................................................................................
17
Ways with
words.......................................................................................................................
17
Grammar reference
...................................................................................................................
20
Verbs which do not take a continuous aspect in English
...................................................... 20
The Imperative
......................................................................................................................
21
The possessive pronoun and the posessive adjective
............................................................ 21
Controlled practice
....................................................................................................................
21
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Unit 4
...........................................................................................................
23
Pre-reading tasks
.......................................................................................................................
23
Reading 1
..................................................................................................................................
23
Ways with words
1....................................................................................................................
23
Reading 2
..................................................................................................................................
24
Ways with words
2....................................................................................................................
24
Grammar Reference
..................................................................................................................
25
Classification of nouns
..........................................................................................................
25
Number of
nouns...................................................................................................................
26
The
Genitive..........................................................................................................................
26
Controlled practice
....................................................................................................................
26
Unit 5
...........................................................................................................
29
Pre-reading tasks
.......................................................................................................................
29
Reading
.....................................................................................................................................
29
Ways with
words.......................................................................................................................
29
Grammar Reference
..................................................................................................................
34
Past
Simple............................................................................................................................
34
Past Continuous
....................................................................................................................
35
Past Simple and Past Continuous
..........................................................................................
36
Expressions of quantity
.........................................................................................................
36
The Adjective
........................................................................................................................
36
The order of adjectives in a series
.........................................................................................
37
Controlled practice
....................................................................................................................
37
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Unit 1 In this unit you will learn: Social English The English
Alphabet The Verb to be The Demonstrative Pronoun and the
Demonstrative Adjective Question forms
Pre-Reading Tasks Whats your name? How old are you? Where do you
live? What do you specialise in?
Reading Read the following text about Mihaela Vlad, a student in
Romania: My name is Mihaela Vlad and I am a student in the Faculty
of Economic Sciences at Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieti. I come
from Arad, a town in the West of Romania. I came here to study
because I have always been keen on economics and I really hope to
learn many useful things here. Im studying Spanish and English, and
I can speak Spanish well and a little English. I improved my
Spanish when I went on a two-month holiday to my aunt in Spain. I
also hope that in a short time I will improve my English, as, on
the one hand, it is very useful to speak foreign languages and on
the other hand, I might need it for my future job. In Romania there
are lots of foreign companies where I can work if I am fluent in
one or two foreign languages. Today, when English is one of the
major languages in the world, it doesnt require too much effort of
our imagination to realise that this is a relatively recent thing -
that people started to import English in the seventeenth century,
with the first settlements in North America. As I could read in an
article, one person in seven of the worlds entire population speaks
English nowadays and most of them are quite fluent in it.
Incredibly enough, due to the extension of computerized systems and
software which are mostly in English, 75% of the worlds mail and
60% of the worlds telephone calls are in English. Again incredibly,
yet true is the fact that 200 million people speak English and
every year there are twenty million beginners. International
literary, scientific and economic publications are very often
printed in English. So, the quicker I learn it, the more
opportunities I may have to read interesting materials connected to
my field and to get a good job in the future.
Everyday English Practise saying the letters of the alphabet
according to the vowel sounds:
/ei/ /i:/ /e/ /ai/ /u/ /u:/ /a:/ a b f i o q r h c l y u j d m w
l e n k g s p x t z v
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Ways with words 1. Can you keep a conversation going with
someone for two or three minutes? Choose a partner who you dont
know well, or imagine your partner is a stranger. Work in small
groups and find out things about your partner. 2. Spell the name of
Mihaela Vlad. Then work in pairs. Spell your name in English to
your deskmate. Then find out how to spell his/her name. 3. What do
you think a good language learner can do? Choose beginnings from A
and suitable endings from B. There are many possible answers:
A good language learner: A B borrows books without a teacher.
writes things down in every way possible. guesses words without
being told to. tries to study in real situations. tries to learn
every day possible. practises speaking from films, TV and
records.
4. Social Exchanges Supply the best word or words:
1. You are late for an appointment, so you say, .Im late. a)
Sorry/Im sorry b) Excuse me c) Forgive me d) Pardon me 2. You fail
to hear what someone says to you, so you say, .? a) Excuse me b)
Pardon c) Forgive me d) Pardon me 3. A passenger on a bus complains
you are standing on his foot; you say, ! a) Sorry b) Forgive me c)
Excuse me d) Pardon me 4. Here is your apology for bad behaviour:
..for my awful behaviour last night. a) Please pardon me b) Please
forgive me c) I beg your pardon 5. You answer the phone and you
say, ..! a) Speak b) Hello c) Enter d) Say 6. You are introduced to
a stranger, so you say, ..? a) How are you b) How do you do c) What
do you do 7. You are leaving, so you say, .! a) Adieu b) Goodbye c)
Farewell 8. You are refusing food that is offered; you say, a)
Thank you b) No, thank you
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c) Thanks 9. You thank me for holding the door open and my
response may be, . a) Its nothing b) - c) Please d) Nothing 10. You
meet a friend at the airport on arrival and you may say, ..London!
a) Welcome to b) Be welcome to c) Welcome in d) I wish you welcome
to 11. Someone asks you how you are and you answer, , thanks. a)
Good b) Very good c) Fine d) Very fine 12. Your friend is waiting
for you to finish what you are doing and you say, .. a) One moment
b) A moment c) One minute d) Just a minute 13. You are attending an
interview and the interviewer says, . a) Sit yourself b) Take a
seat c) Sit d) Sit you 14. The class stands up as you enter the
room and you say, a) Sit yourselves b) Take a seat c) Sit down d)
Sit 15. This is what you say to a friend on January 1st: .New Year!
a) Lucky b) Happy c) Merry d) Good
5. In the text about Mihaela Vlad, you learned the expression on
the one hand .... on the other hand which means pe de o parte ...
pe de alt parte. Lets learn more expressions containing the
preposition on: to be on duty = a fi de serviciu; on account of =
pe baza, din cauz c, lund n consideraie c; on and on = fr
ntrerupere, la nesfrit; and so on = i aa mai departe; on this
ground = din acest motiv; to turn on/ to switch on (the light, the
radio, etc.) = a deschide/ a aprinde (lumina, radioul,etc.); on
this assumption = pe baza acestei presupuneri; on the basis of = pe
baza; on behalf of sb. = n numele cuiva, din partea cuiva; on the
contrary = din contr; on record = cunoscut; on the score of = ca
rezultat; on the verge of = pe punctul de, pe cale, n pragul; on
the whole = n general, n ntregime; on demand = la cerere; on
condition that = cu condiia;
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on purpose = dinadins, intenionat; on principle = din principiu;
on the first attempt = la prima ncercare; on a sudden = brusc,
deodat, pe neateptate; on trial = de prob.
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Grammar Reference The verb to be
Affirmative Interrogative Negative I am Im am I? I am not Im not
You are Youre are you? You are not Youre not /
You arent He is Hes
is he? He is not Hes not / He isnt
She is Shes
is she? She is not Shes not / She isnt
It is Its is it? It is not Its not / It isnt We are Were are we?
We are not Were not / We
arent You are Youre are you? You are not Youre not / You
arent They are Theyre are they? They are not Theyre not /
They arent Form Short answer Are you a student in Management?
Yes, I am. No, Im not. Is she an accountant? Yes, she is. No, she
isnt. The demonstrative pronoun and adjective Form Reference
Singular Plural near reference this these distant reference that
those
Question forms Look at the following question words: What do you
do for a living? - Im an accountant. Who is your teacher of
English? Joan Smith is. Where is Madrid? - In Spain. When do you
start the meeting? - On Friday, May, 2nd. Why are you learning
English? - Because I need it for my job. How do you come to
Ploieti? - By train. Whose are these papers? - They are Victors.
What and which can be followed by a noun. What time is it? What
kind of chemistry do you study? Which pen do you want, the blue one
or the green one? How can be followed by an adjective or an adverb.
How old are you? How often do you play football?
Controlled practice 1. Translate into English:
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a. Eu sunt contabil. El este englez. b. Acelea sunt colegele
tale? Nu, acestea sunt colegele mele, Monica i Andra. c. Acesta
este un casetofon. d. Acela este un televizor. e. Noi suntem
studeni. f. Sunt ei specialiti francezi? Nu, nu sunt. g. Suntei voi
economiti? Nu, noi nu suntem, noi suntem ingineri. h. Cine este
aici? John este aici. El este cel mai bun student din grupa noastr.
El are note foarte mari. i. Cine nu este aici? Maria nu este aici i
nici George nu este. j. Ele sunt chimiste. Cursurile acestea sunt
ale lor. Acestea sunt cursurile mele.
2. Turn these sentences into questions and answer them:
e.g. Canterbury is a town. Is Canterbury a town? Yes, it is. a.
London is a town in England. b. You are an accountant. c. My father
is a doctor. d. Elizabeth II is the queen of England. e. We are
students.
3. Complete the following text using the appropriate pronouns:
a. .... is Johns pencil. It must be his because its got his name on
it. b. Are ...pencils yours, John? Yes, they are. Thanks. They
havent got my name on them, but they belong to me. c. . is a house.
Its over here. . is a car. Its over there. d. Is . an electric
heater? No, that is an electric generator. . is an electric heater.
e. ... are metals. Those are substances. 4. Translate the following
text into English:
a. De unde eti? Sunt din Arad. b. Cnd ai venit prima oar n
Ploieti? Anul trecut. c. Ci ani ai? Douzeci i nou. d. Ce mai faci?
Sunt bine, mulumesc. e. De ce te grbeti?
5. Choose the appropriate question form in the following
sentences:
a. What/Which time is the plane due to arrive? b. What/ How are
you today? c. Where/ When are you going now? d. Who/How are you? I
am Mary Jones. e. What/ Which of these paintings do you like
best?
6. Ask short questions on these statements, using who, what,
where:
e.g. Ive just received a letter./ Who from? a. I want to take
this notebook with me. (for) b. Will you please open this box?
(with) c. Im going to Spain next week. (by) d. Please, get me a
glass of water. (from) e. John is very angry. (with).
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Unit 2 In this unit you will learn: A Case Study The Personal
Pronoun Present Simple Present Continuous
Pre-reading tasks Have you ever written a case study? What parts
does it include?
Reading Read the following case study on Fournier et CIE. Then
read and translate the article on Fournier et CIE published in an
economic magazine. Pay attention to the present tenses: Fournier et
CIE is a medium-sized company producing for export hand-made shoes
and gloves in natural materials. They obtained good prices for
their fashionable designs. Yet customers are dissatisfied with the
standard of the materials which seem to be too loosely woven.
Another complaint is that deliveries are not prompt, which makes
impossible for the customers to maintain satisfactory stock levels
and fulfil their sale schedules. In order to solve their problems,
they had a meeting with one of their most important clients, Mr.
Jacobson. The general manager was not present due to health
problems. Here is the minutes of the meeting.
Today, April, 26, 2002, we had a short meeting in order to solve
the problem of delivery and the complaints concerning the standard
materials. Mr. Jacobson explained that the moment his company saw
the samples of our hand-made lines, he was authorized to discuss
the terms of an order with us and negotiate a contract. Yet the
quality of the standard materials was much better at that time, as
he showed us two different types of gloves and shoes, and
consequently the difference in texture. Mrs. Higgins, our
production manager explained that due to the extended needs of
materials, we changed the supplier of materials, yet Mr. Jacobson
had been told about this two months before this change, and he had
been also sent the standard materials at that time, when he
approved their quality. Mr. Jacobson mentioned that delivery order
no. 3425 had a problem, in the sense that the material of the
summer shoes seemed to be too loosely woven and was inclined to
pull out of shape. He said that his representatives relied on the
high quality of the materials we sent them and they were all the
more disappointed in the case because we supplied the cloth to new
customers. Mrs. Higgins assured him of a better quality in the
future. The problem of delivery will also be solved, as we had to
solve out problems of cloth delivery last week. As we couldnt
possibly allow this situation to continue, we had to make our
supplier understand that unless they could guarantee to deliver
supplies by the dates specified in future orders, we would be
forced to look for another supplier. No longer excellent
merchandise for their customers? Several weeks ago we published an
incredible story of a medium-sized company producing for export
hand-made shoes and gloves in natural materials which amazingly
succeeded in attracting customers, due to their excellent products.
Yet it seems that every dream is over sooner or later. Fournier et
CIE experiences difficulties with their biggest customer, R&T
Lines. Today they obtained good prices for their fashionable
designs. In a meeting today, the
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representative of R&T Lines explained that his staff is
dissatisfied with the standard of the materials which seem to be
too loosely woven. How could this happen? Higgins, the one in
charge of production seems not to know. Yet the answer is very
simple: the moment Fournier et CIE extended, they realized that
they needed more suppliers of materials, and due to good prices
they also accepted lower offers, as well as lower quality. The
truth is somewhere in the middle, as Jacobson answered our
questions in a very ambiguous manner: Yes, I knew about the change
of the supplier. He also admitted that he had approved the standard
material for order no 3425. Yet it seems that indeed they are
experiencing problems, as this is not the only unsatisfied
customers. The problem of delivery will be solved, according to
Higgins: We had to solve out problems of cloth delivery last week.
Yet, should we really believe that? Clients are quite fed up with
promises. They want facts. It seems that the great boon the company
had in the beginning has changed a lot nowadays, unfortunately.
Probably they need a new company policy and a new board.
Ways with words 1. How do you translate the sentence: As we
couldnt possibly allow this situation to continue? . Lets learn
some expressions containing the word as: as compared with = n
comparaie cu; as a consequence of = ca o consecin a; as if/ as
though = ca i cum; as far as = ntruct, pe ct, n msura n care; as
far as it goes = n ceea ce privete; as follows = precum/ dup cum
urmeaz; as long as = att timp ct; as regards = n ceea ce privete;
as a rule = de regul, n principiu; as seen = dup cum se vede; as
shown in Table. 2 = cum s-a artat n Tabelul 2; as soon as possible
= ct de curnd posibil as such = ca atare; as well = deopotriv, de
asemenea; as well as = ct i, tot aa ca; as when = ca atunci cnd, ca
n cazul n care; as yet/ so far/ up to now/ up to the present = pn n
prezent; such as = astfel ca, ca de exemplu. 2. Read the following
sentence taken from the same text: How do you translate they were
all the more disappointed in the case? Now learn some expressions
with the adjective all. beyond all doubt = n afar de orice ndoial;
all at once = dintr-o dat; all the better = cu att mai bine; all in
all = n ntregime, cu totul; all in good time = toate la timpul lor;
all the more as = cu att mai mult cu ct; all over = peste tot;
first of all = nainte de toate; of all kinds = de toate felurile;
that is about all = ca, asta-i tot; it is all one to them = le este
tot una; once for all = o dat pentru totdeauna. Now practise these
expressions in sentences of your own. 3. Read the following
sentence again: Clients are quite fed up with promises. How do you
translate to be fed up with something? Now learn some phrasal verbs
containing the particle up. Use your dictionary in order to
translate them. weigh up bring up take up (three meanings) draw
up
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step up pick up Now replace the words in italics in the
following sentences with the following phrasal verbs.
a. Before preparing the contract, may I go over one or two
points again, please? b. We have to increase our work-rate if we
are going to get the accounts finished in time. c. If Im going to
have any chance of becoming a member of the Board, Ill have to
start playing golf. d. Id like to mention the subject of expense
claims at our next meeting. e. (Chairman, at a meeting).Your point
is interesting, Donna, but Id like to discuss it later, if I may.
f. We must consider all the possibilities before we decide which
market to enter. g. I start my new appointment next month. h. We
didnt get many orders last quarter but now sales have improved.
4. Choose the colour (you will need to use some words more than
once) black green red blue grey white brown pink yellow
a. In most countries, goods that are scarce are usually freely
available on the market provided you have the money to pay for
them. b. You can argue with her until youre in the face, but once
shes made up her mind she wont listen to you, no matter what you
say. c. After several weeks of discussions, the group were given
the . light, and could finally go ahead with the new project. d.
Theres no point in asking my boss for a day off next week. Im in
her . books at the moment so shes bound to say no. e. She had only
recently had lunch with her cousin, so the news of his death came
as bolt from the f. Although we got a lot of nice wedding presents,
we also got one or two elephants. g. There is a common prejudice
that girls who are very beautiful must automatically be lacking in
. matter so-called dumb blondes. h. Next Friday is a .-letter day
for my sister and her husband; its their 25th anniversary. i. After
sunbathing for two hours every day, Joanna was as as a berry. j.
The managing directors reference to the forthcoming sales
conference was a . herring. He just wanted to get off the subject
of this months poor sales figures. k. She went as . as a sheet when
she heard about the accident. l. If there was a war, I dont think
Id fight. Ive got too much of a .. streak. Id be terrified of
getting killed. m. Im sorry, James, I refuse to believe it unless
you can show it to me in .. and ! n. Ever since Tom got that huge
order with Saudi-Arabia hes been the bosss ..-eyed boy. o. Dont
mention the present government in front of my father; its like a .
rag to a bull. p. I was with envy when my neighbour drove up in a
brand-new Jaguar. q. By the way, Joyce, my husband was tickled ..
at your asking him to judge the flower show. r. For some reason,
Swedish films are often synonymous with . films, which is very
strange as there is relatively little pornography in Sweden. s.
Sometimes it is better to tell a . lie than to hurt someones
feelings. t. My wife always goes bright whenever she gets
embarrassed.
5. Put each of the following phrases in its correct place in the
sentences below. out of the blue in black and white once in a blue
moon a black sheep to have green fingers green with envy in the red
to catch someone red-handed red tape
a. The offer of a job sounded very good on the phone but I wont
believe it till I have it b. I must remind you that this is a
non-smoking office. I suspect that some of you have been smoking.
If I happen Im afraid it will mean dismissal. c. To import firearms
into Britain youll have to fill in a lot of forms. Theres a lot
of
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d. If you want to be a successful gardener, of course youve got
e. The rest of the family were respectable, honest people but he
was always in trouble. Im afraid he was . f. When I saw him in his
new sports car, I was. g. Tourists often go to the Louvre, but most
Parisians only go h. The firm is . . It owes a lot of money. i. I
had lost touch with Jake, and then one night he arrived at my flat
right What a surprise!
Grammar reference
The personal pronoun The nominative. Form
Person Singular Plural First person I we Second person you you
Third person he - masculine
she - feminine it - objects and animals
they
The accusative/The dative. Form
Person Singular Plural First person (to) me (to) us Second
person (to) you (to) you Third person (to) him
(to) her (to) it
(to) them
Mood, tense and aspect Mood, tense and aspect are grammatical
categories of the verb. Roughly speaking, mood presents the
attitude of the speaker towards an action or a state expressed by
the verb, tense gives an indication of when the action happens and
aspect reflects the status of action referring to duration, result,
etc.
Present Simple Present Simple is used to express: a repeated
action or habit (it is often used with adverbs of frequency such
as: always, constantly, continually,
ever, frequently, forever, hardly, never, normally,
occasionally, often, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes, usually,
etc.):
I usually get up at 7.30. Japanese people like to travel. Most
evenings we stay in. a fact which is always true (general truths
and states): Wood floats on water. The Earth moves round the Sun.
The Danube floats into the Black Sea. a fact which is true for a
long time I live in Ploiesti. She works in a bank. Present Simple
is used in explanations, demonstrations and stage directions: Her
drawing shows two parts of a hyperbolic curve. I add flour to the
egg yolks and place the basin into the oven.
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The door bell rings. She listens quietly. A window opens and a
masked man enters the room. Form
Affirmative Interrogative Negative I work Do I work? I do not
(dont) work You work Do you work? You do not (dont) work He works
Does he work? He does not (doesnt) work She works Does she work?
She does not (doesnt) work It works Does it work? It does not
(doesnt) work We work Do we work? We do not (dont) work You work Do
you work? You do not (dont) work They work Do they work? They do
not (dont) work
Short answer Do you like spring? Yes, I do. Does he speak
French? No, he doesnt.
Present Continuous Present Continuous is used to express: an
activity happening now or around now They are watching TV in their
bedroom now. I am living with my parents this week. a planned
future arrangement: Im meeting them at 11 oclock tomorrow. Form
Present Continuous is formed with the present tense of the
auxiliary verb be followed by the indefinite participle of the main
verb (verb+-ing).
Affirmative Interrogative Negative I am working Am I working? I
am not working You are working Are you working? You are not (arent)
working He is working Is he working? He is not (isnt) working She
is working Is she working? She is not (isnt) working It is working
Is it working? It is not (isnt) working We are working Are we
working? We are not (arent) working You are working Are you
working? You are not(arent) working They are working Are they
working? They are not (arent) working
Short answer Are you coming? Yes, I am. No, Im not. Is she
watching TV? Yes, she is. No, she isnt.
Controlled practice 1. Translate the following sentences into
English:
a. El este contabil la o companie important. b. Ei nu vorbesc
engleza, dar noi i putem ajuta. c. Pe ea o vd la curs, dar pe el nu
l vd. d. mi ofer o carte de contabilitate, pentru c el are dou
exemplare.
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e. l strig pe Victor, dar nu m aude.
2. Choose the appropriate forms of the personal pronoun: a. He
is studying English as he/we intends to join an American insurance
company. b. I gave her/him that laptop as he needed it. c. She told
me/ to me that she needed five days off. d. I think I saw him/ he
in the bank yesterday. e. Have you told they/ them about your
project?
3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present
Continuous:
a. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea. b. It
(rain) now. It often (rain) in summer. c. He (come) to see me
tonight; we (go) on a trip to Sinaia next week and we (want) to
make plans for it. d. I (live) in Ploiesti, but this week, as I
(attend) a course in Bucharest, I (stay) with my uncle in Calea
Floreasca. e. Pardon me, sir, but I (think) you (stand) on my feet.
f. Maria (come) from Spain this week. g. She (speak) French,
English and Italian. h. I (cut) two slices of bread and she
(prepare) an omlette. i. What you (do) here? I (look) for my
glasses. j. Where you (live)? I (live) in Scotland.
4. Complete this postcard using the correct form of the verbs on
the right:
Greetings from Scotland! John and I ..... something different
this year. Were at the
do
Edinburgh Activity Centre, where we .. a good time and at the
same time we .. different things. People.. here every summer to
learn more about their hobbies and interests.
have learn come
I .. photography and tennis this week do and John .. about
computers. We .. up at half past eight every morning
learn, get
and .. lessons from ten to half past twelve. We .. lunch at one,
and then there are more lessons.
do have
So its hard work. But I .. it here. We ..... a post-office in
front of the Centre. The weather is good. See you soon. Love,
Kate
like, have
5. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or
continuous
a. He (live) in London at present but he (hope) to move to
Edinburgh next year. b. I (hope) they (realize) what a difficult
job they (undertake). c. Mike and Jack (spend) a fortnight at the
seaside; they (come) back next week. d. Who (talk) to the pretty
girl in the blue dress? e. The teacher (say) that you usually
(make) a lot of mistakes. f. Anybody who (look) at his passenger
while he (drive) is a danger on the roads. g. Mary (sleep) in the
sitting room this week because her bedroom (be) redecorated. h. The
path (lead) to the big house that you (see) on the hill. i. My son
(work) very hard. He (study) for an examination now. j. You (hear)
anything? I (listen) hard but I cant hear anything. k. Daddy
(leave) always lighted cigarettes all over the house. Well burn
down one day. l. Mary (leave) for London in a fortnight. m. They
(clean up) the whole town in preparation for the summer. n. Mr
Green always (get up) early. o. My husband usually (leave) his
office at 3.00 p.m., but this month he (work) late.
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p. Jack often (go) to the theatre but his wife (not go) very
often. He (like) all sorts of plays. She (prefer) comedies. q.
Professor Brown (be) the perfect linguist. He already (speak) seven
foreign languages. Now he (learn) an eighth. r. My dog always
(bark) at the postman. But look at that! For once, he (be) friendly
to the poor man. s. They left for London an hour ago. I (wonder)
whether they (travel) by airplane or by train. t. He (walk) very
slowly because the bottle he (carry) (hold) nitro-glycerine and
nitro-glycerine (explode) if it (be) shaken. v. Let me explain what
you have to do. First you (take) the photos and (sort) them into
categories. Then you (file) them according to subject. w. The play
is set in London in 1890. The action (take) place in Marys
living-room. When the curtain (go) up, the hero and heroine (sit)
down. They (argue). x. Dear Jane, sorry to hear about your problem
at work. I (think) you (do) the right thing, but I (doubt) whether
your boss really (know) his job from what you (tell) me. y. The
house is a mess because weve got the workmen in. The plumber (put)
in a new bath. The electricians (rewire) the system and the
carpenter (build) us some new bookshelves.
6. Translate into English: a. Nu cred c te pot ajuta. b. Mama
gust ciorba s vad dac mai e nevoie de sare. c. Nu beau cafea de
obicei, dar astzi fac o excepie. d. El merge cu autobuzul la coal n
fiecare zi. e. Noi nu nvm dect vinerea, smbta i duminica.
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Unit 3 In this unit you will learn: A presentation of the
distance learning department Verbs which do not take a Continuous
Aspect in English The Imperative The possessive pronoun and
adjective
Pre-reading tasks How did you hear about the distance learning
department? Why have you chosen this specialisation?
Reading Read the following presentation which was part of a
project by which our university inaugurated courses within the
distance learning department. Pay attention to the aspect of the
verbs (simple/ continuous aspect). Translate the text into
Romanian: The specialisations in the Distance-Learning Department
within Petroleum-Gas university of Ploiesti are:
Economic engineering in the mechanical field Fiability of
Petroleum and Petrochemical Equipment Drilling-Production and
Reservoir Engineering Engineering of Environment Protection and
Chemical and Petrochemical Industry Petroleum Technology and
Petrochemistry Romanian Language and Literature- English Language
and Literature Accountancy and Administration Informatics Primary
School- Teachers: English/French For the above-mentioned
specialisations we identified three categories of potential
candidates:
persons who want to improve their knowledge in the field of
petroleum industry and refining, yet the daily work programme and
the distance from the only petroleum-gas university in Romania does
not allow them to enroll in a training programme (day courses,
evening courses)
persons who want to specialise in very important fields such as
accountancy, informatics, foreign languages
primary school-teachers who, in order to compete with the new
undergraduate educational system, compatible with the European
system, must attend the specialisation Primary School- Teachers:
English/French.
Within our university we could say that we have experience in
such programmes due to the fact that we had a project Leonardo da
Vinci, in which we worked with our colleagues from Minho University
from Portugal. In the beginning the Distance-Learning Department
will make use of the resources offered by the new IT Centre
(developed within the project 76/1999) which offers internet
access, video-conference systems Part of the course-books for our
future students is already on magnetic support, as a result of the
grant CNFIS 39691/2000. Some books which were previously published
were up-dated last year. This will allow us to start such a project
in autumn. At the same time on the web www.ttr.lc.com (within the
project of distance-learning trainers training) we elaborated a
course on informatics and communicational technologies which are
necessary in the training process as well as a course on
pedagogical strategies which may be adapted to such
distance-learning. A Plei@d Programme has been recently elaborated
by a university from CNAM, Nantes, France. There is a legal basis
on distance learning organization and functioning: Romanian
Government Decision no. 1214/07.12.2000. At the same time the
standards for Authorizing the functioning of distance learning are
elaborated by C.N.E.AA (National Council of Authorizing and
Academic Assessment), standards which may be fulfilled by our
department.
Ways with words 1. In the sentences below, use one suitable word
from the list that follows. Not all the words are possible:
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a. I sent in my ...... to the address given in the
advertisement. b. They told me I lacked ...... as I had never had
that kind of job before. c. The manager told me he couldnt wait as
he had ...... to do. d. Not many people enjoy sitting at a/an
...... all day long. e. Before I left that oil company, I handed in
my ...... f. When I applied for this position, I asked my previous
boss for a ...... g. You have to be well-dressed and punctual to
succeed in a/an ...... h. My first ...... was helping in a shop at
weekends. i. In our company every ...... receives a months salary.
j. You could ...... over 2,000 a month as a sales representative in
this company. qualifications; reference; experiences; application;
work; employer; interview; gain; resignation; job; diploma;
department; applicant; earn; wages; office; gain; desk; salary;
employee.
2. Read the sentence We had a project Leonardo da Vinci, in
which we worked with our colleagues from Minho University again.
Now learn some expressions containing the preposition with: with
due regard for/ with all due deference to = cu tot respectul
cuvenit; with an eye to = urmrind, fr a pierde din vedere; with the
exception of = cu excepia c; with reason = pe drept, pe bun
dreptate; with reference/ respect to = n privina, referitor, cu
privire la; with a view of = n scopul de a; as with = la fel ca i;
together with = mpreun cu; to do away with = a nltura, a termina
cu. 3. Look at the following sentences belonging to this unit:
Within our university we could say that we have experience in such
programmes due to the fact that we had a project Leonardo da Vinci.
As you can see these are two meaning of the word that. In the first
sentence it introduces a direct object clause and in the other it
introduces a relative clause. Here are some expressions containing
the word that: that far = att de departe; that is the point =
aceasta-i problema; that much = cam att; thats how it happened = aa
s-a ntmplat; that is why (thats why) = de aceea, din aceast cauz;
that is to say = adic; but for that = dac nu ar fi fost asta; for
all that = cu toate acestea; in order that = pentru ca, s; like
that (just like that) = aa; Now practise these expressions in
sentences of your own. 4. Read the following sentence again: Some
books which were previously published were up-dated last year. How
do you translate to up-date? Now explain the meaning of the words
and phrases in italics in the following sentences.
a. To date, we havent received a single order for our new
product. b. Our advertising is beginning to look very dated. c. We
try to use up-to-date methods in our Production Department. d. Our
problems date from the time we lost that Russian contract. e.
Computer sales people have to constantly up-date their knowledge.
f. They are using out-dated plant and machinery to manufacture
their products.
5. Word building Complete the following sentences with the
correct form of the words in italics.
1 rely a. He is a very reliable worker. b. Her main quality is
her . c. My assistant is someone who can be on. 2 criticise a. The
report has been received very.. by top management.
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b. The Personnel Director is an outspoken of our reorganization.
c. I thought her were unfair and not based on fact. 3 skill a. The
Chairman was at avoiding answering awkward questions. b. The
workers in the Production Department are well paid. c. To be a good
manager, you need many . d. The workers in our company are the
lowest paid because they need no training for their jobs. 4 employ
a. Most in an organisation can benefit from training. b. is almost
8% in my country thats far too high. c. The are entitled to various
social security payments. d. Hes fairly old and hasnt had a job for
years. Id say hes virtually 5 sure a. Performance appraisals help
to that promising staff are not overlooked for promotion. b. At my
interview, my boss me that I had a bright future in the company. c.
you agree shes one of the high fliers in the department. 6 able a.
This young trainee has considerable b. Due to our to get certain
supplies, we lost the order. c. Because of a production hold-up, we
are to provide the product. 7 decision a. Being a currency dealer
in a bank, she has to make quick decisions and be very at all
times. b. Because we were we wasted time and lost the contract. c.
I am still..whether to leave my present job but I must make up my
mind soon.
6. Complete the following sentences with suitable forms of the
words from the list below. authorize, authority, control, function,
autonomy, innovate, innovative, delegate, delegation,
initiative
a. In many department store groups, buying and finance are two
which are handled by Head Office. b. Managers who like power find
it difficult to responsibility. c. To stay competitive, high
technology firms must constantly or else their products become out
of date. d. When you delegate authority in a business, you lose a
degree of over certain functions. e. In some multinational
organisations, subsidiaries are given a great deal of - they rarely
have to consult Head Office. f. Firms often make the mistake of not
concentrating enough on marketing g. In our factory, the General
Manager is to spend up to 1,000 a month on repairs and maintenance.
h. I like my staff to make decisions for themselves, but they seem
afraid to show any .
7. Supply the most suitable words from the list on the right. 1.
.is hard to find nowadays. a) boss 2. The quality of the food in a
restaurant depends on its. b) chauffeur 3. I work in a garage as a
car c) chef 4. Nancy has started a new.. d) colleague 5. Mrs. Wilks
is the of this shop, not the owner. e) college 6. If you want to
know the way, ask a .. f) conductor 7. Whos the of the Boston
Symphony Orchestra? g) doctor 8. Brenda was a university .. at the
age of 36. h) engineer
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9. He has a car with a uniformed i) job 10. His .. at school has
given him a good report. j) manager 11. Whats the name of the ..of
your company? k) mechanic 12. An ..designs bridges or roads. l)
medicine 13. The of our shop is putting up the rent. m) owner 14.
There had been a burglary, so we called the n) police 15. I went
into business after I left . o) policeman 16. I cant use a , never
mind a word processor. p) professor 17. Gordon is a at the local
hospital. q) teacher 18. Has the nurse given you your r) typist 19.
Smithers is a of mine at the office. s) typewriter 20. Its useful
to be a good if you use a computer. t) work
8. Supply the best word or words: 1. The person in charge of a
business is informally known as the a) chef b) chief c) boss 2. The
person who is in charge of a car is the a) guide b) leader c)
motorist d) driver e) conductor 3. A person who prepares food is a
a) cook b) cooker 4. A person who works in an office is an a)
officer b) office worker 5. A woman who looks after other peoples
children is a a) nanny b) nurse 6. The person who is in charge of a
restaurant is the a) patron b) manager 7. A person who studies the
origins of the universe is a a) physician b) physicist c) physics
8. Another word for doctor is a) physician b) physicist c) medicine
9. If you are one of the people waiting to be served in a shop you
are a a) client b) customer c) patient d) guest 10. If serve people
who come into a shop, you are a) an official b) a shop assistant c)
a bank clerk
Grammar reference
Verbs which do not take a continuous aspect in English There are
verbs in English which generally are not used in the continuous
aspect: verbs of the senses (verbs of perception): see, hear,
smell, taste, notice, recognize, etc. I smell gas. verbs of
thinking: think, realize, know, understand, suppose, expect,
remember, forget, mind, etc. I dont remember your name. verbs of
having and being: have, own, owe, belong to, possess, be, contain,
matter, hold, etc. The house belongs to my mother. I have a very
good lathe. verbs of emotion: love, hate, like, dislike, refuse,
want, wish, forgive, etc. I hate people calling me late at night.
He wants to buy a new tool.
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The Imperative The imperative is a mood which expresses an
order, a command, a wish, a greeting, a piece of advice, a threat:
Come here! Leave me alone! Watch your step! Lets go! Form The
imperative has forms only for the second person singular and
plural.
Affirmative Negative Get ready! Start working!
Dont get ready! Dont start working!
The possessive pronoun and the posessive adjective The
possessive pronoun. Form
Person Singular Plural First person mine ours Second person
yours yours Third person his
hers its
theirs
The possesive adjective. Form
Person Singular Plural First person my our Second person your
your Third person his
her its
their
Controlled practice 1. Translate into English:
a. Aceast sticl conine ap mineral. b. Creionul Rotring este al
Mariei. c. Ursc s mi se cear s fac o lucrare de azi pe mine. d. Ea
are doar un curs de statistic i dou de finane. e. Acest curs conine
14 capitole.
2. Decide which is the most appropriate form of the verb in the
following sentences:
a. Im thinking/ I think of you. b. She smells/ is smelling gas.
c. Mother is tasting/ tastes the soup to see if it needs more salt.
d. We have/ are having dinner now. e. Could you call him back in
twenty minutes as he has/ is having a bath right now.
3. Translate the following into English: a. Servete-te i
servete-i i pe ceilali! b. Vino, te rog, la noi s ne ajui s rezolvm
o problem de statistic. c. i dai un deget i i ia toat mna! d. Scrie
tu proiectul la calculator, pentru c dup aceea trebuie s-l folosesc
i eu. e. Luai loc, v rog, doamn! f. Nu pleca, pentru c nu am
terminat proiectul! g. Nu te apropia de firele acelea pentru c sunt
sub tensiune. h. Nu ncerca s m faci s m rzgndesc, pentru c o faci
degeaba. i. Du-te i vezi dac au terminat cursul.
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j. Grbete-te, mai ai doar cinci minute!
4. Make the following sentences negative: a. Come here! b. Get
ready as we are in a hurry! c. Be on time, because English people
are never late. d. Go home and well finish this tomorrow. e. Work
faster as we need to finish this until two oclock.
5. Choose the appropriate possessive pronouns or adjectives: a.
My/ mine fathers car is new. Mine/my is very old and ugly. b. We
have been looking for these magazines. Someone took them from
your/our room. They belong to us. Were using the pictures for a
project of ours/yours. c. There are five billion people in our/his
world and they live in all different corners of it. d. This is
her/hers car. She bought it two months ago. e. My results are
better than yours/your. f. Is that book yours/your as I think I saw
you when you lent it to your/yours friend, Tom. g. I dont think
this is one of Emmas pens. I know she has lost her/hers calculator,
but I havent heard her say she has lost a pen . What do you think?
h. My/mine speciality is accountancy. i. After we have acquired
some knowledge about the oil industry and the kind of work that is
involved, we will prove ours/our knowledge later. j. Your/yours
article on world economy is a good one.
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Unit 4 In this unit you will learn: Writing a CV Writing a
letter of application Classification of Nouns Number of Nouns The
Genitive
Pre-reading tasks What information should your CV contain? What
information should your letter of application contain?
Reading 1 Read the following CV. Can you find any improvements?
Work with your mates and report your findings to the rest of the
class:
CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL DETAILS Name: Mihaela Vlad Address: 23
Bvd. Bucureti Ploieti 2000 Prahova Telephone: 044165342 Date of
birth: 1 January 1974 Nationality: Romanian Languages: Fluent
English; Conversational French Computer literacy: Wordperfect,
Lotus 1-2-3, Windows 2000, Math-Cad; Math-Lab. EDUCATION 2000-2002:
Master of Business and Administration - Petroleum-Gas University of
Ploieti- CNAM Paris 1995-2000: Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieti-
Faculty of Economic Sciences A levels: Mathematics, Economy WORK
HISTORY Sept. 2000-Sept. 2001: accountant at GPS Arad Summer
1999-Summer 2000: college position: required to prepare accounts
Summer 1998: Bucharest Chemical Services - assistant INTERESTS:
cinema, theatre, reading REFERENCES: available on request.
Ways with words 1 1. Here are some pieces of advice for you when
you write your CV:
a. Bold is used selectively. Your name is obviously important,
so you should make sure it stands out. b. When you state the
languages you can speak, conversational and fluent are the only
words to use about them. Dont use qualifications such as well, very
well, etc. If they really want to find out about your language
skills, they will surely test you. c. Education and qualifications
should be listed together. The A levels are important, as they may
show that you are suitable for that job, as you had the best
degrees in those objects which are of major importance for your
future job.
-
d. For the Work History section, it is vital to highlight your
student activities. e. Dont make up a list of names and addresses
in your reference section. You should mention references only if
they are very impressive.
Reading 2 Here is the letter of application Mihaela Vlad has
written. Skim through the letter and see what information the
applicant is conveying about himself:
23 Bvd Bucureti Ploieti 200 Prahova
Mr A. D. Vlad Personnel Manager Petrom Bucureti Ref.: chief
accountant vacancy Dear Mr. A. D. Vlad I am writing to apply for
the position of chief accountant that you advertised in Bursa on 5
October 2001, as I believe it offers the career challenge which I
am seeking. As you will see from my enclosed Curriculum Vitae, I
graduated from Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieti last year, and
then I have had a successful year working in a scientific
environment with GPS Arad. I would like to highlight the following
skills which I believe would add value to your organization:
Organizational skills - developed in my current job with GPS Arad.
Accounting skills - developed in my role as university officer
where I prepared annual reports and accounts and I was responsible
for a budget of 1,000,000,000 lei per annum. Interpersonal skills -
developed through working in a team environment in my current role
and through a number of holiday positions when I was a student. I
have a keen interest in accountancy and would appreciate the
opportunity of an interview to discuss why I believe I am good
match for your requirements. I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely, Mihaela Vlad
Ways with words 2 1. Here are some lines from different letters
of application of several candidates for this job. Choose the most
appropriate and convincing sentence in each group. What do you
think is wrong with some of the sentences listed below?
a. I am familiar with this type of work./ I am totally
knowledgeable about this type of work./ I know this type of work.
b. I am well-liked by everybody and I am very convincing./ I can
maintain friendly relationships with people./ I am a friendly and
tactful person. c. I can make decisions when it is really necessary
and I am very responsive./ I always make the best decisions in my
office, as I am a reliable person./ I am not afraid to make
decisions if necessary. d. I feel sure my studies recommend me for
this job./ I hope I am right for this sort of work./ I am sure I am
the most suitable person for this job. e. I am quite interested in
this kind of work./ I have a genuine interest in this kind of
work./ I am extremely interested in this type of work.
2. Here is an advertisement which was published in Bursa on 4
April 2001. Look at it and write your CV. Then write the letter to
cover your CV applying for the vacancy:
CONSTRUCT Ltd. Romanian-Canadian company providing
expertise, human resources and equipment for the construction
industry
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requires Human Resource Officers
Applications are accepted from recent graduates of Sociology or
Business Studies with some background in income tax laws and
computer literacy, or company management. Applicants should be
willing to work in teams and should be able to meet deadlines.
Applicants should be fluent in English and French. Please enclose a
current CV and your letter of application addressed to Mr Ion Pop,
Human Resources Manager, Construct (Romania) Ltd., 13, Piaa Roman,
Bucharest. 3. Vocabulary building An antonym is a word that means
the opposite of another. For example, the opposite of short is
long, the opposite of old is young. Complete the following
sentences with words opposite in meaning to the words in italics.
e.g. interesting He does not like his job because it is
uninteresting.
a. satisfied Workers become if their jobs offer no challenge. b.
conclusive Since the report was so no recommendations were made. c.
responsible behaviour by staff can be costly to an organisation. d.
popular Managers become if they fail to pay bonuses. e. respect No
manager likes a subordinate to be . f. secure A worker who feels.
in his job will probably not be committed to the firm he works for.
g. social People who work hours, for example at night-time,
generally receive extra pay. h. efficient Nowadays, it is not easy
to get rid of an employee who is
4. Complete the following sentences with one suitable word
meaning the opposite of the word in capital letters:
a. Jack much prefers being EMPLOYED to being .... b. Alex did a
number of TEMPORARY jobs before he managed to find a .... position.
c. The first shop he opened was a big SUCCESS but the second was a
total .... d. Many people would rather work .than FULL-TIME. e. The
management said salaries had INCREASED, but official reports showed
that as a matter of fact they had ..
Grammar Reference
Classification of nouns Countable nouns Uncountable nouns a girl
a man a tool a cup an apple a guitar a pound a car a well
water sugar milk music weather money oil/ petroleum coal gas
We can say two cups, four girls, ten pounds, twenty cars. We can
count them. We cannot count sugar, water or oil. Countable nouns
can be singular or plural: This cup is empty. These cups are full.
Uncountable nouns can only be singular: The water is cold. The
weather is fine.
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The coal has a good quality.
Number of nouns Form Variable nouns form the plural in the
following way: -s is added to the singular: books-books, tool-tools
-es is added to the singular nouns ending in -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh,
nouns ending in -y preceded by a consonant (-y
changes to i), nouns ending in -o: bus-buses, box-boxes,
match-matches, brush-brushes, city-cities; potato- potatoes (But:
photo-photos) -(e)s is added to nouns ending in -f(e) (which
changes to -v): knife-knives, leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves (But:
roof-roofs) Irregular plural nouns: man-men, woman-women,
foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, louse-lice, mouse-mice,
child-children, ox-oxen Foreign plurals stimulus-stimuli,
larva-larvae, stratum-strata, basis-bases, criterion-criteria,
phenomenon-phenomena, datum-data, etc.
The Genitive The analytical genitive is used with the
preposition of, used with neuter nouns: the tower of London, the
colour of oil, the cover of the book, etc. The synthetical genitive
(s genitive) is used after: nouns denoting persons or other beings:
Johns lecture, my parents advice nouns denoting measurement, time,
space, quantity, value: a two months practice, yesterdays
newspaper, a pounds worth of pears collective nouns: the
governements decisions, the Parliaments laws geographical names,
vehicles, natural phenomena, etc.: Englands mountains, the
spaceships crew, the afternoons heat.
Controlled practice 1. Complete this newspaper article. Choose
the correct singular or plural form in the brackets:
Johnson Factory for Milchester The Johnson Clothing Company is
going to build a new factory in Milchester. (This/These) news
(was/were) announced by company chairman Mr David Johnson
yesterday. Mr Johnson spent the morning in Milchester before
returning to the Johnson headquarters at Edinburgh. The Johnson
company (has/have) been in existence for 100 years and (is/are)
famous for its (product/products). The slogans Youre never alone
with a pair of Johnson (trouser/ trousers) and Johnson (jean/jeans)
(is/are) the (one/ones) for you are well known. The companys profit
last year of two million pounds (was/were) the highest in the
clothing business. Mr Johnson will not say how (much/many) new
(job/jobs) there will be, but the information that there will be
(work/works) (is/are) hard to find at the moment, and 2,000
unemployed people (is/are) a high figure for a small town.
2. Complete the following passage with the correct form of the
words in the box below. strategy right venture personnel finance
skill planning drawback expertise set up delegate innovative trust
segment The problems of small high-tech firms have attracted a lot
of attention recently. Research shows that many
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of these firms are (1) by talented, creative scientists. Their
owners have no trouble coming up with (2) products but they often
cant build on their early success. One reason for this is that they
dont have much management ..(3). Therefore, they are unable to
develop the (4) which are necessary for their companys growth. They
are in a rush to develop products, and dont think enough about how
to market them. When they do try to sell their products, they spend
too much time trying to gain the (5) of potential customers.
Another mistake they make is to underprice their products so that
they have no (6) for future development. Once the firms begin to
grow, their owners underestimate the future costs of developing and
marketing new products. Lack of financial (7) is a major weakness
of such companies. It is difficult for the high-tech firm to
attract the right (8) because it cannot offer the same job security
as a large organisation. The high-tech firm can get round some of
these problems by developing a specialist image. It can aim at a
particular (9) of the market. Customers then start seeking out the
firm, so its marketing costs are reduced. The only (10) is that it
may take some time before customers accept the firms new
technology. As soon as the high-tech business has reached a certain
size, it will be a good idea to bring in professional management.
The founder of the firm can then(11) responsibility for activities
like marketing and finance. If a high-tech firm needs money very
badly, it may arrange a link-up with a larger company. It will
offer that company exclusive (12) to its technology. Enthusiasm,
bright ideas (13) capital and technology are not enough to ensure
success. Basic management. (14) - especially financial and
marketing ones - are also vital. 3. Supply the blanks with suitable
nouns from those in brackets. Use the plural forms:
a. He threw a stone at the rock and ..... came back. (piano,
volcano, echo) b. The ship was sunk by well-aimed ..... (potato,
torpedo, dynamo) c. Winter fodder for cattle is kept in .....
(calico, casino, silo) d. The opera company was advertising for
..... (octavo, soprano, cuckoo) e. The delegates carried their
..... (portfolio, photo, piano) f. The ..... hit the island with
tremendous force.(tornado, hobo, albino) g. They threw rotten .....
to show their disgust. (tomato, canto, halo) h. He was bitten by
..... and got malaria. (hero, soprano, mosquito) i. There are
hundreds of ..... along the Mediterranean coast. (hero, casino) j.
How many...(hero, cargo, kilo) of ..... (tomato, piano, photo) do
you need to make 1 liter of juice?
4. Fill in the correct forms of the nouns in brackets:
a. The (deer) have left their usual pastures. b. They dont even
try to hunt (lion); it is too dangerous. c. There is no (mean) of
learning what is happening. d. They say (fish) are good for the
brain. e. They raise lots of (duck) on their farm. f. Despite their
size (giraffe) are harmless creatures. g. The (Navaho) were almost
completely destroyed. h. He made a living by raising (goose). i. A
(series) of unexpected events prevented him from going on holiday
to Scotland. j. Its not allowed to hunt (bear). But still many
(bear) are killed.
5. Fill in the correct plural form of the words in brackets:
a. Do other planets revolve on their ..... like the Earth?
(axis) b. It can be dangerous if chemists make mistakes in their
..... (analysis). c. ...... are rare in the desert. (oasis) d. A
great deal of ..... was collected by the scientist. (datum) e. All
good reference books contain ..... (index). f. The consul sent
several ..... back to London. (memorandum) g. He spent his time
playing with mathematical ..... (formula). h. Geologists search the
rock ..... for valuable minerals. (stratum) i. There are not many
types of ..... around the British coast. (alga)
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j. There have been many international ..... since the war.
(crisis) k. The ..... of these lenses are perfect for distance
photography. (focus) l. What are the ..... of success? (criterion)
m. Ive always found the idea of ..... in algebra rather
difficult.(index) n. There are many ..... of animals. (genus) o.
..... are exact positions of things. (locus) p. The ..... of
theorists must conform to the real world. (hypothesis) q.
Post-graduate students have to write ..... to obtain their Ph.D.s
(thesis) r. The optician found that both his patients eyes had
defective .....(retina) s. They were all well trained and so they
responded like ..... (automaton) t. Two ..... to the resolution
were proposed. (addendum)
6. Decide which of the two verb forms should be used in the
following sentences:
a. Physics (was/were) my most difficult subject in high school.
b. Ballistics (is/are) the study of the motion of projectiles. c.
Athletics (has/have) been virtually abolished from smaller schools.
d. His motives may be good, but his tactics (is/are) deplorable. e.
In every group, politics (is/are) a subject that arouses interest.
f. Radical politics (was/were) offensive to the Federalists. g.
Acoustics (is/are) a branch of science that is growing fast. h. The
acoustics of this room (is/are) not all they might be. i. Economics
(doesnt/dont) require extensive knowledge of mathematics. j. His
ethics (leave/leaves) a lot to be desired. k. Classics (take/takes)
a back seat these days. l. Einsteins mathematics (was/were) a
revelation. m. Tactics (is/are) really short term strategy. n. Your
heroics (is/are) worthy of a better cause. o. Her hysterics
(does/do) not move anybody that knows her.
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Unit 5
In this unit you will learn: Business letters Past Simple Past
Continuous Expressions of quantity The Adjective
Pre-reading tasks Have you ever written a business letter? What
are the basic rules in composing a business letter?
Reading Read this text about composing business letters. Look at
the tenses of the verbs. Translate the text into Romanian: Business
letters Business letters are usually typed on notepaper bearing a
specially designed heading which provides the reader of the letter
with the essential information about the organisation sending it.
Normally the heading will include the companys name and address,
its telephone numbers and telegraphic addresses, the type of
business it is engaged in, its telex code and V.A.T. number, and in
many cases the names of the directors. It is becoming increasingly
common for firms to print an emblem or trademark on their
stationery. Read the following business letter and try to
distinguish the parts it contains:
a. GRAJO LEEDS Leeds 978653 GRADEN &JONES LIMITED Home and
Overseas Merchants
Directors: Upper Bridge Street L. L. Graden, P.G. Jones Leeds 2
b. JAS/DS c. 13 June 2003 d. Oliver Green and Co., Limited\25 King
Edward VII. St. Manchester M24 5 BD e. Dear Sirs We understand from
several of our trade connections in Bolton that you are the British
agents for Petrou and Galitopoulous AE of Athens. Will you please
send us price-lists and catalogues for all products manufactured by
this company, together with details of trade discounts and terms of
payment, We look forward to hearing from you. f. Yours faithfully,
Graden and Jones Ltd. g. J.A. Stevens Chief buyer
Ways with words 1. The parts of the letter
a. The heading. b. The reference This is typed on the same line
as the date, but on the left, and consists of the initials of the
person who signs the letter and those of the typist. Sometimes
other initials or figures are added, according to whatever may suit
the
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filling system of the firm in question. It is usual to quote the
reference initials of the addressee company in a reply. c. The date
The form in which the date is written in this letter -13 June 2003
is probably the simplest and clearest of all the current forms used
in the English-speaking world, but there are alternative ways of
writing the date:
June 13 20003 13th June 2003, and June 13th 2003
d. The inside address A few points concerning the name and
address of the firm written to need to be made. Firstly, they are
typed on the left, normally against the margin. The diagonal
granding of the name and address is rare nowadays, and the style
shown in the example is neater, as well as being quicker for the
typist. e. The salutation Below the address a double space at least
is left, and the words Dear Sirs are typed. This is the usual
salutation in British business letters addressed to a company
rather than to an individual within the company. Very often a comma
is typed after the salutation, but an increasing number of firms
are eliminating this, considering the spacing to fulfil the
function of traditional punctuation. f. The complimentary close
This is typed above the name of the firm sending the letter, then a
space is left for the signature. If the salutation is Dear Sirs or
Dear Sir, the complimentary close will read Yours faithfully or,
less commonly, Yours truly. If the correspondent is addressed by
his or her name, Dear Mr. Brown, Dear Miss Prism etc. the
complimentary close will take the form Yours sincerely. g. The
signature It often happens that the person who has dictated a
letter is unable to sign it as soon as it has been typed. Since it
is often essential to send a letter as soon as possible, the typist
or some other employee connected with the letter in question will
sign it instead: in such cases he or she will write the word for or
the initials p.p. immediately before the typed name of the employee
responsible for the letter, The name of the person signing the
letter is typed below the space left for the signature, and is
followed on the next line by his position in the company or by the
name of the department he represents. Traditionally the
complimentary close and signature have been typed in the middle of
the page, but it is becoming more and more common for firms to
place them against the left-hand margin. If an enclosure
accompanies the letter, this fact is indicated both in the text
itself and by the word Enclosure (often reduced to Enc. or Encl.)
typed against the left-hand margin some distance below the
signature. There are other ways of referring to enclosures the use
of adhesive labels, for instance, or the typing of lines in the
left-hand margin beside the reference in the text to the document
or documents enclosed but typing the word Enclosure at the bottom
of the letter is by far the most common.
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Now look at the following letters and try to write a reply.
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Grammar Reference
Past Simple Past Simple is used to express a finished action in
the past (it is often used with past time expressions: last year/
month/ week/, five years/ two
days/ four weeks ago, yesterday, yesterday morning/ evening, in
1985, etc): They protested against that law in the late eighteenth
century. The chemists reported the results obtained yesterday.
habitual, repeated actions in the past (with verbs denoting a
permanent characteristic); She always wore red. I met him every day
on my way to the office. Past Simple is used to describe a series
of actions which follow one another in a story (narrative past) Tom
came into the room. He took off his shirt, put on a T-shirt and sat
down in the armchair. Suddenly he remembered something. He stood up
and went out of the room. The form of the Past Tense Simple is the
same for all persons. Affirmative The positive of regular verbs
ends in -ed. There are many common irregular verbs. In order to
create this tense you need the second form of the verb (see the
list on page 239 Appendix 1)
I You He/She We You They
arrived went to Sinaia
yesterday.
Negative The negative of the Past Tense Simple is formed with
the auxiliary did+not (didnt).
I You He/She We You They
did not (didnt) arrive did not (didnt) go to Sinaia
yesterday.
Interrogative The question in the Past Tense Simple is formed
with the auxiliary did.
When did Where did
I you he she we you they
arrive? go?
Short answer Did you go to work yesterday? Yes, I did. No, I
didnt. Did she report the results obtained? Yes, she did. No, she
didnt.
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Past Continuous Past Continuous is used to express: an action in
progress at some time in the past What were you doing at 10 oclock
yesterday? I was calculating the balance sheet when you came. When
she arrived, he was sleeping. past activity happening over a period
of time I was reading from 4 to 6.30 yesterday. Form was/ were
(past tense of to be)+ verb+-ing (present participle) Affirmative
and negative
I He She
was was not (wasnt)
working.
You We They
were were not (werent)
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Interrogative
What was I he she
doing?
were you we they
Short answer Were you working at this time yesterday? Yes, I
was. No, I wasnt. Was she studying when you entered the room? Yes,
she was. No, she wasnt.
Past Simple and Past Continuous I was doing my homework at 7
oclock last night. (I was in the middle of the activity.) I did my
homework yesterday. (I started and finished.) She was looking at
the pictures when her husband came into the room. ( looking is a
long activity. Something happened in the middle to interrupt
it).
Expressions of quantity some/any; much/many, a lot of/ lots of,
few (a few)/ little (a little) 1. Countable nouns are used with
some+ a plural noun in affirmative sentences, and any+ a plural
noun in negative and interrogative sentences: Ive got some tools.
Are there any books of Economy in the house? We dont need any
apples for this pie. Uncountable nouns are used with some in
affirmative sentences and any in interrogative and negative
sentences, but only with a singular noun: There is some ink in this
pen. Is there any paper in the printer? We havent got any butter in
the house. 2. Countable nouns are used with many in interrogative
and negative sentences: How many lawyers work for this company? We
havent discovered many interesting data. Uncountable nouns are used
with much in interrogative and negative sentences: How much money
have you got? There wasnt much sugar left in the jar. 3. Both
countable and uncountable nouns are used with a lot of and lots of:
Weve got a lot of uniforms. There are lots of letters here. Theres
a lot of paper in this printer. Hes got a lot of money. 4.
Countable nouns are used with few/ a few, while uncountable nouns
are used with little/ a little: Ive got a few problems at the
moment. We only need a little money to buy this.
The Adjective Adjectives are words that describe or modify
another person or thing in the sentence. Position of adjectives
Adjectives appear before the noun or noun phrase that they modify
(e.g. an interesting course, a difficult exercise, a strange
coincidence). Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and
when they do, they appear in a set order
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according to category. As after you finish this course you may
write articles on economy or management in English it is of major
importance for you to know the correct order of adjectives in a
sentence.
The order of adjectives in a series It would take a linguistic
philosopher to explain why we say little yellow house and not
yellow little house or why we say blue Italian sports car and not
Italian blue sports car. The order in which adjectives in a series
sort themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a
second language. It takes a lot of practice with a language before
this order becomes instinctive, because the order seems quite
arbitrary. There is however a pattern. The categories in the
following table can be described as follows: Word order
Types of adjectives
Examples
I. Determiners articles and other limiters (numerals, possessive
adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, etc.)
four people, the sixth chapter, her story, this tool
II. Observation postdeterminers and limiter adjectives
adjectives subject to subjective measure
real, perfect interesting, beautiful, gorgeous
III. Size and shape
adjectives subject to objective measure
large, small, short, round, square
IV. Age adjectives denoting age young, old, new, ancient
V. Colour adjectives denoting colour red, black, yellow, blue,
green, brown, orange, violet
VI. Origin denominal adjectives denoting source of noun
French, English, American, Spanish, Polish, Romanian
VII. Material denominal adjectives denoting what something is
made of
wooden, metallic, woolen
VIII. Qualifier final limiter, often regarded as part of the
noun
hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover
Controlled practice 1. Decide which is the correct verb
form:
a. I saw/was seeing a very good programme on TV last night. b.
While I was learning/ learnt for my Economy exam, somebody was
knocking/ knocked at the door. c. How did you hear/ were you
hearing about their wedding? While I was listening/ listened to the
news on the radio, it struck/ was striking me as odd to hear their
names. d. I was listening/ listened to the news on the radio when
the phone was starting/ started to ring. e. An American jet pilot
was taking off/ took off from Washington, but the jets engines
went/ were going wrong. f. We produced/ were producing 10 different
types of leather jackets last year. g. Agriculture played/ was
playing an essential part in the development of the Romanian
economy 20 years ago. h. Our crew included/ was including an
accountant, two quality supervisers and one soft engineer. i. When
the programme was completed, the crew moved/ was moving in.
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j. The first important commercial product from crude petroleum
was kerosene, which quickly was replacing/ replaced whale oil in
the kerosene stoves in the 50s.
2. Find the correct action for each person and make a sentence:
Example: Copernicus- studying the planets Copernicus studied the
planets.
People Actions Michael Jackson going to the moon Marlowe
inventing the electric light Picasso writing Doctor Faustus Neil
Armostrong singing pop music Americo Vespucci playing tennis Artur
Aish discovering America Martin Luther King painting Guernica
Charles Dickens working for Black peoples rights Edison creating
novels
3. Supply the simple past tense or the continuous past tense of
the verbs in brackets: I (walk) along Piccadilly when I (realize)
that a man with a ginger beard, whom I had seen three times already
that afternoon, (follow) me. To make quite sure, I (walk) on
quickly, (turn) right, then left and (stop) suddenly at a shop
window. In a few minutes the man with the beard (appear) and (stop)
at another shop window. I (go) on. Whenever I (stop), he (stop),
and whenever I (look) round he (be) still there. He (look) a very
respectable type and (wear) very conventional clothes and I
(wonder) if he was a policeman or a private detective. I (decide)
to try and shake him off. A 74 bus (stand) at the bus stop just
beside me. Then the conductor (come) downstairs and (ring) the
bell; just as the bus (move) off, I (jump) on it. The man with the
beard (miss) the bus but (get) into another 74, which (follow) the
first. Both buses (crawl) very slowly along Knightsbridge. Every
time the buses (pull) at a stop, the man (look) out anxiously to
see if I (get) off. Finally, at some traffic lights, he (change)
buses and (get) into mine. At Gloucester Road Underground, I
(leave) the bus and (buy) a ticket at a ticket machine. As I
(stand) on the platform waiting for a Circle Line train, my pursuer
(come) down the stairs. He (carry) a newspaper and when we (get)
into the same compartment, he (sit) in one corner reading it, and I
(read) the advertisements. He (look) over the top of the newspaper
at every station to see if I (get) out. I (become) rather tired of
being shadowed like this, so finally I (go) and (sit) beside the
man and (ask) him why he follow me. At first he (say) he (not
follow) me at all but when I (threaten) to knock him down, he
(admit) that he was. Then he (tell) me he (be) a writer of
detective stories and (try) to see if it was difficult to follow
someone unseen. I (tell) him he hadnt been unseen because I had
noticed him in Piccadilly and I (advise) him to shave off his
ginger beard if he (not want) his victim to know he (be) followed.
Peter and Ann (decide) to redecorate their sitting-room themselves.
They (choose) cream paint for the woodwork and apricot for the
walls. When John (look) in to see how they (get) on, Ann (mix) the
paint, and Peter (wash) down the walls. They (be) glad to see John
and (ask) if he (do) anything special that day. He hastily (reply)
he (go) to the theatre and (go) away at once, because he (know)
they (look) for someone to help them. They (begin) painting, but
(find) the walls (be) too wet. While they (wait) for the walls to
dry, Ann (remember) she (telephone), and (do) a whole wall before
Ann (come) back. He (grumble) that she always (telephone). Ann
(retort) that Peter always (complain). They (work) in silence for
some time. Just as they (start) the third wall, the doorbell
(ring). It (be) a friend of Peters who (want) to know if Peter
(play) golf in the following weekend. He (stay) talking to Peter in
the hall while Ann (go) on painting. At last he (leave). Peter
(return), expecting Ann to say something about friends who (come)
and (waste) valuable time talking about golf. But Ann nobly (say)
nothing. Then Peter (think) he would do the ceiling. He just
(climb) the step ladder when the doorbell (ring) again. Ann (say)
she (get) tired of interruptions but (go) and (open) the door. It
(be) the postman with a letter from her aunt Mary, saying she
(come) to spend the weekend with them and (arrive) that evening at
6:30. 4. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple or continuous past
tense according to the meaning.
a. He (recognize) the voice that (shout) the loudest as that of
the landlady. b. I (go) to ask you to help me, but you (sleep) so
peacefully when I (look) into your room that I (decide) to do it
alone.
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c. He (not keep) his appointment with you last Tuesday morning
because at the time of the appointment he (be seen) by the
Personnel Manager about a new job. d. When the dog (bite) Mary
again, mother (prepare) dinner and we (listen) to the radio. Mary
(shout) blue murder and (have) hysterics again. e. We (have) to go
round the back door because Grandfather (have) his front door
painted. f. I (see) that the Browns (have) a lot of alterations
made to their house, but I (not know) if the parents (go) to pay
for them. g. I (walk) down the street some minutes ago when I (see)
a curiously dressed man. He (wear) a sports-coat with black
trousers, and one of his shoes (be) black and the other (be)
brown). h. When they (get married) he (find) a job as a caretaker
on a large estate. i. She (wear) green and it (suit) her very well.
Her face (be) mildly pretty but, because she (cry) and mascara
(run) down her cheeks, she (not seem) as attractive as I (expect).
j. The person who (drive) the car on the day of the accident (no
be) insured. k. While she (wonder) whether to buy the suit or not,
someone else (come) and (buy) it. l. Ann (work) in the branch where
the big robbery (take) place. She actually (work) there at the time
of the raid? m. While the schoolmaster (write) on the blackboard,
he (not notice) that the boys in the back row (steal out) of the
room on tiptoe. n. He (come) into the room, (light) a cigarette,
(open) the window and (lean) out. o. A traffic warden just (stick)
a parking ticket to my windscreen when I (come) back to the car. I
(try) to persuade him to tear it up but he (refuse).
5. Put the verbs in the brackets into the simple past and the
past continuous: a. I lit the fire at 6:00 and it (burn) brightly
when Tom came in at 7:00. b. When I arrived the lecture had already
started and the professor (write) on the overhead projector. c. I
(make) a cake when the light went out. I had to finish it in the
dark. d. I didnt want to meet Paul so when he entered the room I
(leave). e. Unfortunately when I arrived Ann just (leave), so we
only had time for a few words. f. He (watch) TV when the phone
rang. Very unwillingly he (turn) down the sound and (go) to answer
it. g. He was very polite. Whenever his wife entered the room he
(stand) up. h. The admiral (play) bowls when he received news of
the invasion. He (insist) on finishing the game. i. My dog (walk)
along quietly when Mr. Pitts Pekinese attacked him. j. When I
arrived she (have) lunch. She apologized for starting without me
but I said that she always (lunch) at 12:30. k. He always (wear) a
raincoat and (carry) an umbrella when he walked to the office. l. I
(like) it very much. m. I (share) a flat with him when we were
students. He always (complain) about my untidiness. n. He suddenly
(realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction. o. He (play) the
guitar outside her house when someone opened the window and (throw)
out a bucket of water. p. I just (open) the letter when the wind
(blow) it out of my hand. q. The burglar (open) the safe when he
(hear) footsteps. He immediately (put) out his torch and (crawl)
under the bed. r. When I (look) for my passport I (find) this old
photograph. s. You looked very busy when I (see) you last night.
What you (do)? t. The boys (play) cards when they (hear) their
fathers steps. They immediately (hide) the cards and (take) out
their lesson books.
6. Complete the following sentences with some or any:
a. Would you like .. more tea? b. Could you give me ..
information about the train times? c. If you have .. trouble, just
give me a ring. d. Have you attended .. good conferences recently?
e. I tried to buy .. Rotring pencils, but I couldnt find ...... 2.
Put much, many, or a lot of into each gap: a. Have you got ...
homework?
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b. We dont need . oil. c. There are .. economy books in our
library. d. I want .. pencils because Im going to draw a helix. e.
Is there .. petrol in the car?
7. Complete the following sentences with the correct word or
phrase (a, b or c). 1 People work harder if they know that someone
is in their progress. a enthusiastic b interesting c interested 2
Nothing has been announced but weve heard that the Company
Secretary has resigned. a formally b officiously c unofficially 3
Friendly . no longer exist between members of the sales department
because some got bonuses and others didnt. a relations b contacts c
connections 4 in the Production Department is low because the
workers have heard about the plans to reduce the work-force. a
morale b feeling c moral 5 This is a useful . a equipment b machine
c machinery 6 We have carried outinto the effect of lighting on our
workers productivity. a a research b some research c researches 7
Strikes can be avoided if managers are to the feelings of their
employees. a aware b sensible c sensitive 8 Some people like to
work at their own . a beat b motion c pace 9 We have several
proposals for increasing sales. We must the merits of each of them.
a cost b value c evaluate 10 Has the change in exchange rates had
any on the cost of your raw materials? a result b affect c
effect
8. Insert the indefinite article in the blank spaces, if
necessary: a. There is ...... letter for you on the desk. b. We had
...... fish and ...... chips for lunch.