Page 1
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
THE AMERICAN PEOPLETHE AMERICAN PEOPLECREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY
Seventh Edition
Chapter
Currents of Change in the Northeast and the Old Northwest
8
Page 2
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Currents of Change in the Northeast Currents of Change in the Northeast and the Old Northwestand the Old Northwest
• Economic Growth• Early Manufacturing• A New England Textile Town• Factories on the Frontier• Urban Life• Rural Communities• Conclusion: The Character of Progress
Page 3
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Economic GrowthEconomic Growth
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Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
The Trans-Atlantic EconomyThe Trans-Atlantic Economy
• Industrial Revolution Began in Britain Initially focused on textiles
• Britain becomes most powerful country• The model for industrialization
Page 5
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Factors in Economic DevelopmentFactors in Economic Development
• Canal-building in the 1820s and 1830s Erie Canal links New York City to interior
• Railroads Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 1928 30,000 miles of track by 1850
• Transportation developments spur migration
Page 6
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Finding CapitalFinding Capital
• Governments funded early projects Usually state and local Some federal
• Property becomes an exploitable financial asset
• Contract law defined Dartmouth College v. Woodward Sturges v. Crowninshield
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
A New MentalityA New Mentality
• Entrepreneurial spirit Constant experimentation, change Inventions: harvester, revolver, rubber
• Education Massachusetts uses taxes to pay for schools Horace Mann Education in the service of business
• Concurrently, concern with progress
Page 8
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
IndustrializationIndustrialization
• Putting-out system• Textiles
Often using child labor Learned from English examples
• Industrialization facilitated by transportation
Page 9
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Industrialization (cont'd)Industrialization (cont'd)
• Lowell Mills in Waltham, Massachusetts All stages in one operation Becomes a prototype
• Northeast changes, economically
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Environmental ConsequencesEnvironmental Consequences
• Dams, canals change waterways• Wood required in abundance
Clearings as settlements move west• Coal becomes the major power source
Air pollution follows• Some awareness of environmental
problems
Page 11
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Early ManufacturingEarly Manufacturing
Page 12
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Changing LifestylesChanging Lifestyles
• Spread of literacy: mass market Magazines McGuffey readers
• Greater availability of goods Clocks, bringing a new work rhythm
Page 13
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
A New Hampshire Printing Factory
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
A New England Textile TownA New England Textile Town
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Lowell, MassachusettsLowell, Massachusetts
• Build in the 1920s• Focused on hiring unmarried women
New independence Usually worked prior to marriage Lived in boardinghouses
• Women organized labor, formed unions
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Lowell, Massachusetts (cont'd)Lowell, Massachusetts (cont'd)
• Immigration brings a new labor pool Hard times in Europe, especially Ireland Many Catholics
Page 17
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Factories on the FrontierFactories on the Frontier
Page 18
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
CincinnatiCincinnati
• Becomes a major industrial center by 1840• Men have a variety of work experiences
But loss of independence• Women
Many white women employed as “outworkers”• Black women often work in service• Unions formed
Hampered by ready pool of immigrant labor
Page 19
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Cincinnati and the Ohio River
Page 20
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Urban LifeUrban Life
Page 21
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Urban LifeUrban Life
• By 1860 1 in 5 Americans live in cities• Cities represent new markets
Page 22
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Urban Growth in 1820 and 1850
Page 23
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
The Process of UrbanizationThe Process of Urbanization
• Commercial Centers Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York Canals change commercial map
• Mill towns Lowell, Trenton, Wilmington
• Transportation hubs Louisville, Cleveland, St. Louis Especially west of the Appalachians
Page 24
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Class StructureClass Structure
• Concentration of wealth 4% of the population holds 60% of wealth Upward mobility dampens any animosity
• Middle class Desire for white collar work
• Constant supply of new manual laborers
Page 25
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
African Americans in Philadelphia
Page 26
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Working ClassWorking Class
• Slums Mobility weakened sense of community
• High rates of family violence Men not always the main or sole support Women more independent
Page 27
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Middle-Class Life and IdealsMiddle-Class Life and Ideals
• Women’s domestic role changes Their work no longer crucial Housekeepers, not producers
• Men often work in a separate world• Idea of separate spheres
Women ascribed a moral role
Page 28
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Middle-Class Life and Ideals (cont'd)Middle-Class Life and Ideals (cont'd)
• New ideas of childhood New ideas of discipline Children’s fiction
Page 29
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
The Sargent Family, 1800
Page 30
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Henry Darby, “Reverend John Atwood and His Family,” 1845
Page 31
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Mounting Urban TensionsMounting Urban Tensions
• Mob violence Often spurred by racial and ethnic animosity Often blacks and Irish compete for jobs
• Skilled workers resent mechanization• Police forces slowly developing
Page 32
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
The Black UnderclassThe Black Underclass
• Slavery disappearing in North But equality not assured Legally disenfranchised
• Separate, parallel communities• Immigration pushes blacks from many
jobs• Old Northwest
Racism moves west with settlement
Page 33
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Rural CommunitiesRural Communities
Page 34
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Farming in the EastFarming in the East
• Many older New England farms abandoned
• Railroads transformed farming, diets• Agriculture increasingly seen as a science
Productivity increased after a long decline
Page 35
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Preparing for Market
Page 36
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Frontier FamiliesFrontier Families
• Economic boom• Transportation links interior to coast• Grain producers: Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa• No longer the frontier by 1860• Some capital needed to start a farm
Page 37
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Conclusion:Conclusion:The Character of ProgressThe Character of Progress
Page 38
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Conclusion:Conclusion:The Character of ProgressThe Character of Progress
• Urbanization• Cycles of expansion and recession• Divergent paths in the North and South
King Cotton and slave labor Industrialization and wage labor
Page 39
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Timeline