CURRENT STATUS OF PESTS PROBLEMS AND THEIR CONTROL IN DRIED FRUITS IN SPAIN JORDI RIUDAVETS Plant Protection Department IRTA – Cabrils (Barcelona) Iznir,

CURRENT STATUS OFCURRENT STATUS OFPESTS PROBLEMS AND THEIR CONTROLPESTS PROBLEMS AND THEIR CONTROL

IN DRIED FRUITS IN SPAININ DRIED FRUITS IN SPAIN

JORDI RIUDAVETSJORDI RIUDAVETSPlant Protection DepartmentPlant Protection DepartmentIRTA – Cabrils (Barcelona)IRTA – Cabrils (Barcelona)

Iznir, Turkey (May 2004)Iznir, Turkey (May 2004)

Dried fruits & NutsDried fruits & Nuts

- Negative trade balance - EU. 54.6% of the nut World’s imports

% European Union / World production

20

40

60

80

Almonds

Hazel

nut

Wal

nut

Chestn

ut

Pista

chio

s

Peanuts

Dates

Figs

Carobs

Lupin

0

200

400

600

EXPORTS IMPORTS

tonstons

EU

1.705.578 378.659 740.472World Europe Mediterranean

830.567 142.027 736.847World Europe Mediterranean

(t)(t)

(t)(t)

Spain28%

Turkey

7%

Others65%

Almonds

Hazelnuts Spain 2%

Turkey81%

OthersOthers17%17%

922.535 117.813 165.313World Europe Mediterranean

(t)(t)

1.419.272 212.055 284.541World Europe Mediterranean

(t)(t)

Chestnuts Spain 6%

Turkey30%

Others64%

Spain 4%

Turkey48%

Others48%

Walnuts

209.790 158.100 209.650World Europe Mediterranean

(t)(t)

(t)(t)

1.060.858 198.614 859.005World Europe Mediterranean

(t)(t)

CarobsSpain

45%

Turkey 7%

Others48%

Figs Spain 7%

Turkey

31%

Others62%

37.057.652 11.125 392.700World Europe Mediterranean

(t)(t)

533.967 11.000 111.830World Europe Mediterranean

(t)(t)

Spain 0,1%Turkey

20%

Others79%

Peanuts

PistachiosTurkey

45%

Others

55%

USA: The largest raisin producer in the world Turkey: The top raisin exporter in the worldGreece: 2nd. – 5th largest exporter Spain: 5.000 t /year

USA

Turkey

Iran

GreeceSpain

0

100

200

300

400

500

x100

0 t

Raisins

Companies of Dried Fruits in Spain Companies of Dried Fruits in Spain Companies of Dried Fruits in Spain Companies of Dried Fruits in Spain

NumberNumber >100 exporters >100 exportersOwnershipOwnership = Private = PrivateExportsExports::

Almonds 45.000 t & Hazelnuts 4.600 tAlmonds 45.000 t & Hazelnuts 4.600 t>200 million €>200 million €

Almonds, 55% of production for export tradeAlmonds, 55% of production for export trade

ImportsImports::Almonds 35.000 t & Hazelnuts 5.000 tAlmonds 35.000 t & Hazelnuts 5.000 t

95% of exporters have standard quality 95% of exporters have standard quality ISO 9000ISO 9000

Production

64% Continuous 34% Seasonal

% of Co. according to their capacity% of Co. according to their capacity(tm/month)(tm/month)

Survey: No. of questionnaires received = 12 = 12

CURRENT STATUS OF PESTS PROBLEMS AND CURRENT STATUS OF PESTS PROBLEMS AND THEIR CONTROL IN SPAINTHEIR CONTROL IN SPAIN

<100t

100t - 500t

500t - 1000t

>1000t

Type of products processed Type of products processed

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Almonds

Hazel

nuts

Wal

nuts

Pine

nuts

Raisi

n & F

igs

Other

drie

d fruits

nu

mb

er o

f C

o.

Characteristics checked at the entry of the raw material

Characteristics checked at the entry of the raw material

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Inse

cts

Pestic

ide

resi

dues

Mic

robio

logy

Mic

otoxi

ns

Other

Nu

mb

er o

f C

o.

Storage of the raw materialStorage of the raw material

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Silos

War

ehouse

s

Big B

ags

Low Tem

perat

ure

Other

Nu

mb

er o

f C

o.

1 week

1 month

3 months

> 3 months

How long is stored

Final ProductFinal Product

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

In Bulk Bags Boxes CApackaging

Vacuum

nu

mb

er o

f C

o.

1 week

1 month

3 months

> 3 months

How long is stored

Main pestsMain pests

0

4

8

12

Triboliu

m

Other

cole

optera

Ephestia

/Plo

dia

Mite

s

nu

mb

er o

f C

o.

Monitoring of pestsMonitoring of pests

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

PheromoneTraps

Samplingof products

Premiseinspection

Electrictraps

nu

mb

er o

f C

o.

Which pest control methods are usedWhich pest control methods are used

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

CommodityFumigation

Structuretreatments

Fogging forflying insects

Nu

mb

er o

f C

o.

TreatmentsTreatments

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

MB PH3 NaturalPyrethrine

ResidualInsecticides

Nu

mb

er o

f C

o.

% of companies according periodicity of treatments

% of companies according periodicity of treatments

Weekly

Monthly

Summer

When appropriate

Registered Pesticides for Dried Fruits:Registered Pesticides for Dried Fruits:Registered Pesticides for Dried Fruits:Registered Pesticides for Dried Fruits:

Space treatment:

Pyrethrins + PBO

Chlorpyriphos-methyl

Pyrimiphos-methyl

Foxim

Malathion

Bifentrin + Malathion

Space treatment:

Pyrethrins + PBO

Chlorpyriphos-methyl

Pyrimiphos-methyl

Foxim

Malathion

Bifentrin + Malathion

Product treatment:

MB + Cloropicrin

Magnesium Phosphide

Aluminium Phosphide

Pyrethrins + PBO

Malathion (Oil seeds)

Product treatment:

MB + Cloropicrin

Magnesium Phosphide

Aluminium Phosphide

Pyrethrins + PBO

Malathion (Oil seeds)

Source: Registro de Productos Fitosanitarios 2004Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación

MB alternatives in SpainMB alternatives in Spain

Not allowed after December 2004

Exemptions for SpainStrawberry, Sweet pepper, Carnation (1000t/2005)

Quarantine

Alternatives:IPM (hygiene, prevention, monitoring)

Control measures: PH3, Pyrethroids

Packaging (Controlled atmospheres, Vacuum)

CO2 high pressure (Spices and Herbs)

Quarantine: Thermal treatments

Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:

• World Bank, Dried Fig ProjectWorld Bank, Dried Fig Project• The Dried Fruit Export Union (Turkey)The Dried Fruit Export Union (Turkey)• Organizers (Prof. Dr. Uygun AKSOY)Organizers (Prof. Dr. Uygun AKSOY)• Dr. Shlomo NAVARRO (ARO, Israel)Dr. Shlomo NAVARRO (ARO, Israel)

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention !! !!