Current Research in ICT for Education Dr. Marina Stock McIsaac Professor Emerita, ASU DDTE, Universidade de Aveiro, February, 2007.

Current Research in ICT for Education

Dr. Marina Stock McIsaacProfessor Emerita, ASU

DDTE, Universidade de Aveiro, February, 2007

From ET to ICTETET

EducationEducational al

TechnologTechnologyy

ITITInstructionInstruction

al al TechnologTechnolog

yy

DEDEDistance Distance EducatioEducatio

nn

ICTICTInformation and Communication TechnologieInformation and Communication Technologiess

Multimedia Multimedia TechnologiesTechnologies

Interactive Interactive TechnologiesTechnologies

ETETEducational TechnologyEducational TechnologyEducational TechnologyEducational TechnologyEducational Educational TechnologyTechnology

• Media comparison studies (NSD)(Kozma,Clark)

• Descriptive studies (not transferable)

• Media studies (Salomon)

• Primarily quantitative analysis, some statistically flawed (not random assignment, etc.)

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

•Behaviorism in 40’s (Skinner)

•Taxonomies in 50’s (Bloom)

• Instructional Objectives in 60’s (Mager)

•Events of Instruction in 70’s (Gagné)

•Systematic design in 80’s (Dick & Carey)

•Problem solving strategies in 90’s(Jonassen)

Instructional Instructional TechnologyTechnology

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology•Learner needs

•Instructional process

•Issues of access

•Socio-cultural aspects of instruction

•Roles of teachers, students online

•Strategies for mediated environments

•Bernard (2004) Meta-analysis

Distance Distance EducationEducation

Theoretical Developments 1

• Industrial Model (Otto Peters)

•Guided Didactic Conversation (Holmberg)

• Independence and Autonomy (Wedemeyer)

•Transactional Distance (Moore)

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Theoretical Developments 2

•Control (Garrison)

•Interaction (Garrison & Shale)

•Socio-cultural Context of Education (Evans, Nation, McIsaac, Gunawardena)

•Social Presence (Gunawardena, McIsaac, Tu)

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Dimensions of Learning

SSICTICT

socialcultural

interactivedistributed

situated

CoPscaffolded

Web2knowled

ge

Dimensions of Learning

SSICTICT

socialcultural

interactive

distributedsituated

CoPscaffolded

Web2knowled

ge

Social Constructivism•Cultural mediation (Vygotsky) “Any

higher mental function was social at some point

before becoming truly mental”

•Self Efficacy (Bandura) “Accomplishment is socially judged by ill defined criteria so that one has to rely on others to find out how one is doing”

•Social presence (Short et al.) “The degree to which people feel connected to each other......”

•Interaction (Moore, Muirhead) “...between learners, learner-teacher, learner-content, learner-interface...”

Research Studies

• Interaction (Hillman, et al.,McIsaac &Gunawardena, Vrasidas, Vrasidas&McIsaac)

• improving interaction online increased motivation and attitude

•Social Presence (Tu, Tu & McIsaac)

•3 dimensions were predictors: interactivity, communication, context

Dimensions of Learning

SSICTICT

socialcultural

interactive

distributedsituated

CoPscaffolded

Web2knowled

ge

Distributed Cognition

“people think in conjunction and partnership with others and with the help of culturally provided tools and

implements” (Salomon, 1993, p. xiii).

Situated Learning

“Situated cognition has emerged as a powerful perspective in providing meaningful learning and promoting the transfer of knowledge to real-life

situations.” Choi & Hannafin

Research Studies•Distributed cognition (Salomon) “People

think in partnership with others and with the help of tools...”

•material distribution (Pea & Lave) “These tools literally carry intelligence in them...”

•social distribution (Cole & Engestrom) “Cognitive processing is not an individual matter; cognitive processes are distributed among teacher, pupil, others...”

•Situated Cognition (Brighton) “..examines reasoning through situated learning and cultural perspectives”

Dimensions of Learning

SSICTICT

socialcultural

interactivedistributed

situated

CoPscaffolded

Web2knowled

ge

Communities of Learning

•CSCL-Computer-supported communities of learning

•Networked CoP (communities of practice)

•Scaffolding

Research Studies•CSCL (Hakkarainen, Collis)

elementary students, business

•Networked CoP (Xu) social navigation to locate information

•Scaffolding (Lim, McLoughlin) supported learners in web inquiry

Dimensions of Learning

SSICTICT

socialcultural

interactive

distributedsituated

CoPscaffolded

Web2knowledg

e

Web2.0 Environments

•Open Source software (OSS)...

•Knowledge construction...Tappedin

•User generated content...Wikis

•Reflection of conscious thought...Blogs

•Student centered learning...Podcasts

•Virtual learning spaces... 2nd Life

Shift in Research

•Online wisdom communities (Gunawardena)

•Computer mediation, PBL (Wertsch)

•Social character of knowing (Crook)

•Collective intelligence (Nash)(Gouardères)

Shift in pedagogies•From lecture to conversation

•From information to knowledge building

•From memorizing to internalizing, reflecting

•From teacher-centered to learner-centered

•From individual to collaborative knowledge

Shift in teaching

•Facilitate independent learning

• Integrate learning tools into instruction

•Synthesize and communicate concepts

•Teach students to gather information

•Demonstrate “best technology practices”

•Collaborate in knowledge networks

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Getting Published•Select the right journal

•Use appropriate writing style (APA)

•Submit only when writing is correct

•Use journal guidelines

•Use research structure (introduction, methods, results, discussion)

•Resubmit

[email protected]([email protected])