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·国外学者专栏·
脑出血治疗现状 Current Intracerebral Haemorrhage Management Kenneth Butcher, John Laidlaw 著 陈志 邢学民 译 摘要 原发性脑出血(intracerebral haemorrhage,ICH)是指源于脑实质内血管的自发性出血,约占所有卒中的 10%~20%,在非洲和亚洲人群中发病率更高。ICH的主要危险因素是高血压和年龄。除局灶性神经功能缺损外,患者也可出现颅内压增高的症状。ICH的诊断只能通过神经影像学检查来确定。尽管MRI在急性脑血管病评估中的作用日益重要,但 CT扫描仍然是目前 ICH诊断的标准检查。有相当部分的脑内血肿在发病后最初几小时内增大,这通常与病情恶化有关。有证据表明,ICH 时的血肿周围区也受到损害,这部分脑组织是水肿性的,尽管确切的发病机制还存在争论。已有报道指出,动脉压增高与血肿扩大之间存在
相关性。虽然目前的治疗指南建议对 ICH 时的动脉压采取保守管理,但一项急性期降压治疗试验尚无结果。虽然很多存活者功能可以恢复,但 ICH 的早期病死率较高。当前的药物治疗主要针对预防肺炎和外周静脉血栓栓塞等并发症的发生。颅内压增高可采取药物或手术治疗,尽管手术治疗可确切地降低颅内压,但恰当的患者选择标准仍不清楚。积极控制高血压在 ICH 的一级和二级预防中十分关键。 关键词 危险因素;诊断;病理学;预后;预防 1 引言 脑出血(intracerebral haemorrhage,ICH)是指源于
量使 ICH 的比数比(OR)呈剂量依赖性增高,但适量饮酒并不会使 ICH 风险增加[20]。这可能与慢性酒精
摄入对血压的影响有关。与蛛网膜下腔出血和缺血性
卒中不同,吸烟并未显示出与 ICH风险增高有关[20]。 2.4 医源性 ICH 华法林与 ICH的危险性增高有关[20,28]。华法林用
于预防心源性栓塞性疾病,特别是缺血性卒中。最常
见的适应证是心房颤动和人工心脏瓣膜置换术后。接
受华法林治疗者总的颅内出血危险性为 1%/年[28],其
中 ICH 约占 70%,其余的主要是硬膜下血肿。华法林相关性 ICH的发生率随年龄、抗凝强度的增加而增
国外医学脑血管疾病分册 2004年 4月第 12卷第 4期 ·241·
From the Department of Neurosciences(Neurology and Neurosurgery), Royal Melboume Hospital, Melboume, Australia. 译者单位:400038 重庆,第三军医大学西南医院神经外科 版权声明:本文经原版权拥有者 Elsevier授权翻译刊登,未经许可,任
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