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Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Dec 24, 2015

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Erik Ryan
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Page 1: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Current Electricity

Page 2: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Electrical Circuits

Page 3: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Waterfalls and Circuits:More in common than you think

Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfallVoltage (V)

Height of WaterfallMeasured in volts (V)

Current (I)Amount of water falling at one point at any momentMeasured in amperes (A)

Resistance (R)Constriction of waterMeasured in ohms ()

Page 4: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Simple Electric Circuit

Voltage (V)Battery of the systemMeasured in volts

Current (I)Component using ElectricityMeasured in amperes

Resistance (R)Device inhibiting the flow of electronsMeasured in ohms

Page 5: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Current

Current is a flow of charge (the charge is usually electrons) flows from positive to negative

 

The unit of current is the amp (the symbol for the amp is A).

The symbol for current is I.Current is measured with an ammeter or

multimeter.

Page 6: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

For current to flow we need two things:

1. There has to be a complete circuit.

2. There has to be a source of potential difference (power supplies and batteries both act as a source of potential difference).

Page 7: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Voltage

Page 8: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Potential difference (commonly called ‘voltage’)

Current will flow between two points if there is a potential difference between the two points.

This is a bit like saying that water will flow between two points if there is a height difference between the two points.

In an electric circuit current flows from the positive end of the battery to the negative end.

The positive end is represented with a long solid line, and the negative end is represented with a short solid line

Page 9: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Another way of thinking about potential difference is that it provides

the ‘push’ to move the electrons around a circuit.

The unit of potential difference is the volt (the symbol for the volt is V)

The symbol for potential difference is V.

Potential difference is measured with a voltmeter or multimeter.

Page 10: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Resistance

Resistance opposes the movement of electrons around a circuit.

The unit of resistance is the ohm (the symbol for the ohm is Ω).

The symbol for resistance is R.Resistance is measured with an ohmmeter or

mulitmeter.

Page 11: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Summary

Quantity Symbol Unit Symbol Measured with

Symbol

Current I Amps A Ammeter

Potentialdifference

V Volts V Voltmeter

Resistance R Ohms Ω Ohmmeter

Page 12: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Making circuits• Requires a full complete “circuit”

• Requires a potential difference (Voltage)

• Requires a resister to reduce the flow of current in a circuit

• Remember current flows from + to –

• Always double check circuit before turning circuit on.

Page 13: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

An electric current is a flow of electric charge

Conductors are substances which allow current to flow through them freely

Conductors conduct electrical current very easily because of their free electrons. Most metals are good conductors of electrical current.

Electrical Circuits

Page 14: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Insulators are substances which do not allow electrical current to flow through them.

Electrical Circuits

Page 15: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Exp: To test electrical conduction in a variety of materials, and classify each material as a conductor or insulator.

Method:1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.2. Place the substance you want to test between the clips and see if the bulb lights.3. Repeat with different substances and draw up a table of conductors and insulators.Result:

Conclusion:If the bulb lights the material is a

conductor. If the material does not light the material is an insulator. Some materials are better conductors that others.

Conductor Insulator

Page 16: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Device:Digital Multimeter

Mathematically:Ohm’s Law

Very Important Rule

How do we test for V, I, and R in a Simple Circuit?

Page 17: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Ohm’s LawV = VoltageI = CurrentR = Resistance

To solve for VV = I • R

To solve for II = V / R

To solve for RR = V / I

Page 18: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Exp: Set up a simple circuit, use appropriate instruments to measure current, potential difference (voltage) and resistance, and establish the relationship between them.Method:1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the

diagram.2. Read the current from the ammeter.3. Read the voltage from the voltmeter.4. Now connect an ohmmeter from A to B and

read the resistance.5. Adjust the variable resistor to give a

slightly larger current, note voltage and resistance now.

6. Repeat a number of times.

Result:

Conclusion: Current = Voltage Resistance

This is know as Ohm’s Law.

Current Voltage Resistance

Page 19: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Current Voltage Resistance

Page 20: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.
Page 21: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

OP 50

Page 22: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

For each of the following pictures, determine what the following values are for when the light bulb is lit:

VoltageCurrentResistance

Check Your Understanding

#1

http://jersey.uoregon.edu/vlab/Voltage/

18 V3A R =

18 3

= 6

Page 23: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

#2

#3

#4

R =36 3

= 6

R =54 3

= 18

R =72 3

= 24

Page 24: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

1. A resistor has a voltage across it of 12 volts and a current through it of 2.5 amperes.Calculate the resistance of the resistor.

resistance =voltage

current

12

2.5=

4.8 =

V

I R

Page 25: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

2. A voltage of 6 volts is across a resistor where the current is 0.5 amperes.What is the value of the resistor?

resistance =voltage

current

6

0.5=

12 =

V

I R

Page 26: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

3. Calculate the resistance of a component when a voltage of 24 V causes a current of 0.1 amperes.

resistance =voltage

current

240.1

=

240 =

V

I R

Page 27: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

4. If a current of 2 amperes exists through a lamp when it has 12 volts across it, what is the resistance of the lamp?

resistance =voltage

current

12

2=

6 =

V

I R

Page 28: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

5. A torch bulb is marked "6 V, 0.25 A".Calculate the resistance of the bulb.

resistance =voltage

current

6

0.25=

24 =

V

I R

Page 29: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

6. A resistor is placed in a circuit. The voltage across it and current through it are measured as 12 volts and 0.02 amperes.The resistor is now removed from the circuit and an ohmmeter connected across it.What is the reading on the ohmmeter?

resistance =voltage

current

12

0.02=

600 =

V

I R

Page 30: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

7. Find the values of the resistors in the circuit below.

V

2 V

0.25 A

V V

3 V 5 V

R1 R2 R3

R1 =

VI

2

0.25= 8 =

R2 =

VI

3

0.25= 12 =

R3 =

VI

5

0.25= 20 =

Page 31: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

8. A resistor of resistance 50 is placed in a circuit. The voltage across it is measured as 12 volts.What is the current in the resistor?

current =voltage

resistance

12

50=

0.24 A=

V

I R

Page 32: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

9. A 15 resistor is connected to a 9.0 V battery.What is the current in the resistor?

current =voltage

resistance

9

15=

0.60 A=

V

I R

Page 33: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

10. A 25 resistor is connected to a battery.The current in the resistor is 0.25 A.What is the voltage of the battery?

voltage = current x resistance

= 0.25 x 25

= 6.25 V

V

I R

Page 34: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

11. A 480 resistor is connected to a battery.The current in the resistor is 26 mA.What is the voltage of the battery?

voltage = current x resistance

= 0.026 x 480

= 12.48 V

V

I R

Page 35: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Electric Circuits

• A circuit is a path where a current can flow

• If the flow is to be continuous, there can be no gaps in the path

• A closed circuit is required for a current to flow

• If the circuit is broken it is called an open circuit

Page 36: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

A circuit is the path that is made for an electric current.

Page 37: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Electric Circuits

• There are two ways to connect multiple devices to a voltage source

• One is called series

• The other is called parallel

• Each has unique properties which we now examine

Page 38: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Series CircuitA circuit that only has one path for current to flow through is called a series circuit.

Page 39: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Parallel CircuitsA type of circuit that has more than one path for

current is called a parallel circuit.

Page 40: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

If one part of the path is removed, the current continues to flow through the other paths of the circuit.

Page 41: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Series Circuits

RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3

Page 42: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Series Circuits

- A single pathway through the circuit

- The current is the same everywhere in the circuit

- Each device provides resistance and total resistance is the sum of the devices

- Voltage divides among the devices

Page 43: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Series Circuit Calculation

12 Volt

10 ohm 20 ohm 30 ohm

RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3

Page 44: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Parallel Circuits

Page 45: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.
Page 46: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Parallel Circuits

- Each device connects to the voltage source

- Voltage is the same across each device

- Current from source divides into devices

- Total current is the sum of device currents

- Current in each device is just V/R

- Add devices, lower total resistance

Page 47: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

In a series circuit:

RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3

Page 48: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

In a parallel circuit

Page 49: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Electric Power

- Moving charges do work

- We can heat the filament in a light bulb

- We can turn the rotor in a motor

- The rate at which work is done is power

- Electric Power = current x voltage

- Units are watts = joules/sec = amps x volts

Page 50: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Electric Power

Electric Power = current × voltage

P = I × V

Page 51: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Power Calculation

12 Volt

10 ohm 20 ohm 30 ohm

V

I R

current =voltage

resistance1260

=

0.20 A=

RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3

= 10 + 20 + 30

= 60 Ω

Page 52: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Find the power of the circuit

Current = 0.5A

Resistance = 50 Ohms

Page 53: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Alternating Current (a.c.) and Direct Current (d.c.)

Page 54: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Direct current is current which flows in one direction only;

alternating current is current which constantly changes

direction.

Page 55: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Mains Electricity

Electricity which comes through the sockets in your house is referred to as ‘mains’ electricity’.

It changes direction 50 times per second and so is called alternating current (a.c.).

‘Mains’ voltage is 230 volts

Page 56: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Fuses

- Limit the current that runs through wires in your house

- These wires have some resistance

- Energy loss converts to heat

- Hot wires can start a fire

- Limit the current with a fuse or circuit breaker

Page 57: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

A fuse is a deliberate weak link in a circuit which will break

(melt) if the current exceeds a preset value

Page 58: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.
Page 59: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

•The neutral wire is blue.The earth wire is yellow or green.The live wire is brown or red.The fuse is on the live wire.

Page 60: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.
Page 61: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

In an electric circuit current flows from the positive end of the

battery to the negative end.The positive end is represented with a long solid line, and the

negative end is represented with a short solid line

Page 62: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Diode

A diode is a device that allows current to flow in one direction only

The arrow indicates the direction in which current can flow.

 

Page 63: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Image Symbol

Page 64: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Used to change AC current to DC current in circuits

Also to protect circuits in DC from batteries placed incorrectly

Page 65: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Simple series circuits using diodes

Page 66: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

In the diagram on the right, current would normally flow in an anti-clockwise direction (from the positive end to the negative end).

In this case however current will only flow through part A, and not through part B because the diode in part B is pointing in the wrong direction.

Page 67: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

LEDs are similar to diodes but emit light when current passes through them

They are very important in electronics because they use very little electricity.

Page 68: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Image Symbol

Page 69: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.
Page 70: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Simple series circuits using LEDs

Note that in both circuits the current flows in an anti-clockwise direction (can you remember why?).

However the LED in the second circuit is turned the wrong way around so no current will flow in the second circuit and no light will be emitted.

Page 71: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs)

A LDR is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity

Page 72: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Component Symbol

Page 73: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

To measure the resistance of a LDR under varying degrees of

brightness

Connect the LDR to an ohmmeter or to a multimeter set to read resistance and slowly shield the LDR from light.

Notice that the resistance increases

Page 74: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.
Page 75: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Applications of the diode

Almost all electronic appliances have diodes inside them which help turn alternating current into direct current.

Page 76: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Applications of the LED

LEDs used to be used primarily as indicators in electronic circuitry (e.g. as standby indicators in televisions, radios etc) but modern diodes can give out a lot of light efficiently and so are now used in many designs of flashlights.

 

Page 77: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Applications of the LDR

Textbooks often mention that LDRs are used to switch on street lights when it gets dark, yet this can seem confusing because the resistance of the LDR is high when it is dark so how can this be responsible for current flowing through the street-light?

What actually happens is that this reduced current is detected by a second circuit which in turn uses that information to turn on the street-light

Page 78: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

1. What is the function of a diode in a circuit?

2. What is the function of a LED (Light Emitting Diode)?

 

1. What do the letters LDR stand for?

 

1. Draw the symbol for (i) ldr, (ii) led

 

1. Give one everyday use of (i) an led, (ii) an ldr.

Page 79: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Electronics at home

Page 80: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Cost of electricity - the kilowatt-hour

The kilowatt-hour is the unit electrical energy used by electricity suppliers.

The photograph shows a kWh (kilowatt-hour) meter.

This meter is connected into the electricity consumer’s domestic circuit and it can measure energy consumption in a selected part of the circuit, the total energy used and cost it.

Page 81: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.
Page 82: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

The unit of electrical energy used by electricity supply

companies is the kilowatt-hour

Page 83: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

The number of kilowatt-hours equals the number of kilowatts

multiplied by the number of hours

Page 84: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

kWh = kW × hours

Page 85: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Example

The ESB charges for electricity at a rate of 11 cent per kW h.

A hair-drier of power rating 1.5 kW is used for 20 minutes each day.

(i) How many units of electricity are used?

(ii) What is the cost, in cent, of using the hair- drier for six days?

Page 86: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

The power rating of various appliances

Appliance Power (in watts) kilowatts (kW)

Washing machine 2500 2.5

Microwave 700 .9

Light-bulb 40 .04

Lamp 60 .06

Hair-dryer 3000 3

Kettle 600 .6

Television

Page 87: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Effects of an electric current

There are three effects of an electric current; a heating effect, a magnetic effect and a chemical effect

Page 88: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.

Effect Demonstration Everyday application

Heating Effect

An electric current will cause a light-bulb to heat up and emit

light

Electric kettle, electric fire etc.

Magnetic Effect

An electric current will deflect a magnetic compass

Electromagnets

Chemical Effect

Electrolysis occurs when an electric current splits water into

hydrogen and oxygen

Electroplating

Page 89: Current Electricity. Electrical Circuits Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall.