Culvert Vulnerability and Prioritization: Reconciling Currently Available Approaches and Data Thomas A. Wall, Ph.D. Risk & Infrastructure Science Center Argonne National Laboratory TRB International Conference on Transportation System Resilience to Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events Washington, D.C. September 17, 2015 Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy, Ph.D. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology
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Culvert Vulnerability and Prioritization: Reconciling Currently Available Approaches and Data
Thomas A. Wall, Ph.D. Risk & Infrastructure Science Center Argonne National Laboratory TRB International Conference on Transportation System Resilience to Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events Washington, D.C. September 17, 2015
Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy, Ph.D. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology
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Heavy & Extreme Precipitation in the United States
Observed
• Changes in the amount of precipitation falling in heaviest 1% of rain events (increased nationally by 20% during the 20th century[1])
Projected • 20-year event return period projection (A1B):
– 12-15 year return period by mid 21st century[2]
– 6-8 year return period by end of 21st century[2] nationally
Source (both figures): [3]
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Heavy & Extreme Precipitation in the United States
Implications for Highway/Roadway Culverts
• Increased heavy and extreme precipitation in the future could lead to increased runoff and stream flows
• Particularly Vulnerable to Increased Flows – Increase the potential for waterway blockage and
scour[4]
– Hydraulic head pressure exerted on embankment[5]
• Greater Number of Potential Network Failure Points
– Minnesota: 13,120 bridges; 72,414 culverts[6,7]
– New York: 17,420 bridges; 66,533 culverts[6,8]
Source: [10]
Source: [11]
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Risk-Based Adaptation (1)
Review of 29 climate change adaptation frameworks[12]
• Existing Data can be used for network-level vulnerability assessment
• Data completeness
– Problematic as large numbers of assets (culverts) lack sufficient data items/ratings to complete classification
• Data consistency (among agencies)
– Some agencies do not collect extensive data about functional performance of culverts – National guidelines for data collection practices may be more appropriate than national
standards
• Vulnerability assessments – Flexibility is necessary given differences in data collection and inspection practices – National guidance could enable greater consistency state to state (region to region) – Refinement of vulnerability index through weighting, additional indicators
References 1. Kunkel, K., Brooks, H., Bromirski, P., Cavazos, T., Douglas, A., Emanuel, K., Groisman, P., Holland, G., Knutson, T., Kossin, J., Komar, P., Levison, D., and Smith, R. (2008).
"Observed Changes in Weather and Climate Extremes." Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate Regional Focus: North America, Hawaii, Caribbean, and U.S. Pacific Islands, T. R. Karl, G. A. Meehl, C. D. Miller, S. J. Hassol, A. M. Waple, and W. L. Murray, eds., U.S. Climate Change Science Program, Washington, DC.
2. Kharin, V. V., Zwiers, F., Zhang, X., and Hegerl, G. C. (2007). "Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in the IPCC Ensemble of Global Coupled Model Simulations." Journal of Climate, 20, 1419-1444.
3. Walsh, J., D. Wuebbles, K. Hayhoe, J. Kossin, K. Kunkel, G. Stephens, P. Thorne, R. Vose, M. Wehner, J. Willis, D. Anderson, S. Doney, R. Feely, P. Hennon, V. Kharin, T. Knutson, F. Landerer, T. Lenton, J. Kennedy, and R. Somerville, 2014: Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment, J. M. Melillo, Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and G. W. Yohe, Eds., U.S. Global Change Research Program, 19-67. doi:10.7930/J0KW5CXT.
4. FHWA (2012). "Bridge Inspector's Reference Manual." F. H. Administration, ed., US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 5. Tenbusch, A., Dorwart, B., and Tenbusch, A. F. (2009). "Failing Culverts - The Geotechnical Perspective." Tenbusch and Associates, Lewisville, TX. 6. FHWA (2013). National Bridge Inventory. United States Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 7. Data provided by MnDOT (2013) 8. Data provided by NYSDOT (2013) 9. Pealer, S. (2012). "Lessons from Irene: Building Resiliency As We Rebuild." Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Waterbury, VT 10. Delaware County Engineer. Centerburg Road Bridge Replacement DEL-CR48-5.53 (Porter Township. 2013. [cited 2013 April 17]; Available from:
http://www.co.delaware.oh.us/engineer/projects/centerburgbridge.htm 11. Atlanta Journal-Constitution, (2009) “Atlanta flood 2009: Most Captivating Photos,” http://projects.ajc.com/gallery/view/metro/atlanta/best-flood-2009/ 12. Wall, T. A., and Meyer, M. D. (2013). "Risk-Based Adaptation Frameworks for Climate Change Planning in the Transportation Sector: A Synthesis of Practice."
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, National Academies, Washington, DC. 13. Grossi, P., and Kunreuther, H. (2005). "Catastrophe Modeling: A New Approach to Managing Risk." Springer, New York, NY. 14. Kunreuther, H. C., and Michel-Kerjan, E. O. (2007). "Climate Change, Insurability of Large-scale Disasters and the Emerging Liability Challenge." NBER Working Paper The
National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. 15. Moss, R., Scarlett, P. L., Kennyey, M. A., Kunreuther, H., Lempert, R., Manning, J., Williams, B. K., Boyd, J. W., Kaatz, L., and Patton, L. (2013). "26. Decision Support:
Supporting Policy, Planning, and Resource Management Decisions in a Climate Change Context." NCADAC Draft Climate Assessment Report, J. M. Melillo, T. Richmond, and G. Yohe, eds., U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, D.C.
16. Botzen, W. J. W., and Van Den Bergh, J. C. J. M. (2009). "Managing natural disaster risks in a changing climate." Climate change as environmental and economic hazard, B. Porfiriev, ed., Earthscan, London, 209-225.
17. Department of Homeland Security (2013). "NIPP 2013: Partnering for Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience." National Infrastructure Protection Plan, Department of Homeland Security, Washington D.C.
18. MacArthur, J., et al., Climate Change Impact Assessment for Surface Transportation in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, 2012, Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium & Washington State DOT: Olympia, WA.
References (con’t) 19. Stuhff, D. (2007). "Aging Culverts - Problems and Repairs." Utah Department of Transportation, Salt Lake City, UT. 20. Thompson, P. L., and Kilgore, R. T. (2006). "Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for Culverts and Channels, Hydraulic Engineering Circular 14, 3rd
Edition." Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 21. Van Kampen, P. "Culvert Design, Analysis - Talk 2." Proc., Seventeenth Statewide Conference on Local Bridges, New York State Department of
Transportation. 22. WisDOT (2004). "Culverts - Proper Use and Installation." Wisconsin Transportation Bulletin, No. 15, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison,
WI. 23. Schall, J. D., Thompson, P. L., Zerges, S. M., Kilgore, R. T., and Morris, J. L. (2012). "Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts." Hydraulic Design Series
Number 5, Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. 24. Bradley, J. B., Richards, D. L., and Bahner, C. D. (2005). "Debris Structures - Evaluation and Countermeasures, Hydraulic Engineering Circular 9, 3rd
Edition." Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 25. Flanagan, S. (2004). "How Culverts Fail." California Board of Forestry and Fire Protection, Monitoring Study Group, Sacramento, CA. 26. Arnoult, D. (1986). "Culvert Inspection Manual." Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. 27. FHWA (2007). "Culvert Management Systems - Alabama, Maryland, Minnesota, and Shelby County." Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 28. Najafi, M., Salem, S., Bhattachar, D., Salman, B., and Patil, R. (2008). "An Asset Management Approach for Drainage Infrastructure and Culverts."
Midwest Regional University Transportation Center, Madison, WI. 29. Wyant, D. C., Beakley, J., Dash, U., Goddard, J. B., Hill, J. J., Katona, M. G., Maher, S. F., McLemore, S. A., O'Fallon, J. D., Roberts, B. C., Thompson, P. L.,
and Zandt, M. V. (2002). "NCHRP Synthesis 303 - Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Culverts: A Synthesis of Practice." Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
30. FHWA. (2014) “Culvert Management Case Studies: Vermont, Oregon, Ohio and Los Angeles County.” United States Department of Transportation, Washington DC.
31. Department of Defense (DoD) Strategic Environmental Research and Development (SERDP) Grant Number 15 RC02-035
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Climate Impact Exposure
• When attribute or functional performance data is not available, vulnerability could be assessed as function of exposure only
• Precipitation streamflow
– Intensity duration frequency (IDF) curves that account for future climate changes to project streamflow
– Analysis conducted at watershed-level
• Argonne and Washington State University are developing “Next Generation” precipitation and runoff IDF curves for Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) at DoD[31]