Culture influence on building design one

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Cultural Influences On Building Designpart one

Dr.Hana AljawderDr.Fatema Qaed

Introduction:

Our huge and highly variegated store of knowledge about the ways that humans occupy and use their space becomes most meaningful when studied in the light of culture relation to building design.

Cultural Influence On Building Design

sweden-based artist Anastasia Savinova traveled through cities across different countries and observed the architecture of the culture that inhabits them.

I take pictures of buildings, look into windows sneakily, go to local shops, flea markets and bars, watch everyday life all this helps to build the feeling of the place Savinova says.

In his artwork he identifies differences and similarities between habitable spaces, then using dozens of building visuals he collage them into a on architectural representation.

SE / Sweden / Upland

the series of collages titled genius loci sees large dwellings composed of many different buildings in a particular city or country.

DK / Denmark / Copenhagen

FR / France

DE / Germany

What does culture mean?the whole way of life, material, intellectual, and spiritual, of a given society. (KENNEY, 1994)the complex of distinctive attainments, beliefs, traditions [which establish] the background of [a] racial, religious, or social group. (KENNEY, 1994)

Hindu culture

What does culture mean?Culture embraces complex ways of living, value systems, traditions, beliefs and habits; including knowledge, morals, law and customs, acquired by those within that Society. These provide for a set of cultural objects, which symbolise a shared schematic experience, and which we recognise as having cultural value.(Report, 2011)

Turkish culture

What does culture mean?

The culture of each society is identified through its manifestations such as language, art, and architecture, and analysis in the field of culture is related to the study of cultural manifestations (Ettehad et al., 2014).

Culture and architecture

The relationship between culture and architect

Barcelona culture

LanguageArtarchitecture

Architecture as a matter of human life reflects the culture in every society interacting closely with structural, historical, political, economic and social features of society.

People in every country try to follow their norms and maintain their values in making of architecture by applying the material things. Changing the cultural and social attitudes in communities has the greatest impact on the architecture. Therefore, the role of culture in promoting architectural identity seems essential (Ettehad et al., 2014).


The relationship between culture and architecture

The result is that the culture of each community defines the identity of the community and architecture as a social phenomenon was originated from the culture and its effects. Art and architecture are of the most important symptoms and characteristics of each nation and every historical period that indicate the environment humans lives at any time. (Ettehad et al., 2014)





Architecture is the portray of a nations culture integrated with all aspects of human life and has a profound impact on it. Architecture is the results of the culture of the society (Parvizi, 2009)

So when you see in a society the most famous buildings are libraries, museum and universities while in other societies the most famous buildings are shopping malls you can get an indication of the culture of this society

In one hand, architecture is a reflection of city culture, and in the other hand architecture can change our culture




The relationship between culture and architectureIn some cities you can study and understand the culture of its people from its buildings.

Others cities the architecture of buildings create the culture of the city

CULTURE ARCHITECTURE

Burj Khalifa in Dubai In some cities you can study and understand the culture of a city from its buildings,

For example:CULTURE ARCHITECTURE

The Parthenon in Greek The Egyptian pyramids

The House Of Wisdom in IraqDokk1 library in Denmark

The magnificent temple of Athens

The birth place of democracy In this building the Greeks incorporated a fundamental principle of their culture: arte. To the Greeks, arte meant excellence and reaching ones full potential. Arete now means excellence of any kind or moral virtue

The Parthenon

Ancient Greek art emphasized the importance and accomplishments of human beings.

Greek art was meant honor the gods, but the gods were created in the image of humans.

Art and architecture were a tremendous source of pride for citizens and could be found in various parts of the city as this building became a symbol copied in many other countries

The Parthenon

The Egyptians are another amazing example, their environment and culture produced the great pyramids.

Their massive scale reflects the unique role that the pharaoh played in ancient Egyptian society.

More than 4,000 years later, the Egyptian pyramids still retain much of their majesty, providing a glimpse into the countrys rich and glorious past.

The Egyptian pyramids

Looking at the size of these pyramids in comparison to human size reflects the image that the pharaoh wanted to present himself to others as he is the god, he is the most important thing in the country

The Egyptian pyramids

And their architect reflects that culture as the famous Greek building was the birth place of limited democracy in the other hand famous Egyptian building reflects the power of one man controlling the whole country

The Egyptians pyramids culture emphasized on the importance of one human being The Greeks Parthenon culture emphasized on the importance and accomplishments of human beings.

Famous buildings in any civilization reflects its culture In 786-809 during Islamic Golden Age, one of the most famous building was :

the house of wisdom

it was a multi cultural library and intellectual center, and it transformed the Western Civilization (Lyons, 2010)

in the middle of the ninth century, the House of Wisdom had the largest selection of books in the world (Al-Khalili, 2011)

It was destroyed in the sack of the city following the Mongol Siege of Baghdad (1258).The House Of Wisdom

The House Of Wisdom

This building was a reflection of Arabic culture at that time where Harun al-Rashid was the Caliph who founded The house of Wisdom and culminated it reputation under his son al-Ma'mun. During al-Mamun rule many well-known scholars brought to this building in order to share information, ideas and culture (Al-Khalili, 2011).

The House Of Wisdom

This building welcomed scholars and people of Jewish or Christian background who were allowed to study in this building (Meri, 1973).

Further translating books into Arabic, scholars associated with the House of Wisdom also made many remarkable original contributions to diverse fields (Al-Khalili, 2011).The House Of Wisdom

From this building we can understand cultural aspects regards Islamic empire during that era:

Islamic rule at that time encourages Interfaith Dialogue and did not reject people just because of there believe and religion

Education and learning was a strong element of Islamic culture The House of wisdom was built to be a multicultural library, which embrace Islamic culture at that time which encourages discovering different people cultures around the world as it admires the diversity of cultures to enrich the society.

The House Of Wisdom


The value of knowledge no matter from where it came

Collaboration and working together was an important value of this culture

The House Of Wisdom


Such a design for a building to be a tourist attraction that looks like a palace or a hotel reflects how much knowledge and scholars were appreciated at this culture The House Of Wisdom

Glasgow Others cities the design of its buildings create and change the culture of the city ,

For example:

Mecca

Las Vegas

MeccaMecca, known to the Muslim faithful as the Mother of Cities, is the holiest place in the Islamic world.

It was here that Muhammad the Prophet was born in 570,

the Great Mosque that Al-Ka'aba, the most sacred monument of Islam, awaits the Muslim pilgrim.

Mecca was a desert, a building (Al-Ka'aba) changed the culture of this city to what we know today. Mecca

Las Vegas

Las Vegas

From a Mormon-funded desert town to a beacon of organized crime. Starting out as a small railroad town, over the past 150 years this desert oasis transformed to a major hub for crime, gambling and parties

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In 1930, President Herbert Hoover employed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam.

Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas' population increased from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000, with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam.

A combination of local Las Vegas business owners, and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theatres to entertain the largely male dam construction workers, and this is what changed Las Vegas local culture for today culture

Business owner here start thinking how to make money from this increase male population, so they thought to build a market for large scale entertainment.

Mafia gangs think of this market as a suitable place for drags money laundry

Notice that changes in the culture of this city required a building designed with a specific function to create this change

The Dam

large scale entertainment such as casinos Las Vegas

Glasgow

Glasgow

The complexity of culture?Culture should be understood as involving more than the values and needs of a group of people but the entire "way of life" of that society.

That is to say culture is concerned with more than a collection of values, it is a system or complex of distinctive attainments and traditions. Culture should be understood as a system of interconnected beliefs and values. (KENNEY, 1994)

Religion

Identity

Social life

Politics

Globalization

Factors that affect a society culture:

Religion What is the meaning of religion?"the religious person is one who seeks coherence and meaning in his world, and a religious culture is one that has a clearly structured world view. The religious impulse is to tie things together. ... All human beings are religious if religion is broadly defined as the impulse for coherence and meaning. The strength of the impulse varies enormously from culture to culture, and from person to person (Tatum and Sommers, 1975)." Religion can be defined by reflecting on what people seek in, from or through religion

Religion Religion leaves an imprint on the city, as it effects human culture and lifestyle.

Religious structures - such as places of worship, and other sacred sites - dominate many landscapes. Religious traditions leave their mark on the physical appearance of an area (Park, 2004).

For example:

Hindu ritual bathing in the GangesReligious observance church attendance

it is remarkable how much time, energy and above all money are put into the construction of religious buildings all over the world (Verkaaik, 2013). Religion

A large Roman Catholic church in BarcelonaSagrada FamliaConstruction of Sagrada Famlia began in 1882 and still not finished until today, an anticipated completion date of 2026

Paul Goldberger describes it as, "The most extraordinary personal interpretation of Gothic architecture since the Middle Ages."

Sri Harmandir Sahib

The house of GodGolden TempleA place of worship for men and women from all walks of all religionsThe upper floors of the building is covered with goldThe ceiling of Harminder Sahib is made with gold and precious stones

Sheikh Zayed MosqueThe main dome is the largest mosque dome in the world: 85 meters high with a diameter of 32.8 meters.One of the astonishing feature of the mosque is the over 5,625 m2 large carpet in the main prayer hall. It has been hand-knotted by about 1,300 Iranian craftsmen out of 35 tons of wool and 12 tons of cotton. With a total of 2,268,00 knots, the carpet is the largest in the world. Its estimated value is about 30 million.

The mosque with seven gold-plated chandeliers in different sizes, made of Swarovski crystals.

Religion affect architects in three different ways:

Place for worship, or Sacred architecture:

Religious architectural practice that was designed and constructed for worship, such as: Mosque, church, temple, synagogue

Religion

Religion affect architects in three different ways:

Place for worship, or Sacred architecture:

It is important to mention that mosque for Muslims is more than a worship place. As Muslims believe that daily activities and works are worship, old mosques where usually combined with other functions such as learning and studying area, socialising area, court and other functions that was attached to people daily activities. Religion

2. Visual design elements:Islamic geometries, Rose windows, cross, sculptures, domes, Religion

3. Principles that organize the way people live: Islam as an example:

The effect of Islam as a religion is much more than visual design elements such as Islamic geometries, Islam is a way of living.

The Islamic religion sets out principles and guidelines for the life style of Muslims, giving details of the responsibilities and rights of its followers (Saleh, 1998).

Islamic architecture and Islamic cities were built on the Islamic principles and guidelines inspired by the Quran and the Sunnah since the beginning of Islam (611AD) (Abu-Ghazzeh, 1997; Jamalinezhad, Talakesh, & Soltani, 2012).Religion

3. Principles that organize the way people live: Islam as an example:

Although Islam does not state directly how people should build their homes, Islamic legislation is used as a guideline and inspiration when designing and building homes (Al-Hathloul, 1999; El-Shorbagy, 2010; Omer, 2008; Shabani et al., 2011).

Islam guided people with principles, following these principles effected the way people build, design, and live in their buildings. Examples of these principles: Religion

Principle one:The prophet said: "There should be neither harming nor reciprocating harm." "

Muslims buildings was constructed by following Islamic law, local customs and use of building materials available in that period without the intervention of authority except in cases of dispute between owners (, 1998).

Principle two:The Prophet said: "He who believes in Allah and the Last Day, let him show hospitality to his guest"The most important part of the house, in fact, is a guestroom which is situated at the Southeast portion. At the centre of the front there is a five door room with two small spaces attached to it. (Movahed, 2007). The Islamic belief of honoring guests reflected on Muslims architectures specially houses. For example, in Iranian houses:

Section of a Muslim house in Iran (Brujerdi House),

Picture and Plan of a Muslim house in Iran (Brujerdi House),This room carries beautiful decoration such as mirror work. There is an independent entrance to this portion before reaching the yard.

The guest room in Muslim houses, is a sign of respecting the guest. Sometimes, an independent place or yard is allocated to the guests (Movahed, 2007).

Principle Three:PRIVACY IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTUREPrivacy is of great importance in the lives of most people and this human need is influenced by culture, religion and other lifestyle variables (Cmiel, 2004; Falahat & Zare, 2011; Hayward, 1942; Omer, 2011).architects in traditional Islamic architecture solved this problem by using a number of techniques, managing to protect occupants visual privacy using horizontal and vertical means:

Horizontal techniques were used by distributing the functions and spaces of the home, such as by separating male and female areas and dividing the guest area from the family area. This division creates a sequence of areas of the house, transferring from the public space to the semi-private space, ending with the private space (Germeraad, 1993).

The floor plan of Al-Suhaimi House (old Cairo, Egypt) showing the transition of the spaces within the house from the public space to a semi-private space ending with a private space (Fathy, 1988)

a central/inner courtyard with inward wall openings and windows is an basic element in most traditional houses in Islamic architecture (Belakehal, Tabet Aoul, & Bennadji, 2004).

People accepted this technique because it provides them with physical contact with the outdoors without them being exposed to outsiders

the courtyard is considered to be a centre for the social activities of the family (El-Shorbagy, 2010; Omer, 2008).

A central courtyard used in traditional houses, which allows people to have physical access to outdoors without being exposed to outsiders, Al-Suhaimi House old Cairo, Egypt.

Syria

References:KENNEY, S. F. 1994. CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON ARCHITECTURE MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE Texas Tech University.

ETTEHAD, S., AZERI, A. R. K. & KARI, G. 2014. The Role of Culture in Promoting Architectural Identity. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 3.

REPORT, D. 2011. DESIGN+CULTURE. Sweden: Strandbadsvgen

PARVIZI, E. 2009. National architecture from the perspective of cultural identity Journal of national studies, 3.

RATTI, C. 2004. Urban texture and space syntax: some inconsistencies. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31.

PICON, A. 2010. Digital Culture in Architecture: An Introduction for the Design Professions, Germany Birkhuser Architecturehttps://prezi.com/nh9byrb0zsny/how-does-architecture-influence-culture/

LYONS, J. 2010. The House of Wisdom: How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization, Great Britain, Bloomsbury Publishing.

References:AL-KHALILI, J. 2011. The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance, New York, Penguin Press.

http://www.cheapovegas.com/history-sin-cityhttp://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,752883,00.html

http://www.history.com/topics/las-vegas

TATUM, C. E. & SOMMERS, L. M. 1975. The spread of the Black Christian Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States, 1870 to 1970. Journal of Geography, 74.

PARK, C. 2004. Religion and geography. In: HINNELLS, J. (ed.) Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion. London: Routledge.

, . . 1998. , .

https://sunnah.com/riyadussaliheen/2/26

References:

MOVAHED, D. K. 2007. A study on the effects of Iranian religions on its house architecture. Iran Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University.

http://www.designboom.com/art/anastasia-savinova-genius-loci-architecture-collages-02-02-2016/

https://www.abudhabi.ae/portal/public/en/homepage/culture-and-recreation/cultural-and-historical-sites/sheikh-zayed-grand-mosque;jsessionid=dvlXYPWWP0QGR24KYxkvmlpc7GP03NcyspmKynwnzZJTvc5QDvvn!2028801265!-11224839!1489999574371