Culture Heritage of India
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Culture Heritage of India. Vol. II THE C U L T U R A L HF.RITACF.
OF INDIA
VOM ME II
it ih a s a s . p ijr a n a s . o h a r m a a n d OTHKR 6ASTRAS
StarTrust 2011
Schreibmaschinentext
T H E C U L T U R A L H E R I T A G E
OF I NDI A
ITIH a SAS. PURa XAS. DHARMA AN1) OTHER 3ASTRAS
in t r o d u c t io n BY DR. C. P. RAMASWAMl AIYAR
Formerly Vice-Chancellor, Banaras Hindu University
CALCUTTA THE RAMAKRISHNA MISSION I N S T I T U T E O F C U L T U R E
PUBLISHED BY SWAM I NTTYAS WARUl'ANAMIIA, SECRETARY
thf ramakrfshna mission iNSTrnm or cu i.tukjc* COl. fARK, CALCUTTA 29
Fint £diUm (f IWi.): 19)7 W tnul Edition-. H cviinl and Knl*T£ttl
{tim ed m * m in o f indtfxndm t volumsf) Vol. //• 1963
COPYRIGHT 1962
Alt righh ttre rnrrvrd. Apart from «ny f*tr dealing for tht putfxxse of ptmolc tiudy. mtntch, eriticitm, or rtvKWi «m portion Ttuty he leprodiuetl in tiny fotm
Btiihout tfit written fximinion of the pttbiuher.
PRI.VTtP IN INDIA BY P. C. RAY, SRI COIIRA.NCA PRKSS PRIVATE LTIJC
5 CIIIVIAMAM DAS IJLNK, CAIAIt/TTA 0
BOARD OF EDI IORS
|»R. iARVO'.VLLi RADIIAKR1SUNAN
VILVIHF.K.S H ARIDAS BHA1TACIIARYYA, MU., ».t„ r.us. R. C. MAJL'XIIIAR. ru n SLWTTI KUMAR CIIAnKRJI. OUT. HL’MAVtiN KAHIR. * « . S. K. DE, *-A.,tUJT. NAUNAKSHA llir lT , u . t . , * i~. I'M m.. i m j t .
ir. N. CIUBtlAI., « i . ni t>. R. C . IIVZRV, ii.,i w i-d., W.IJTJ A. I>. 1‘ t/SAIJtK.R. n.A., i l .« m NIIIAKRANjAN RAY. m.a.. d.miii... n Lrrr. N1RMAL KUMAR BOSE M.BC.. t.x.t.
MUTtJKS OK VOI.USIK II
S K. DC. n .«., p.ur. I N. OMOSIIAI,. m.a., A. l>, iM:<Al.kKR. m.a., a -* ., m i» R C. IIAZRA, m.a.. ru.*>.. Ii.un.
PUBLISHER'S NOTE
T HE Ramakrishna Mission established this Institute of Culture in 1938 in fulfilment of one of the projects to commemorate die Birth Centenary of Sri RamakrtNhna (1936). At the same time the Institute was vested with
the entire rights of The Cultural Heritage of tndia. 'Hiis publication is thus one of the major responsibilities of ihc Tnsiiuite : ii also servei to fulfil a primary aim of the Institute, which is to promote the study, interpreta tion, and dissemination of the cultural heritage of India.
The first edition of The Cultural Heritage of India, in three volumes am! aljout 2,1)00 page*, the work o£ one hundred distinguished Indian scholars was published in 1937 by the Sri Ramakrislma Birth Centenary Publication Committee as a Birth Centenary memorial. This work presented for the first time a panorama of the cultural history of India, and it was immediately acclaimed as a remarkable contribution to the cultural literature of the world. This edition was sold out within a few years, and the work had long been out of print. When considering the question of a wrcoml edition, it was felt that, instead of reprinting the work in it> original form, advantage should be taken of the opportunity to enlarge the scope of the work, making it more comprehensive, more authoritative and ade quately representative of different aspects of Indian thought, and. at the same time, thoroughly to revise the old articles to bring them up to date.
According to the new scheme drawn Up on this basis, the number of volumes has been increased. The plan of arrangement has been improved bv grouping the topics in such a w ay that each volume may be fairly complete in itself and fulfil the requirements of those interested in any jxtiticulai branch of learning. Each volume is sclf’containcd. with separate pagination, bibliography, and index, and is introduced by an outstanding authority. Since due regard has been paid to historicity and critical treat ment. it is hoped tliat this work will provide a useful guide to the study of the complex pattern of India’s cultural history.
The band of distinguished scholars who have cooperated so ably in this task have done their work as a laf>our o f love, in a spirit of service to scholarship and world understanding. Equally essential to the succcss of the undertaking was the assistance of the Government of India who made a generous gram towards the con of publication. Without this dual co operation, ii would have been inijxKsible lo set out on a venture of this
vii
THE CUI.Tt'RAI. HERITAGE OF INDIA
magnitude; and to the contributors as well as to tlie Government of India the Institute therefore expresses in deepest gratitude.
This second volume of the second edition of The Cultural Heritage of India follow* lhc publication of Volume I in 1958. It is perhaps necessary to explain 1k>w it happened that these two volumes were preceded h> Volume 111, in 195.1. and by Volume IV. in I95fi. In the firti edition of tlm work there was a faith l.uge number »{ utiidtt on philosophy nnd religion, the (wo subjects which, under (he new scheme, had been assigned to Volume* III and IV. Thus these two volumes acquired an advantage over the others which required a much greater propoition of fresh material, and it was therefore thought expedient to publish them first. Tlie other volumes, which required much more fresh material, thus gained extra time.
Volume II contains forty-ihrec articles, of which all Inn seven are new. These seven articles from the first edition have l»cen suitably revised and, where necessary, renamed. This volume has had the editorial care of I)i. S. K. Oc. Dr. V. N. Ghoshal. Dr. R. C. liana, and. in particular, Dr. A. D. Pusalker, all mcml>er* of the Board of Editors of Thr Cultural Heritage of India, of which the Chairman is Dr. Sarvepalli Rad ha- krishuan, the President of the Institute. Ihe Institute expresses its indebtedness to the edilon of Volume II for the unstinted labour they have put into their task. The Institute's thanks arc also due to Sri B. S. Kesavan. Librarian of the National Library, Calcutta, for having provided an excellent jubject-w'isc bibliography, which ha* greatly added to the utility of the volume. The Institute is also grateful to those who have rendered help in the preparation of this volume. Dr. S. N. Ray worked on the proof and also in colLilioratinn witli Prufevor V. A. Thiagarajan helped prepare the index. Mr. David McCutchion, Lectmrr iu Company tive Literature at the University of Jadavpur, very kindly went through m anv of the articles from the point of view of language.
To Dr. C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyar, the well-known scholar and former Detvuu of Travancore, former Vice-Chancellor of Banani Hindu University* and now the Chairman of lhc Hindu Religious Endowments Enquiry Commission, qxrci.il thanks are due for his Introduction to this volume.
As regards the title of this work, it has to lie rememlwrred that the subcontinent of India lias been one cultural unit throughout the ages, cutting across political Ixmndaries. For the purpose of the articles in The Cultuial Heritage of India, which attempts to give an account of the cultural heritage of India from the mow ancient rimes to the present day, India therefore means the subcontinent of India irrespective of political divisions, and this use has iti no way nnv political implication.
viii
PUBLISHER'S NOTT
This volume, devoted to the study of the Itiltisas, the Pur3nas, and the Dharma and other &strasr is of particular significance to modern India. One of the major problems facing the country today is the need to resuscitate and reinterpret those national ideals which, for the most part lying dormant, may yet stilt be clearly discerned as the lifc-forte which, through countless centuries, lias maintained the continuity of India's culture. Those ideals are treasured in the books dealt with in this volume, in simple language woven into narrative and dramatic episode, and exemplified in characters portrayed. It is hoped that this volume will play some part in the realization of tlic present-day need to grasp afresh those ancient national ideals that they may once more become the basis of national life and a bond of national unity, and that they may also be a guiding light not only to India, but to the whole world in its complex journey through the tpaze of modem dvilfration.
Match 1962
tNTRODU t.TlON *** Dr. G, V. Ramawami Aiyar
PART I
THE TWO GREAT EPICS
I. (XASMGAL SANSKRIT AS A VEtllCIJ'. Ot INDIAN CULTURE K. K. Handiquc, M-a. (cau rr oxon) Vice-Chancellor, Cauhati University 3
S. THE RAMAYAN'A: ITS HISTORY AND CHARACTER A. X>. Pusalker, v~a., li.r ., pii.d. Formerly Assistant Director, and Head of the Department of
Sanskrit, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay 14
3. THK CULTURE OF THE RAMAYANA Swami Nihsrcyasonanda Ramakmkna Mission 32
4. THE MAHARHARATA: ITS HISTORY AND CHARACTER
I. P. L. Vaidya, sla., pild. Mayurbhanj Professor of Sanskrit and Pali, Hindu University,
Banaras
U. A. D. Putalker, h .a., u -»„ ph.d. 51
5. THE MAHABHARATA: SOME ASPECTS OF ITS CULTURE Hcmtliandra Raychaudhuri, m -a.4 r»u>.. f . r . a . s . i l Carmich**}! Professor o f A nrient Indian H istory and Culture,
Calcutta University 71
0. RtiJGION AND PHIU>$OPHY OP THE EPICS A. P. Karmnrlcar, u.A PII.U. Professor of Indian History and Ancient Indian Culture,
Ramnarain College. Bombay; University Teacher, Bombay University 80
THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA
7. THE INFLUENCE OP THE EPICS ON INDIAN LIFE AN UTERATURE N'ilmadhav Sen, *M., d.ijtt. Dcccan School of Linguistics, Poona 35
«. TIU RAMAYANA AND THE MAHABIURATA IN SOUTH-EAST MIA Bijan Raj Ghat terjee, i*iu>. (IjONd), d.lttt. (fdnjab) Principal, Meerut Cottege, V.l*. H9
PARI II
THE GITA LITERATURE
9. THE lUIAC.AVADCITA: A GENERAL REVIEW O f IT'S HISTORY AND CHAR At.TER S. K. BcK'dlkur, W.A., rii.t>, (marvaku) Professor of Sanskrit (Etnetiiuk), Deccan College, Poona, anti
Banaw\ Hindu University ISS
10. THE TEACHINGS O f THE BHAGAYAD GITA Swnnii Suddhanamla formerly President, Ramaknshna Mission 158
11. HIE RE1JCUON OF THE BH AG AVAIMJITA Swamt Tapatyananda President, Ramakrithna Ashratna. Tnvamtram, Kerala |66
It THE 8HAGA VADCITA: ITS SYNTIIHOC CHARACKER Swaiiti Virwwaranamla General Secretary, Romakrixhna Minion ISO
13. THE III I AC A VAD-G1TA: ITS EAR1.Y COMMENTARIES Malicndrn Nath Sarkar. M.A., Pif.o. Formerly Professor of Philosophy, Presidency College, Calcutta 195
14. IMITATIONS OP TIIE BH AGAVA DC tTA AND MTER GITA LITERATURE Paramtwara Aiyar, H i. Retired Sub-Judge 204
PART 111
THE PURANAS
15. INMAN MYTHOLOGY R. N, Datirickar, M.A.. Pii.n. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona 225
Xti
CONTENTS run
10. THE PURANAS Rajcndra Chandra Haua. m.a„ pii.d.. Associate Professor of Smiti and Parana* {Research Department,
Sanskrit College), Calcutta 240
IT THE L'PAPURANAS Rajcndra Chandra Ila/ra. u .a , d.ijtt. 271
IS. THK ETHIC* Ol l i l t PURANAS C. S. Vcnkateswarun, m .a ., cii.d. Head of the Department of Sanskrit, Annamalai University 287
I*ART IV
H it DHARMASANTRAS
l». Till. DIIA.RAJA-St'TRAS AND flUt DlIARMA-SASTRAS V. A. Ramaswami Saslri, m*a. Head of the Department of Sanskrit, Ttmvincore University SOI
SO THE SMRTlS: T11KIR OUTLOOK. AND CHARACTER T. R. Vcnkaiaraiua Sastri. C4.E. Formerly Advocatc-General, Madras 312
21. THE MANL’ SA&H1TA V. Raghavan. M.A.. fh.o. Professor of Sanskrit, Madrai f/wVmily 335
22. THE NIBAMH1AS Ditiesli Chandra Bhauacharya, m.a. Formerly Professor, Mohsin College, Hooghly 364
23. PEXANY.ES AND VOWS Dinesh Chandra Bhauacharya, w .a . 391
24. THE HINDU SACRAMENTS (J.AMSKARAS) R. B. Pandcy. m.a., o.utt . Principal. Banaras Hindu University 390
23. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THEORETIC BASIS OE HINDU IAW 1*. B. Gajcndragadkar Judge, Supreme Court of India 414
xiii
THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA
Tift HINDU JUDICIAL SYSTEM P. B. Mukharji Judge, Calcutta High Court 454
PART V
ARTHA4ASTRA, NITMaSTRA. AND OTHER SOURCES OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
*7. A GLNf.RAL StJRVF.V OF THE IJTERATURF OF ARTHA-iASTRA AND MTMIVTRA
I. U, N. Gho»bal. *la., pii.d. Formerly Professor of History, Presidency College, Calcutta
II—1V, Radhagoviiula B&iak, h . a . , pii.d. Formerly Professor, Presidency College, Calcutta 451
2*. P01JTIU1. ORtiANIZA'IION: 1IIF MONARCHICAL STATIC U. N. Ghoshal, *la., ph.p. 465
S». POLITICAL ORGAMMIION: REPUBLICS AND MIXJtU CONSTITUTIONS U, N. Glioshal, m.a. PiU). m
JO. m e STATE IN RELATION TO R U IU O N IK ANCIENT INDIA K. A. Nilakanta Satfri, v .a. Formerly Professor ot Indian History; Madras University 485
31. SOUK ASPECTS or SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EVOLUTION IN INDIA C. P. Rjinuuvvami Aiyar, ba.. iu., ludv o.ijtt. Formerly Vice Chancrllor, Banaras Hindu University 493
SI SOME BASIC IDEAS OF POLITICAL THINKING IN ANCIENT INDL\ Benoy Kumar Sircar, m .a, hmijC. Formerly l*rt>fessor, Calcutta Unh*ersity 509
» . THE TlRt’ -K KURAL C Rajagopabchari, Bharal Raliw. ha.. *4- Formerly Governor General of India 6S0
51. THE INDIAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY Dr. (Mtl) Iravati Kane Dccran College, Poona 536
CONTENTS
59. SOME ASPECTS OF SOCIAL I JFK IN ANCIENT INDIA H. C. ChaUadar, jla. Formerly Head of the Depart merit of Anthropology,
Calcutta University
36. MONASTIUSM IN INDIA Sukuinar Daua. u .a., pii.u Formerly Reader in English, Delhi University
57. SOME ASPECTS OF THE POSITION OK WOMEN IN ANCIENT INDIA D. C. Ganguly, m.a., rii.D. Curator, Victoria Memorial, Calcutta
» . SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE IDEAL? OF INDIAN WOMANtf(K>D Roma Chaudhury, M.a., d.piitl. Principal, Lady Brabourne College, Calcutta
*5. FOREIGN ELEMENTS IN INDIAN POPUI-*TION M a Dcbala Mitra. mjl Assistant Superintendent of Archaeology, Indian Museum. Calcutta
40. SOME EXPERIMENTS IN SOCIAL REFORM IN MEDIAEVAL INDIA l». N. Chopra, m j c , ph.d. Member^ Board of Editors, 'History of Freedom Movement of India*
41. ANCIENT INDIAN EDUCATION I. Radha Kumud Mookerji, m.a., ph.d.
Formerly Vice-Chancellor, Emeritus Professor of History, Lucknow Unhxrsity
1M11. U . N. Ghmhal, «.a.. m u .
42. ECONOMIC IDEAS O f THE HINDUS A. D. Pu&alker. m.a , u _b., ph.d.
43. GUILDS AND OTHER CORPORATE BODIES U. N. Gtaoihal. m.a., pm.d.
RIBMOCRAPHY
INDEX
rwi
557
382
594
601
HINTS ON PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING OF SANSKRIT AND VERNACULAR WORDS
a stands for H and sounds like o in come a II It «tr ft I* m « ii for i It II \ It M »« i bit 1 tt 1* 1 II II II « •t fed u l» s II II H 1* li full 0 If ft s o II „ 00 It cool r W *1 * M may be pronounced like rt in ring c tf •l W sounds like a in rake ai H » * tt it .. i ti mite 0 II tl II If „ o M note au ft tl •ft M •• » <»« count ih n Vi • ? 5 6 S. 1 i i like m in some h it s (irisarga) •• w tt soft, short h ' (apostrophe) stands Tor s (elided si). rt stands for 9 , n for * , and n for q ; the first is to be pronounced
like English «g in sing, or n in bank; the second like the n in English singe (a palat.il n); and the third, tlte cerebral ti, is made with the tongue-tip the palate.
upturned and touching the dome of
c stands for « and sounds like in churr/i ch ft H II •• eAA t| chun7?-/>ill
? M » I M >1 M 1 ti curt \h •• N i « M It lA ♦t porthole
<> <1 M « ii ♦1 •• d bird <Jh » ft * « II n dh it bird-/<ouse l M II a « »l ( t pat (Italian f) ih II II * .I M »• ih •« lii/Jiard d *» W * » • 1 « d It had (Italian d) dh ♦♦ II K « fl •> dh ♦I madhouse V it II « H rt *i vatu' levy, water i II II CT .. M sh If jftip
? H M 1 * II ih „ sftould
! II II ss II II if the cerebral f, made with the tonguc'tip up-turned and tonrhing the dome of tlie palate,
xvi
HINTS ON' PRONUNCIATION \ND SPKI.MNT. OF SANSKRIT WORDS
The folfvwing points should also be noted: (1) All Sanskrit words, except when the)* arc pmpcr noun*, or have
come into common use in English, or represent a cl ass of literature. cult, sea. or school of thought, are italicized.
(2) Excepting in the rase of words like *karma\ the Iklscs of SansLril nouns arc used as jUMnyaiin, sv&min. etc.
($) Anglicized Sanskrit words like 'karmic', 'sAiiDtfrir, 'Arhathoori’, ctc. arc Romanized.
(4) Current geographical turner except in cases where their Sanskrit forms are given, or in special rases where the context requires it, and all modem names from the commencement of the nineteenth century are given in their usual spelling and without diacritical marks.
U - C xvii
ABBREVIATIONS
ABORJ, 0/ the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Agni. Agni Purana Ait. Br. Aaitareya Bra ft man a Ap. Dh. S. Aftmlamba DharmfrSutrn ASS. Anandasratna Sanskrit Series AJv. Dh. S. Ahvlayana Dharma-Siitra A. r. Athama’Veda Baudh. Dh. S. Baudhnyana Dharma-Sulra Bd. BrahrnSnda Purfiria BEFEO. Bulletin dr L'ecole Francaise d'extreme Orient 43. G. Bhagavad'GUa fl/m. <£%.) Bh&gavata Purfina Bhttv. Bhairi.fya Purina Br. Brfihmana Brahma. Brahma Purana Brhv. Hmltniai>uivarla Purism Br. Srn. Brhaspali Sm ti Br. t/. Brhadaranyaka Upatii^ad BSS. Bombay Sanskrit Series CM. U. ChSndogya Upanifad CHI. Cultural Heritage of India Dh. S. Dharma-Svtra FJ. Epigraphia Indiea Gar. Garuifa Puriija Gaul. BA. S. Gautama Dhanna-iistra Gr.S. Gfhya'SGtra HCIP. History and Culture of the Indian People IL Dh. History of DharmaidMra. by P. V. Kane JUL. History of Indian Literature HOS. Harvard Oriental Series HSL. HiUory of Sanskrit Literature Hv. Harivamia /A. Indian Antiquary r. V. ISa Upani^ad m . } at aka fUB. Journal of the University of Bombay K<l V. Katha Upani^ad Kim. K&maiuiaklya NUisira
Kau{ifiya .irthatistra xviii
ABBREVIATIONS
Km. KOtySyana Smrti Ke. U. Krna Uf*ani$ad KQr. KGrma Purana Linga. l-h'iga Purana Manu. Manu Smfti Mark, Mftrhantfcya Purdna Mat. Matsya Purana Ma. V. MorulCikya Upanifad Mhh. Mahabhhrata Mbiu (Cr. Ed.) Mahabharata {Critical El Mu. U. Mundaka Upanifad Nor. S'aradiya Purana N&r. Sm. Xarada Smrti JVW. Xnv Indian Antiquary P. Pur&na Pad. Padma Purana Paiy. Pdrtini Par. Pardiara R&j. Rajatarangim Ram. Ranii\a{ia R. V. UgVcda Sat. Br. Ratafia!ha Brahmana SBE. Sacrcd Books 0/ the East Sk. Skanda Purana Sm. Smrti Sm. C. Snifti-candrikd Sr. S. Sraula-Sutra Sukra. Sukra NitUiira S. V. $ama*Veda Taitt. Br. Taittirlya Brahmana Tai. U. Taittiriya Upan i.sad VSj. S. I'd journey! Sat it hi la Vim. f'amona PurHna Var. I'arfihu Purana Vos. Pasistha Dharnia'Sfitra V&yu. Vayu Purana I'unu. Oh. S Vistju Vhnrma-StitTa Viptu. Vi${iu PutSija raj. 4 YSjiiat^alkya Smjii r. v. Yajur-Vcda
INTRODUCTION
T HE Cultural Heritage of fnclta, s[M>nvircd by the Ramaktishna Mission Institute ol Culture. is ai once ;t symbol of the renaissance ol Hindu
thought and ideals anti a treasure-house of ancient lore*. I he whole range of Indian civilization and the vaiicgated pn>ducts of Hindu culture have been reviewed in its several volumes dealing with tlie teligiom, philosophies, literal uie, and the art* and sciences of India from the twilight jxisr to the picscnl day.
Hie admitted achievement* of India in the direction of aviimilaiioii. adaptation, and svmhrcis of diverse, and even conflicting, point* of view, will be illmtiated In the movement1* lecorded in these volumes. The rcligijms artistic, ami philosophical development* in India demonstrate India's consistent striding towards \amavfi\at that is. reconciliation and concord. Cultural jialtnm have, of course. been modified from time to time, but dilfeiem cnviuirimeut*. diversified racial contributions, and innumerable load and historical traditions have not Iwsicallv…
OF INDIA
VOM ME II
it ih a s a s . p ijr a n a s . o h a r m a a n d OTHKR 6ASTRAS
StarTrust 2011
Schreibmaschinentext
T H E C U L T U R A L H E R I T A G E
OF I NDI A
ITIH a SAS. PURa XAS. DHARMA AN1) OTHER 3ASTRAS
in t r o d u c t io n BY DR. C. P. RAMASWAMl AIYAR
Formerly Vice-Chancellor, Banaras Hindu University
CALCUTTA THE RAMAKRISHNA MISSION I N S T I T U T E O F C U L T U R E
PUBLISHED BY SWAM I NTTYAS WARUl'ANAMIIA, SECRETARY
thf ramakrfshna mission iNSTrnm or cu i.tukjc* COl. fARK, CALCUTTA 29
Fint £diUm (f IWi.): 19)7 W tnul Edition-. H cviinl and Knl*T£ttl
{tim ed m * m in o f indtfxndm t volumsf) Vol. //• 1963
COPYRIGHT 1962
Alt righh ttre rnrrvrd. Apart from «ny f*tr dealing for tht putfxxse of ptmolc tiudy. mtntch, eriticitm, or rtvKWi «m portion Ttuty he leprodiuetl in tiny fotm
Btiihout tfit written fximinion of the pttbiuher.
PRI.VTtP IN INDIA BY P. C. RAY, SRI COIIRA.NCA PRKSS PRIVATE LTIJC
5 CIIIVIAMAM DAS IJLNK, CAIAIt/TTA 0
BOARD OF EDI IORS
|»R. iARVO'.VLLi RADIIAKR1SUNAN
VILVIHF.K.S H ARIDAS BHA1TACIIARYYA, MU., ».t„ r.us. R. C. MAJL'XIIIAR. ru n SLWTTI KUMAR CIIAnKRJI. OUT. HL’MAVtiN KAHIR. * « . S. K. DE, *-A.,tUJT. NAUNAKSHA llir lT , u . t . , * i~. I'M m.. i m j t .
ir. N. CIUBtlAI., « i . ni t>. R. C . IIVZRV, ii.,i w i-d., W.IJTJ A. I>. 1‘ t/SAIJtK.R. n.A., i l .« m NIIIAKRANjAN RAY. m.a.. d.miii... n Lrrr. N1RMAL KUMAR BOSE M.BC.. t.x.t.
MUTtJKS OK VOI.USIK II
S K. DC. n .«., p.ur. I N. OMOSIIAI,. m.a., A. l>, iM:<Al.kKR. m.a., a -* ., m i» R C. IIAZRA, m.a.. ru.*>.. Ii.un.
PUBLISHER'S NOTE
T HE Ramakrishna Mission established this Institute of Culture in 1938 in fulfilment of one of the projects to commemorate die Birth Centenary of Sri RamakrtNhna (1936). At the same time the Institute was vested with
the entire rights of The Cultural Heritage of tndia. 'Hiis publication is thus one of the major responsibilities of ihc Tnsiiuite : ii also servei to fulfil a primary aim of the Institute, which is to promote the study, interpreta tion, and dissemination of the cultural heritage of India.
The first edition of The Cultural Heritage of India, in three volumes am! aljout 2,1)00 page*, the work o£ one hundred distinguished Indian scholars was published in 1937 by the Sri Ramakrislma Birth Centenary Publication Committee as a Birth Centenary memorial. This work presented for the first time a panorama of the cultural history of India, and it was immediately acclaimed as a remarkable contribution to the cultural literature of the world. This edition was sold out within a few years, and the work had long been out of print. When considering the question of a wrcoml edition, it was felt that, instead of reprinting the work in it> original form, advantage should be taken of the opportunity to enlarge the scope of the work, making it more comprehensive, more authoritative and ade quately representative of different aspects of Indian thought, and. at the same time, thoroughly to revise the old articles to bring them up to date.
According to the new scheme drawn Up on this basis, the number of volumes has been increased. The plan of arrangement has been improved bv grouping the topics in such a w ay that each volume may be fairly complete in itself and fulfil the requirements of those interested in any jxtiticulai branch of learning. Each volume is sclf’containcd. with separate pagination, bibliography, and index, and is introduced by an outstanding authority. Since due regard has been paid to historicity and critical treat ment. it is hoped tliat this work will provide a useful guide to the study of the complex pattern of India’s cultural history.
The band of distinguished scholars who have cooperated so ably in this task have done their work as a laf>our o f love, in a spirit of service to scholarship and world understanding. Equally essential to the succcss of the undertaking was the assistance of the Government of India who made a generous gram towards the con of publication. Without this dual co operation, ii would have been inijxKsible lo set out on a venture of this
vii
THE CUI.Tt'RAI. HERITAGE OF INDIA
magnitude; and to the contributors as well as to tlie Government of India the Institute therefore expresses in deepest gratitude.
This second volume of the second edition of The Cultural Heritage of India follow* lhc publication of Volume I in 1958. It is perhaps necessary to explain 1k>w it happened that these two volumes were preceded h> Volume 111, in 195.1. and by Volume IV. in I95fi. In the firti edition of tlm work there was a faith l.uge number »{ utiidtt on philosophy nnd religion, the (wo subjects which, under (he new scheme, had been assigned to Volume* III and IV. Thus these two volumes acquired an advantage over the others which required a much greater propoition of fresh material, and it was therefore thought expedient to publish them first. Tlie other volumes, which required much more fresh material, thus gained extra time.
Volume II contains forty-ihrec articles, of which all Inn seven are new. These seven articles from the first edition have l»cen suitably revised and, where necessary, renamed. This volume has had the editorial care of I)i. S. K. Oc. Dr. V. N. Ghoshal. Dr. R. C. liana, and. in particular, Dr. A. D. Pusalker, all mcml>er* of the Board of Editors of Thr Cultural Heritage of India, of which the Chairman is Dr. Sarvepalli Rad ha- krishuan, the President of the Institute. Ihe Institute expresses its indebtedness to the edilon of Volume II for the unstinted labour they have put into their task. The Institute's thanks arc also due to Sri B. S. Kesavan. Librarian of the National Library, Calcutta, for having provided an excellent jubject-w'isc bibliography, which ha* greatly added to the utility of the volume. The Institute is also grateful to those who have rendered help in the preparation of this volume. Dr. S. N. Ray worked on the proof and also in colLilioratinn witli Prufevor V. A. Thiagarajan helped prepare the index. Mr. David McCutchion, Lectmrr iu Company tive Literature at the University of Jadavpur, very kindly went through m anv of the articles from the point of view of language.
To Dr. C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyar, the well-known scholar and former Detvuu of Travancore, former Vice-Chancellor of Banani Hindu University* and now the Chairman of lhc Hindu Religious Endowments Enquiry Commission, qxrci.il thanks are due for his Introduction to this volume.
As regards the title of this work, it has to lie rememlwrred that the subcontinent of India lias been one cultural unit throughout the ages, cutting across political Ixmndaries. For the purpose of the articles in The Cultuial Heritage of India, which attempts to give an account of the cultural heritage of India from the mow ancient rimes to the present day, India therefore means the subcontinent of India irrespective of political divisions, and this use has iti no way nnv political implication.
viii
PUBLISHER'S NOTT
This volume, devoted to the study of the Itiltisas, the Pur3nas, and the Dharma and other &strasr is of particular significance to modern India. One of the major problems facing the country today is the need to resuscitate and reinterpret those national ideals which, for the most part lying dormant, may yet stilt be clearly discerned as the lifc-forte which, through countless centuries, lias maintained the continuity of India's culture. Those ideals are treasured in the books dealt with in this volume, in simple language woven into narrative and dramatic episode, and exemplified in characters portrayed. It is hoped that this volume will play some part in the realization of tlic present-day need to grasp afresh those ancient national ideals that they may once more become the basis of national life and a bond of national unity, and that they may also be a guiding light not only to India, but to the whole world in its complex journey through the tpaze of modem dvilfration.
Match 1962
tNTRODU t.TlON *** Dr. G, V. Ramawami Aiyar
PART I
THE TWO GREAT EPICS
I. (XASMGAL SANSKRIT AS A VEtllCIJ'. Ot INDIAN CULTURE K. K. Handiquc, M-a. (cau rr oxon) Vice-Chancellor, Cauhati University 3
S. THE RAMAYAN'A: ITS HISTORY AND CHARACTER A. X>. Pusalker, v~a., li.r ., pii.d. Formerly Assistant Director, and Head of the Department of
Sanskrit, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay 14
3. THK CULTURE OF THE RAMAYANA Swami Nihsrcyasonanda Ramakmkna Mission 32
4. THE MAHARHARATA: ITS HISTORY AND CHARACTER
I. P. L. Vaidya, sla., pild. Mayurbhanj Professor of Sanskrit and Pali, Hindu University,
Banaras
U. A. D. Putalker, h .a., u -»„ ph.d. 51
5. THE MAHABHARATA: SOME ASPECTS OF ITS CULTURE Hcmtliandra Raychaudhuri, m -a.4 r»u>.. f . r . a . s . i l Carmich**}! Professor o f A nrient Indian H istory and Culture,
Calcutta University 71
0. RtiJGION AND PHIU>$OPHY OP THE EPICS A. P. Karmnrlcar, u.A PII.U. Professor of Indian History and Ancient Indian Culture,
Ramnarain College. Bombay; University Teacher, Bombay University 80
THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA
7. THE INFLUENCE OP THE EPICS ON INDIAN LIFE AN UTERATURE N'ilmadhav Sen, *M., d.ijtt. Dcccan School of Linguistics, Poona 35
«. TIU RAMAYANA AND THE MAHABIURATA IN SOUTH-EAST MIA Bijan Raj Ghat terjee, i*iu>. (IjONd), d.lttt. (fdnjab) Principal, Meerut Cottege, V.l*. H9
PARI II
THE GITA LITERATURE
9. THE lUIAC.AVADCITA: A GENERAL REVIEW O f IT'S HISTORY AND CHAR At.TER S. K. BcK'dlkur, W.A., rii.t>, (marvaku) Professor of Sanskrit (Etnetiiuk), Deccan College, Poona, anti
Banaw\ Hindu University ISS
10. THE TEACHINGS O f THE BHAGAYAD GITA Swnnii Suddhanamla formerly President, Ramaknshna Mission 158
11. HIE RE1JCUON OF THE BH AG AVAIMJITA Swamt Tapatyananda President, Ramakrithna Ashratna. Tnvamtram, Kerala |66
It THE 8HAGA VADCITA: ITS SYNTIIHOC CHARACKER Swaiiti Virwwaranamla General Secretary, Romakrixhna Minion ISO
13. THE III I AC A VAD-G1TA: ITS EAR1.Y COMMENTARIES Malicndrn Nath Sarkar. M.A., Pif.o. Formerly Professor of Philosophy, Presidency College, Calcutta 195
14. IMITATIONS OP TIIE BH AGAVA DC tTA AND MTER GITA LITERATURE Paramtwara Aiyar, H i. Retired Sub-Judge 204
PART 111
THE PURANAS
15. INMAN MYTHOLOGY R. N, Datirickar, M.A.. Pii.n. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona 225
Xti
CONTENTS run
10. THE PURANAS Rajcndra Chandra Haua. m.a„ pii.d.. Associate Professor of Smiti and Parana* {Research Department,
Sanskrit College), Calcutta 240
IT THE L'PAPURANAS Rajcndra Chandra Ila/ra. u .a , d.ijtt. 271
IS. THK ETHIC* Ol l i l t PURANAS C. S. Vcnkateswarun, m .a ., cii.d. Head of the Department of Sanskrit, Annamalai University 287
I*ART IV
H it DHARMASANTRAS
l». Till. DIIA.RAJA-St'TRAS AND flUt DlIARMA-SASTRAS V. A. Ramaswami Saslri, m*a. Head of the Department of Sanskrit, Ttmvincore University SOI
SO THE SMRTlS: T11KIR OUTLOOK. AND CHARACTER T. R. Vcnkaiaraiua Sastri. C4.E. Formerly Advocatc-General, Madras 312
21. THE MANL’ SA&H1TA V. Raghavan. M.A.. fh.o. Professor of Sanskrit, Madrai f/wVmily 335
22. THE NIBAMH1AS Ditiesli Chandra Bhauacharya, m.a. Formerly Professor, Mohsin College, Hooghly 364
23. PEXANY.ES AND VOWS Dinesh Chandra Bhauacharya, w .a . 391
24. THE HINDU SACRAMENTS (J.AMSKARAS) R. B. Pandcy. m.a., o.utt . Principal. Banaras Hindu University 390
23. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THEORETIC BASIS OE HINDU IAW 1*. B. Gajcndragadkar Judge, Supreme Court of India 414
xiii
THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA
Tift HINDU JUDICIAL SYSTEM P. B. Mukharji Judge, Calcutta High Court 454
PART V
ARTHA4ASTRA, NITMaSTRA. AND OTHER SOURCES OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
*7. A GLNf.RAL StJRVF.V OF THE IJTERATURF OF ARTHA-iASTRA AND MTMIVTRA
I. U, N. Gho»bal. *la., pii.d. Formerly Professor of History, Presidency College, Calcutta
II—1V, Radhagoviiula B&iak, h . a . , pii.d. Formerly Professor, Presidency College, Calcutta 451
2*. P01JTIU1. ORtiANIZA'IION: 1IIF MONARCHICAL STATIC U. N. Ghoshal, *la., ph.p. 465
S». POLITICAL ORGAMMIION: REPUBLICS AND MIXJtU CONSTITUTIONS U, N. Glioshal, m.a. PiU). m
JO. m e STATE IN RELATION TO R U IU O N IK ANCIENT INDIA K. A. Nilakanta Satfri, v .a. Formerly Professor ot Indian History; Madras University 485
31. SOUK ASPECTS or SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EVOLUTION IN INDIA C. P. Rjinuuvvami Aiyar, ba.. iu., ludv o.ijtt. Formerly Vice Chancrllor, Banaras Hindu University 493
SI SOME BASIC IDEAS OF POLITICAL THINKING IN ANCIENT INDL\ Benoy Kumar Sircar, m .a, hmijC. Formerly l*rt>fessor, Calcutta Unh*ersity 509
» . THE TlRt’ -K KURAL C Rajagopabchari, Bharal Raliw. ha.. *4- Formerly Governor General of India 6S0
51. THE INDIAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY Dr. (Mtl) Iravati Kane Dccran College, Poona 536
CONTENTS
59. SOME ASPECTS OF SOCIAL I JFK IN ANCIENT INDIA H. C. ChaUadar, jla. Formerly Head of the Depart merit of Anthropology,
Calcutta University
36. MONASTIUSM IN INDIA Sukuinar Daua. u .a., pii.u Formerly Reader in English, Delhi University
57. SOME ASPECTS OF THE POSITION OK WOMEN IN ANCIENT INDIA D. C. Ganguly, m.a., rii.D. Curator, Victoria Memorial, Calcutta
» . SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE IDEAL? OF INDIAN WOMANtf(K>D Roma Chaudhury, M.a., d.piitl. Principal, Lady Brabourne College, Calcutta
*5. FOREIGN ELEMENTS IN INDIAN POPUI-*TION M a Dcbala Mitra. mjl Assistant Superintendent of Archaeology, Indian Museum. Calcutta
40. SOME EXPERIMENTS IN SOCIAL REFORM IN MEDIAEVAL INDIA l». N. Chopra, m j c , ph.d. Member^ Board of Editors, 'History of Freedom Movement of India*
41. ANCIENT INDIAN EDUCATION I. Radha Kumud Mookerji, m.a., ph.d.
Formerly Vice-Chancellor, Emeritus Professor of History, Lucknow Unhxrsity
1M11. U . N. Ghmhal, «.a.. m u .
42. ECONOMIC IDEAS O f THE HINDUS A. D. Pu&alker. m.a , u _b., ph.d.
43. GUILDS AND OTHER CORPORATE BODIES U. N. Gtaoihal. m.a., pm.d.
RIBMOCRAPHY
INDEX
rwi
557
382
594
601
HINTS ON PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING OF SANSKRIT AND VERNACULAR WORDS
a stands for H and sounds like o in come a II It «tr ft I* m « ii for i It II \ It M »« i bit 1 tt 1* 1 II II II « •t fed u l» s II II H 1* li full 0 If ft s o II „ 00 It cool r W *1 * M may be pronounced like rt in ring c tf •l W sounds like a in rake ai H » * tt it .. i ti mite 0 II tl II If „ o M note au ft tl •ft M •• » <»« count ih n Vi • ? 5 6 S. 1 i i like m in some h it s (irisarga) •• w tt soft, short h ' (apostrophe) stands Tor s (elided si). rt stands for 9 , n for * , and n for q ; the first is to be pronounced
like English «g in sing, or n in bank; the second like the n in English singe (a palat.il n); and the third, tlte cerebral ti, is made with the tongue-tip the palate.
upturned and touching the dome of
c stands for « and sounds like in churr/i ch ft H II •• eAA t| chun7?-/>ill
? M » I M >1 M 1 ti curt \h •• N i « M It lA ♦t porthole
<> <1 M « ii ♦1 •• d bird <Jh » ft * « II n dh it bird-/<ouse l M II a « »l ( t pat (Italian f) ih II II * .I M »• ih •« lii/Jiard d *» W * » • 1 « d It had (Italian d) dh ♦♦ II K « fl •> dh ♦I madhouse V it II « H rt *i vatu' levy, water i II II CT .. M sh If jftip
? H M 1 * II ih „ sftould
! II II ss II II if the cerebral f, made with the tonguc'tip up-turned and tonrhing the dome of tlie palate,
xvi
HINTS ON' PRONUNCIATION \ND SPKI.MNT. OF SANSKRIT WORDS
The folfvwing points should also be noted: (1) All Sanskrit words, except when the)* arc pmpcr noun*, or have
come into common use in English, or represent a cl ass of literature. cult, sea. or school of thought, are italicized.
(2) Excepting in the rase of words like *karma\ the Iklscs of SansLril nouns arc used as jUMnyaiin, sv&min. etc.
($) Anglicized Sanskrit words like 'karmic', 'sAiiDtfrir, 'Arhathoori’, ctc. arc Romanized.
(4) Current geographical turner except in cases where their Sanskrit forms are given, or in special rases where the context requires it, and all modem names from the commencement of the nineteenth century are given in their usual spelling and without diacritical marks.
U - C xvii
ABBREVIATIONS
ABORJ, 0/ the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Agni. Agni Purana Ait. Br. Aaitareya Bra ft man a Ap. Dh. S. Aftmlamba DharmfrSutrn ASS. Anandasratna Sanskrit Series AJv. Dh. S. Ahvlayana Dharma-Siitra A. r. Athama’Veda Baudh. Dh. S. Baudhnyana Dharma-Sulra Bd. BrahrnSnda Purfiria BEFEO. Bulletin dr L'ecole Francaise d'extreme Orient 43. G. Bhagavad'GUa fl/m. <£%.) Bh&gavata Purfina Bhttv. Bhairi.fya Purina Br. Brfihmana Brahma. Brahma Purana Brhv. Hmltniai>uivarla Purism Br. Srn. Brhaspali Sm ti Br. t/. Brhadaranyaka Upatii^ad BSS. Bombay Sanskrit Series CM. U. ChSndogya Upanifad CHI. Cultural Heritage of India Dh. S. Dharma-Svtra FJ. Epigraphia Indiea Gar. Garuifa Puriija Gaul. BA. S. Gautama Dhanna-iistra Gr.S. Gfhya'SGtra HCIP. History and Culture of the Indian People IL Dh. History of DharmaidMra. by P. V. Kane JUL. History of Indian Literature HOS. Harvard Oriental Series HSL. HiUory of Sanskrit Literature Hv. Harivamia /A. Indian Antiquary r. V. ISa Upani^ad m . } at aka fUB. Journal of the University of Bombay K<l V. Katha Upani^ad Kim. K&maiuiaklya NUisira
Kau{ifiya .irthatistra xviii
ABBREVIATIONS
Km. KOtySyana Smrti Ke. U. Krna Uf*ani$ad KQr. KGrma Purana Linga. l-h'iga Purana Manu. Manu Smfti Mark, Mftrhantfcya Purdna Mat. Matsya Purana Ma. V. MorulCikya Upanifad Mhh. Mahabhhrata Mbiu (Cr. Ed.) Mahabharata {Critical El Mu. U. Mundaka Upanifad Nor. S'aradiya Purana N&r. Sm. Xarada Smrti JVW. Xnv Indian Antiquary P. Pur&na Pad. Padma Purana Paiy. Pdrtini Par. Pardiara R&j. Rajatarangim Ram. Ranii\a{ia R. V. UgVcda Sat. Br. Ratafia!ha Brahmana SBE. Sacrcd Books 0/ the East Sk. Skanda Purana Sm. Smrti Sm. C. Snifti-candrikd Sr. S. Sraula-Sutra Sukra. Sukra NitUiira S. V. $ama*Veda Taitt. Br. Taittirlya Brahmana Tai. U. Taittiriya Upan i.sad VSj. S. I'd journey! Sat it hi la Vim. f'amona PurHna Var. I'arfihu Purana Vos. Pasistha Dharnia'Sfitra V&yu. Vayu Purana I'unu. Oh. S Vistju Vhnrma-StitTa Viptu. Vi${iu PutSija raj. 4 YSjiiat^alkya Smjii r. v. Yajur-Vcda
INTRODUCTION
T HE Cultural Heritage of fnclta, s[M>nvircd by the Ramaktishna Mission Institute ol Culture. is ai once ;t symbol of the renaissance ol Hindu
thought and ideals anti a treasure-house of ancient lore*. I he whole range of Indian civilization and the vaiicgated pn>ducts of Hindu culture have been reviewed in its several volumes dealing with tlie teligiom, philosophies, literal uie, and the art* and sciences of India from the twilight jxisr to the picscnl day.
Hie admitted achievement* of India in the direction of aviimilaiioii. adaptation, and svmhrcis of diverse, and even conflicting, point* of view, will be illmtiated In the movement1* lecorded in these volumes. The rcligijms artistic, ami philosophical development* in India demonstrate India's consistent striding towards \amavfi\at that is. reconciliation and concord. Cultural jialtnm have, of course. been modified from time to time, but dilfeiem cnviuirimeut*. diversified racial contributions, and innumerable load and historical traditions have not Iwsicallv…
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