Culture and sex role as determinants of personality profiles...Mexican personality type and the changes in th is type that resu lt from m igration to the Baited States„ The m ajority
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Culture and sex role as determinants of personality profiles
A T hesis Sabraitted. to th e F a c u lty of th e .
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
In P a r t i a l F u lf i l lm e n t o f the; R equirem ents For th e Degree of
MASTER OF ARTS
In th e G raduate C o lleg e
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
1 9 6. 4
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
This th e s is has been submitted in p a r t ia l fu lf il lm e n t of requirem ents for an advanced degree at the U n iversity of Arizona and i s deposited in the U n iversity Library to be made a v a ila b le to borrowers under ru le s of the L ibrary.
B r ie f quotations from t h is th e s is are a llow ab le without sp e c ia l perm ission , provided that accurate acknowledgment of source i s made. Requests for perm ission for extended quotation from or reproduction of th is manuscript in whole or in part maybe granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate C ollege when in th e ir judgment the proposed use o f the m ateria l i s in the in te r e s ts o f sch o la rsh ip .In a l l other in sta n c e s , however, perm ission must be obtained from the au thor.
SIGNED:
APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR
This th e s is has been approved on the date shown below:
Va' ""ARNOLD M O T W i 'T O r : " P rofessor of Psychology
A C EH OlfLED G-M M TS
The au th o r w ishes to express h is g r a t i tu d e to Dr 0 A rnold
Meadow fo r h is con tinuous s u p p o r t? encouragem ent, and a s s i s
tance both in the o r ig in a t io n and th e com pletion of th i s
p a p e r .
Dr® M arguart and Dr® H ertz deserve s p e c ia l r e c o g n itio n
and th e a u th o r 6s deep a p p re c ia t io n fo r read in g th e f i r s t
d r a f t of t h i s m anuscrip t and f o r th e h e lp fu l su g g e s tio n s which
made th e w r i t in g ta s k so much easier®
Louise Bronson, D an ie l Logan, and Mary Logan were of
g re a t h e lp in desig n in g t h i s s tu d y , in th e a d m in is tra t io n and
sco rin g o f th e t e s t s , and in th e com putation of th e n ecessa ry
s ta t i s t i c s ®
The a d m in is t r a t io n , te ach in g s t a f f , and sophomore c la s s
of Pueblo High School deserve s p e c ia l thanks® W ithout th e ir
co o p e ra tio n and support th i s s tu d y might never have been
sh ip and g re a t emphasis i s p laced on sexual knowledge and
experience^
Female c h i ld re n r e tu r n to th e home a f t e r com pleting
g rade schoo l and a re t r a in e d in dom estic d u t i e s „ At th is
tim e , th e y le a rn to se rv e th e needs o f the males in th e house.
Their honor and v i r g i n i t y come to be of prime im portance to
th e e n t i r e fa m ily , e s p e c ia l ly to th e f a th e r and th e o ld e r
b r o th e r s . The one break, in the g i r l ' s l i f e o f s e rv itu d e
occurs when she i s co n s id e red to have become th e id e a l woman
fo r a given man. However, th is change la s t s o n ly u n t i l she
i s m a rried , at which tim e she r e tu rn s to a l i f e of se rv ic e
to th e m ale . T h is ■sudden r e v e r s a l and r e tu rn to a p re v io u s ly
despis ed r o le is o f te n d i f f i c u l t f o r th e fem ale to accept „
From th i s pm. n t on th e Mexican w ife has a l l o f h er needs
denied .
The Mexican mother is c h a ra c te r iz e d as being ex trem ely
a f f e c t io n a te and overly , p r o te c t iv e in her r e la t io n s h ip s with
her in f a n t c h i ld r e n . This r e la t io n s h ip l a s t s u n t il th e c h i ld
i s about two years of age. From th is p o in t on, the c h ild i s
expected to become co m p le te ly o b ed ien t and subm issive to
th e d e s ire s of the p a r e n t s ,
Diaz-Guerrero goes on to d e s c r ib e th e c o n f l i c t s and
p a tho logy found in the Mexican c u l tu r e . He used a 46 item
q u e s tio n n a ire d es ig n ed to e v a lu a te th e degree o f m ental h e a l th
of h is s u b je c ts , Q uestions such as wDo you g e t angry f r e
q u e n tly ? 18 and 'wDo you th in k l i f e i s w orth l iv in g ? 18 (p , 415)
were in c lu d ed in th e q u e s t io n n a ire . The q u e s tio n s were to
be answered ”yes',” who,* or don’t know,88 Bach answer was
sco red as e i th e r n e u ro tic or not n e u r o t ic . The q u e s tio n n a ire s
were d i s t r i b u t e d . i n Mexico C ity by th e C a n t r i l l w eighted
random sample te c h n iq u e . Two hundred n in e ty -fo u r lo f th e
q u e s tio n n a ire s were r e tu r n e d .
He concluded th a t fo r th e s u b je c ts over 18 y e a rs of age
32 p e rce n t of th e m ales and 44 p e rce n t of th e fem ales were
n e u r o t ic . This d if f e re n c e reach ed s ig n if ic a n c e a t th e ,04
l e v e l , . He d e s c r ib e s th e problem s of th e m ales under s ix
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i
(1) submission.;, c o n f l i c t , and r e b e l l io n in th e a re a of a u th o r i ty , (2) p reo ccu p a tio n and a n x ie ty reg ard in g se x u a l po ten cy , (3) c o n f l ic t and am bivalence re g a rd in g h is double r o l e (w hehter to be te n d e r and m a te rn a l, th e r o le expected in.. h is r e la t io n s h ip w ith younger s i s t e r s , o r to be v i r i l e and s e x u a l ) ,1(4) d i f f i c u l t i e s in superced ing th e m a te rn a l s ta g e ,(5) problem s b e fo re and d u rin g m arriag e : m o th er’s love i n t e r f e r e s w ith th e love to an o th e r woman, and(6) th e Oedipus complex Cpp, 414 & 4 1 5 ),
1I n s e r te d by th e p re se n t a u th o r .
file most common problem s f o r th e fem ales r e s u l t from t h i e r
i n a b i l i t y to l iv e up to th e req u irem en ts o f th e c u l tu r e . This
r e s u l t s in re p e a te d s e l f - b e l i t t l e r a e n t and in d e p re s s iv e t r e n d s 0
F u rth e r d e s c r ip t io n s of th e m o th e r-c h ild r e la t io n s h ip
and th e f a th e r - f a m ily r e la t io n s h ip in th e Mexican c u l tu re have
been re p o r te d by Ramirez and P a r re s (1957)« They s e le c te d
t h e i r s u b je c ts by sam pling from IBgOQO case h i s t o r i e s from
a c h i ld r e n 's h o s p i ta l and m ental hygiene, c e n te r s in Mexico
C i ty , T heir sam ple in c lu d ed 63.5 f a m i l ie s . In d e s c r ib in g th e
b a s is f o r some of th e co n c lu s io n s th e y draw and fo r some of
th e r e s u l t s th e y r e p o r t , o th e r th a n s t a t i s t i c s o b ta in ed from
"the. case r e c o rd s , th e au th o rs s t a t e , ^The d ep th u n d e rs ta n d in g ,
p sy c h o lo g ic a lly sp eak in g , comes from our o b se rv a tio n during
a n a ly t ic tre a tm e n t o f e lev en p a t ie n t s whom we co n s id e r
ty p ic a l ly Mexican68 (p , 1 8 ) ,
They c l a s s i f i e d th e types of m arriag es p re v a le n t in
t h e i r sample and re p o r te d th e r e l a t i v e frequency o f each
ty p e . Of th e m arriag es s tu d ie d , 59 p e rcen t were bo th c i v i l
and r e l i g i o u s , 10 p e rc e n t were on ly c i v i l , 5 p e rc e n t were
on ly r e l i g i o u s , and 26 p e rcen t were of th e common law ty p e .
In 32 p e rc e n t of th e ca ses s tu d ie d , th e f a th e r was com plete ly
ab sen t from th e home, .Of th i s 32, p e rce n t on ly 7 p e rce n t were
ab sen t as the r e s u l t o f d e a th . The o th e r 25 p e rc e n t ab sen tees
r e s u l t e d from abandonm ent. In many o th e r ca se s th e f a th e r
was d e sc rib ed as being ^ p sy c h o lo g ica lly ^ a b s e n t. The au th o rs
th a t m ed ia tes th e p r im it iv e r e la t io n of th e m other w ith th e
ch ild o They d e sc r ib e th e ^machismo*1 as a r e a c t io n fo rm atio n
a g a in s t th e f a t h e r ’s la c k of r e a l im portance in th e fam ily
cr g a n iz a t io n 0
In 70 p e rc e n t o f th e c a se s o f abandonment th e f a t h e r ’s
le av in g co in c id e d w ith th e pregnancy of th e w ife . In an
a ttem p t to e x p la in t h i s c o in c id e n c e , th e a n th e rs beg in w ith
a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e c a re of i n f a n t s . This c a re is ag a in
d e sc r ib e d as in te n s e and c lo s e . However, t h i s in t e n s i t y
and c lo se n e ss l a s t on ly u n t i l th e mother becomes p regnan t
a g a in . At t h i s tim e , th e c h i ld i s weaned v e ry a b ru p tly , o f te n
w ith tra u m a tic e f f e c t s . Ramirez and F a rre s i n t e r p r e t th e
f a t h e r ’s d e s e r t io n a t the tim e of pregnancy as being th e
r e s u l t of h is i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w ith bo th th e weaned c h i ld and
w ith h is own mother who d e s e r te d him a t t h i s tim e in h is own
l i f e . They f e e l th is acco u n ts f o r th e ’’m ascu line r e v o l t ”
and th e r e s u l t in g ”maeho” p a t t e r n . The man i s ty p i f i e d as
being d i s t a n t and d i s t r u s t f u l . ”He f e a r s th e ex p re ss io n of
f e e l in g , f e a r s to adm it h is dependence on th e love o b je c t
th a t he f e a r s w i l l abandon him as h is mother d id ” (p . 2 1 ).
The au th o rs f e e l th a t th e ru p tu r in g of th e m o th e r-c h ild
r e la t io n s h ip a t th e b i r t h o f th e nex t s ib l in g i s th e cause
of th e b a s ic problem s males e n c o u n te r . I t would seem
to fo llo w th a t th e same would be t r u e f o r th e fem ales s in c e th e y
6
to o ex p e rien ce th e traum a of th i s ab ru p t w eaning . However,
th e a u th o rs b e l ie v e th a t w h ile the fem ale goes th ro u g h th e
same s te p s as th e m ale, th e p o s s i b i l i t y of h e r r e s to r in g th e
sym bio tic r e la t io n s h ip i s much g r e a te r th an i t i s fo r th e
m ale. Every tim e th e woman has a c h i ld she has th e o p p o rtu n ity
of renew ing th e i n f a n t i l e r e l a t io n s h ip .
The m other is s a id to respond to th e d e s e r t io n by becoming
c lo s e r to the c h ild and by g iv in g to th e c h i ld t h a t p o r tio n
o f h e r a f f e c t io n s t h a t would have gone to th e now ab sen t
f a th e r . She n e g le c ts h e r u su a l fem in ine q u a l i t i e s and p u ts
g re a t emphasis on th e m a te rn a l a s p e c ts of h e r r o l e . The r o le
o f th e f a th e r as ’'b u f f e r 19 th a n becomes weakened or d isa p p ea rs
e n t i r e l y . ■
The au th o rs conclude th a t th e re a r e th re e b a s ic dynamic
te n d e n c ie s : (1) an in te n se m o th e r-c h ild r e la t io n s h ip ,
(2) a d i lu t io n o f the f a th e r - c h i ld r e la t io n s h ip and (3) a
trau m a tic ru p tu re of th e mother c h i ld r e la t io n s h ip a t th e -
b i r t h of th e n ex t c h i l d . -
Abel and C alaferesi (1951) used th e Rorschach to s tu d y
th e p e r s o n a l i t i e s of th e members of a sm all farm ing v i l l a g e
so u th w est o f Mexico C i ty . They c h a ra c te r iz e d th e se people
a s being p e r s i s t e n t in perform ing t a s k s , having a c o n c re te
approach to th e w orld , ho t r e s o r t in g to u n r e a l i s t i c a lo o fn e ss
or f l i g h t s of fan cy , having i n t e r e s t s c e n te re d around n a tu re
and th e item s of t h e i r m a te r ia l c u l tu r e , having s tro n g te n d e n c ie s
to avoid c lo s e p e rso n a l c o n ta c t w ith l i t t l e u n d erstan d in g of
7
coop erative e n t e r p r i s e , la v in g good mental c o n t r o l , being,
ca p ab le of im pu lsive b e h a v io r , an d no t having a com plete ly
r e p re s s e d f a n ta s y l i f e . Marked sex d i f f e r e n c e s were 'found,
The ad o le sc en t g i r l does wno t expand and en joy h e r s e l f 0R
Her s ix l i f e i s re p re s s e d and she becomes r i g id and c o n t r o l le d .
A do lescen t boys a re p ro d u c tiv e and sp o n tan eo u s, show a broad
range o f i n t e r e s t s , and have v a r ie d a c t i v i t i e s . T h e ir sex
l i f e is le s s in h ib i te d , bu t th e y have a n x ie ty about se x u a l
needs and s a t i s f a c t i o n s , In th e young a d u lt y e a rs th e women
become l e s s te n s e in t h e i r e f fo r s t to conform , bu t th e y s t i l l
show ”1 i t t i e s ig n o f l i v e l i n e s s and w arm th,w The male f e e l s
se cu re in h is r o l e , e s p e c ia l ly in h is se x u a l r o l e . However,
s ig n s of ado lescence a re never com ple te ly rem oved. As am
a d u lt he i s s t i l l im pu lsive and u n d is c ip lin e d in h is b e h a v io r ,
At age le v e ls over 40, th e s t r i c t d i s c ip l in e of th e woman
le ad s to c o n tro l and m an ip u la tio n o f th e fam ily s i t u a t i o n .
The o ld e r men do not a c c e p t t h i s and wth e y become th e ones
in c o n f l i c t As th e male becomes s e x u a lly im p o ten t, he
lo s e s h is m astery over th e w orld and becomes co n fu sed . Con
f l i c t over h is r o le r e s u l t s ,
Lewis (1949) s tu d ie d th e r o le c o n f l i c t s o f husbands and
w ives in a sm a ll Mexican v i l l a g e . He d is c u s se s th e id e a l
image of th e Mexican f a th e r as being supreme in th e home and
of th e w ife as being devo ted , f r u g a l , and r e s p e c t f u l . However,
Lewis d e s c r ib e s th e r e a l s t a t e o f th in g s as being f a r from
8
th e i d e a l .
For th e husband, th e home i s a p lace to a t te n d to p h y s ic a l
n ee d s . He o f te n is away from home, Wien he i s home he avo ids
in tim acy w ith fam ily members as a tech n iq u e of m ain ta in in g
t h e i r r e s p e c t . However, by behaving in t h i s way he lo se s
touch and, u l t i m a t e ly , 'c o n t r o l .
Husbands t r y to keep from aro u s in g th e i r w ives s e x u a lly
fo r f e a r th a t th e w ives may en joy i t and become prom iscuous,
They b e lie v e t h e i r w ives w i l l become u n f a i th f u l a t th e f i r s t
o p p o r tu n ity . As a r e s u l t , th e husbands f e e l most secu re when
th e i r w ife is p re g n a n t. Wives o f te n s to p see in g t h e i r f r ie n d s
when th e y become m arried in an a ttem p t to avo id t h e i r husband6s
w ra th ,
G ilb e r t (1959) has a ls o s tu d ie d sex d if fe re n c e s in a
Mexican v i l l a g e . He has approached th e problem from th e
s ta n d p o in t of m ental h e a l th . He s t a t e s th a t th e r e have been
few a ttem p ts to examine th e wb io s o c ia lw r e la t io n s h ip fo r
p e r s o n a l i ty and m ental h e a l th . H is s tu d y was ^acco rd in g ly
designed to in v e s t ig a te , by means of a somewhat more sy s tem a tic
exam ination and s e t of c r i t e r i a th a n were used in th e Lewis
s tu d y , w hether th e re were c o n s is te n t sex d if fe re n c e s in
m ental h e a lth in e i th e r c h i ld re n or a d u l ts in an o th e r Mexican
r u r a l setting** (p , 208),
G i lb e r t 's s tu d y was conducted in a sm all r u r a l community
about s ix t y m iles from Mexico C i ty , The t o t a l p o p u la tio n of
th e v i l l a g e was a l i t t l e over 600. p e o p le » They were m ostly
’h aestizo s o” There were v e ry few modern conveniences and th e
average income..was between $2@0 and $400 a y e a r . There was
one v e ry sm all sch o o l in which c h i ld re n re c e iv e d s ix y e a rs of
com pulsory e d u c a tio n . Many of th e o ld e r in h a b i ta n ts had even
le s s ed u ca tio n and th e r a t e o f i l l i t e r a c y among th e o ld e r
groups was q u ite h ig h .
He found th e ty p ic a l m ale-dominance and fem ale-sd b m issiv en ess
p a t te rn s in ev idence in community l i f e , wThe c u l t o f machismo
(male dominance and v i r i l i t y ) , which is p re v a le n t in Mexico,
p la c e s a premium on male s e l f - a s s e r t i o n , g iv e s m ales th e
e x c lu s iv e p re ro g a tiv e of- w andering about u n a tten d ed , d r in k in g ,
gambling and ca ro u s in g in p u b lic ( e s p e c ia l ly on weekends),-
and ta k e s f o r g ran te d an extrem e double s ta n d a rd in sex u a l
m o ra lity ^ (p , 209)» -
G ilb e r t a d m in is te red Rorschach t e s t s to a sam ple of 100
v i l l a g e r s , ranging in age from 8 to 6 0 , These were f a i r l y
evenly d i s t r ib u t e d among f iv e groupss (1) p re -a d o le s c e n ts ,
(2) a d o le sc e n ts (3) young a d u l t s , (4) a d u l ts , and (5) o ld e r
a d u lts . H e -d o e sn 't fe e l , th a t socio-econom ic -c lass w as-an
im portan t f a c to r s in c e i t is r e l a t i v e l y th e same th roughou t
th e v i l l a g e . All- of th e 100-p ro to c o ls (excep t th r e e which
y ie ld e d few er th an seven re sp o n ses) were used ,
G ilb e r t used th e Horsehahc E ,H , S ca le as h is c r i t e r i o n
o f m ental h e a l th . T his i s a f iv e p o in t s c a le which i s used
10
to e s t im a te wgross m ental health*® The f iv e deg rees of
ad justm ent a re s (1) good ad jus tm en t w ith c r e a t iv e p o t e n t i a l ,
(2) sym ptom -free good ad ju stm en t, (3) m odera te ly good a d ju s t
m ent, (4) m oderate m alad justm en t, and (5) d e f in i t e pa th o lo g y .
His r e s u l t s show c o n s i s te n t sex d i f f e re n c e s i n fav o r of
th e fem ales from p re -a d o le sc e n c e onward. G i lb e r t s t a t e s
t h a t , '
. . . th e s e r e s u l t s would su g g e s t t h a t a c u l tu r e which emphasizes "male supremacy" and a double s ta n d a rd of s o c i a l and sex u a l freedom in fa v o r of th e males (machismo) n e v e r th e le s s seems to p ro duce b e t t e r a d ju s te d fem ales a t a l l ag e s , e s p e c i a l ly in l a t e r ad u lth o o d , ffhen co n s id e red in term s of psychodynamics, th e d a ta would suggest t h a t the s o c ia l p r e ro g a t iv e o f "machismo® may be more a n x ie ty p ro ducing th an need s a t i s f y in g f o r the. average male . . . . what we do su g g es t i s t h a t t h e r e may w e ll be c o n s t i t u t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s in dom inance-subm issiveness and th a t bo th sexes a r e a d a p tab le to moderate m o d if ica t io n s of th e s e d i f f e r e n c e s | however,, when th e c u l tu r a l s e x - r o le ex p e c tan c ie s ex a g g e ra te , o b l i t e r a t e , or r e v e r s e th e s e " n a tu r a l sex d i f f e r e n c e s " in b e h a v io ra l te n d e n c ie s , or m a in ta in r i g i d requ irem en ts o f behavior which do mot accomodate in d iv id u a l d i f f e r e n c e s in t e r Piper ament, then there , i s bound to r e s u l t an in c re a se of th e an x ie ty and patho logy l e v e l of th e a f f e c t e d sex or members th e re o f" (p . 211).
He concludes th a t t h e s e x - r o le ex p ec ta n c ie s o f th e Mexican
c u l tu r e d i s t o r t or ex x ag era te th e dominance' c a p a c i t i e s of
th e Mexican male and provoke g r e a t e r m aladjustm ent among males
than among fe m a le s . ,
I tu r r i a g a (1951) d e sc r ib e d th e way in which d e v ia tio n s
from th e t y p i c a l f a m i l y 'p a t t e r n d e sc r ib e d abovekhave come about
in Mexico as th e r e s u l t of u rb a n iz a t io n , i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n ,
and th e tremendous growth o f c i t i e s . He s t a t e s t h a t th e
11
p a t r i a r c h a l fa m ily , w ith i t s u n ity and th e u n c o n te s ta h le
p r e s t ig e of th e head o f th e househo ld , has p r a c t i c a l l y
d isa p p e a re d . This i s p a r t i a l l y th e r e s u l t of d if fe re n c e s
en co u n tered in s o c ia l v a lu e s when many fa m il ie s moved from
r u r a l a re a to the c i t i e s . In th e c i t i e s , th e emphasis on
fam ily u n ity was much le s s and, as a r e s u l t , th e d iv o rce
r a t e was h ig h e r . Fam ily t i e s were f u r th e r weakened by th e
in tro d u c t io n of th e women in to th e economic s p h e re , The
r e s u l t was th e weakening of the woman's dependence on th e
man, '
This d is ru p t io n of fam ily u n ity i s r e f l e c t e d in th e
com position o f th e fa m ily . F am ilie s have become sm a lle r as
compared to th o se in r u r a l a re a s = In c re a s in g r a t e s of ju v e n ile
d e lin q u en cy , f r e e union m a rria g e s , and d iv o rce s a re a lso to
be co n s id e red as r e f l e c t io n s of th e se ch an g es, The au th o r
f e e l s th a t th e in c re a s in g d iv o rc e r a t e and the d ec reas in g
f e e l in g s o f fam ily lo y a l ty a re a t l e a s t p a r t ly accounted fo r
by th e f a c t th a t th e re i s an in c re a s in g number of c i v i l m arriag es
(a s p o in te d out a ls o by Ramirez and F a r r e s , 1957)= These
c i v i l m a rriag e s do not p lace th e r e s t r i c t i o n s on d iv o rce
th a t a re imposed by r e l ig io u s m a rr ia g e s ,
I f u r r i a g a d e s c r ib e s the Mexican c h a ra c te r as tim id and
s e n tim e n ta l , w ith an e x te rn a l a i r of in d i f f e r e n c e . The Mexican
i s v io le n t y e t a r t i s t i c , and in d iv id u a l i s t i c r a th e r than
g re g a r io u s , He i s a ls o v e ry p reoccup ied w ith sex .and is .
12
la ck in g a r e f l e c t i v e or a n a ly t ic a t t i t u d e because th e o ld e rV
c u l tu re s of Mexico don’t use r a t i o n a l i t y to a r r iv e a t the
t r u t h . The Mexican d em o n stra te s a h igh degree o f in co n s tan cy ,
f a ta l i s m , s u p e r s t i t i o n , and in d e e is iv e n e s s =
P ineda (1961) has e x te n s iv e ly s tu d ie d th e freq u en cy and
im p lic a tio n s of ly in g in the. Mexican c u l t u r e „ A ccording to
th e a u th o r a double s ta n d a rd is in v o lv ed in th e use of l i e s »
P a ren ts do no t h e s i t a t e to l i e to c h i ld re n , b u t th e c h i ld i s
expected to t e l l no th ing bu t th e t r u t h . A f te r language
develops and th e c h i ld beg ins to im i ta te th e ly in g b eh av io r
of h i s p a re n ts , th e p a re n ts p r o je c t th e blame away from them-
s ie v e s and o f f e r f a t e or th e in f lu e n c e o f some d i s t a n t a n c e s to r
as th e cause of th e c h i l d ’s b e h a v io r . The c h i ld le a rn s l i t t l e
o f how to g iv e lo v e , on ly to demand i t . This c o n d itio n and
th e f a c t th a t th e m o th e r-ch ild r e la t io n s h ip i s e s p e c ia l ly
n a r c i s s i s t i c r e s u l t s in th e c h i l d ’s being co n s id e re d a p o sse ss io n
t o be used by th e p a re n ts fo r t h e i r own good. The c h i ld i s
a ls o exposed to c o n tin u a l ly in g o u ts id e th e home. He h ea rs
i t in sc h o o l, in th e m ark e t, and-everyw here he g o e s , The* i • •
e th ic s fo r not c h e a tin g do n o t e x i s t in th e s c h o o ls , P ineda
s t a t e s th e g o a l of th e s tu d e n t as being ’’no t to le a r n , bu t to
copy, to c h e a t, to appear sm arte r th a n th e te a c h e r , and to
fo o l th e te a c h e r in every way p o s s ib le , ”
Lying w i l l o f te n ta k e th e form o f com plain ts o f i l l n e s s
o r o th e r i n f i r m i t i e s , I t i s used to e l i c i t com passion, P ineda
13
b e l i w e s males rn'ie th e l i e .in s te a d o f some e th e r mechanism
because th e m ale heeds e x te rn a l r e a f f i r m a t io n „ I t p ro v id es
a to u ch -o f-su rfa ce b rav e ry to cover th e h u m ilia t io n which
would r e s u l t from h is f e a r o f being fe m in in e . fh e m ascu linee
l i e , in w hatever form , i s s a y in g , ’’B e liev e me because I can
h u r t , d e s tro y , k i l l , ro b , because I am a man*” The m other,
on th e o th e r hand, l i e s to say , ’’P le a se b e l ie v e th a t I am
an o b je c t w orthy o f love® B e liev e me because I don’t b e l ie v e
i t , ”
Whether th e d eg ree o f em phasis and th e im portance P ineda
p la c e s on th e l i e in th e Mexican c u l tu r e i s j u s t i f i e d i s
d i f f i c u l t to a s c e r ta in o C e r ta in ly ly in g i s one f a c to r w ith
which we must d e a l in t r e a t in g th e Mexican c u l tu r e becau se ,
as many a u th o rs have s t a t e d , i t i s a prom inent phenomenon»
I t should a ls o be an a re a o f c o n f l i c t w ith th e American c u l tu r e
f o r th e se Mexicans who b rin g ly in g behav io r w ith them to th e
U nited S ta te s as a p a r t o f t h e i r Mexican c u l t u r a l h e r ita g e o
THE MEXICAN' CHABACTEB A S ALTERED BY THE AMERICA# C ULT IPS
Prom th e p u b lic a t io n s re p o r te d above we can o b ta in an
overview of th e p e r s o n a l i ty and c u l t u r a l background which th e
Mexican b rin g s w ith him to t h i s c o u n try . T his h e r i ta g e forms
th e base which combines w ith th e A m erican c u l tu r e to produce
th e Mexican-=Amerlean :c u l tu r e w ith w hich th e p re s e n t s tu d y i s
concerned . Many a u th o rs have a tte m p te d , by d e s c r ip t iv e methods
fo r th e most p a r t , to dem onstrate th e changes in th e Mexican
14
e h a ra e te r which r e s u l t from th e im m igration o f Mexicans to
p r o f i l e f i r s t f a c to r c o n ta in s so many s c a le s th a t d i f f e r e n
t i a t i o n on t h i s b a s is would be d i f f i c u l t .
Penn a ttem p ted to d e s c r ib e th e H exiean-A m eriean male
and fem ale on th e b a s is o f t h i s a n a ly s i s . She b e l ie v e s th e
a n a ly s i s ,
o . . showed th e s e males to p o ssess a h igh i n t e l l e c t ? a e s th e t ic i n t e r e s t s , v e rb a l f lu e n c y , and a p roneness to worry.. He was r a th e r h o s t i l e and co m p e titiv e and lack ed adquate in te rp e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . The fem ale , on the o th e r hand, was c h a ra c te r iz e d as e n e rg e t ic , a g g re s s iv e , in d ep en d en t, s o c ia b le , and t a l k a t i v e . She a ls o r S f le c te d te n d e n c ie s tow ard im m atu rity , s e l f i s h n e s s , and d is h o n e s ty . F a m il ia l d is c o rd , in ad eq u ate p e r s o n a l r e la t io n s h ip s , , .and a la c k of conform ity in th e m oral a re a a ls o c h a ra c te r iz e d th i s fem ale (p p . 48 & 4 9 ) .
T his c h a r a c te r iz a t io n ap p ea rs to ag ree f a i r l y w e ll w ith
p rev io u s d e s c r ip t io n s of th e M exican-Amerlean m ale. ,However,
th e fem ale appears q u i te d isc re p a n t from th e s u b s e rv ie n t ,
dependent, and re se rv e d woman d e sc r ib e d by o th e r a u th o rs .
Again i t i s n ec e ssa ry to keep in mind th a t th e s e a re M exican-
American c o lle g e s tu d e n ts .who a re being d e s c r ib e d . As o th e r
a u th o rs have p o in te d o u t, h ig h e r e d u c a tio n in th e Mexican
c u l tu r e i s la rg e ly re se rv e d f o r m a les . I t would seem under
s ta n d a b le , th e n , th a t f o r a g i r l to go on w ith h er ed u ca tio n
would a lm ost r e q u ir e h e r to be independent and r e b e l l io u s
agains t th e o ld w ays.
S f A M S l f OF THE FEOBLEM
The b a s ic problem of t h i s s tu d y was th a t o f s e le c t in g
an a p p ro p r ia te in stru m en t w ith w hich to t e s t f o r p o s s ib le
p e r s o n a l i ty d if fe re n c e s between M exican-Americans and A nglo-
Americans = The m a jo rity of th e s tu d ie s r re v ie w e d above
invo lved th e use o f p r o je c t iv e te c h n iq u e s ? o b se rv a tio n , or
p s y c h ia t r ic in te rv ie w s to m easure p e r s o n a l i ty v a r ia b le s & V ery
few s tu d ie s have been conducted using e m p ir ic a l ly d e riv ed
and s ta n d a rd iz e d m easures in th e in v e s t ig a t io n o f t h i s probleEo
This l a t t e r method has the advan tage o f p e rm ittin g th e use
of la rg e r sam ples 0 In a d d i t io n , s t a t i s t i c a l analyses, a re
more f e a s ib le and th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f measurement i s le s s
s e n s i t iv e to t e s t e r - b i a s »
One s tu d y (Penn, 1963) was conducted using an o b je c tiv e
measure on th i s problem . However, a s a r e s u l t of th e design
employed i t was no t p o s s ib le t o use some o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l
a n a ly se s which would have been d e s i r a b le . The com parison
group in th e Penn s tu d y d id no t come from th e same lo c a l i t y
as th e M exican-American group bu t re p re s e n te d a n a t io n a l
com posite group of c o lle g e s tu d e n ts . This makes" i t v e ry
d i f f i c u l t to s e p a ra te th e e f f e c t s o f lo c a l in f lu e n c e s on t e s t
sco re s from th o se r e p re s e n tin g t r u e c u l tu r a l d i f f e r e n c e s .
There i s a ls o some q u e s tio n a s to w hether th e c o l le g e s tu d e n ts
26
27
in the sam ples a r e re p resen ta tiv e of th e g e n e ra l p o p u la tio n s
o f th e c u l tu r a l groups from which th e y were draw n„ These
p o s s ib le l im i ta t io n s make i t d i f f i c u l t to de term ine th e
e x te n t to which Penn8s r e s u l t s can be g e n e ra l iz e d .
There appears to be one a re a in th e l i t e r a t u r e d e a lin g
w ith th e changes in th e Mexican p e r s o n a l i ty as th e r e s u l t o f
m igration, to th e U nited S ta te s which r e l a t i v e l y few in v e s t i
g a to rs have chosen to s tu d y . Many r e p o r ts have d e a l t w ith
th e s e p e r s o n a l i ty changes by comparing the Mexican-Ajaeriean
p e r s o n a l i ty w ith th e Mexican c h a ra c te r from which i t was
d e r iv e d . However ? th e c o n tra s t between the. Mexiean-American
p e r s o n a l i ty and th e American p e r s o n a l i ty has n o t been s y s te m a tic a lly
s tu d ie d ,
I t i s d i f f i c u l t to attem p t-to draw co n c lu sio n s or hypo
th e s e s about th e Mexican-Amer ic a n p e r s o n a l i ty - f ro m 'th e , l i t e r a
tu r e w hich d e a ls w i th 'th e .n a tiv e Mexican p e r s o n a l i ty . This
d i f f i c u l t y r e s u l t s from th e fac t, t h a t much o f th e l i t e r a t u r e
on the Mexican p e r s o n a l i ty r e f e r s to s tu d ie s conducted in th e
la r g e c i t i e s in C entral M exico-(Iturr'iaga, 1951$ and Sam irez
and Farres$ 1957)» Even many of th e r u r a l s tu d ie s may not
be r e le v a n t to th e p resen t, in v e s t ig a t io n because th ey were
•Americans a re now a t a peak from which th e y w i l l reced e as
t h e y g e t o ld e r ? i t would, have been ex trem ely d i f f i c u l t t o
o b ta in r e s u l t s l i k e th o se re p o r te d fo r a d u lts in th e l i t e r a
tu r e .The e f f e c t s o f socioeconom ic &lass have a ls o been t r e a te d
in th e l i t e r a t u r e on M exican-Americans = While a f u l l re p o r t
of th is , v a r ia b le as i t appeared in th e p re s e n t s tu d y i s in
p re p a ra t io n f o r s e p a ra te p r e s e n ta t io n , i t was found th a t
f o r th e se two groups th e soe ioeconomic v a r ia b le s as m easured
by such th in g s as o c c u p a tio n a l l e v e l s annual income, e t e 0,
were approx im ate ly e q u a l0 T his f in d in g does n o t , however,
e l im in a te socioeconom ic s ta tu s as a r e le v a n t v a r ia b le in
t h i s s tudy o W hile i t may foe t r u e th a t th e annual income of
th e tw o .groups i s n e a r ly e q u a l, th e re i s no g u a ran tee th a t
th e same meaning would b e a tta c h e d to a g iven income le v e l
in b o th c u l tu r a l g ro u p s„ An annual income o f th r e e thousand
d o l la r s may pu t an Anglo fam ily in th e lower t h i r d o f th e
g e n e ra l Anglo p o p u la tio n w hile th e same income cou ld p la c e
a llex ican-A m erlean fam ily in a c o n s id e ra b ly h ig h e r p o s i t io n
in t h e i r c u l t u r a l g roup . .
A f i n a l p o s s ib le reaso n th a t would support the . in te r p r e
t a t i o n th a t th e re a re no r e a l d i f f e re n c e s is t h a t th e re may
be a g r e a te r e f f e c t on the d a ta r e s u l t in g from th e lo c a t io n
in which th e se s u b je c ts grew up th a n from e i th e r c u l tu r a l
h e r i ta g e o r i t s d i f f e r e n t i a l e f f e c t s on th e s e x e s . This
59
ex p lan a tio n would d i r e c t l y s ta te th a t because o f lo c a l e f f e c t s
th e f in d in g s r e p o r te d in th e l i t e r a t u r e f o r th e M exican-
American group as a whole do n o t ap p ly to our s u b je c ts .
In s p i t e o f th e f a c t th a t s e v e ra l of th e s e f a c to r s cou ld
have been o p e ra tin g to produce a la c k o f d if f e re n c e s between
th e two groups under S tudy, i t i s d i f f i c u l t to accep t th e se
e x p la n a tio n s as v a l id in th e fa c e of so much l i t e r a t u r e to
th e c o n t ra ry . S e v e ra l f a c to r s may have been o p e ra tin g to keep
r e a l d if f e re n c e s between th e se groups from being d em o n stra ted ,
The f i r s t of th e se f a c to r s i s th e m easuring in s tru m e n t i t s e l f .
Many o f th e s tu d ie s in Which d if fe re n c e s were dem onstra ted
to o k t h e i r s u b je c ts from c l i n i c a l l y d iagnosed p a th o lo g ic a l
c a s e s . The H P 1 should be more e f f e c t iv e w ith , known cases
o f psychopathology th a n w ith a group th a t i s e s s e n t i a l l y
norm al.
W hile Penn’ s s tu d y was conducted w ith a ’’normal®
p o p u la tio n , s e v e r a l q u e s tio n s shou ld be c o n s id e re d . How
w e ll dees a group o f M exiean-American c o lle g e s tu d e n ts
r e p re s e n t th e la r g e r M exican-American p o p u la tio n ? What
e f f e c t d id th e h ig h e r in te l l ig e n c e le v e l of P enn8s sample
have on h e r r e s u l t s . t h a t would no t be as l i k e l y t o be in
o p e ra tio n in th e p re s e n t s tu d y ? . I t appears t h a t th e sam ple
o f Mexiean-AmeriGam h igh sch o o l s tu d e n ts would more c lo s e ly
r e p re s e n t th e g e n e ra l M exican-American p o p u la tio n th an Penn9s
sample w ould. However, h e r r e s u l t s come much c lo s e r to
60
p re v io u s ly r e p o r te d f in d in g s th an th e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y
do o
W hile th e H P ! has been ttsed w ith A E eriean s u b je c ts as
young as s ix te e n and the p re s e n t d a ta shows no d if fe re n c e s
between th e f i f t e e n y ea r o ld s and th e o ld e r s u b je c t s s age
may be a r e le v a n t f a c t o r „ I t has no t been dem onstra ted th a t
th e M ill i s u s e fu l and valid , w ith H ex iean -ijaerican s in th i s
age ra n g e . I f indeed th e t e s t i s in cap ab le of dem onstra ting
psychopatho logy in Mexic an-Am erican a d o le s c e n ts w ith th e
pr e s e n tly a v a i la b le norm s, th e MMPI i s of no use in t h i s type
of d es ig n , in s p i t e of th e f a c t th a t i t may be q u i te v a l id
w ith th e Anglo s u b je c ts .
A lthough i t seems th a t i t m ight have been w ise r to use
o ld e r s tu d e n ts in t h i s in v e s t ig a t io n , th a t would n o t have been
v e ry p r a c t i c a l . A f te r th e sophomore y ea r th e dropout r a t e
a c c e le r a te s v e ry r a p id ly , e s p e c ia l ly among th e Mexican-
A m ericans. I f o ld e r s tu d e n ts had been used , i t would have
been v e ry d i f f i c u l t to o b ta in sam ples th a t were even c lo se
to being e q u a lly d iv id e d . Even using sophom ores, th e number
o f M exiean-American m ales f e l l c o n s id e ra b ly below th e numbers
in th e e th e r th r e e g ro u p s.
Another p o s s ib le reaso n fo r th e d isc re p an c y between th e
r e s u l t s o f t h i s e tu d y -an d th o se i n th e l i t e r a t u r e i s th e g en e ra l
type o f measurement em ployed. Gan we assume th a t a paper
and p e n c i l p e r s o n a l i ty t e s t such a s th e MMPI w i l l produce
61
s im ila r r e s t i l t s in c r e s s - c a l t n r a l 'r e s e a r c h as th e p r o je c t iv e
t e s t s and. th e in te rv ie w and o b s e rv a tio n a l te c h n iq u e s used
by o th e r in v e s t ig a to r s ? While w ith more s u b je c t iv e m easures
i t i s p o s s ib le f o r th e in v e s t ig a to r to a d ju s t h is tech n iq u es
to th e s i t u a t i o n , re p h ra s in g q u es tio n s so th a t th e y can be
u n d ersto o d , tak in g c u l tu r a l , f a c t o r s . in to account in i n t e r
p re tin g r e s u l t s , e t c . , t h i s i s no t p o s s ib le w ith a h ig h ly
s ta n d a rd iz e d o b je c t iv e t e s t u n less r e l i a b l e norms a re developed
fo r th e new s i t u a t i o n . ■
A d i f f i c u l t y of d es ig n should, a lso be co n s id e red as •
p o s s ib ly lend ing some su p p o rt to th e e x p la n a tio n th a t e x is t in g
d if fe re n c e s were no t m easured. In s o r tin g s u b je c ts fo r the
fo u r g roups, over 250 s u b je c ts were e lim in a te d from th e o r i
g in a l , sample . T his a tte m p t to av o id f a c to r s which might eon- '
found th e r e s u l t s may w e ll have e lim in a te d a co n s id e ra b le number
of th e more p a th o lo g ic a l cases from th e a n a ly s i s . S ince th e
o r ig in a l group o f s u b je c ts co n ta in e d more M exican-Amerieans
th an A nglos, i t seems rea so n ab le to assume th a t i f indeed
p a th o lo g ic a l ea ses were lo s t by using th e se c r i t e r i a i t would
have had a g r e a te r e f f e c t on th e average M exican-American I
s c o re s th an on th e Anglo T s c o re s . In f a c t , app rox im ate ly
110 M exican-Americans were, e lim ina ted - from th e f i n a l sample
as opposed to a b o u t .65 A nglos. I f f u t r e re se a rc h o f th is -
type i s conducted u sing th e KEPI t h i s p i t f a l l shou ld be ca re
f u l l y in v e s t ig a te d .
s m i s w
This th b s is has a ttem p ted to dem onstra te p e r s o n a l i ty
d i f fe re n c e s betw een M exican-American and Anglo-Am erican h igh
sch o o l s tu d e n ts w ith an e m p ir ic a lly ' d ev ised p e r s o n a l i ty
In v e n to ry . Two hundred and th i r ty - tw o s tu d e n ts from th e l i f e
- sc ien ce co u rse a t PneBlo High School were d iv id e d in to fo u r
groups on th e b a s is o f s e v e r a l c r i t e r i a » The groups used
in c lu d ed M exican-American m ales, Anglo-Am erican m ales, •
M exican-American fem a les , and Anglo-Am erican fe m a le s . The
M innesota M u ltip h asic P e r s o n a l i ty In v e n to ry was g iv en to a l l
o f th e se s u b je c ts . The r e s u l t in g p r o f i l e s were an lyzed in
two ways in an a ttem p t to d isc o v e r in te rg ro u p d i f f e r e n c e s .
A f iv e way a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e was computed to t e s t mean
T sc o re d i f fe re n c e s and a c h i sq u a re a n a ly s is o f th e f re q u e n c ie s
o f T70 sc o re s was computed to t e s t fo r d if fe re n c e s in th e
f re q u e n c ie s of p a th o lo g ic a l sc o re s among th e g ro u p s .
The r e s u l t s o f th e an a ly se s in d ic a te d v e ry few d i f f e r
ences among th e g ro u p s . The a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e showdd
on ly th r e e s ig n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s . These d i f fe re n c e s o ccu rred
when a l l mMe s u b je c ts were compared to a l l fem ale s u b je c ts .
Sfo d if fe re n c e s were d isc o v e red by th e a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e
which cou ld be s a id to r e s u l t from p u re ly c u t lu r a l d i f f e r e n c e s .
However, M exican-Americans and Anglo-Am ericans d id d i f f e r
62
63i
s ig n i f i c a n t ly on th e I f s c a le when th e i r f re q u e n c ie s of
f70 sc o re s were eopipared by c h i square ', M exican-American
m ales a ls o dem onstra ted more p a th o lo g ic a l s c o re s on M£ th an
d id Anglo m ales, and Anglo fem ales re c e iv e d more p a th o lo g ic a l
sc o re s on Pa th an Mexican^Ameriean fem ales d id ,
• In a ttem p tin g to e x p la in th e o b ta in ed - r e s u l t s , i t i s
p o s s ib le to assume th a t th e r e s u l t s a re v a l id and th a t th e re
a r e very few p e r s o n a l i ty d i f f e re n c e s between M exican-Amefican
and Anglo-Am erican high sch o o l s tu d e n ts , o r , one can assume
th a t r e a l d if fe re n c e s do e x i s t and th a t some f a c to r or com
b in a t io n of f a c to r s were o p e ra tin g which p rev en ted th e d if fe re n c e s
from a p p e a r in g . S ev era l f a c to r s which cou ld be re le v a n t were
d is c u s se d ,
W hile most r e p o r ts in th e l i t e r a t u r e have re p o r te d more
d if fe re n c e s between M exican-Amerleans and Anglo-Am ericans
th an were found in t h i s s tu d y , th e few d if fe re n c e s t h a t were
found in t h i s s tu d y correspond f a i r l y w e ll w ith p rev ious
r e p o r t s . The d if fe re n c e between males and fem ales on Ma i s
common in th e l i t e r a t u r e concerned w ith sex d i f f e r e n c e s . The
f in d in g th a t Anglo fem ales had more p a th o lo g ic a l sc o re s on
Pa th a n M exican-Amerlean fem ales i s a ls o born out by re c e n t
re s e a rc h w ith c l i n i c a l c a s e s .
B:lBL10GlafHY
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