Cultural notes

Cultural notesThe Australian continent was explored first by the Dutch in the 17th century and then by the English Captain, James Cook who reached the coast of Australia in 1770. The first English colony was founded in 1788 after the British occupied the territory ofNew South Wales.

New Zealand was first explored by a Dutchman, named Tasman, and later by James Cook in 1769. The islands became a British colony under the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 and later earned dominion status in 1907. Both Australia and New Zealand are part of the Commonwealth of Nations, a confederation of 53 countries, many of which were former colonies in the British Empire, headed by Queen Elisabeth II, but are today united by a common aim to promote peace, democracy and development.

Dreamtime represents the spiritual beliefs of the Aboriginal Australians on the origins of the world. These people have a strong belief in the sacred value of the land and affirm the existence of a close nexus between the worlds of nature and spirit. American Indians is the generally accepted term applied to the indigenous populations living in North America prior to the arrival of the Europeans. There is much controversy over the name, even among the multitude of tribes within the United States and Canada. Some of the more “politically correct” termsare Native Americans, First Nations, First People and Amerinds. The term Aboriginals is usually associated with Australia and the term Indios with Central and South America.

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didgeridoostorytelling

New Zealand and the Cook Islands

canoes

hunters

farmers

Possible answers1 to fight for their land today.2 it educates children about life, spirituality, their

ancestors, heritage and the dreamtime.3 an advanced stone-age culture.4 the arrival of weapons from Europe, tribal wars and the selling of the Mãori land reduced the population to 40,000.5 they settled in different areas, with a different climate and landscape.6 epidemics, war and violence.

democracy (n) a system of government in which people vote in elections to choose the people who will govern them (การปกครองระบอบประชาธปไตย)

parliament (n) the main law-making institution in some countries. In the UK, Parliament consists of politicians elected to the House of Commons and members of the House Lords (รฐสภา)

election (n) an occasion when people vote for someone to represent them, especially in a government

(การเลอกตง)Member of Parliament [MP] (n) someone who has been elected

to represent people from a particular district in a parliament (สมาชกสภาผแทนราษฎร)

government (n) the people who control a country, region, or town and make decisions about its laws and taxes: followed by a singular or plural verb (รฐบาล)

Vocabulary

opposition (n) the political parties in a country that are not part of the government (ฝายคาน)

constituency (n) a division of a country that elects a representative to a parliament (เขตเลอกตง)

bills (n) a written document containing a proposal for a new law (รางกฎหมาย)

candidate (n) one of the people competing in an election (ผสมครรบเลอกตง)

bench (n) (in the British Parliament) a seat where a particular group of politicians sit (ทนงในรฐสภาขององกฤษ)

run the country (phr) to organise or be in charge of a country (บรหารประเทศ)

debate (v) if people debate a subject, they discuss it formally before making a decision, usually by voting (อภปราย)

issues (n) a subject that people discuss or argue about, especially relating to society, politics etc. (ประเดน)

appoint (v) to choose someone to do a particular job or have a particular position (แตงตง)

AnswersElections: every 5 years, over 18

(other possible answers: MPs, constituency, seat)Government: 100 people

(other possible answers: Prime Minister, Secretaries of State, Government Department or Ministry)

House of Commons: speaker, bills (other possible answers: debates, Government, Opposition, benches)

House of Lords: 750 (other possible answers: not elected, recommended, appointed)

Answers1. the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

2. Cardiff

3. issues like defence and foreign affairs.

4. become the MPs for the constituencies and have a seat in Parliament.

5. on a raised chair at one end of the Chamber.

6. recommended by the Prime Minister and other special commissions, and appointed by the Queen.

The Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations (FAO)

global (n) covering or affecting the whole world (เกยวกบโลก)issue (n) an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about (ประเดน, หวขอ, เรอง)goodwill ambassadors (n) someone who expands the knowledge of others regarding their or another country’s culture and its people. Celebrities such as Angelina Jolie and Russell Simmons receive invitations. There are no applications- you must have political connections. (ทตสนถวไมตร)raise funds/money (n) to collect money that you can use to do a particular job or help people (เรยไรเงน, รวบรวมเงน)principle (n) a rule or a theory that something is based on (หลกการ)adequate (adj) enough in quantity or of a good enough quality for a particular purpose (เพยงพอ)monsoon (n) a period of heavy rain in summer in S Asia; the rain that falls during this period (ฤดมรสม)

Vocabulary

refugee camps (n) a place where people who have escaped their own country can live, usually in bad conditions and only expecting to stay for a limited time

(คายผอพยพ)second-hand (adj) not new; owned by somebody else before

(มอสอง)goods (n) things that are produced to be sold (สนคา)hunger (n) the state of not having enough food to eat, especially when this causes illness or death

(ความหว, ความอดอยาก)forestry (n) the science or practice of planting and taking care of trees and forests (การทำาปาไม)fishery (n) a part of the sea or a river where fish are caught in large quantities (การประมง)

New Yorkactors

London

Eglantyne Jebb

Rome nutrition

Answers1. It has 192 member states and 6 official languages.2. The FAO helps developing countries to modernise and improve

agriculture, forestry and fisheries.3. The FAO guarantees good nutrition for all.4. Eglantyne Jebb started Save the Children because she was

shocked at the terrible conditions of children after the First World War and the Russian Revolution.

5. Save the Children wants to guarantee that children have adequate food, shelter, healthcare and education and are free

from violence, abuse and exploitation.6. Their objective for 2010 is to guarantee education to 8,000,000

children in 20 countries.

Answers1. The BBC in the UK has two main channels and also other channels like BBC3, BBC4, two children’s channels and BBC News 24 on digital TV.

2. BBC World is a news and current affairs channel.

3. BBC Prime is a subscription channel for general entertainment.

4. Ted Turner founded CNN in 1980.

5. It broadcasts from its headquarters in Atlanta, and from studios in New York and Washington.

6. CNN International can be seen in more than 200 countries.

transmission (n) the act or process of sending out an electronic signal or message or of broadcasting a radio or television programme (การกระจายเสยง, การสง สญญาณ, การถายทอด)broadcasting (n) the business of making and sending out radio and

television programmes (ธรกจเกยวกบการกระจายเสยงวทยหรอแพรภาพรายการโทรทศน)

mogul (n) an important person who is very rich or powerful(บคคลสำาคญ, ผมงคง, เจาพอ)

satellite (n) a device sent up into space to travel round the Earth, used for collecting information or communicating by radio, television, etc. (ดาวเทยม)scene (n) the place where an accident, crime etc. happened

(สถานทเกดเหต)current affairs (n) political news about events happening now(สถานการณปจจบนทางการเมอง)

Vocabulary

a circulation of (phr) the usual number of copies of a newspaper ormagazine that are sold each day, week, etc.(ยอดขาย, ยอดจำาหนาย)

broadsheet (n) a newspaper printed on a large size of paper,generally considered more serious than smallernewspapers (หนงสอพมพขนาดใหญ)

tabloid (n) a newspaper with small pages (usually half thesize of those in larger papers); a newspaper ofthis size with short articles and a lot of picturesand stories about famous people, often thoughtof as less serious than other newspapers(หนงสอพมพขนาดเลกทมกจะมขาวเกยวกบคนดง)

Vocabulary

Answers

UK USAThe Sun USA TodayThe Times The Wall Street Journal

The Daily Telegraph The Washington PostThe New York Times

Answers

Answers

UK USA

The Sun3 million copies

USA Today2.2 million copies

The Timesestablished 1785

The Wall Street Journalfinancial paper

The Daily Telegraph established 1855

The Washington Post authoritative paperThe New York Times authoritative paper

Answers