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C U LT U R A L E XC H A N G E I NE A R LY M O D E R N E U RO P
E
As transfer points between different economic and cultural
zones,cities are crucial to shaping processes of cultural exchange.
Urbanculture embraces cultural traits borrowed or imported from
afarand those of local neighbourhoods, professions and social
groups,yet it also offer possibilities for the survival and
reinforcement ofminority identities. This volume compares and
contrasts the char-acteristics and patterns of change in the
spaces, sites and buildingswhich expressed and shaped
inter-cultural relationships within thecities of early modern
Europe, expecially in their ethnic, religiousand international
dimensions. A central theme is the role of for-eigners and the
spaces and buildings associated with them, fromghettos, churches
and hospitals to colleges, inns and markets. Indi-vidual studies
includeGreeks inItaliancitiesandLondon; the ‘Citiesof Jews’ in
Italy and the place of ghettos in the European imagina-tion; and
the contributions of foreign merchants to the growth ofAmsterdam as
a commercial metropolis.
Donatella Calabi is Professor of Urban History at the
Uni-versity IUAV of Venice. She specialises in town planning
historyduring early modern times and in the nineteenth and the
twentiethcenturies. Her previous publications include The Market
and theCity (2004).
Stephen Turk Christensen (Modern Greek Studies,Copenhagen
University) has published articles on European–Byzantine–Ottoman
relations during the fifteenth century. His pub-lications include
Cultural Traffic and Cultural Transformation aroundthe Baltic Sea,
1450–1720 (editor, with B. Noldus, 2003).
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ChristensenFrontmatterMore information
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cultural exc hange in early modern europe
General Editor: Robert MuchembledUniversité de Paris XIII
Associate Editor: William MonterNorthwestern University,
Illinois
At a time when the enlarged European Community asserts the
humanistvalues uniting its members, these volumes of essays by
leading scholars fromtwelve countries seek to uncover the deep but
hidden unities shaping a com-mon European past. These volumes
examine the domains of religion, the city,communication and
information, the conception of man and the use of ma-terial goods,
identifying the links which endured and were strengthened
throughceaseless cultural exchanges, even during this time of
endless wars and reli-gious disputes. Volume i examines the role of
religion as a vehicle for culturalexchange. Volume ii surveys the
reception of foreigners within the cities ofearly modern Europe.
Volume iii explores the place of information and com-munication in
early modern Europe. Volume iv reveals how cultural exchangeplayed
a central role in the fashioning of a first European identity.
Volumes in the series
i Religion and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400-1700Edited by
Heinz Schilling and István György Tótht
ii Cities and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400-1700Edited by
Donatella Calabi and Stephen Turk Christensen
iii Correspondence and Cultural Exchange in Europe,
1400-1700Edited by Francisco Bethencourt and Florike Egmond
iv Forging European Identities, 1400-1700Edited by Herman
Roodenburg
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
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in Early Modern Europe - Volume II: Cities andCultural Exchange in
Europe, 1400-1700Edited by Donatella Calabi and Stephen Turk
ChristensenFrontmatterMore information
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CULTURAL EXCHANGE INEARLY MODERN EUROPE
general editor
RO B E RT M UC H E M B L E D
associate editor
W I L L I A M M ON T E R
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
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in Early Modern Europe - Volume II: Cities andCultural Exchange in
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ChristensenFrontmatterMore information
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C U LT U R A L E XC H A N G E I NE A R LY M O D E R N E U RO P
E
VO LU M E I I
Cities and Cultural Exchange in Europe,1400–1700
edited by
D ONAT E L LA C A LA B IA N D S T E P H E N T U R K C H R I S T
E N S E N
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in Early Modern Europe - Volume II: Cities andCultural Exchange in
Europe, 1400-1700Edited by Donatella Calabi and Stephen Turk
ChristensenFrontmatterMore information
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cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne,
Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2
8ru, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge
University Press, New York
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title:
www.cambridge.org/9780521855532
C© European Science Foundation 2007
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory
exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing
agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2007
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press,
Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the
British Library
isbn 978-0-521-84547-2 hardback
Only available as a four-volume set:isbn 978-0-521-85553-2
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the
persistence or accuracy of URLs forexternal or third-party internet
websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee
that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate
or appropriate.
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Contents
List of figures page xPicture credits xivNotes on contributors
xviiGeneral editor’s preface xxiVolume editors’ preface xxivList of
abbreviations xxix
part i introduction
1 Cities and cultural exchange 3Derek Keene
2 Nodes, networks and hinterlands 28Alex Cowan
3 Cities and foreigners 42James S. Amelang
part ii presence and reception of foreigners
4 Introduction to Part II 59Marc Boone and Heleni Porfyriou
5 The Greek diaspora: Italian port cities and London,c.
1400–1700 65Jonathan Harris and Heleni Porfyriou
vii
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viii Contents
6 ‘The city of Jews’ in Europe: the conservation andtransmission
of Jewish culture 87Donatella Calabi, Dorothea Nolde and Roni
Weinstein
7 Foreigners at the Threshold of Felicity: the reception
offoreigners in Ottoman Istanbul 114Edhem Eldem
8 Merchants and immigrants in Hanseatic cities,c. 1500–1700
132Marie-Louise Pelus-Kaplan
9 Foreign merchant communities in Bruges, Antwerp andAmsterdam,
c. 1350–1650 154Bruno Blondé, Oscar Gelderblom and Peter
Stabel
10 Foreign students in the city, c. 1500–1700 175Stefano
Zaggia
part iii structures and spaces of culturalexc hange
11 Introduction to Part III 197Alex Cowan and Derek Keene
12 Fairs as sites of economic and cultural exchange 207Alberto
Grohmann
13 Markets, squares, streets: urban space, a tool for
culturalexchange 227Marc Boone and Heleni Porfyriou
14 City courts as places of cultural transfer 254Dorothea Nolde,
Elena Svalduz and Maŕıa Josédel Rı́o Barredo
15 Exchanges and cultural transfer in European cities,c.
1500–1700 286Donatella Calabi and Derek Keene
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Contents ix
16 Merchants’ lodgings and cultural exchange 315Donatella Calabi
and Derek Keene
17 Churches and confraternities 349Claudia Conforti and Elena
Sánchez de Madariaga (with thecollaboration of James S.
Amelang)
Bibliography 364Index 411
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Figures
1. Cities and cultural exchange in Europe and theMediterranean
region, c. 1500. page 6
2. The major towns of Europe and the Mediterraneanregion, c.
1700 10
3. M. Zeiller, View of Ancona, 1640. 684. Iconostasis of the
Greek church of Santa Maria degli
Angeli, Barletta. 715. The Greek church of St George in Venice,
alongside the
complex formed by the Scuola di San Nicolò and thecollege of
Flangini, designed by Baldassare Longhena,1658–60 and 1678. 73
6. B. Stoopendaal, Napoli, detail. 757. F. Scotto, Livorno,
1737. 778. The Greek diaspora in Europe, 1400–1700. 809. Angelo
Sullam’s plan (1936) of the three ghettos of Venice. 91
10. Vertical section of a house in the ghetto of
Venice(seventeenth century) 92
11. The area between the Canale degli Ebrei and the Canaledei
Marani in Venice, 1688. 94
12. The ghetto of Modena, 1617–19. 9613. Plan of the Jewish
district in Rome before 1555. 9814. Emmanuel de Witte, interior of
‘Portuguese synagogue in
Amsterdam’. 10815. ‘Dinner of a European envoy with the Grand
Vizier in the
Divan Room’. 12116. The reception of an Austrian envoy by Sultan
Selim II. 12217. ‘The City of Constantinople’, c. 1650. 124
x
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Figures xi
18. ‘Wife of a Frank going to the bath’. 12919. Hanseatic
cities, commercial enclaves (Kontore) and
outposts (Faktoreien) (thirteenth–seventeenth century). 13420.
Hanseatic cities’ final participation in the Diet (Hansetag).
13521. View of Lübeck, 1552. 13922. View of Hamburg seen from the
Elbe, 1619. 14323. The Artushof in Danzig, 1688. 15124. Langer
Markt with city hall, Artushof and the Fountain of
Neptune, 1617. 15225. Bruges: the house of the Hanse merchants
on
Ooster-lingenplein, 1602. 15826. Antwerp: the New Bourse of 1531
and its neighbourhood
in 1565. 16227. An allegory of Antwerp trade, 1635. 16428.
Estimated composition of Amsterdam’s merchant
community in 1585 and 1609. 17029. The square of Amsterdam
called the Dam, 1622. 17330. The salting of herrings in the square
of Amsterdam, 1608. 17331. Distribution of universities in Europe
in 1500. 17632. Distribution of universities in Europe in 1850.
17733. Doctoral procession in seventeenth-century Louvain. 18134.
Inner court of the University of Padua with students. 18835.
Students’ feast in the market place of Jena, 1754. 19236.
Transporting goods outside a medieval town. 21037. The market at
Porta Ravegnana in Bologna, 1411. 21138. Pieter Balten, Village
Fair. 21639. Medallions in the courtyard of the Bladelinhof,
Bruges. 21740. David Vinckboons, Village Kermis, 1602. 22441.
Jacques Callot, The Fair at Impruneta, etching of 1620. 22642. ‘La
solennissima cavalcata fatta in Roma per landar di
N. S. Papa Leone XI al possesso di S. Giovani Laterano’(1605).
242
43. F. del Cossa, ‘Palio of Ferrara’ (1476–84). Detail of
frescoin the Salone dei Mesi, Palazzo Schifanoia, Ferrara. 244
44. Piazza Navona (unknown painter, eighteenth century). 245
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xii Figures
45. D. Barrière, Easter procession in Piazza Navona (1650).
24646. F. Gagliardi, A. Sacchi and ‘Manciola’, ‘Saracen
tournament in Piazza Navona, 1634’. 24747. G. Piccini, ‘Piazza
Navona with firework machines for the
celebration of the birth of the Dauphin of France’ (1729).
24848. M. Cerquozzi, ‘The revolt of Masaniello’, 1648. 25249. Map
of the entry of Princess Anne of Austria into Madrid
in 1570. 26650. City and castle of Heidelberg, c. 1617. 27051.
Illustration from De Caus’s Hortus Palatinus statue of the
Elector Frederick V dominating that of Neptune. 27452. ‘Vero
disegno de la Mirandola con le città, casteli, ville et
poste nel suo sito’ (eighteenth century). 27753. Dealers at the
exchanges of Venice, Nuremberg, Leipzig,
Amsterdam and Hamburg, 1730. 28954. Antwerp: the New Bourse
built in 1531, viewed from the
south and showing trade in progress. 29255. Jan Berkheyde, The
Interior Court of the Bourse of
Amsterdam (1668). 29556. Seville cathedral: sculpture of Jesus
driving the merchants
from the Temple. 29857. London: the exterior of the new
Exchange, subsequently
the Royal Exchange, seen from the south c. 1570. 30258. London:
the interior of the Royal Exchange in 1644. 30459. London: plan of
the Royal Exchange in the middle of the
eighteenth century. 30660. Coffee houses, taverns and bookshops
in the alleys near
the Royal Exchange, 1748. 31061. View of Venice showing the
location of settlements of
foreign communities in the sixteenth and seventeenthcenturies,
marked on the map by Jacopo de’ Barbari(1500). 322
62. Aerial view of the fondaco of the Germans in Venice,c. 2000
325
63. Bruges: the consular houses facing on to the Place de
laBourse. 329
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Figures xiii
64. Antwerp c. 1570, identifying some of the principal sites
forcultural exchange. 332
65. Antwerp: the Oosterlingenhuis (house of the
Hanseaticmerchants), opened in 1568. 333
66. London c. 1550, showing some of the principal sites
forcultural exchange. 334
67. Ground-plan of S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini, Rome. 35268.
Longitudinal section of S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini, Rome. 35369.
Façade of San Antonio de los Portugueses, Madrid. 35670. All
cities and other places mentioned in this volume. 362–3
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Picture credits
The authors and publisher would like to thank the following
indi-viduals, libraries, archives, museums and galleries for
permission toreproduce their material. Every effort has been made
to secure nec-essary permission to reproduce copyright material in
this work, butin some cases it has proved impossible to trace
copyright holders. Ifany omissions are brought to our notice, we
will be happy to includeappropriate acknowledgements on reprinting.
The following numbersare figure numbers:
Amsterdams Historisch Museum: dustjacket, 55Centre for
Metropolitan History, Institute of Historical Research,
University of London: 1, 2, 8, 70Diateca/DSA, Venice: 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 9, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 44,
57, 61, 62Archivio di Stato di Venezia: 10 (Ufficiali al
Cattaver, b. 277),
11 (Savi ed esecutori alle acque, b. 139, dis. 20); (Archivio
diStato di Venezia, Sezione di fotoriproduzione, atto di
concessionen. 4/2007)
Archivio di Stato di Modena (reproduced with the permission
ofthe Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali): 12 (Archivio
permaterie, Ebrei, b. 15; authorisation 2019/V.9)
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence (reproduced with the permission
ofthe Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali): 13
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam: 14Edhem Eldem: 15, 18Topkapi Palace
Museum, Istanbul: 16Archives de la Chambre de la Commerce de
Marseille: 17
xiv
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Picture credits xv
R. Hammel-Kiesow, Die Hanse (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2000): 19,
20Historisches Archiv der Stadt Köln: 25 (Hanse IV 106B)L. Voet et
al., De stad Antwerpen van de Romeinse tijd tot de 17eeuw:
topographische studie rond het plan van Virgilius Bononiensis
1565(Brussels: Gemeentekredeit van België, 1978): 26
L. Lucassen (ed.), Amsterdammer worden: migranten, hun
organ-isaties en inburgering, 1600–2000 (Amsterdam: Vossiuspers
UVA,2004): 28
H. De Ridder-Symoens (ed.), A History of the University in
Europe,vols. I–II (Cambridge University Press, 1992–6): 31, 32
G. P. Brizzi and J. Verger (eds.), Le università dell’Europa,
vol. IV,Gli uomini e i luoghi (secoli XII–XVIII) (Milan: Silvana
editoriale,1993): 33, 35
Stefano Zaggia: 34Bibliothèque Royale, Brussels: 36 (detail of
miniature in Ms. 9067,
f. 149v).Museo Civico Medievale, Bologna: 37 (ms. n. 93, c.
1)Museo Civico Ala Ponzone – Pinacoteca, Cremona: 38 (inv.
n. 256)Hugo Maertens: 39Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen:
40Alberto Grohmann: 41Museo di Roma, Gabinetto Nazionale delle
Stampe: 42, 45, 47Musei Civici d’Arte Antica, Ferrara: 43Museo di
Roma: 46Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, ICCD, Rome:
48Centro de Documentación y Estudios para la Historia de
Madrid,
Universidad Autónoma, Madrid: 49, 69Universitätsbibliothek
Basel: 50Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel: 51Bibliothèque
Nationale de France, Cabinet des Estampes, Paris: 52
(‘Topographie de l’Italie’)British Library, printed books: 54
(L. Guicciardini, Descrittione . . .
di tvtti i Paesi Bassi (Antwerp: Christofano Plantino,
1588);shelfmark C.73.g.8); 63 (A. Sanderus, Flandria Illustrata, 2
vols.(Cologne: Cornelius ab Egmondt et socii, 1641–4);
shelfmark
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xvi Picture credits
177.h.10); 65 (L. Guicciardini, Descrittione . . . di tvtti i
Paesi Bassi(Antwerp: Christofano Plantino, 1588); shelfmark
C.73.g.8)
GermanischesNationalmuseum,Nuremberg:53 (Inv.Nr.HB4099)Ferigo
Foscari: 56Guildhall Library, Corporation of London: 58, 59,
66Institute of Historical Research, University of London: 60The
Historic Cities Research Project (http://historic cities.
huji.ac.il), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and The
JewishNational and University Library: 64
Claudia Conforti: 67, 68
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Notes on contributors
James S. Amelang teaches early modern history at the
Univer-sidad Autónoma, Madrid. He is the author of several works
onthe history of early modern Barcelona and his most recent bookis
The Flight of Icarus: Artisan Autobiography in Early ModernEurope
(1998). He is preparing The Oxford History of Early
ModernSpain.
Bruno Blondé is Research Professor at the Centre for
Culturaland Urban History, University of Antwerp. His research
themesinclude the history of urban networks in the early modern
period,transport, material culture and consumption.
Marc Boone is Professor of Medieval History at the University
ofGhent, with research interests in Burgundian history and the
urban,social, economic and political history of late medieval
Europe. Hisrecent publications on urban history include
contributions to J. L.Pinol (ed.), Histoire de l’Europe urbaine
(2003).
Donatella Calabi is Professor of Urban History at the
IstitutoUniversitario di Architettura of Venice, with research
interests inarchitecture and urbanism between the early modern
period andthe twentieth century. Her recent books include The
Market and theCity: Square, Street and Architecture in Early Modern
Europe (2004);Storia della città. Età moderna (2001); and, as
editor, with J. Bottin,Les Etrangers dans la ville (1999).
Stephen Turk Christensen (Modern Greek Studies, Copen-hagen
University) has published articles on European–Byzantine–Ottoman
relations during the fifteenth century and, with B. Noldus,
xvii
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xviii Notes on contributors
edited Cultural Traffic and Cultural Transformation around the
BalticSea, 1450–1720 (special issue of Scandinavian Journal of
History28/3–4, 2003).
Claudia Conforti is Professor of Architectural History at
theFacoltà di Ingegneria at the University of Rome (Tor Vergata).
Herpublications include Giorgio Vasari architetto (1993) and, as
editorwith M. Bulgarelli and G. Curcio, Modena 1598. L’invenzione
di unacapitale (1999).
Alex Cowan is Senior Lecturer in History, School of Artsand
Social Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom.Besides
articles on early modern urban history he has editedMediterranean
Urban Culture, 1400–1700 (2000), Urban Europe1500–1700 (1998) and
The Urban Patriciate: Lübeck and Venice 1580–1700 (1986).
Edhem Eldem is Professor at the Department of History,
BoğaziçiUniversity, Istanbul. He is the author of French Trade in
Istanbulin the Eighteenth Century (1999) and, as co-author with
DanielGoffman and Bruce Masters, of The Ottoman City between East
andWest: Aleppo, Izmir and Istanbul (1999).
Oscar Gelderblom is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at Utrecht
Uni-versity and the International Institute for Social History
(Amster-dam). His research and periodical publications are
primarily con-cerned with the organisation of international trade
in late medievaland early modern Europe.
Alberto Grohmann is Professor of Economic History at theFacoltà
di Scienze Politiche at the University of Perugia. His
pub-lications include La città medievale (2003) and Le fiere del
Regno diNapoli in età aragonese (1969).
Jonathan Harris is Senior Lecturer in Byzantine History atRoyal
Holloway, University of London. His publications includeByzantium
and the Crusades (2003) and Greek Emigrés in the West,1400–1520
(1995).
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Notes on contributors xix
Derek Keene is Leverhulme Professor of Comparative Metro-politan
History, the Institute of Historical Research, University ofLondon,
with research interests in material, cultural and economicaspects
of medieval and later cities and their regions. Recent
publi-cations include: as general editor, St. Paul’s: The Cathedral
Churchof London, 604–2004 (2004); and contributions to The New
Cam-bridge Medieval History, vol. IV: c. 1024–c. 1198, Part I
(2004) andThe Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol. 1: 600–1540
(2000).
Dorothea Nolde is currently in charge of the research
project‘Experiences of Alterity and Cultural Transfers in Early
ModernEurope: French and German Travellers from the 16th to the
18thCenturies’ (Swiss National Foundation), at the University of
Basle.Her publications include works on early modern gender history
andon the history of travel and cultural contacts.
Marie-Louise Pelus-Kaplan is Professor of Early ModernHistory at
the University of Paris VII. In addition to articleson Hanseatic
history, her publications include Wolter von Holsten,marchand
lubeckois dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle (1981) and,as
editor with D. Tollet, La Pologne et l’Europe occidentale du
MoyenAge à nos jours (2004).
Heleni Porfyriou is Senior Researcher at the ConsiglioNazionale
delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Conservazione e la Val-orizzazione
dei Beni Culturali, Rome. Her publications concernaspects of
morphology and the representation of space in citiesafter 1500 and
include, as editor, La legislazione relativa ai settori
disalvaguardia in Europa (2002).
Marı́a José del Rı́o Barredo is Lecturer in Early
ModernHistory, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid. She has
publishedMadrid, Urbs Regia. La capital ceremonial de la Monarquı́a
Católica(2000) and is preparing a book on the ceremonial of the
Spanishqueens in Turin, Paris and Vienna, 1560–1650.
Elena Sánc hez de Madariaga teaches modern history at
theUniversidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid. She has published
several
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Europe, 1400-1700Edited by Donatella Calabi and Stephen Turk
ChristensenFrontmatterMore information
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xx Notes on contributors
articles on confraternities in early modern Madrid, and is
author ofa doctoral dissertation on ‘Confraternities and
Sociability in AncienRégime Madrid’. She is preparing a general
overview of the conceptand practice of citizenship in early modern
Spain.
Peter Stabel is Professor in the Department of History,
Univer-sity of Antwerp, where his research focuses on craft guilds,
theconsumption of luxury commodities and the role of
internationalmerchant in the medieval Low Countries. His
publications includeDwarfs Among Giants: The Flemish Urban Network
in the Late MiddleAges (1997).
Elena Svalduz is Research Fellow at the Universitá degli
Studiat Padua. Besides articles on the Italian architectural and
urbanhistory of the early modern times, she has published Da
castelloa “città”: Carpi e Alberto Pio (2001) and, as editor,
L’ambizione diessere città. Piccoli, grandi centri nell’Italia
rinascimentale (2004).
Roni Weinstein currently teaches at Tel-Aviv University.
Hispublications cover aspects of Jewish–Italian cultural and social
his-tory (family life, education, sexuality, the ghetto, the youth
cultureand exorcism) and include Marriage Rituals Italian Style: A
Histori-cal Anthropological Perspective on Early Modern Italian
Jews (2004).
Stefano Zaggia is Research Fellow in History of Architecturein
the Dipartimento di Architettura, Urbanistica e Rilevamento atthe
University of Padua. His publications include L’università
diPadova nel Rinascimento. La costruzione del palazzo del Bo e
dell’Ortobotanico (2003) and Una Piazza per la città del Principe.
Strategieurbane e architettura a Imola durante la Signoria di
Girolamo Riario(1473–1488) (1999).
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General editor’s preface
The four volumes of this series represent the synthesis of works
from‘Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400–1700’, a research
programmesponsored by the European Science Foundation and financed
byeighteen councils for research from seventeen countries. The
adven-ture began in January 1997 when its originators decided to
conductan international investigation of the cultural roots of
modern Europe.Research has increased considerably since this
programme began andidentifying the origins of the European identity
has become a funda-mental issue at the dawn of the twenty-first
century.
Ultimately, our programme brought together over sixty
regularmembers, plus a few dozen individuals who participated in
one ormore of our group meetings. It was a real linguistic Tower of
Babelincluding specialists from various disciplines: history, art,
architecture,theatre, literature, linguistics, folklore, clothing
and dance. We haverecruited well beyond the borders of the European
Union, from StPetersburg to Chicago by way of Istanbul, although it
was not alwayspossible for every geographical location to be fully
represented in eachof our four groups.
This series is devoted to four major themes: religion; the
city;communication and information; the conception of man and the
useof material goods. The four volumes collectively include about a
thirdof the papers presented throughout the programme.1 Most have
beendiscussed collectively, revised, and sometimes rewritten.
1 Many other contributions prepared for this programme have
appeared or will appearelsewhere: Eszter Andor and István György
Tóth (eds.), Frontiers of Faith: ReligiousExchange and the
Constitution of Religious Identities, 1400–1750 (Budapest:
CentralEuropean University/ESF, 2001); José Pedro Paiva (ed.),
Religious Ceremonials and
xxi
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-84547-2 - Cultural Exchange
in Early Modern Europe - Volume II: Cities andCultural Exchange in
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ChristensenFrontmatterMore information
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xxii General editor’s preface
It was not always easy to conceptualise our theme collectively.
Themost difficult and time-consuming task was to get scholars to
under-stand each other unambiguously when employing such
apparentlyclear concepts as ‘culture ’, which means different
things in differentlanguages and cultural traditions. Our first
major task was simplyto discover whether or not a European culture
existed between 1400and 1700, an intensely conflictual and
profoundly tragic period whichseemed to be characterised by
ruptures rather than creation. From1517, when Luther broke with
Roman Catholicism, until the Peaceof Westphalia in 1648, a series
of terrible religious wars drowned thecontinent in blood, ending
the medieval dream of a united Christen-dom. This age of
intolerance was also one of fundamental inequality,particularly
with respect to birth and sex, because any woman wasconsidered
fundamentally inferior to any man. Not only was the con-tinent
divided into at least five different cultural areas – the
Atlantic,the Baltic, the Mediterranean, central Europe and eastern
Europe –but also, and everywhere, those frontiers established in
men’s minds –both visible and invisible – conflicted with any
residual hopes of unity,whether expressed in terms of imperial
ideology, papal universalismor Thomas More’s humanistic Utopia, all
of them swept away after1520 by a wave of persecutions.2
And yet this very same Europe also bequeathed us powerful
rootsfor the slow and difficult construction of a collective
sensibility. Ourresearch has unearthed traces of underlying
unities, despite (or becauseof ) formidable obstacles. This
stubborn growth in some ways resem-bled an earlier process
described by a prominent medievalist as the‘Europeanization of
Europe’.3 They have given substance and mean-ing to my working
hypothesis: that European culture from 1400 to1700 contained
expressions of hidden cohesion against a background
Images: Power and Social Meaning (1400–1750) (Coimbra: Palimage,
2002). A volumeon translations will be edited by Ronnie Po-Chia
Hsia.
2 Robert Muchembled, ‘Frontières vives: la naissance du Sujet
en Europe (xve–xviiesiècle)’, introduction to Eszter Andor and
István György Tóth (eds.), Frontiers ofFaith, pp. 1–8.
3 Robert Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization
and Cultural Change950–1350 (London: Allen Lane, 1993).
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General editor’s preface xxiii
of intense conflicts. If those conflicts were destabilising,
they alsocreated a dialectic which contributed to the overall
advance of Euro-pean civilisation.4 Following Norbert Elias’s
argument, I believe thatevery human society is constantly seeking
to attain a ‘balance ofpower’ through a mechanism of ‘reciprocal
dependency’ which pro-duces a clear evolutionary trend. Culture is
a symbolic arena for bothcollective negotiations and the fashioning
of the Self.5 The enormousimportance of the Self in today’s Europe
(and in the United States) isthe result of a major cultural change
which began during the Renais-sance. In the face of the tragedy of
real life, this new individualismprovided a fresh means of
expressing the continent’s collective vitalityand produced a
growing conviction of its superiority and differencesfrom all other
places and people in the world.6
The ‘culture’ analysed in this series may be defined as that
whichsimultaneously holds a society together and distinguishes it
from othersocieties. If the Europe of 1400–1700 had little obvious
regard forhuman rights, it did at least prefigure the time when
they would beimportant. The humanistic lights which glimmered from
time to timein the two dark and bloodstained centuries after 1520
were neverto be completely extinguished. The Enlightenment revived
them andhonoured their Renaissance origins. But the tragic events
that pollutedits soil during the first half of the twentieth
century proved that the OldContinent was not yet fully free from
intolerance and persecution.
I should like to thank Wim Blockmans, who warmly supported
thecreation of this research programme; the European Science
Founda-tion for its constant help; the eighteen institutions which
providedgenerous funding over four years;7 all the scholars who
participated
4 Robert Muchembled, ‘Echanges, médiations, mythes unitaires,
1400–1700’ (plenaryconference address, published in the programme’s
Newsletter no. 1 (2000), pp. 7–26).
5 Norbert Elias, The Society of Individuals, trans. Edmund
Jephcott, ed. Michael Shröter(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991).
6 Robert Muchembled, A History of the Devil: from the Middle
Ages to the Present, transJean Birrell (Cambridge: Polity Press,
2003); L’Orgasme et l’Occident: une histoire duplaisir du xvie
siècle à nos jours (Paris: Sevil, 2005, forthcoming in English
translation).
7 Austria: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; Fonds
zur Förderung derwissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF); Belgium:
Fonds National de la Recherche
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
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in Early Modern Europe - Volume II: Cities andCultural Exchange in
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ChristensenFrontmatterMore information
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xxiv General editor’s preface
in the experience, notably E. William Monter without whom this
serieswould probably not have been published, and the late István
GyörgyTóth, co-director of volume i, who passed away unexpectedly
on14 July 2005; and last but not least Cambridge University Press
forproducing four superb books proving the great vitality of past
andpresent European culture.
Robert MuchembledChair of the ESF programme
‘Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400–1700’
Scientifique (FNRS) / Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek –
Vlaanderen(FWO); Denmark: Statens Humanistiske Forskningsrad;
Finland: Suomen Akatemia/ Finlands Akademi; Germany: Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Greece:National Hellenic Research
Foundation (NHRF); Hungary: Hungarian Academyof Sciences; Italy:
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Netherlands: Neder-landse
Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO); Norway:
NorgesForskningsråd; Poland: Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN); Portugal:
Instituto deCooperação Ciêntifica e Tecnológica Internacional
(ICCTI); Slovenia: The Slove-nian Science Foundation; Spain:
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas(CSIC); Sweden:
Humanistik Samhällsvetenskapliga Forskningsradet (HSFR) /Kungliga
Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien (KVHAA);
Switzerland:Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der
Wissenschaftlichen Forschung(SNF); United Kingdom: The British
Academy.
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in Early Modern Europe - Volume II: Cities andCultural Exchange in
Europe, 1400-1700Edited by Donatella Calabi and Stephen Turk
ChristensenFrontmatterMore information
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Volume editors’ preface
The genesis of this book lies in the invitation, in 2000, to its
editorsto join the European Science Foundation programme on
‘CulturalExchange in Europe 1400–1700’, directed by Robert
Muchembled.The brief was to explore the role of cities in cultural
exchange over theperiod. A core team of scholars, ‘Team Two’ in the
programme, wasassembled to organise and participate in a series of
thematic seminarsand workshops held in six European cities between
2000 and 2003, atwhich the ideas expressed here were collectively
evolved. The work-shops covered six areas which initially seemed to
cover most aspectsof the role of cities in cultural exchange:
1. The migration and status of foreigners2. The zones, buildings
and cultural and welfare facilities occupied
and used by foreigners3. Commerce, consumption patterns and the
circulation of cultural
models4. Markets and other public spaces as sites for encounters
with the
new5. Enclosed and supervised spaces for the exchange of goods,
credit
and ideas6. Sites of elite culture, including courts and
universities.
Wide-ranging debate introduced new categories and cut across the
oldones, which nevertheless continued to inform the emerging themes
andstructure of the book. Although it represents a new initiative,
the ESFteam’s cross-national, interdisciplinary and comparative
approach tocities and foreigners has drawn on previous experience
from the ‘per-manent seminar’ on ‘The Foreigner and the City’,
organised jointly
xxv
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ChristensenFrontmatterMore information
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xxvi Volume editors’ preface
by the Department of History of Architecture in Venice and
theMaison des Sciences de l’Homme in Paris. This seminar’s results
havebeen published in two books, one in Italian (Donatella Calabi
andPaola Lanaro (eds.), La città italiana e i luoghi degli
stranieri (Bari:Laterza, 1998), and the other in French (Jacques
Bottin and DonatellaCalabi (eds.), Les Etrangers dans la ville:
minorités et espace urbaindu bas Moyen Age à l’époque moderne
(Paris: Maison des Sciences del’Homme, 1999)). Several participants
in our ESF team’s workshopsare alumni of these Italo-French
seminars. Furthermore, the ESF pro-gramme’s approach to cultural
exchange from the points of view ofmigration and reception inspired
a conference on ‘Cultural Trafficand Cultural Transformation around
the Baltic Sea, 1450–1720’ at theCarlsberg Academy in Copenhagen in
March 2003, now publishedunder the same name in a special issue of
the Scandinavian Journalof History 28 (2003), edited by Stephen T.
Christensen and BadelochNoldus. All this continues and develops a
long-established traditionof comparative work in urban history.
Cities contain, attract and transform cultures of many kinds.
Asshown in Chapter 1, urban cultures, as patterns or gestalts of
humanmanners, beliefs, ideas and emotions, are often embodied in
and rein-forced by material symbols and the circulation of goods.
They encap-sulate and can integrate the individual cultures of
neighbourhoods andof professional and social groups, yet they also
offer possibilities forthe survival and reinforcement of various
forms of minority identity.Many of these complex relationships are
determined or made possibleby commercial contacts and exchange.
Cities thus play a crucial rolein cultural exchange as transfer
points between economic and culturalzones.
The following chapters focus especially on questions
concerningspace and networks within and between cities. Social,
cultural andpolitical topographies in cities express less visible
relationships whichare often not well recorded in surviving textual
sources. Moreover,they provided, and still provide, a framework for
acculturation and forlearning the rules of city life which is
exploited by native and outsideralike. Common to many of the
chapters is a concern to compare andcontrast the regions of early
modern Europe in terms of characteristics
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Volume editors’ preface xxvii
and patterns of change in the spaces, sites and buildings
whichexpressed and shaped intercultural relationships within the
cities, espe-cially in their ethnic, religious and international
dimensions.
Underlying many of these characteristics are important legal
andcustomary considerations, which explain, for example, certain
differ-ences between the Mediterranean and other regions. These
informthe chapters but are not a prime focus of concern. A central
themeis the role of the ‘foreigner’, a person from outside the city
who wasrecognised as culturally different by virtue of having come
from afaror from another political regime. The ‘foreigner’,
‘stranger’ or ‘alien’had a status different from that of the native
or citizen, and was oftenalso distinguished by language, religion,
dress and other habits ofconsumption. Such a person might be a
merchant, craftsman, scholar,artist, ambassador, princess,
itinerant labourer or refugee. As is stillthe case today,
foreigners sought, carved out or were assigned to theirown spaces
in cities. Moreover, despite wide variations, both betweenand
within cities, in the degree to which foreigners were assimilatedor
acculturated, the presence of foreigners, of which there are
manyenduring signs, marked out those European cities which were
mostdynamic as centres of cultural exchange (see Chapters 3–10, 16,
17).Since the early Middle Ages, Europe has been characterised by
anaccelerating circulation of people, commodities and ideas, the
rateof which increased markedly between 1400 and 1700. This
patternof change was also reflected in the formalisation of sites,
spaces andbuildings that facilitated commercial exchange and the
circulation ofnews and ideas, and that in turn assisted the
intermingling of cultures(see Chapters 12, 13, 15).
The spaces and buildings associated with foreigners took
manyforms, including ghettos (or districts resembling ghettos),
churches,hospitals, colleges, inns and other forms of lodging, and
buildings towhich markets in certain commodities were confined. In
some places,civic or princely regimes regulated or accorded
privileges to foreign-ers in ways which had distinctive spatial and
architectural expressions,but less strict approaches were also
common, especially in northernEurope (see Chapters 5, 6, 16, 17).
Princes and their courts had a dis-tinctive impact through their
demands for the exotic, their patronage
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xxviii Volume editors’ preface
of foreign artists and scholars, their exploitation of public
space andtheir reshaping of urban landscapes according to newly
devised prin-ciples (see Chapters 13, 14). In considering the built
and spatial expres-sions of such forces, the chapters draw
attention both to architecturalsigns of the transmission of models
and ideas and to the way in whichthey promoted the circulation of
knowledge.
Inevitably, the most robust and sensitive approach to the
complexproblem of cultural transfer proved to be through
case-studies. Thosepresented here provide an uneven geographical
coverage of the citiesof early modern Europe. Parts of the
Mediterranean region and ofnorth-western Europe are well
represented, but no chapter specifi-cally deals with the reception
of foreigners and cultural exchange inthe cities of Eastern Europe
and the Balkans. Nevertheless, the chap-ters and the introductions
to each part of the book draw attention towhat appear to have been
common phenomena and to approaches tothe topic of cultural transfer
and exchange used in a variety of dis-ciplines. In this way, the
chapters often reflect the discussions at theworkshops and
continuing exchanges among the authors and partic-ipants
subsequently, thereby underlining the collective nature of
theenterprise.
The editors thank Robert Muchembled (Paris) and Bill
Monter(Chicago), the European Science Foundation programme’s
directorand scientific secretary respectively, for their
suggestions and adviceduring the volume’s editorial phase. We
heartily thank Derek Keene(London), who contributed so much to the
programme and the presentvolumethroughhisvastknowledgeof
thefield,his scientificdedicationand his untiring editorial
efforts. Many chapters in this book haveseveral authors, as the
editors encouraged the combination of case-studies in order to
bring together information and perspectives fromcities often
geographically very distant from each other. The materialpresented
here, written by scholars from different nations and
diverseacademic traditions, is sometimes inevitably partial and
tentative. Yetit can be read as a mosaic of different perspectives
and points of view,providing an account of the significance of
cities as sites and agentsof cultural exchange in early modern
Europe which we hope willstimulate further enquiry and
speculation.
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
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in Early Modern Europe - Volume II: Cities andCultural Exchange in
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ChristensenFrontmatterMore information
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Volume editors’ preface xxix
The following institutions are thanked for hosting the meetings
ofthe European Science Foundation team: Department of Art
Historyand Theatre Research, University of Copenhagen 4–6 February
2000(preparatory workshop); Dipartimento di Storia
dell’Architettura,Università IUAV di Venezia 30 November–2
December 2000 (‘Pro-moting and Restricting the Foreign Presence in
Cities’); Ghent Uni-versity 11–13 May 2001 (‘The City and the
Foreigners: Places ofTrade and Exchange’); Maison des Sciences de
l’Homme in Paris 2–3November 2001 (publication meeting); Residencia
de Estudiantes,CSIC, Madrid 17–18 May 2002 (‘Cities and Foreigners:
Centres ofPrestige Culture (Courts, Schools, Academies)’);
University of Lon-don 12–13 September 2003 (‘Cities and Cultural
Exchange: A FinalOverview’).
For their lively and stimulating contributions to these
occasions weare grateful not only to the authors of the chapters in
this volumebut also to the following, who contributed to the debate
through theirformal contributions and commentaries: Wim Blockmans
(Leiden),Simona Cerutti (Paris), Giorgio Chittolini (Milan), Robert
v. Friede-burg (Bielefeld), Willem Frijhoff (Amsterdam), Anke Greve
(Paris),Zdeněk Hojda (Prague), Paola Lanaro (Venice), Jaroslaw
Miller(Olomouc), Ruth Mohrmann (Münster), Badeloch Noldus
(Utrecht),David Ormrod (Kent), Maarten Prak (Utrecht), James Raven
(Essex),Manuel Herrero Sánchez (Madrid), Knut Schulz (Berlin) and
LauraWright (Cambridge).
Donatella Calabi and Stephen Turk Christensen
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Abbreviations
ASP Padua, Archivio di StatoASV Venice, Archivio di StatoBAV
Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica VaticanaBNF Paris, Bibliothèque
Nationale de FranceBNMV Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale MarcianaODNB
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford
University Press, 2004; also available online in
updatedform)
xxx
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ChristensenFrontmatterMore information
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