Cultral Management

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Other World ReligionsOther World Religions

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JudaismJudaism JudaismJudaism is one of the oldest religions.is one of the oldest religions. It began as the religion of the small nation of the Hebrews.It began as the religion of the small nation of the Hebrews.

Today, 14 million people identify themselves as Jewish.Today, 14 million people identify themselves as Jewish.

Modern Judaism is a complex phenomenon that incorporates both a nation and a religion, and often combines strictModern Judaism is a complex phenomenon that incorporates both a nation and a religion, and often combines strictadherence to ritual laws with a more liberal attitude towards religious belief.adherence to ritual laws with a more liberal attitude towards religious belief.

Date founded :Date founded :1300 BC, Mesopotamia1300 BC, Mesopotamia

Founder: AbrahamFounder: Abraham

Spiritual Leader : RabbiSpiritual Leader : Rabbi

Place of worship: synagogue ("temple" in Reform Judaism )Place of worship: synagogue ("temple" in Reform Judaism )

Day of Worship : SaturdayDay of Worship : Saturday

There ten commandments:There ten commandments:

Worship no other gods.Worship no other gods.Do not worship idols.Do not worship idols.Do not misuse the name of the Lord.Do not misuse the name of the Lord.Keep the Sabbath holy.Keep the Sabbath holy.Honor your father and mother.Honor your father and mother.Do not murder.Do not murder.Do not commit adultery.Do not commit adultery.Do not steal.Do not steal.Do not give false testimonyDo not give false testimony

Do not covet.Do not covet.

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ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism was founded by Zarathushtra in Persia whichZoroastrianism was founded by Zarathushtra in Persia whichfollowed an aboriginal polytheistic religion.followed an aboriginal polytheistic religion. He preached the first monotheism with a single supreme god,He preached the first monotheism with a single supreme god,

Ahura Mazda.Ahura Mazda. Belief in the dualism of good and evil.Belief in the dualism of good and evil. The holy book is called the Avesta (includes teachings ofThe holy book is called the Avesta (includes teachings of

Zarathushtra written in a series of five hymns called the Gathas).Zarathushtra written in a series of five hymns called the Gathas). They are abstract sacred poetry directed towards the worship ofThey are abstract sacred poetry directed towards the worship of

One God.One God. They worshipped throughThey worshipped through

prayers/symbolic ceremonies that areprayers/symbolic ceremonies that are

conducted before a sacred fire .conducted before a sacred fire . They dedicate their lives to a three-foldThey dedicate their lives to a three-fold

path represented by their motto:path represented by their motto:

"Good thoughts, good words, good deeds.""Good thoughts, good words, good deeds."

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ShintoShinto Shinto is an ancient Japanese religion, closely tied to nature, which recognizesShinto is an ancient Japanese religion, closely tied to nature, which recognizes

the existence of various "Kami", nature deities.the existence of various "Kami", nature deities. The first two deities, Izanagi and Izanami, gave birth to the Japanese islandsThe first two deities, Izanagi and Izanami, gave birth to the Japanese islands

and their children became the deities of the various Japanese clans.and their children became the deities of the various Japanese clans. They serve only to sustain and protect.They serve only to sustain and protect. Followers of Shinto desire peace and believe all human life is sacred.Followers of Shinto desire peace and believe all human life is sacred.

They aspire to have "makoto (sincerity or true heart).They aspire to have "makoto (sincerity or true heart). "Four Affirmations" in Shinto are:"Four Affirmations" in Shinto are: Tradition and family: the family is the main mechanism byTradition and family: the family is the main mechanism by

which traditions are preserved.which traditions are preserved. Love of nature: nature is sacred and natural objects are to beLove of nature: nature is sacred and natural objects are to be

worshipped as sacred spirits.worshipped as sacred spirits.

Physical cleanliness: they must take baths, wash their hands,Physical cleanliness: they must take baths, wash their hands,and rinseand rinsetheir mouth often.their mouth often.

"Matsuri": festival which honors the spirits."Matsuri": festival which honors the spirits.

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ConfucianismConfucianism K'ung Fu Tzu ( Founder) was born in 551 BCE in the state of Lu inK'ung Fu Tzu ( Founder) was born in 551 BCE in the state of Lu in

China.China. He traveled throughout China giving advice to its rulers.He traveled throughout China giving advice to its rulers. His teachings/ writings dealt with individual morality and ethics,His teachings/ writings dealt with individual morality and ethics,

and political power.and political power. He stressed the following values:He stressed the following values: Li: ritual, propriety, etiquette, etc.Li: ritual, propriety, etiquette, etc. Hsiao: love among family membersHsiao: love among family members Yi: righteousnessYi: righteousness Xin: honesty and trustworthinessXin: honesty and trustworthiness Jen: benevolence towards others; the highest ConfucianJen: benevolence towards others; the highest Confucian

virtuevirtue

Chung: loyalty to the state, etc.Chung: loyalty to the state, etc.

Confucianism is primarily an ethical system with rituals atConfucianism is primarily an ethical system with rituals atimportant times during one's lifetime.important times during one's lifetime.

The most important periods recognized in theThe most important periods recognized in theConfucianConfuciantradition are birth, reaching maturity, marriage, andtradition are birth, reaching maturity, marriage, and

death.death.

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TaoismTaoism Taoism was founded by Lao-Tse, a ConfuciusTaoism was founded by Lao-Tse, a Confucius

in China.in China. Taoism began as a combination ofTaoism began as a combination of

psychology and philosophy.psychology and philosophy. His writings, the Tao- te - Ching, describeHis writings, the Tao- te - Ching, describe

the nature of life, the way to peace and howthe nature of life, the way to peace and howa ruler should lead his life.a ruler should lead his life.

Taoism became a religion in 440 CE (stateTaoism became a religion in 440 CE (statereligion).religion).

Tao, roughly translated asTao, roughly translated as pathpath, is a force, is a forcewhich flows through all life and is the firstwhich flows through all life and is the firstcause of everything.cause of everything.

Tai Chi, a technique of exercise using slowTai Chi, a technique of exercise using slowdeliberate movements (used to balance thedeliberate movements (used to balance the

flow of energy within the body).flow of energy within the body).

People should develop virtue, seekPeople should develop virtue, seekcompassion, moderation and humility.compassion, moderation and humility.

One should plan any action in advance andOne should plan any action in advance andachieve it through minimal action.achieve it through minimal action.

Taoists believe that people are by nature,Taoists believe that people are by nature,good, and that one should be kind to othersgood, and that one should be kind to otherssimply because such treatment will probablysimply because such treatment will probably

be reciprocated.be reciprocated.

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Bah'Bah' The Bah' Faith arose from Islam in 1800.The Bah' Faith arose from Islam in 1800. Based on the teachings of Baha'u'llah it is now a distinctBased on the teachings of Baha'u'llah it is now a distinct

worldwide faith.worldwide faith. The faith's followers believe that God has sent nine greatThe faith's followers believe that God has sent nine great

prophets to mankind through whom the Holy Spirit hasprophets to mankind through whom the Holy Spirit hasrevealed the "Word of God.revealed the "Word of God.

Bah' beliefs promote gender and race equality, freedomBah' beliefs promote gender and race equality, freedomof expression/assembly, world peace and worldof expression/assembly, world peace and worldgovernment.government.

They believe that a single worldThey believe that a single worldgovernment led by Bah's will begovernment led by Bah's will beestablished at some point in the future.established at some point in the future.

Bah's believe that every person hasBah's believe that every person hasan immortal soul which can not diean immortal soul which can not diebut is freed to travel throughbut is freed to travel throughthe spirit world after death.the spirit world after death.

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us ness cu ure ous ness cu ure oFrance, china andFrance, china and

Germany..!Germany..!

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Business Culture throughoutBusiness Culture throughoutFranceFrance

French business culture is formal and hierarchical.French business culture is formal and hierarchical. Titles (Monsieur, Mademoiselle or Madame) should be used whenTitles (Monsieur, Mademoiselle or Madame) should be used when

addressing your business contacts.addressing your business contacts. It conceals a system in which personal relationships and networksIt conceals a system in which personal relationships and networks

are very important, and it is crucial to establish good contacts.are very important, and it is crucial to establish good contacts. The culture is very male dominated, with relatively few women inThe culture is very male dominated, with relatively few women in

senior positions.senior positions. You should make appointments in advance and try to arrive onYou should make appointments in advance and try to arrive on

time, although a delay of up to 15 minutes is acceptable.time, although a delay of up to 15 minutes is acceptable. Try to avoid the holiday periods of August, Christmas and Easter.Try to avoid the holiday periods of August, Christmas and Easter. Business hours vary, but are generally between 8.30 a.m. andBusiness hours vary, but are generally between 8.30 a.m. and

6.30 p.m. Mondays to Fridays, with a two-hour lunch break.6.30 p.m. Mondays to Fridays, with a two-hour lunch break.

Although many French people can speak English, alwaysAlthough many French people can speak English, alwaystranslate written materials into French. If youtranslate written materials into French. If youcannot conduct business in French, be sure to apologize forcannot conduct business in French, be sure to apologize foryour lack of proficiency in the language.your lack of proficiency in the language.

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Try to dress conservatively in smart and stylish clothes.Try to dress conservatively in smart and stylish clothes. A light, quick handshake is the normal form of greeting, andA light, quick handshake is the normal form of greeting, and

an air kiss is often used between close friends.an air kiss is often used between close friends. The French are lively, passionate negotiators, who use aThe French are lively, passionate negotiators, who use a

direct, probing style of communication.direct, probing style of communication. Appreciates presentations which are practical and well-Appreciates presentations which are practical and well-

reasoned, with plenty of hard data, but dislike hype.reasoned, with plenty of hard data, but dislike hype. Meetings can be lengthy as they analyze points in greatMeetings can be lengthy as they analyze points in great

detail.detail. Business lunches are common and usually consist of aBusiness lunches are common and usually consist of a

substantial meal with several courses,substantial meal with several courses,

and wine.and wine. Business is not normally discussed untilBusiness is not normally discussed until

near the end, as the French like to enjoynear the end, as the French like to enjoytheir food first.their food first.

Gifts are not generally exchanged inGifts are not generally exchanged in

business.business. It is best not to take wine, as FrenchIt is best not to take wine, as French

hosts like to select their own.hosts like to select their own.

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GermanyGermany Germans can be considered the masters of planning. Germany is one of the biggest business centers ofGermans can be considered the masters of planning. Germany is one of the biggest business centers of

Europe.Europe.

This is a culture that prizes forward thinking and knowing what they will be doing at a specific time on aThis is a culture that prizes forward thinking and knowing what they will be doing at a specific time on aspecific day.specific day.

Careful planning, in one's business and personal life, provides a sense of security. Germans neverCareful planning, in one's business and personal life, provides a sense of security. Germans neverbring personal relation into the business sphere.bring personal relation into the business sphere.

Rules and regulations allow people to know what is expected and plan their life accordingly. They areRules and regulations allow people to know what is expected and plan their life accordingly. They are

very strict about their time schedules and targets.very strict about their time schedules and targets.

Once the proper way to perform a task is discovered, there is no need to think of doing it any otherOnce the proper way to perform a task is discovered, there is no need to think of doing it any otherway.way.

Germans believe that maintaining clear lines of demarcation between people, places, and things is theGermans believe that maintaining clear lines of demarcation between people, places, and things is thesurest way to lead a structured and ordered life.surest way to lead a structured and ordered life.

Work and personal lives are rigidly divided.Work and personal lives are rigidly divided.

There is a proper time for every activity. When the business dayThere is a proper time for every activity. When the business dayends, you are expected to leave the office. If you must remainends, you are expected to leave the office. If you must remainafter normal closing, it indicates that you did not plan your day properly.after normal closing, it indicates that you did not plan your day properly.

Any kind of official meeting requires an appointment and theAny kind of official meeting requires an appointment and thetime mentioned is to be strictly followed.time mentioned is to be strictly followed.

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It is a very conservative country and this feature is also reflectedIt is a very conservative country and this feature is also reflectedin their way of business.in their way of business.

Besides their conservatism their innovation, productivity andBesides their conservatism their innovation, productivity andexcellence are distinct characteristics of German business.excellence are distinct characteristics of German business.

They usually maintain very formal attire at work and greet eachThey usually maintain very formal attire at work and greet eachother by shaking hands.other by shaking hands.

The German manager concentrates intensely on two objectives: productThe German manager concentrates intensely on two objectives: productquality and product service.quality and product service.

But the manager also places a high premium on customer satisfaction, andBut the manager also places a high premium on customer satisfaction, andGermans are ready to style a product to suit a customer's wishes.Germans are ready to style a product to suit a customer's wishes.

German management is sensitive toGerman management is sensitive to

government standards, government policies,government standards, government policies,

and government regulations.and government regulations.

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ChinaChina The business culture of China is unique.The business culture of China is unique. The Chinese people follow certain ethics in business.The Chinese people follow certain ethics in business.

Patience and humility are the two main features of thePatience and humility are the two main features of theChinese business culture.Chinese business culture.

Guanxi (relationships) is a very important characteristic of the ChineseGuanxi (relationships) is a very important characteristic of the Chinesebusiness culture..business culture..

Forming a good relationship is very important step in Chinese business culture.Forming a good relationship is very important step in Chinese business culture. Exchanging favors is an important part of the Chinese business culture . It alsoExchanging favors is an important part of the Chinese business culture . It also

means to be friendly and develop good feelings about each other.means to be friendly and develop good feelings about each other. Chinese will make dealings with people whom they think are trustworthy. If theChinese will make dealings with people whom they think are trustworthy. If theWestern countries want to do business then they have to prove themWestern countries want to do business then they have to prove themtrustworthy.trustworthy.

In the Chinese business culture relationships are made on the personal stage.In the Chinese business culture relationships are made on the personal stage. The Chinese business culture does not depend on money. Every individualThe Chinese business culture does not depend on money. Every individual

members are treated fairly .members are treated fairly .

Chinese believe that both the parties have to be faith full. The Chinese do noChinese believe that both the parties have to be faith full. The Chinese do nosupport bribery .support bribery .

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Controversial Issues inControversial Issues inChinaChina

There are some taboo areas in social conversations withThere are some taboo areas in social conversations withthe Chinese. Try to avoid these conversational topics asthe Chinese. Try to avoid these conversational topics asmuch as possible.much as possible.

1. You must not mention that1. You must not mention that Taiwan is an independentTaiwan is an independentstatestate or a country.or a country.

2. You must2. You must NEVER praise the JapaneseNEVER praise the Japanese or be seen toor be seen tobe good buddies with thembe good buddies with them4. You must not praise Shanghai in front of natives of4. You must not praise Shanghai in front of natives ofBeijing and similarly vice versaBeijing and similarly vice versa

Other than that, you are pretty safe to converseOther than that, you are pretty safe to converse

with the Chinese anything.with the Chinese anything.

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Chandni kundel -Msc(Sim)Chandni kundel -Msc(Sim)