Culegere probleme de informatica.doc

8/17/2019 Culegere probleme de informatica.doc

1/95

Cuprins

CUPRINS..................................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCERE......................................................................................................................................2

CE ŞANSE AM SĂ DEVIN UN BUN PROGRAMATOR ?........................................................ ........3

LEGILE SUCCESULUI DURABIL G!IDUL STUDENTULUI "NDĂRĂTNIC#..........................$

PROBLEME DE %UDECATĂ................................................................................................................&

PROBLEME DE PERSPICACITATE..............................................................................................................8PROBLEME CU CHIBRITURI..................................................................................................................... 9PROBLEME DE LOGICĂ ŞI JUDECATĂ.....................................................................................................10PROBLEME DE LOGICĂ ŞI JUDECATĂ CU "TENTĂ INFORMATICĂ"..........................................................12

NO'IUNI (UNDAMENTALE DE PROGRAMARE........................................................................1)

1.CELE TREI ETAPE ALE REZOLVĂRII UNEI PROBLEME CU AJUTORUL CALCULATORULUI.....................12.CUM SE STABILEŞTE CORECTITUDINEA ŞI EFICIEN!A SOLU!IONĂRII ..............................................1#. NO!IUNILE FUNDAMENTALE ALE PROGRAMĂRII$ ALGORITM% LIMBAJE DE DESCRIERE A ALGORITMILOR % PROGRAM% LIMBAJE DE PROGRAMARE ...................................................................... 1&

3.1. Algoritmul ................................................................................................................................ 16 3.2. Descrierea algoritmilor ............................................................................................................17 3.3 Programul .................................................................................................................................18

'. SECRETUL (NVĂ!ĂRII RAPIDE A PROGRAMĂRII................................................................................ 19

NO'IUNI PRIMARE DE PROGRAMARE "N PASCAL ŞI C.................................................. ......2*

E)EMPLE DE PROBLEME REZOLVATE.................................................................................................... 21

METODA PRACTICĂ DE "NVĂ'ARE CE GARANTEA+Ă RE+ULTATE IMEDIATE...........2$

PROBLEME SELEC'IONATE , ENUN'URI..................................................................................2$

PROBLEME PROPUSE SPRE REZOLVARE *PROBLEME DE ANTRENAMENT+..............................................2&PROBLEME DE E)AMEN........................................................................................................................28PROBLEME DIFICILE..............................................................................................................................#0PROBLEME NESOLU!IONATE (NCĂ........................................................................................................#2PROBLEME INSOLVABILE ALGORITMIC..................................................................................................#

NO'IUNI APRO(UNDATE DE PROGRAMARE............................................................................3-

METODE ŞI STRATEGII DE PROIECTARE A ALGORITMILOR *ALIAS TEHNICI DE PROGRAMARE+.............#,BAC- TRAC-ING...................................................................................................................................#9GREED................................................................................................................................................'2PROGRAMAREA DINAMICĂ................................................................................................................... '2BRANCH / BOUND...............................................................................................................................'#

R ECURSIVITATEA.................................................................................................................................. ''PROBLEME RE+OLVATE ŞI EERCI'II DE PROGRAMARE................................................../0

PROBLEME ELEMENTARE. E)ERCI!II DE PROGRAMARE....................................................................... '9PROBLEME CE NECESITĂ BAC- TRAC-ING...........................................................................................&&PROBLEME CU SOLU!IE SURPRINZĂTOARE...........................................................................................,0ELEMENTE DE PROGRAMARE A PC URILOR ....................................................................................... ,CURIOZITĂ!I ŞI TRUCURI DE PROGRAMARE......................................................................................... 91

CON(RUNTARE DE OPINII IN(ORMATICĂ VERSUS MATEMATICĂ.................................03

BIBLIOGRA(IE ADRESE ŞI LOCA'II DE INTERES PE INTERNET......................................0)


2/95

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E345 674 :7;


3/95

C7 89ns7 9: s; 57r9:94r ?

A:345 4


4/95

:44 @5% 4; 34 ? :44 : 3 4= >


5/95

(:6 7= 4


6/95

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C7?4 R7>u@i@7 57 9ur 9@7 su57nu@ui 8:76F7r D:5 7% >74 ? @


7/95

>746 35 :?> 4?4 % 4:. := ?< 6 3:5> C7i 69r7 s7 4=i8nui7s6 s; 64pi77 9 6


8/95

Pr4=@7:7 57 u5769;

O= p9siun7.

C?3= :?345 100 :5 ? 34:5 5 :?345 1000 % :4 :?345 7 =?>

2. Ş4= :5 7 ?7 :?345 1000 >73 ? 76544 = ?7% :4 :?345 7 ?7

3. C 765< >34 547


9/95

. H# "nr7rup;49r7@7. P >


10/95

2. H# 0 =77. S5 3 9 @ = :@


11/95

:444 ;5 = " :7 >5" : 3 4?? >34 > = 34:5. A6 :76 6 6745 >5 =:4 >5% 37 ? , :7 ?7 ?@74. (;6 77?= *37 4:5 = 6+. S :7 :777 73% 4?4 > 6=5 :4 1 64?=% 3 5 ? 673:5 6?


12/95

= B735. M4


13/95

100 @?@?@;?;=7?;=7;?=7@?@=7?;=7

1#


14/95

C


15/95

N4iuni un59:7n9@7 57 pr4>r9:9r7

P 73 :

3?7 :4 >7:4 = =


16/95

:? = >73.

( ;5


17/95

A:34 >4 =5 7 = :45 = @5 ::74?? = 7$ e trei ori i3am dat să facă calculele şi de

fiecare dată mi3a scos aceleaşi !alori aiurea$ 4


18/95

'. %iclurile E345 *= 6?4 = 77


19/95

Compilarea% 4> = 4


20/95

N4iuni pri:9r7 57 pr4>r9:9r7 n P9s69@ 8i C

( 3>73 6 373% ?6 4


21/95

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4 %%376..37601=?

376b *100+

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V< %%376$4;


22/95

3 B; a


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e:7= 64.W

?4 %@%:%3%>

4 =


24/95

6?= 0 4 >


25/95

_

2


26/95

M7459 pr96i6; 57 n9r9n79; r7u@97 i:75i97

D:5 : 3>73 6 373 :7 > = >


27/95

'. S5 3 ::7 720 % 7#0 % 70 ? ?


28/95

Probleme de e+amen

1. S :44 ? ?


29/95

##. S :44 % 35 3 @?67 7 Nb4? ;+ΣY*12 >+1122 > > >4 W0% 1%>.

#'. S :44 % 35 3 =47445 = 6=

;5. S5 3 4? 347= = >


30/95

Probleme dificile

D7>5 :76 3 >?4 @57% ?


31/95

M?465 47: 6?


32/95

Probleme nesoluţionate )ncă

A :76 3 >7474 :?344 :>4?7 4


33/95

O@3


34/95

3 ?465 4


35/95

Probleme insolvabile algoritmic

A6 4


36/95

un 9@>4ri: >7n7r9@ >


37/95

N4iuni 9pr4un597 57 pr4>r9:9r7

etode şi strategii de proiectare a algoritmilor ,alias tehnici deprogramare-

(


38/95

:?6>?4 >


39/95

:574


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0 1 2 #

2 # F:


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1 11 2 1

1 # # 11 ' & ' 1

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V


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_ 3 >1%+_?= 6*+^ >


48/95

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V?6 :> >


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< %@%:%=$


51/95

=

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52/95

3 c@c:W0 4 b*1Y#c*c@c:++$&$2+ 3 b746 ::7 6= ;?644ri:u@ui376 >


53/95

?4ri:u@ui

>4


54/95

b


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>Fi 57 nu:7r7

1 1 2 1 2 3 ...... 1 2 3 ..n

>


56/95

BEGINb


57/95

6*+^ ?; 4 %%%376%X :


58/95

e:7= 34=?.W4K>= 73;= :< >?4


59/95

BEGINb$>c[\b$&$2+4ri:u@ui :46 >?4 :


60/95

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?4 3[0\%3:[0\

?= 6*?=+^ >


62/95

b


63/95

a*76% "


64/95

73;= 0%:?4?*76% " ?74>74 .]"+ b*


65/95

^ **;= ?>*";=.?"% 6?=++ NULL+ Yc ?> ;= cY >


66/95

Probleme ce necesită bac06trac0ing

A6 >:4 >


67/95

S; s7 >7n7r77 497 8iruri@7 57 @un>i:7 n 4r:97 nu:9i 5in 69r967r7@7 a, b 8i c 9.. s; nu 7is754u; su=8iruri i57ni67 9@;ur97.

= 6>7% =:5 nD- >746


68/95

?= =3:?6>7*4 3%4 X%4 :?4?


69/95

S; s7 9i877 497 57s64:pun7ri@7 unui nu:;r s 69 su:; 57 n 7@7:7n7 5isin67.

:34 34 ?


70/95

Probleme cu soluţie surprinzătoare

(


71/95

:66=:$6=

BEGINb


72/95

>


73/95

e:7= 34=?.W

?= 6*?=+^ 4 [100\%[100\%%%X >73 34 7 4


74/95

S7 6i787 n. S; s7 577r:in7 4 9@7>7r7 9 s7:n7@4r ̂ 8i , 9s7@ n6 s; 94ri:u@uiP


75/95

*lemente de programare a PC 6 urilor

O


76/95

34$@K4 @3?74 n'0$n1, ^ =


77/95

E=P


78/95

K$K0T


79/95

;?4?K*#8%#+ b


80/95

E


81/95

66: = 2TK> M4


82/95

0 ?6.=3>3


83/95

P74I6;*100% 100% Pm%)ORP74+ 6?7336 34:4>;*1+


84/95

Yc 4 ;:3 = ?: K ? 4 >44 cY;4>44*/>+

?< *0 >.3 +3444*>.:??*0%M%MA)COLORSY2+ >74>*M)%0%MA)COLORSY2+ >74>*M)%M%MA)COLORSY2+ >36*0%M)%0%M+ YY


85/95

?< $>


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= e80$ ^ ?3 _ @; ;?4?K*3[7467\%3K[7467\+b


87/95

Pr4>r9: S69nT9s7^ P


88/95

434$P?


89/95

@; 3;$n000 @W:@X 4 b4


90/95

b4+hDh 4 @; $n'02 @$34m[6?=\ 474>*%0%:+ >74>*%;41%:+ =

?< K$0 4? ;41 =? @; >74>*0%K%:+ >74>*b=41%K%:+ = ?< $0 4? 191 =? ?< K$0 4? 191 =? @; :3 @43 ? '$ :$*K = '8+c' = '8 8$ :$*K = 12+c' = 12 1%1&$ :$*K = &+c*1 3 + = & 2'$ :$?;4*+c&#&K = >74>*'%K'%:+ =


91/95

Curiozităţi şi trucuri de programare

P445 >


92/95

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6*%:+:


93/95

C4nrun9r7 57 4pinii In4r:9i6; ?4 >54 :7 6464: :?3


94/95

6?= 64?= 6464: :?3=


95/95

Bi=@i4>r9i7 95r7s7 8i @469ii 57 in7r7s p7 In7rn7

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