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Water Footprint Benchmarks for the United States Landon Marston, Ph.D., P.E. Assistant Professor Kansas State University, Civil Engineering Co-Authors: Zach Ancona, Kyle F. Davis, Benjamin Ruddell, Richard Rushforth CUAHSI’s 2019 Winter Cyberseminar Series February 20, 2019
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CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Jul 17, 2020

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Page 1: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Water Footprint Benchmarks for the United States

Landon Marston, Ph.D., P.E.Assistant ProfessorKansas State University, Civil Engineering

Co-Authors: Zach Ancona, Kyle F. Davis, Benjamin Ruddell, Richard Rushforth

CUAHSI’s 2019 Winter Cyberseminar Series February 20, 2019

Page 2: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

High Resolution Sectoral Water Footprints

Water Footprint Benchmarks

Concluding Remarks & Future Directions

Water Savings

Page 3: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

High Resolution Sectoral Water Footprints

Water Footprint Benchmarks

Concluding Remarks & Future Directions

Water Savings

Page 4: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

The US economy is supported by water.

Page 5: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Water use data is scarce.

Page 6: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Descriptions of water use are highly specific or overly generalized.

Page 7: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Following hydrology, we need to move to more distributed estimates of human water use.

Page 8: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Research Goal: .

Spatially explicit and distinct industry mapping of USA economy’s water consumption.

Research Questions:.

(i) How much water is required to support each U.S. industry? .

(ii) How does economic water use vary across the country?.

(iii) Do industries depend more on water directly or indirectly through their supply chains?

Page 9: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Research Goal: .

Spatially explicit and distinct industry mapping of USA economy’s water consumption.

Research Questions:.

(i) How much water is required to support each U.S. industry? .

(ii) How does economic water use vary across the country?.

(iii) Do industries depend more on water directly or indirectly through their supply chains?

Page 10: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Research Goal: .

Spatially explicit and distinct industry mapping of USA economy’s water consumption.

Research Questions:.

(i) How much water is required to support each U.S. industry? .

(ii) How does economic water use vary across the country?.

(iii) Do industries depend more on water directly or indirectly through their supply chains?

Page 11: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Hoekstra, 2011

Virtual water (or water footprint) is the water embedded within the production of a good.

Surface Water

Green WaterGroundWater

Page 12: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Hundreds of data products were synthesized to calculate water consumption of US economy.

Page 13: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

The water footprint of crops is centered around major aquifers, Western US, and Midwest/High Plains.

Surface WF Ground WF

Green WF Total WF

km3

km3

km3

km3

Marston et al, 2018 WRR

Page 14: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

95% of the U.S. water footprint is due to crop production.

7 crops responsible for.

- 3/4 of U.S. groundwater consumption. .

- 1/2 of U.S. surface water consumption.

A ALMONDS B APPLES C BARLEY D BEANS, DRY EDIBLEE CORN, GRAIN F CORN, SILAGE G COTTON H GRAPES I HAY & HAYLAGE J LETTUCE K ORANGES L OTHER CROPSM PEANUTS N PECANS O PISTACHIOS P POTATOES Q RICE R SORGHUM, GRAIN S SOYBEANS T SUGARBEETS U SUGARCANE V SUNFLOWER W TOMATOESX WALNUTSY WHEAT

Marston et al, 2018 WRR

Page 15: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

A significant proportion of US lands and waters are dedicated to livestock production.

https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2018-us-land-use/

Page 16: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Agriculture is the top water user in 7 of 10 counties.

10% of U.S. counties consume 74% of water.Marston et al, 2018 WRR

Page 17: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Water is a critical input in US food and energy production but it’s utilization is unevenly distributed.

Marston et al, 2018 WRR

Page 18: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

The majority of non-crop industries water footprint of production is attributed to hydropower and non-revenue water losses.

A AquacultureB Beef CattleC Chemical ManufacturingD Food and Beverage Stores E Food ManufacturingF HydropowerG MiningH Non-Revenue Water I Other LivestockJ Other SectorsK Petroleum and Coal Products

ManufacturingL Primary Metal ManufacturingM Thermoelectric Once-ThroughN Thermoelectric RecirculatingO Wholesale Trade

Marston et al, 2018 WRR

Page 19: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

93% of sectors use more water through their supply chains than they consume directly.

Marston et al, 2018 WRR

Page 20: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

An industry’s overall WFP is largely dependent on where it sources its inputs.

Sugar cane and sugar beets 0.09 10.55 116.61 All other indirect uses 0.17 3.23 22.31

Total, all sectors 0.44 16.35 163.62

gallons / 5 lb bag

Direct Water Use Low National Average High

Sugar and confectionery product manufacturing 0.17 0.41 0.92

Indirect Water Uses

𝟏

Example: Sugar Industry

Marston et al, 2018 WRR

Page 21: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

High Resolution Sectoral Water Footprints

Water Footprint Benchmarks

Concluding Remarks & Future Directions

Water Savings

Page 22: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Blue WF per unit of production ($) varies significantly between and within economic sectors.

National average water intensity

Marston et al, 2018 WRR

Page 23: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

What if all water users adjusted their water use to match their industry benchmark level?

Marston et al, in preparation

Water savings

How much water could be saved and where?

Page 24: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

BM25 Scenario

BM10 Scenario BM50 Scenario

Expectations of reasonable water consumption were constrained based on current water utilization rates.

Based on similar production processes and comparable conditions.

Page 25: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Potential water savings calculated by NOAA Climate

Region by industry/product/

technology.

Page 26: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Potential water savings calculated

by industry for each NOAA

Climate Region

Industrial, Institutional, and Commercial Water Footprints

UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesale TradeRetail TradeTransportation & WarehousingInformationFinance & InsuranceReal Estate and Rental and LeasingProfessional, Scientific, and Technical ServicesAdministrative Support / Waste ManagementEducational ServicesHealth Care and Social AssistanceArts, Entertainment, and RecreationAccommodation and Food ServicesOther Services (except Public Administration)

NAICS 2-Digit Description

Page 27: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Potential water savings calculated

by industry for each NOAA

Climate Region

Industrial, Institutional, and Commercial Water Footprints

UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesale TradeRetail TradeTransportation & WarehousingInformationFinance & InsuranceReal Estate and Rental and LeasingProfessional, Scientific, and Technical ServicesAdministrative Support / Waste ManagementEducational ServicesHealth Care and Social AssistanceArts, Entertainment, and RecreationAccommodation and Food ServicesOther Services (except Public Administration)

NAICS 2-Digit Description

Blue Water Footprint [log10(m3/$1000)]

-2.5-5 0 2.5

Page 28: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Potential water savings calculated

by industry for each NOAA

Climate Region

Industrial, Institutional, and Commercial Water Footprints

UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesale TradeRetail TradeTransportation & WarehousingInformationFinance & InsuranceReal Estate and Rental and LeasingProfessional, Scientific, and Technical ServicesAdministrative Support / Waste ManagementEducational ServicesHealth Care and Social AssistanceArts, Entertainment, and RecreationAccommodation and Food ServicesOther Services (except Public Administration)

NAICS 2-Digit Description

Blue Water Footprint [log10(m3/$1000)]

-2.5-5 0 2.5

Page 29: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Similar crop growing areas were clustered

based on growing degree days and

aridity index.

Page 30: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Growing Degree Days

Arid

ity In

dex

Similar crop growing areas were clustered

based on growing degree days and

aridity index.

Marston et al, in preparation

Crop Clusters: Wheat

Page 31: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

The greatest water savings can be achieved in the agriculture sector. W

ater

Sav

ings

(km

3 /yr

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Marston et al, in preparation

Page 32: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Wat

er S

avin

gs (k

m3 /

yr)

0

2

4

6

8

10

The greatest water savings can be achieved in the agriculture sector.

Marston et al, in preparation

Page 33: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Wat

er S

avin

gs (k

m3 /

yr)

0

2

4

6

8

10

The greatest water savings can be achieved in the agriculture sector.

Marston et al, in preparation

BM25 Scenario

Page 34: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Where and how much water would be made available for other uses?

Marston et al, in preparationHUC4 total water savings (105 m3)

2.2 18,039

BM25 Scenario

Page 35: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Direct vs. Indirect Water Savings

Marston et al, in preparation

BM25 Scenario

Page 36: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Direct vs. Indirect Water Savings

Marston et al, in preparation

BM25 Scenario

Page 37: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

High Resolution Sectoral Water Footprints

Water Footprint Benchmarks

Concluding Remarks & Future Directions

Water Savings

Page 38: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

In summary, there is still significant water savings to be achieved! Areas facing water stress also show some of the greatest potential for

water savings.

Most industries can save more water by working with their suppliers to reduce their water use than they can save directly by making their own operations more water efficient.

Future research is needed to explore the inherent tradeoffs involved in improved water utilization, such as potential increases in energy or fertilizer consumption which may lead to increased grey water and carbon footprints.

Page 39: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

This work represents the first step in better understanding how water is used in the economy and the potential for water conservation.

• Incomplete water use data limits our work but also makes it necessary.

• Need for collaborations between state and federal agencies, as well as non-federal researchers, to• collect, synthesize, and analyze data • at finer sectoral, temporal, and spatial

scales.

Page 40: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

This work provides a rich and high-resolution dataset of human water use in the U.S.• Improve our understanding of

how and where water is used in the economy.

• Useful resource for water management and modeling environmental LCA WF assessments benchmarking

Landon Marston [email protected]

Marston, L., Ao, Y., Konar, M., Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2018). High-Resolution Water Footprints of Production of the United States. Water Resources Research, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021923

Publication

DatasetData available at: http://waterfootprint.org

Page 41: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Marston Research Group

Exploring the interactions between water and society

Questions?

Page 42: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE
Page 43: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE
Page 44: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Potential water savings calculated by NOAA Climate

Region by industry/product/

technology.

Thermoelectric Power Production

Page 45: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Extirpation of fish species from sub-watersheds due to summer flow depletion in the US.

Richter et al, in review

Page 46: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

What is the impact of the livestock production system on the nation’s rivers?

Percent change in summer flow due to water use from all sectorsRichter et al, in review

Page 47: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) water footprints varied greatly across the USA.

2.17E-03 m3/$

Water Footprint per Unit (WFU) Water Footprints of Production (WFP)

0 m3/$ 3.15E+08 m30 m3

Page 48: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Water withdrawals were distributed to over 375 commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) enterprises.

𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺

𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺

𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝒊∈𝑪𝑰𝑰

𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺

Allocates CII publicly supplied water based on industry’s relative water purchases.

Total water available

Total water supplied to users

Subtract domestic water use

Total water delivered to CII

Page 49: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Water withdrawals were distributed to over 375 commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) enterprises.

𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺

𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺

𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝒊∈𝑪𝑰𝑰

𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺

Allocates CII publicly supplied water based on industry’s relative water purchases.

Total water available

Total water supplied to users

Subtract domestic water use

Total water delivered to CII

𝒊 𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺

𝒊 𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝒊∈𝑰

𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺

Allocates CII self- supplied water withdrawals based on industry’s relative employment and water use coefficient.

Page 50: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

Water withdrawals were distributed to over 375 commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) enterprises.

𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝑭𝑺

𝒊 𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺

𝒊 𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝒊∈𝑰

𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺

𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝒊∈𝑪𝑰𝑰

𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺

Allocates CII self- supplied water withdrawals based on industry’s relative employment and water use coefficient.

Allocates CII publicly supplied water based on industry’s relative water purchases.

Total water available

Total water supplied to all users

Subtract domestic water use

Total water publicly supplied to CII

𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺 𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺) 𝒊 𝒊,𝑪𝑭𝑺

Total water supplied to industry

Fraction consumed

Water Footprint of Production

Page 51: CUAHSI Benchmark Presentation · X r ï l ð } ( h X^ X P } µ v Á } v µ u ] } v X X r í l î } ( h X^ X µ ( Á } v µ u ] } v X >DKE ^ WW> ^ Z> z E^ U Zz / > KZE

603.

1

94

2.6

1.3

4.7

2.8

2.3

612

95.9

3.4

79.7

2.6 3.

2

3.0 3.

8

2.1

82

239

93 108.

5

2.8

101.

3

2.8 3.3

CROPS (GREEN) CROPS (BLUE) LIVESTOCK MINING THERMOELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL

This study Hoekstra & Mekonnen (2012)Wang & Zimmerman (2016) FRIS (2014)Mubako (2011) Aquastat (2017)Maupin et al. (2014) EIA (2017)

Our results compare favorably with previous USA WF studies and government water use reports.

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Difference in methods and study year lead to greater variance in water use estimates at the subnational scale.

USDA Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey (2013)

USGS Water Use Report (2010)

USGS vs. FRIS

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There is significant uncertainty in WFP estimates, especially non-revenue water and hydropower.

0

5

10

15

20

25

Blue

WFP

(km

3 )

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Thermoelectric WFP

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Livestock WFP

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Water Use Category Data Product Purpose/Description Source Data Type Finest Spatial Resolution

Data Year

Crops Crop production (irrigated and rainfed); Crop prices

USDA. 2017 Production County 2012

Crops Crop blue and green water requirements

Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2011 Water 5 x 5 arc minute 1996-2005

Crops Groundwater and surface water irrigation fractions

Maupin et al., 2014 Water County 2010

Aquaculture Groundwater and surface water utilization; Aquaculture sales and production method

USDA. 2017 Water; Production County 2012, 2013

Aquaculture Average annual open water surface evaporation

NOAA NWS 33 & 34 Water point / isohyetal 1919-1979

Mining Water withdrawals and consumption coefficients

Maupin et al., 2014 Water County 1995, 2010

Mining Water use coefficients Meldrum et al. 2013; Council, 2008; Spang et al. 2014; Norgate and Lovel, 2004 ; Mudd, 2008 ; Mudd, 2010 ; Norgate and Haque, 2010

Water point Varies

Mining Non-fuel mineral prices USGS - https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/ Production State 2012Mining Fuel prices EIA Production State 2012Thermoelectric Water withdrawals and consumption USGS (Special Report) Water Plant 2010Thermoelectric Plant fuel type EIA Production plant 2010Thermoelectric Electricity prices EIA Production State 2012Hydropower Water consumption Grubert, 2016 Water region 2010-2014Livestock Water withdrawals Maupin et al., 2014 Water County 2010Livestock Livestock production and prices USDA. 2017 Production County 2012Livestock Water use coefficients USGS (State & National Reports) Water State VariesCommercial, Industrial, and Institutional

Water withdrawals Maupin et al., 2014 Water County 2010

Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional

Direct water requirement coefficients BEACanada

Water Nation 2007, 2011, 2013

Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional

Water Transfers Numerous (see SI for full list) Water Point Varies

Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional

Consumption coefficients USCB Water Nation 1982

Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional

Non-revenue water fraction Various Water City Varies

Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional

Industry revenue and employment BEA Production County 2012


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