CST Review Cluster 1: Development of Modern Political Thought (Standards 10.1-10.2)

CST ReviewCST Review

Cluster 1: Development of Cluster 1: Development of Modern Political Thought Modern Political Thought

(Standards 10.1-10.2)(Standards 10.1-10.2)

Roots of DemocracyRoots of Democracy

ContributorContributorss

ContributionsContributions

GreeksGreeks Reason & intelligence to discover natural laws; Reason & intelligence to discover natural laws; development of direct democracy, 3 branches of development of direct democracy, 3 branches of governmentgovernment

RomansRomans Republic & written legal code that applies Republic & written legal code that applies equally to all citizensequally to all citizens

JudaismJudaism Emphasis on individual moralityEmphasis on individual morality

ChristianityChristianity Equality of believersEquality of believers

RenaissancRenaissancee

Growth of individualismGrowth of individualism

ReformatioReformationn

Challenging of traditional authorityChallenging of traditional authority

Major Ideas of the Enlightenment and Major Ideas of the Enlightenment and their impacttheir impact

IdeaIdea ThinkerThinker ImpactImpact BookBookNatural rights-life, Natural rights-life, liberty and liberty and propertyproperty

LockeLocke Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Two Treatises on Two Treatises on GovernmentGovernment

Right to RebelRight to Rebel LockeLocke Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence/American RevolutionIndependence/American Revolution

Two Treatises on Two Treatises on GovernmentGovernment

Separation of Separation of powerspowers

MontesquieuMontesquieu France, United States, Latin France, United States, Latin American nations use separation of American nations use separation of

powers in constitutionspowers in constitutions

The Spirit of LawsThe Spirit of Laws

Freedom of Freedom of thought and thought and expressionexpression

VoltaireVoltaire U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of Rights of Manof Rights of Man

Ideas contained in Ideas contained in books and essaysbooks and essays

Abolishment of Abolishment of TortureTorture

BeccariaBeccaria U.S. Bill of Rights, torture outlawed U.S. Bill of Rights, torture outlawed or reduced in nations of Europe and or reduced in nations of Europe and

AmericasAmericas

On Crimes and On Crimes and PunishmentsPunishments

Religious FreedomReligious Freedom VoltaireVoltaire U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of Rights of Manof Rights of Man

Ideas contained in Ideas contained in books and essaysbooks and essays

Women’s equalityWomen’s equality WollstonecraWollstonecraftft

Women’s rights groups form in Women’s rights groups form in Europe & North AmericaEurope & North America

A Vindication of A Vindication of the Rights of the Rights of

WomenWomen

Social ContractSocial Contract HobbesHobbes Use of periodic, consistent voteUse of periodic, consistent vote LeviathanLeviathan

Legitimate power Legitimate power comes from the comes from the peoplepeople

RousseauRousseau Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence, Constitution & Independence, Constitution &

RevolutionRevolution

The Social The Social ContractContract

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Causes of Revolution: Causes of Revolution: Prioritize the listPrioritize the list

Heavy TaxesHeavy Taxes

Desire for privilegesDesire for privileges

Poor harvest & high bread pricesPoor harvest & high bread prices

Gap between rich and poorGap between rich and poor

Poor leadershipPoor leadership

Government debtGovernment debt

Enlightenment IdeasEnlightenment Ideas

Timeline of EventsTimeline of Events Add the datesAdd the dates

Assembly creates a constitutionAssembly creates a constitution

War with Austria begins when Austria War with Austria begins when Austria offers support to Louis XVIoffers support to Louis XVI

War goes badly for the French and War goes badly for the French and mobs rule Parismobs rule Paris

King is ExecutedKing is Executed

Reign of Terror begins as radicals Reign of Terror begins as radicals take over the governmenttake over the government

Terror ends as moderates gain Terror ends as moderates gain controlcontrol

French Legislative French Legislative AssemblyAssembly

RadicalsRadicals ModeratesModerates ConservativesConservatives

*Sat on left side of *Sat on left side of hall; called left-wring, hall; called left-wring, said to be on leftsaid to be on left

*Opposed king & ideas *Opposed king & ideas of monarchyof monarchy

*wanted sweeping *wanted sweeping changes in changes in government & government & proposed that proposed that common people have common people have full power in a republicfull power in a republic

*sat in center of hall, *sat in center of hall, called centristscalled centrists

*wanted some *wanted some changes in changes in government, but not government, but not as many as Radicalsas many as Radicals

*sat on right side of *sat on right side of hall; called right-hall; called right-wring, said to be on wring, said to be on rightright

*upheld idea of a *upheld idea of a limited monarchylimited monarchy

*Wanted few changes *Wanted few changes in governmentin government

Napoleon’s Journey to Napoleon’s Journey to EmperorEmperor

1789-French Revolution breaks out1789-French Revolution breaks out 1795-Napoleon defeats royalist rebels1795-Napoleon defeats royalist rebels 1796 to 1799-Napoleon wins many victories1796 to 1799-Napoleon wins many victories 1799-Napoleon seizes power from the 1799-Napoleon seizes power from the

DirectoryDirectory 1800-New constitution gives Napoleon all 1800-New constitution gives Napoleon all

real powerreal power 1804-Napoleon crowned emperor1804-Napoleon crowned emperor

Napoleon Brings Order After the Napoleon Brings Order After the RevolutionRevolution

The The EconomyEconomy

Government Government & Society& Society

ReligionReligion

Goals of the Goals of the RevolutionRevolution

Equal taxationEqual taxation

Lower inflationLower inflationLess Government Less Government corruptioncorruption

Equal opportunity in Equal opportunity in governmentgovernment

Less powerful Less powerful Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Religious Religious tolerancetolerance

Napoleon’s Napoleon’s ActionsActions

Set up fair tax Set up fair tax code, national code, national bankbank

Stabilized Stabilized currencycurrency

State loans to State loans to businessbusiness

Appointed officials Appointed officials by meritby merit

Fired corrupt Fired corrupt officialsofficials

Created lycees Created lycees (public schools)(public schools)

Created code of Created code of lawslaws

Catholicism Catholicism “faith of “faith of Frenchmen”Frenchmen”

Signed concordat Signed concordat with Popewith Pope

Retained seized Retained seized church landchurch land

ResultsResults Equal taxationEqual taxation

Stable economyStable economyHonest, competent Honest, competent officialsofficials

Equal opportunity in Equal opportunity in governmentgovernment

Public educationPublic education

Religious Religious tolerancetolerance

Government Government control of church control of church landslands

Government Government recognition of recognition of church influencechurch influence

Napoleon’s Napoleon’s MistakesMistakes

Effects on EmpireEffects on Empire

Continental SystemContinental System

Peninsular WarPeninsular War

Russian invasionRussian invasion

Weakening of FranceWeakening of France

Great loss of life and Great loss of life and prestigeprestige

Loss of much of armyLoss of much of army

Napoleon’s CareerNapoleon’s Career

Defense of Defense of National National ConventioConventionn

CoupCoup EmperoEmperorr

WinninWinning g

BattlesBattles

TrafalgarTrafalgar LargeLarge

EmpireEmpireRussiaRussia ElbaElba WaterloWaterlo

oo

17951795 17991799 18041804 18051805 18051805 18101810 18121812 18118144

18151815

Metternich’s Plan at Metternich’s Plan at Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

ProblemProblem SolutionSolution

French AggressionFrench Aggression

Power struggles between Power struggles between countriescountries

Lack of legitimate leadersLack of legitimate leaders

Surrounding France with Surrounding France with strong countriesstrong countries

Creating a balance of power so Creating a balance of power so that no country can dominate that no country can dominate othersothers

Restoring royal families to Restoring royal families to their thronestheir thrones

RevolutionRevolution CausesCauses HopesHopes OutcomeOutcome

GloriousGlorious

AmericanAmerican

FrenchFrench

CST ReviewCST Review

Cluster 2: Industrial Expansion Cluster 2: Industrial Expansion and Imperialism (Standards 10.3-and Imperialism (Standards 10.3-10.4)10.4)

Seven reasons why Great Britain Seven reasons why Great Britain was the first country to Industrializewas the first country to Industrialize

LandLand CapitalCapital Labor supplyLabor supply ResourcesResources Transportation systemTransportation system EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs Government SupportGovernment Support

Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization

Size of Size of citiescities

•Factories developing near sources of energyFactories developing near sources of energy•Many new industrial cities specializing in certain Many new industrial cities specializing in certain industriesindustries•Urban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling in sizeUrban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling in size•Growth of factories, bringing job seekers to citiesGrowth of factories, bringing job seekers to cities

Living Living ConditionsConditions

*No sanitary codes or building codes*No sanitary codes or building codes

*Lack of Adequate housing, education, and police *Lack of Adequate housing, education, and police protectionprotection

*Lack of running water and indoor plumbing*Lack of running water and indoor plumbing

*Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums*Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums

*Eventually, better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper *Eventually, better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper clothing clothing

Working Working conditionsconditions

*Industrialization creates new jobs for workers*Industrialization creates new jobs for workers

*Workers trying to keep pace with machine*Workers trying to keep pace with machine

*Factories dirty and unsanitary*Factories dirty and unsanitary

*Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in *Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe conditionsunsafe conditions

*Harsh and severe factory discipline*Harsh and severe factory discipline

*Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, better working *Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditionsconditions

Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization

Emerging Emerging Social Social

ClassesClasses

*Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and *Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and merchantsmerchants

*Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of *Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of rich middle classrich middle class

*Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled *Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workersworkers

*workers overworked and underpaid*workers overworked and underpaid

*Rising standard of living, with some groups excluded*Rising standard of living, with some groups excluded

QuestionsQuestions 1.1. Which social class benefited most and which Which social class benefited most and which suffered most from Industrialization?suffered most from Industrialization?

2.2. What are some of the advantages and What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of industrialization?disadvantages of industrialization?

Industrial Revolution Brings Industrial Revolution Brings ChangeChange

EconomiEconomicc

SociaSociall

PoliticalPolitical

New Social classes emergedNew Social classes emerged

New political philosophies erupted New political philosophies erupted from the Industrial Revolutionfrom the Industrial Revolution

The gap widened between The gap widened between industrialized nations and non-industrialized nations and non-industrialized nationsindustrialized nations

New inventions like the railroad New inventions like the railroad changed the way people transported changed the way people transported goods and traveledgoods and traveled

Many of the changes are present in Many of the changes are present in today’s society today’s society

Technological Technological AdvancesAdvances

Kay’s flying shuttle helped speed up weavingKay’s flying shuttle helped speed up weaving Arkwright’s water frame enabled more efficient Arkwright’s water frame enabled more efficient

weaving and created the need for factoriesweaving and created the need for factories Cotton gin sped up cleaning of cottonCotton gin sped up cleaning of cotton Steam Engine provided power for factoriesSteam Engine provided power for factories

Capitalism vs. MarxismCapitalism vs. MarxismCapitalist Ideas (Adam Capitalist Ideas (Adam

Smith)Smith)Marxist IdeasMarxist Ideas

--Progress results when individual Progress results when individual follow their own self interest.follow their own self interest.

-Businesses follow their own self--Businesses follow their own self-interest when they compete with interest when they compete with one another for consumers money.one another for consumers money.

-Each producer tried to provide -Each producer tried to provide goods and services that are better goods and services that are better and less expensive than those of and less expensive than those of competitorscompetitors

-Consumers compete with one -Consumers compete with one another to purchase the best another to purchase the best goods at the lowest price.goods at the lowest price.

-Market economy aims to produce -Market economy aims to produce the best products and the lowest the best products and the lowest prices.prices.

-Governments should not interfere -Governments should not interfere in the economy.in the economy.

-All great movements in history -All great movements in history are the result of an economic class are the result of an economic class struggle.struggle.

-The “haves” take advantage of -The “haves” take advantage of the “have-nots.”the “have-nots.”

-The Industrial Revolution -The Industrial Revolution intensified the class struggle.intensified the class struggle.

-Workers are exploited by -Workers are exploited by employers.employers.

-The labor or workers creates -The labor or workers creates profit for employersprofit for employers

-The capitalist system will -The capitalist system will eventually destroy itself. The eventually destroy itself. The state will wither away as a state will wither away as a classless society develops.classless society develops.

Which ideas of Marxism seems to Which ideas of Marxism seems to be a direct reaction to the be a direct reaction to the Industrial Revolution?Industrial Revolution?

Which system of ideas seems Which system of ideas seems dominant in the world today?dominant in the world today?

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial RevolutionEconomic EffectsEconomic Effects Social EffectsSocial Effects Political EffectsPolitical Effects

**New inventions and development of factories*Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s*Increased production and higher demand for raw materials*Growth of worldwide trade*Population explosion and large labor force*Exploitation of mineral resources *Highly developed banking and investment system*Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication

**Long hours worked by children in factories*Increased in population of cities*Poor city planning*Loss of family stability*Expansion of middle class*Harsh conditions for laborers*Workers progress vs. laissez faire economic attitudes*Improved standard of living*Creation of new jobs*Encouragement of technological progress

*Child labor laws to end abuses*Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth*Trade Unions*Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism and Marxism*Reform bills in Parliament

MovementMovement DescriptionDescription Social Social ConditionsConditions

ArtistsArtists

RomanticismRomanticism Emotional Emotional ApproachApproach

Common Common people in people in heroic fight heroic fight against against tyrannytyranny

Byron, Byron, Beethoven, Beethoven, Victor HugoVictor Hugo

RealismRealism Objective Objective ApproachApproach

Everyday Everyday working working people & people & problems of problems of industrial ageindustrial age

Balzac, Zola, Balzac, Zola, Dickens, Dickens, CourbetCourbet

ImpressionismImpressionism Using light & Using light & color to catch color to catch the fleeting the fleeting momentmoment

A more A more positive view positive view of urban, of urban, industrialized industrialized societysociety

Manet, Monet, Manet, Monet, Degas, RenoirDegas, Renoir

ImperialismImperialism

Forms of Forms of ImperialismImperialism

CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExampleExample

ColonyColony A country or region A country or region governed internally by a governed internally by a foreign power.foreign power.

Somaliland in East Somaliland in East Africa was a French Africa was a French colonycolony

ProtectorateProtectorate A country or territory A country or territory with its own internal with its own internal government but under government but under the control of an the control of an outside poweroutside power

Britain established a Britain established a protectorate over the protectorate over the Niger River DeltaNiger River Delta

Sphere of Sphere of InfluenceInfluence

Area in which an Area in which an outside power claims outside power claims exclusive investment or exclusive investment or trading privilegestrading privileges

Liberia was under the Liberia was under the sphere of influence of sphere of influence of the United Statesthe United States

Economic Economic ImperialismImperialism

Independent but less Independent but less developed nations developed nations controlled by private controlled by private business interest rather business interest rather than by other than by other governmentsgovernments

Dole Fruit company Dole Fruit company controlled Pineapple controlled Pineapple trade in Hawaiitrade in Hawaii

1. Which two forms are 1. Which two forms are guided by interests in guided by interests in business or trade?business or trade?

2. What is the difference 2. What is the difference between a protectorate between a protectorate and a colony?and a colony?

Management MethodsManagement Methods

Indirect ControlIndirect Control Direct ControlDirect Control-Local government officials were -Local government officials were usedused

-Limited self-rule-Limited self-rule

-Goal: to develop future leaders-Goal: to develop future leaders

-Government institutions based on -Government institutions based on European styles but may have European styles but may have local rulelocal rule

-Foreign officials brought in to rule-Foreign officials brought in to rule

-No self rule-No self rule

-Goal: assimilation-Goal: assimilation

-Government institutions based -Government institutions based only on European stylesonly on European styles

Examples:Examples:

-British colonies of Nigeria, India, -British colonies of Nigeria, India, BurmaBurma

-U.S. Colonies on Pacific Islands-U.S. Colonies on Pacific Islands

Examples:Examples:

-French colonies of Somaliland and -French colonies of Somaliland and VietnamVietnam

-German colonies such as -German colonies such as TanganyikaTanganyika

-Portuguese colonies such as -Portuguese colonies such as AngolaAngola

1. In which management method 1. In which management method are the people less empowered to are the people less empowered to rule themselves?rule themselves?

2. In what ways are the two 2. In what ways are the two management methods different?management methods different?

Resistance to Resistance to ImperialismImperialism

AfricaAfrica Muslim Muslim LandsLands

IndiaIndia Southeast Southeast AsiaAsia

Armed Armed resistance all resistance all over the over the continentcontinent

Attempts at Attempts at modernizationmodernization

Armed rebellion Armed rebellion & information of & information of nationalist nationalist partiesparties

Armed Armed resistance in resistance in some areas; some areas; modernization modernization in othersin others

Imperialism:Imperialism:Europeans exerted influence over the economic, Europeans exerted influence over the economic,

political and social lives of the people they political and social lives of the people they colonizedcolonized

New Imperialism, 1850-1914

Causes

NationalismTo gain power, European

nations compete forcolonies and trade.

Economic CompetitionDemand for raw materials

and new markets, spura search for colonies.

Missionary SpiritEuropeans believe they

must spread theirChristian teachings to

the world.

Imperialism:Imperialism:Europeans exerted influence over the economic, Europeans exerted influence over the economic,

political and social lives of the people they political and social lives of the people they colonizedcolonized

New Imperialism1850-1914

Effects

ColonizationEuropeans control land and people in areas of

Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Colonial EconomicsEuropeans control tradein colonies and set up dependent cash-crop

economies.

ChristianizationChristianity spreads toAfrica, India, and Asia

Transformations Around the Transformations Around the GlobeGlobe

Foreign Influence

ChinaChina Fails to prevent Britain from

pursuing illegal opium trade in 1839 Opium War

Deals with internal unrest during almost two decades of Hong Xiuguan’s Taiping Rebellion

Attempts to build self-sufficiency during 1860s in self-strengthening movement

Violently opposes foreigners in 1900 Boxer Rebellion

Begins to establish constitutional government in 1908

Latin AmericaLatin America Depends on exports to fuel

economy Receives much foreign

investment Gains U.S. military support in

1898 Spanish-American War Becomes crossroads of world

trade when U.S. completes Panama Canal in 1914

Transformations Around the Transformations Around the GlobeGlobe

Foreign Influence

JapanJapan Signs 1854 Treaty of Kangawa,

opening Japanese ports to foreign trade

Modernizes based on Western models during Meiji era(1867-1912)

Fights 1894 Sino-Japanese War seeking control of Korea

Wages 1904 Russo-Japanese War seeking control of Manchuria

Annexes Korea in 1910

MexicoMexico Fights to hold Texas

territory from U.S. colonialism (1835-1845)

Tries to establish a national identity in the early 1850s under Benito Juarez’s La Reforma

Overcomes French occupation in 1867

Stages Mexican Revolution in 1910

Cluster 3: Causes and Cluster 3: Causes and effects of the First World effects of the First World

WarWar

Standards 10.5-10.6Standards 10.5-10.6

Causes of World War ICauses of World War I

MilitarismMilitarism Alliance SystemAlliance System NationalismNationalism ImperialismImperialism Assassination Assassination

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

Triple Entente Great Britain France Russia

Causes of World War ICauses of World War I

Events that led to WWIEvents that led to WWI 1882-Triple Alliance 1882-Triple Alliance

formedformed 1890-German foreign 1890-German foreign

policy changedpolicy changed 1890s-European arms race1890s-European arms race 1907-Triple Entente 1907-Triple Entente

formedformed 1908-Austria annexed 1908-Austria annexed

Bosnia & HerzegovinaBosnia & Herzegovina 1914-Archduke Franz 1914-Archduke Franz

Ferdinand and wife Ferdinand and wife assassinatedassassinated

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan German plan for German plan for

possible two front possible two front war: Large part of war: Large part of German army German army races west to races west to defeat France then defeat France then return to fight return to fight Russia in the east.Russia in the east.

Causes of World War ICauses of World War I

War DeclarationWar Declaration Reason for DeclarationReason for Declaration

Germany on RussiaGermany on Russia Saw Russian troops on German Saw Russian troops on German border as a threatborder as a threat

Germany on FranceGermany on France Wanted a quick victory in the Wanted a quick victory in the westwest

Britain on GermanyBritain on Germany Outraged over violation of Outraged over violation of Belgian neutralityBelgian neutrality

Comparison of Western and Comparison of Western and Eastern FrontsEastern Fronts

Both Fronts:Both Fronts: Huge number of soldiers killedHuge number of soldiers killed Mass destruction of landMass destruction of land Deplorable conditionsDeplorable conditions StalematesStalemates

Western FrontWestern Front Eastern FrontEastern Front-Trench Warfare-Trench Warfare

-Small land gains-Small land gains

-Germany vs. Britain & -Germany vs. Britain & FranceFrance

-Absence of trenches-Absence of trenches

-Larger land gains-Larger land gains

-Germans, Austrians, Turks vs. -Germans, Austrians, Turks vs. Russians & SerbsRussians & Serbs

-More mobile warfare-More mobile warfare

AlliancesAlliances

Allies/Allied PowersAllies/Allied Powers Great BritainGreat Britain FranceFrance RussiaRussia United StatesUnited States

Central PowersCentral Powers GermanyGermany Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary Ottoman TurksOttoman Turks

Reasons for U.S. entry into World War IReasons for U.S. entry into World War I Germans sink the Lusitania, a British ship carrying some American Germans sink the Lusitania, a British ship carrying some American

passengerspassengers Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare sinking U.S. Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare sinking U.S.

shipsships Zimmerman note decoded-German note urging Mexico to take up Zimmerman note decoded-German note urging Mexico to take up

arms against the U.S.arms against the U.S. Strong feeling of sympathy for the alliesStrong feeling of sympathy for the allies

Total War Affected Warring Total War Affected Warring Nation’s EconomiesNation’s Economies

Governments took control of economies, telling Governments took control of economies, telling factories what & how much to producefactories what & how much to produce

Civilian factories were turned into munitions factoriesCivilian factories were turned into munitions factories Rationing was commonRationing was common Women became a significant part of work forceWomen became a significant part of work force More people were put to workMore people were put to work

Wilson’s Fourteen Wilson’s Fourteen PointsPoints

End to secret treatiesEnd to secret treaties Freedom of the SeasFreedom of the Seas Free TradeFree Trade Reduced national armies and naviesReduced national armies and navies Adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward Adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward

colonial peoplescolonial peoples Specific suggestions for changing & creating new Specific suggestions for changing & creating new

nations guided by self-determination principlenations guided by self-determination principle General association of nations that would protect General association of nations that would protect

great & small states alike (League of Nations)great & small states alike (League of Nations)

Treaty of Versailles:Treaty of Versailles:Major ProvisionsMajor Provisions

1. In what ways did the treaty punish Germany?1. In what ways did the treaty punish Germany? 2. What two provinces were returned to France as a result of the treaty?2. What two provinces were returned to France as a result of the treaty?

League of League of NationsNations

Territorial Territorial LossesLosses

Military Military RestrictionsRestrictions

War GuiltWar Guilt

--International peace organization; membership included Allied war powers & 32 allied & neutral nations-Germany & Russia excluded

--Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France; French border extended to west bank of the Rhine river.-Germany surrenders all of it’s overseas colonies in Africa & Pacific

-Limits set on size of the German army-Germany prohibited from importing or manufacturing weapons or war material-Germany forbidden to build or buy submarines or have an air force

--Sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany’s shoulders-Germany forced to pay the allies 33 billion in reparations over 30 years

The Great WarThe Great WarLong-Term CausesLong-Term Causes Immediate CausesImmediate Causes

-Nationalism spurs competition -Nationalism spurs competition among European nations.among European nations.

-Imperialism deepens national -Imperialism deepens national rivalries.rivalries.

-Militarism leads to large standing -Militarism leads to large standing armies.armies.

-Two alliance system divides -Two alliance system divides Europe into two rival camps.Europe into two rival camps.

-Assassination of Archduke Franz -Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand June 1914 prompts Ferdinand June 1914 prompts Austria to declare war on SerbiaAustria to declare war on Serbia

-Alliance system requires nations -Alliance system requires nations to support their allies. European to support their allies. European countries declare war on one countries declare war on one anotheranother

Long-Term EffectsLong-Term Effects Immediate EffectsImmediate Effects-Many nations feel bitter and -Many nations feel bitter and betrayed by the peace betrayed by the peace settlements.settlements.

-Problems that helped cause the -Problems that helped cause the war-nationalism, competition-war-nationalism, competition-remain.remain.

-A generation of Europeans are -A generation of Europeans are killed or wounded.killed or wounded.

-Dynasties fall in Germany, -Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and RussiaAustria-Hungary, and Russia

-New countries are created.-New countries are created.

-League of Nations is established -League of Nations is established to help promote peace.to help promote peace.

Effects of WWIEffects of WWI

Millions of lives lostMillions of lives lost $338 billion in cost$338 billion in cost Land, towns, & villages destroyedLand, towns, & villages destroyed Widespread disillusionmentWidespread disillusionment

World Between the Wars:World Between the Wars:ContributionsContributions

FieldField ContributorsContributors

PhilosophyPhilosophy -Sarte-Sarte

-Jaspers -Jaspers ExistentialismExistentialism

-Nietzsche-Nietzsche

LiteratureLiterature -Kafka-people in threatening -Kafka-people in threatening situations situations

-Joyce-stream of consciousness-Joyce-stream of consciousness

ArtArt -Klee-expressionism-Klee-expressionism

-Kandinsky-expressionism-Kandinsky-expressionism

-Braque-cubism-Braque-cubism

-Picasso-cubism-Picasso-cubism

-Dali-surrealism-Dali-surrealism

ArchitectureArchitecture -Wright-Wright

-Gropius-Gropius

MusicMusic -Stravinsky- -Stravinsky- The Right of SpringThe Right of Spring

Schoenberg-created 12 tone scaleSchoenberg-created 12 tone scale

-Ellington-Jazz-Ellington-Jazz

-African American Musicians-jazz-African American Musicians-jazz

Science Between the World Science Between the World WarsWars

Which man’s ideas had a bigger impact on the world?Which man’s ideas had a bigger impact on the world?

Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

--Theory of Relativity changed Theory of Relativity changed scientific thoughtscientific thought

-Upset absolute laws of -Upset absolute laws of ScienceScience

-Findings used to develop -Findings used to develop atomic weaponryatomic weaponry

-Developed new theory of -Developed new theory of human mindhuman mind

-Ushered in era of -Ushered in era of psychoanalysispsychoanalysis

-Created new understanding of -Created new understanding of human behaviorhuman behavior

The Great DepressionThe Great DepressionLong-Term CausesLong-Term Causes Immediate CausesImmediate Causes

-World economies are connected.-World economies are connected.

-Some countries have huge war -Some countries have huge war debts from WWI.debts from WWI.

-Europe relies on American loans -Europe relies on American loans and investments.and investments.

-Prosperity built on borrowed -Prosperity built on borrowed moneymoney

-Wealth is unequally distributed.-Wealth is unequally distributed.

-U.S. stock market Crashes. -U.S. stock market Crashes. (1929)(1929)

-Banks demand repayment of -Banks demand repayment of loans.loans.

-Farms fail and factories close.-Farms fail and factories close.

-Americans reduce foreign trade to -Americans reduce foreign trade to protect economy.protect economy.

-Americans stop loans to foreign -Americans stop loans to foreign countriescountries

-American banking system -American banking system collapses.collapses.

Long-Term EffectsLong-Term Effects Immediate EffectsImmediate Effects

-Nazis take control of Germany-Nazis take control of Germany

-Fascist come to power in other -Fascist come to power in other countriescountries

-Democracies try social welfare -Democracies try social welfare programsprograms

-Japan expands in East Asia-Japan expands in East Asia

-World War II breaks out-World War II breaks out

-Millions become unemployed-Millions become unemployed

-Businesses go bankrupt-Businesses go bankrupt

-Governments take emergency -Governments take emergency measures to protect economiesmeasures to protect economies

-Citizens lose faith in capitalism -Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracyand democracy

-Nations turn toward authoritarian -Nations turn toward authoritarian leadersleaders

Cluster 4: Causes and Cluster 4: Causes and Effects of the Second Effects of the Second

World WarWorld War

Standards 10.7-10.8Standards 10.7-10.8

Causes and Effects of the Two Causes and Effects of the Two Russian RevolutionsRussian Revolutions

1. Based on the chart, form a generalization about why the 1. Based on the chart, form a generalization about why the Russian Revolutions occurred?Russian Revolutions occurred?

2. What similarities exist between the causes of the 2. What similarities exist between the causes of the Revolution and the effects?Revolution and the effects?

CausesCauses Russian Revolutions Russian Revolutions of 1917of 1917

EffectsEffects

-Widespread -Widespread discontent among all discontent among all classesclasses

-Agitation from -Agitation from revolutionariesrevolutionaries

-Weak leadership of -Weak leadership of Czar Nicholas IICzar Nicholas II

-Defeat in Russo--Defeat in Russo-Japanese War (1905)Japanese War (1905)

-Bloody Sunday (1905)-Bloody Sunday (1905)

-Losses in WWI-Losses in WWI

-Strikes and riots-Strikes and riots

-Abdication of Czar -Abdication of Czar Nicholas IINicholas II

-Failure of provisional -Failure of provisional governmentgovernment

-Growing power of -Growing power of SovietsSoviets

-Lenin’s return to -Lenin’s return to RussiaRussia

-Bolshevik takeover -Bolshevik takeover under Leninunder Lenin

-Civil War (1918-1920)-Civil War (1918-1920)

-Czar & family killed--Czar & family killed-end of czarist ruleend of czarist rule

-Peace with Germany -Peace with Germany under Treaty of Brest-under Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)Litovsk (1918)

-Bolshevik control of -Bolshevik control of governmentgovernment

-Russian economy in -Russian economy in ruinsruins

Significant Events from End of Significant Events from End of Czarist Rule to Communist RuleCzarist Rule to Communist Rule

1891-Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway 1891-Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway beginsbegins

1894-Czar Nicholas II becomes last Russian czar1894-Czar Nicholas II becomes last Russian czar 1917-Russian Revolution ends czarist rule1917-Russian Revolution ends czarist rule 1921-Lenin launches New Economic Policy1921-Lenin launches New Economic Policy 1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formed1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formed

Totalitarianism

Key Traits Description

Dictatorship & One-Party Rule

-Exercises absolute authority-Dominates the government

Dynamic Leader -Helps unite people towards meeting shared goals or realizing common vision-Encourages people to devote their unconditional loyalty & uncritical support to the regime-Becomes a symbol of the government

Ideology (Set of Beliefs)

-Justifies government actions-Glorifies the aims of the state

TotalitarianismKey TraitsKey Traits Description

State Control Over State Control Over the Individualthe Individual

-business -labor -housing --business -labor -housing -educationeducation

-family life -youth groups -religion -the -family life -youth groups -religion -the artsarts

State Control Over State Control Over the Individualthe Individual

-Demands total obedience to authority & personal -Demands total obedience to authority & personal sacrifice for the good of the statesacrifice for the good of the state

-Denies basic liberties-Denies basic liberties

Dependence on Dependence on Modern Modern TechnologyTechnology

-Relies on mass communication, such as radios -Relies on mass communication, such as radios and loud speakers to spread propagandaand loud speakers to spread propaganda

-Builds up advanced military weapons-Builds up advanced military weapons

Organized Organized ViolenceViolence

-Uses force, such as police terror, to crush -Uses force, such as police terror, to crush oppositionopposition

-Targets certain groups, such as national -Targets certain groups, such as national minorities & political opponents, as enemiesminorities & political opponents, as enemies

Stalin’s Use of Weapons of

Totalitarianism Weapons Examples

Police Terror -Great Purge-Execution of Kulaks

Propaganda -Socialist realism-Training of youth

Censorship -Government-controlled media

Religious Persecution -Destruction of buildings-Elimination of leadership

Aggression in Europe and Asia, 1930-1939

Sept. 1931 Japan invades Manchuria Oct. 1935 Italy attacks Ethiopia Mar. 1936 Germany occupies Rhineland July. 1937 Japan invades China Mar. 1938 Germany annexes Austria Sept. 1938 Germany takes the Sudetenland Mar. 1939 Germany seizes Czechoslovakia Apr. 1939 Italy conquers Albania

Japan’s Move from Democratic Reform to Military Aggression

1922-Japan signs treaty agreeing to respect China’s 1922-Japan signs treaty agreeing to respect China’s bordersborders

1928-Japan signs Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war1928-Japan signs Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war 1930-Great Depression puts Military in control1930-Great Depression puts Military in control 1931-Japan invades Manchuria1931-Japan invades Manchuria 1936-Japan allies with Germany1936-Japan allies with Germany 1937-Japan invades China1937-Japan invades China

Germany’s Aggressive Actions

(under Hitler)

European Response

Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty and rebuilds Germany’s armed forces

No response

Germany seizes the Rhineland Great Britain urges appeasement

Germany takes Austria France and Great Britain ignore pledge to protect Austria

After Munich conference Great Britain and France let Germany take the Sudetenland

Comparing Fascism/Nazism and Communism

Fascism/NazismFascism/Nazism CommunismCommunism

Basic PrinciplesBasic Principles Authoritarian; action-oriented;Authoritarian; action-oriented;

Charismatic leader, state more Charismatic leader, state more important than individualimportant than individual

Marxist-Leninist ideas; Marxist-Leninist ideas; dictatorship of proletariat; dictatorship of proletariat; state more important than state more important than individualindividual

PoliticalPolitical Nationalist; racist (Nazism); one-Nationalist; racist (Nazism); one-party rule; supreme leaderparty rule; supreme leader

Internationalist; one-party Internationalist; one-party rule; supreme leaderrule; supreme leader

SocialSocial Supported by middle class, Supported by middle class, industrialist & militaryindustrialist & military

Supported by workers & Supported by workers & peasantspeasants

CulturalCultural Censorship; indoctrination; secret Censorship; indoctrination; secret policepolice

Censorship; indoctrination; Censorship; indoctrination; secret policesecret police

EconomicEconomic Private property control by state Private property control by state corporations or statecorporations or state

Collective ownership; Collective ownership; centralized state planningcentralized state planning

ExamplesExamples Italy, Spain, GermanyItaly, Spain, Germany U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R.

Allies Axis Powers

Great BritainGreat Britain

FranceFrance

Soviet UnionSoviet Union

United StatesUnited States

GermanyGermany

Japan Japan

ItalyItaly

Early Events of WWII

Cause Effect

First BlitzkriegFirst Blitzkrieg -The fall of Poland-The fall of Poland

Allies stranded at DunkirkAllies stranded at Dunkirk -338,000 soldiers saved-338,000 soldiers saved

-British forces leave Western -British forces leave Western EuropeEurope

British radar detects German British radar detects German aircraftaircraft

-British able to hold off -British able to hold off German occupationGerman occupation

Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act -U.S. supplied Allies with war -U.S. supplied Allies with war goodsgoods

-U.S. decision to favor Allies-U.S. decision to favor Allies

War in the Pacific: 1941-1943

Which event was the most important in turning the Which event was the most important in turning the tide of the war against Japan? Why?tide of the war against Japan? Why?

Event 1Event 1 Japan bombs Pearl HarborJapan bombs Pearl Harbor

Event 2Event 2 United States bombs TokyoUnited States bombs Tokyo

Event 3Event 3 Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

Event 4Event 4 Battle of GuadalcanalBattle of Guadalcanal

World War II Battles

Which battle was the most important turning point? Which battle was the most important turning point? Why?Why?

BattlesBattles OutcomesOutcomes

Battle of El AlameinBattle of El Alamein Rommel’s army defeated in North Rommel’s army defeated in North AfricaAfrica

Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad Held by SovietsHeld by Soviets

D-Day InvasionD-Day Invasion Allies held beachheadsAllies held beachheads

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge Allies eventually pushed Germans backAllies eventually pushed Germans back

Aftermath of War in Europe Aftermath of War in Europe and Japanand Japan

Both Europe and JapanBoth Europe and Japan Destruction of land and propertyDestruction of land and property Natural resources depletedNatural resources depleted Heavy loss of lifeHeavy loss of life Major cities in shamblesMajor cities in shambles

EuropeEurope JapanJapan

-Displaced persons looking for -Displaced persons looking for familiesfamilies

-Famine-Famine

-Rise of Communism-Rise of Communism

-Japanese emperor no longer a -Japanese emperor no longer a godgod

-Japanese people humiliated-Japanese people humiliated

-Radiation poisoning from the -Radiation poisoning from the atomic bombatomic bomb

Events of WWIIEvents of WWIIEuropeEurope PacificPacific

Aug.- Nonaggression pactAug.- Nonaggression pact

Sept.- Germany invades Sept.- Germany invades PolandPoland

19319399

May-Evacuation of British May-Evacuation of British forcesforces

at Dunkirkat Dunkirk

June-France surrendersJune-France surrenders

Battle of Britain beginsBattle of Britain begins

19419400

June-Germany invades June-Germany invades Soviet Soviet

UnionUnion

19419411

Dec.-1941 Japanese attackDec.-1941 Japanese attack

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Aug.-Hitler orders attack on Aug.-Hitler orders attack on

StalingradStalingrad

Nov.-Allies land in North Nov.-Allies land in North AfricaAfrica

19419422

Apr.-Allies surrender inApr.-Allies surrender in

Philippines, Bataan Philippines, Bataan Death Death

marchmarch

May-Japanese turned back May-Japanese turned back atat

Battle of Coral SeaBattle of Coral Sea

June-Japanese defeated atJune-Japanese defeated at

MidwayMidway

Events of WWIIEvents of WWIIEuropeEurope PacificPacific

Feb.-Germans surrender at Feb.-Germans surrender at

StalingradStalingrad19419433

Feb.-Japanese abandon the Feb.-Japanese abandon the

island of Guadalcanalisland of Guadalcanal

June-Allies invade EuropeJune-Allies invade Europe

on D-Dayon D-Day

Dec.-Battle of the Bulge Dec.-Battle of the Bulge beginsbegins

19419444

Oct.-Allies defeat Japanese Oct.-Allies defeat Japanese at at

Battle of Leyte GulfBattle of Leyte Gulf

May-Germany surrendersMay-Germany surrenders 19419455

Mar.-Allies capture Iwo JimaMar.-Allies capture Iwo Jima

Aug.-Atomic bombs Aug.-Atomic bombs dropped ondropped on

Hiroshima and Hiroshima and Nagasaki Nagasaki

Sept.-Japan SurrendersSept.-Japan Surrenders

Cluster 5: International Developments in the Post World War II Era

Standard 10.9-10.11

Superpowers Aims in Europe Post World War II

Encourage democracy in other Encourage democracy in other countries to prevent rise of countries to prevent rise of CommunismCommunism

Encourage Communism in Encourage Communism in other countries as part of other countries as part of world wide workers revolutionworld wide workers revolution

Gain access to raw materials & Gain access to raw materials & markets to fuel booming markets to fuel booming industriesindustries

Rebuilt its war-ravaged Rebuilt its war-ravaged economy using Eastern economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment Europe’s industrial equipment & raw material& raw material

Rebuild European Rebuild European governments to promote governments to promote stability & create new markets stability & create new markets for American goodsfor American goods

Control Eastern Europe to Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders & protect Soviet borders & balance the U.S. influencebalance the U.S. influence

Reunite Germany to stabilize it Reunite Germany to stabilize it & increase the security of & increase the security of EuropeEurope

Keep Germany divided to Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war againprevent its waging war again

Causes of the Cold War

Incompatible political & economic philosophiesIncompatible political & economic philosophies Conflicting aims in EuropeConflicting aims in Europe Desire for world dominationDesire for world domination Soviet defiance of Yalta agreementSoviet defiance of Yalta agreement Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade

Stalin’s Objectives in supporting Communist Governments in Eastern

Europe

To protect bordersTo protect borders To counteract U.S. influence in EuropeTo counteract U.S. influence in Europe To have access to raw materialsTo have access to raw materials To Keep Germany for rebuilding and attacking Russia To Keep Germany for rebuilding and attacking Russia

againagain

Cold War TacticsCold War Tactics

Backing Wars or RevolutionsBacking Wars or Revolutions SpyingSpying Increasing military forces & nuclear arsenalsIncreasing military forces & nuclear arsenals Providing military and economic aidProviding military and economic aid Setting up schoolsSetting up schools

Comparison of Causes and Effects of Wars in Korea and

Vietnam

Both Korea & VietnamBoth Korea & Vietnam American involvement stemmed from Cold WarAmerican involvement stemmed from Cold War Land was destroyedLand was destroyed Millions of people diedMillions of people died

Korea Vietnam

Neither side gained advantageNeither side gained advantage Soviet-supported North Soviet-supported North Vietnam wonVietnam won

U.S. Presidents Contribution to Cold War Tensions

Increased Decreased

EisenhowerEisenhower NixonNixon

KennedyKennedy FordFord

JohnsonJohnson

CarterCarter

ReaganReagan

Chinese Political Opponents 1945

Nationalist Communist

Chiang Kai-shek Leader Mao Zedong

Southern China Area Ruled Northern China

United States Foreign Support Soviet Union

Defeat of Communists

Domestic Policy National liberation

Weak due to inflation & failing economy

Public Support Strong due to promised land reform

Ineffective, corrupt leadership & poor morale

Military Organization

Experienced, motivated guerrilla army

Main Events of U.S. Involvement in Cuba

Castro nationalize U.S. owned sugar millsCastro nationalize U.S. owned sugar mills Eisenhower orders embargo on tradeEisenhower orders embargo on trade Castro turns to Soviets for aidCastro turns to Soviets for aid Bay of Pigs invasionBay of Pigs invasion Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Major Challenges of Major Challenges of Countries after Countries after IndependenceIndependence

NationNation ColonizerColonizer Challenges after Challenges after independenceindependence

PhilippinesPhilippines United StatesUnited States Military BasesMilitary Bases

Bell Trade ActBell Trade Act

Difficulties with Difficulties with DemocracyDemocracy

AssassinationsAssassinations

Marcos stealing Marcos stealing moneymoney

BurmaBurma Great BritainGreat Britain Unstable GovernmentsUnstable Governments

AssassinationsAssassinations

Ethnic conflictsEthnic conflicts

IndonesiaIndonesia NetherlandsNetherlands Ethnic ConflictsEthnic Conflicts

CoupCoup

Gap between rich and Gap between rich and poorpoor

Suez CrisisSuez Crisis

July 26, 1956July 26, 1956

Egyptian President Gamal Egyptian President Gamal Nasser Nationalizes Suez Nasser Nationalizes Suez CanalCanal

Declares Martial LawDeclares Martial Law

Six-Day WarSix-Day War

June 1967June 1967

Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and SyriaSyria

Blockade Straits of TiranBlockade Straits of Tiran

Israel gains control of Sinai Israel gains control of Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West BankBank

Yom Kippur WarYom Kippur War

October 6-25, 1973October 6-25, 1973

Egyptian and Syrian attack on Egyptian and Syrian attack on Israel Israel

Sadat Peace OfferSadat Peace Offer Egyptian President Anwar El Egyptian President Anwar El SadatSadat

Negotiations with IsraelNegotiations with Israel

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords

Sept 1978Sept 1978

Peace treaty between Egypt Peace treaty between Egypt and Israeland Israel

Conflict over PalestineConflict over Palestine

Belief of JewsBelief of Jews Belief of ArabsBelief of Arabs Other InfluencesOther Influences

Believe their right Believe their right to a Palestinian to a Palestinian homeland is a homeland is a covenant from Godcovenant from God

Believe land Believe land belongs to them belongs to them since the Jews were since the Jews were driven out in A.D. driven out in A.D. 135135

Believed it Believed it belonged to then belonged to then since their 7since their 7thth century conquest of century conquest of the regionthe region

Oil interestOil interest

Persecution of Jews Persecution of Jews in Europein Europe

Significant Events in the Soviet Significant Events in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe from Union and Eastern Europe from

1985-19951985-1995 1985-1987-Gorbachev introduces glasnost, 1985-1987-Gorbachev introduces glasnost,

perestroika, and democratic reforms; signs INF treatyperestroika, and democratic reforms; signs INF treaty 1989-Berlin Wall comes down; Poland, Hungary, 1989-Berlin Wall comes down; Poland, Hungary,

Romania, and Czechoslovakia oust Communist leadersRomania, and Czechoslovakia oust Communist leaders 1990-Germany reunified; Polish voters choose 1990-Germany reunified; Polish voters choose

Solidarity; Romania holds electionsSolidarity; Romania holds elections 1993-Neo-Nazis kill Turkish immigrants in Germany1993-Neo-Nazis kill Turkish immigrants in Germany 1994-Socialist win in Hungary1994-Socialist win in Hungary

Gorbachev’s ReformsGorbachev’s Reforms

Glasnost encouraged freedom of speech and citizen Glasnost encouraged freedom of speech and citizen participationparticipation

Perestroika promised to improve the economyPerestroika promised to improve the economy Democratic reforms provided more open electionsDemocratic reforms provided more open elections

Break up of the Soviet Break up of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Union, Yugoslavia, and CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

Soviet UnionSoviet Union Ethnic TensionsEthnic Tensions

Desire for self-rule by various Desire for self-rule by various republicsrepublics

Hard-liners’ loss of control of Hard-liners’ loss of control of peoplepeople

YugoslaviaYugoslavia Ethnic TensionsEthnic Tensions

Loss of Tito’s authorityLoss of Tito’s authority

Serbian aggressionSerbian aggression

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia Economic differences between Economic differences between regionsregions