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Corporate
SocialResponsibility
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Definition
CorporateSocialResponsibility Thedutyofacorporationtocreatewealthinwaysthatavoidharmto,protect,orenhance
societalassets.
1960 Appearedinacademicliterature.
Ithasnoprecise,operationalmeaning. Itisprimarilyapoliticaltheory,notamanagementoreconomictheory,becauseitscentralpurposesaretocontrolandlegitimizetheexerciseof
corporatepower.
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CorporateSocialResponsibility
Differentdefinitions Istheextensionofthecorporaterolebeyondeconomicpursuits.
Corporationhasresponsibilitythatextendbeyondtheproductionofgoodsandservicesataprofit.
Asmembersofsociety,organizationsshouldactivelyandresponsiblyparticipateinthecommunityandinthelargerenvironment.
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FundamentalIdea
Corporationshavedutiesthatgobeyondcarryingouttheirbasiceconomicfunctioninalawfulmanner.
Butazoneofdiscretioninevitablyremainsandthefirmmusttherefore,voluntarilytakeadditionalactionstomeetitsfullobligationstosociety.
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Thus:CSREvolvedinto!
Torequiremoreexpansiveactionbycompanieslargelybecausestakeholdergroupshavegainedmorepowertoimpose
theiragendas,butalsobecausetheethicalandlegalphilosophiesunderlyingithavematuredtosupportbroaderactionby
managers.
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BasicElementsofSocialResponsibility
3Principleelements:MarketActions
Externallymandatedactions
Voluntaryactions
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MarketActions
Arecompetitiveresponsestoforcesinmarkets.Whenacorporationrespondsto
markets,itfulfillsitsfirstandmostimportantsocialresponsibility.
Criticsbelievethatcertainbusinesses,
forinstance,gambling,defense,tabacco,animalagriculture,andalcohol,areirresponsiblenomatterhowprofitableyouare.
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MarketActions
Thus: Suchjudgmentdonotinvalidatethegeneralrulethattheoverridingimpactof
acorporationonsocietyoriginatesinnormaloperations.
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MandatedActions
Areprogramsrequiredeitherbygovernmentregulationorby
agreementsnegotiatedwithstakeholders,suchasunioncontractsorcodesofconduct.
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VoluntaryActions
Thisactionsgobeyondlegal,regulatory,ornegotiatedmandates. Theysometimescallitlegalplusbecausetheyexceedrequiredmandates.
Ex.Charitablegiving
Actionsareunrelatedtomandatesbut
respondtopublicconsensus. Ex.BenettonGroup(anti-deathpenaltyadcampaign)lateritwasboycottedbyconsumersorthoserelativesofmurderedchildren.
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GeneralPrinciplesofCorporateSocialResponsibility
1.Nouniversalrulesbutbelowaresomeguidelines
Corporationsareeconomicinstitutionsrunfor
profit. Thisisthegreatestresponsibilitywhichprovideeconomicbenefits.
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GeneralPrinciplesofCorporateSocialResponsibility
2.Allfirmsmustfollowmultiplebodiesoflaw. TheseLawsare:
CorporationLawandcharteringprovisions
Thecivilandcriminallawsofnations Bodiesofregulationthatprotectstakeholders
InternationalLaw
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InternationalLaw
ThepurposesofInternationalLaw: Resolutionofproblemsofaregionalorglobalscope(suchasenvironmentalpollutionorglobalwarming),
Regulationofareasoutsidethecontrolofanyonenation(suchasouterspaceorthehighseas),and
Adoptionofcommonrulesformultinationalactivities(suchasairtransportorpostalservice).
Internationallawalsoaimstomaintainpeacefulinternationalrelationswhenpossibleandresolveinternationaltensionspeacefullywhentheydevelop,topreventneedlesssufferingduringwars,andtoimprovethehumanconditionduringpeacetime.
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UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
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InternationalLaw
Internationallawbeganasasystemgoverningtherelationsamongsovereignstates,andstateshavealwaysbeentheprimarylegalentitiesaffectedbyinternationallaw.
Astheglobalsystemhasbecomemorecomplex,however,internationallawhascometorecognizeandregulateinternationalorganizations,businesses,nonprofitentities,andindividuals. Theemergenceofinternationalhumanrightslawand,more
recently,internationalcriminallawreflectsthefactthatindividualstodayaredirectsubjectsofinternationallawincertainrespects.
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GeneralPrinciplesofCorporateSocialResponsibility
3.Corporationshaveadutytocorrecttheadversesocialimpactstheycause.
Theyshouldtrytointernalizeexternalcosts.
Externalcostsisacostnotpaidbyafirmoritscustomers,butbymembersofsociety.
Ex.Afactorydumpingtoxiceffluentintoastreamcreatescostssuchashumanandanimaldiseaseimposedoninnocents,notonthecompanyoritscustomers.
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GeneralPrinciplesofCorporateSocialResponsibility
4.Socialresponsibilityvarieswithcompanycharacteristics. Suchas:
Size Industry
Strategies
Marketingtechniques
Locations Internalculture
Stakeholderdemands
Managersvalues
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GeneralPrinciplesofCorporateSocialResponsibility
5.Managersshouldtrytomeetlegitimateneedsofstakeholders.
Primaryresponsibilityare:
Customers Stockholders
Employees
Secondaryresponsibilityare: Government
Communities
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GeneralPrinciplesofCorporateSocialResponsibility
6.Corporatebehaviormustcomplywithnormsinanunderlyingsocialcontract.
Tounderstandthiscontractmanagerscan
studythedirectionofnationalpoliciesandglobalnormsasevidencedinlegislation,regulations,treaties,tradeagreements,declarations,andpublicopinion.
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GeneralPrinciplesofCorporateSocialResponsibility
7.Corporationsshouldacceptameasureofaccountabilitytowardstakeholdersandpubliclyreportontheirmarket,mandated,
andvoluntaryactions. Thisistoshowtransparencyoftheorganizationcorporateactivitiestotheirstakeholdersandotherpeoplewhohaveinteresttothesaidorganization.
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CorporatePhilanthropy
Philanthropy Isconcernforthewelfareofsocietyexpressedbygiftsofmoneyorpropertytotheneedyorto
institutionsthatadvancesocialwelfare. Ex.Charityworks
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PatternsandMagnitudesofCorporateGiving
Charitablegivingisnowastandarddimensionofcorporatesocialresponsibility.
Thebasicmotivesforthisareresponsetopressure,beliefthatitwillmonetaryprofit,desireforreputationalgain,andaltruism,orself-lessconcernforthewelfareofothers.
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StrategicPhilanthropy
Theactofphilanthropypresumeaself-lessmotiveofgivingoutmoraldutytobenefittheneedy.
Companiesgavetohelpthedestituteanddeservingwhilefundingsocialgoodssuchaseducationandthearts.
Thusitwasrecognizeandhelpedcorporate
reputations,createdgoodwill,andimprovetheeconomybystrengtheningsociety.
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ExampleofStrategicPhilanthropy
Matteldonated$25milliontoputitsnameonthechildrenshospitalatUCLA,nowcalledMattelChildrensHospital.Thecompanyhasnoroleinrunningthehospital,althoughitgivestoysto
patients.Itslargegiftcontributestoacompassionatecorporateimageamongtoybuyers.Addingthecompanynametothehospitalincreasesbrandrecognition.These
benefitsreinforcethecommercialgoalsofatoycompanywhilealsohelpingsickchildren.
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SourcesofPressureforSocialResponsibility
Communities
Competitors AdvocacyGroups
Stockholders/Investors
Customers
Employees
Events/Crises
Governments
MultilateralOrganizations
PhilanthropicRequests
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KeyElementsofManagingtheSocialResponse
Leadership MissionStatements
ManagingSocialIssues
TheLifeCycleofIssues
AlignmentofStructure,Culture,andProcesses
CorporateSocialReporting
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ConstraintsinBusinessPractices
Corporateculturessustainvaluesandbeliefsthatinfluencehowpeoplerelatetooneanother.
3DifferenttypesofControlsorconstraints
CommitmentofTopManagement
CodesofEthics
CompliancePrograms
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CommitmentofTopManagement
Leadersmustshowcommitmentbecausetheyactasarolemodelsandtheyteachbyexample.
Ethicalbusinessmustbecarefullyplannedandcontinuouslymonitoredbycommittedexecutivesandmanagers
withtheexpertisetoinstillinallmembersoftheorganizationtheimportanceofethicalbehavior.
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3stepsthattopmanagerscantaketodiscourageunethicalbehavior. Drawacleanlinebetweenthebehavioryoull
tolerateandthebehavioryoullhavetopunish.
Investthetimeandmoneyinmakingsurethatthosedistinctionsareunderstoodandremembered
PutthefearofGodintowould-beviolatorsbyconspicuouslyraisingtheriskofexposure.
Punishingwrongdoersfairlyandswiftly.
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CompliancePrograms
Thisisenforcementofcodesofethicsandconduct.
Ifnoenforcementthenthecodesofethicswill
justbewordsonpaper. Compliancetrainingmustbegiventhatalertspeopletopolicies,regulations,and
lawsthatestablishacceptablebehaviorwithinacompany.
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HowCompaniesContributetotheirCommunities
Donatetheirproducts Involveemployeesintheactivity.
Involveothercompanies.
Leveragethecompanysexpertise
Enlistsuppliersandcustomers
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ApproachestoSocialResponsibility
1. TheResistanceApproach Whentheyactivelyfighttoeliminate,delay,orfend
offthedemandsbeingmadeonthem.
2. TheReactiveApproach Theywaitfordemandstobemadeandthen
respondstothembyevaluatingalternatives.
3. TheProactiveApproach
Companiesarecontinuallylooktotheneedsofconstituents,constantlystayingintouch,sensingtheirneeds,andtryingtofindwaystoassistthem.
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ResponsibilitiestoStakeholders
Stakeholders Thosewhohaveaninterestinorwhoareaffectedbyhowabusinessconducts
itsoperations. Ownersandstockholders
Employees
Customers Suppliers
Communities
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Owners Assetsmustbeconservedandusedeffectivelyandefficiently
Employees Shouldenjoyequalaccesstotherights,responsibilitiesandprivilegesaffordedbyemployers.
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Customers Businessandtheiremployeesowefairandhonestrepresentationoftheirproductsandservicestotheircustomers.
Supplies Suppliersandbusinessshouldbuildrelationshipbasedonmutualtrust.
Communities Concernonthequalityoflifeinacommunity,itsair,land,andwater,itsspecificneedsallcometoplay.
F Sh i F
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ForcesShapingFutureBusiness
Better-qualitymanagement Betterproduction
Growinguseoftechnology
Useofcomputers
Environmentalprotection
Controlofpollution Expansionbeyondnationalboundaries.
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Law Describedasasystemofrulesgoverninghumanconduct.
Theobjectoflawistoensurethatpersonsorgroupsdealwithoneanother
asfairlyandjustlyaspossibleandtoprovideasameansofsettlingconflictsthatmayarise.
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PrivateLaw
Itregulatesrelationsbetweenprivateindividuals.
Eachpersonhastherightfor
Protection(Humanrights) Impositionofdutiesbetweencitizensprovidethecontentoftheprivatelaw.
Twoclassification TortLaw
PropertyLaw
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TortLaw
Definition Anyprivateorcivilwrongorinjuryinvolvingabreachofcontract.
Commontortsare: Trespass -Automobileaccidents
Assault -Burglary
Battery -Others
Nuisance
SlanderandLibel
Invasionofprivacy
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ToBeLegallyHeldWhen:
Theaccusedpersonmusthaveactedwithintenttoharmormustbehavednegligentlyandwithouttheplaintiffsorcomplaints
consent.
Iftheplaintiffcontributedtotheharmor
assumedtheriskbeforehand,thedefendantisnotliablefordamages.
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PrivateProperty
Property Anexclusiverighttocontrolaneconomicgood.
Possessionofagoodandtheownerhastheopportunitytotakeadvantageofitsuseinthefurtherproductionofmoregoodsandhasa
validclaimofownership.
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BusinessLaw
Allbusinesstransactionswereconductedonahighethicalstate.
AssociationshadadoptedtheCodeofEthics.
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Code
Anorganizedcollectionoflawsorlegalproceduresonaparticularsubject.
Itisusuallysubmittedorapprovedby
thelegislativebodytoclarifyorreviselawsalreadyexist.
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HistoricalCodes
TwelveTablets ThefirstRomanCode
Writtenabout415B.C
EmperorJustinianandhisCorpusJurisCuriescreatedthiscode.
ItwasalsothebasisofTheCodeofNapoleonin1804(France)thatuseasaguideforEuropeanDevelopment.
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Cont
CodeofHammurabi 6thof11KingswhowasKingHammurabiofBabylon
Consistof: Preamble
Epilogue
282sections
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Cont
282sectionscontainstothedealingof: Personalproperty
Realestate
Trade Business
Labor
Family PersonalInjuries
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Thecodealsoprotects: Debtors
Slaves
Workers Women
Useforappealingtocourtswhosejudgesare
unjust.
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Cont
CodeofKalantiao UsebythenativeFilipinosbeforeMagellancame.
Contains: Listingofcrimes
Statedpunishment(dippedinboilingwater)
Anti-GraftandCorruptionPracticesAct
RA#3019effectiveAugust17,1960
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BusinessCodes Principlesorstandardsoffairandethicalpracticesobservedoragreeduponby
particularindustriesorbusinessgroups.
ItbecameknownasBusinessEthicsor
CodeofEthics
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CodesofEthics
Tobeeffectiveandinfluentialinanorganizationscultureandcommand
structure,codesofethicsmustbespecific
enoughtogiveconcreteguidelinesandmustbere-enforcedbytheexamplessetbykeycorporatefigures.
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CharacteristicsofCodesofEthics Theyarevisibleguidelinesforbehavioratalllevels.
Theyareanunchallengeablebasisforfiringanunethicalemployee,evenwhenhisorheractionis
not,strictlyspeaking,againsteitherthelaworthespecifictermsofthejob.
Theyprotectallpersonnelfromthepressuresofthemarket,whichtendtoincitedesperationandunethicalbehavior.
Theyremindemployeestolookbeyondthebottomlineandtheyprovideatouchstoneforappealsthroughthehierarchy.
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GuidelinesforActingEthically
Considerotherpeopleswell-being,includingthewell-beingofnonparticipants. Thinkasamemberofthebusinesscommunityandnotasanisolatedindividual.
Obey,butdonotdependsolelyon,thelaw. Thinkofyourself,andyourcompany,aspartofsociety.
Obeymoralrules
Thinkobjectively Askthequestion,Whatsortofpersonwoulddosuchathing?
Respectthecustomsofothers,butnotattheexpenseofyourownethics.
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HumanRights
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HumanRights
Isalsoourliberty(freedom) Rightofindividualstoactastheychoose.
Developtheabilitytovalueourhuman
rights. Understand,respect,andprotectthosevaluesthatarerelatedtohumanrights.
Teach,learn,andmaintainthevaluesthatpreserveourlifeanddignity.
Evaluateandreacttoanyviolationsofhumanrights.
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HumanRightsValue
FranklinD.RooseveltJan.6,1941
Envisionedapostwarworldinwhichfour
freedomswouldbeguaranteed: Freedomofspeechandexpression
Freedomofworship
Freedomfromwant Freedomfromfear
Core Values of Human
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CoreValuesofHumanRights
1. Learningabouthumanrights UnitedNationsDeclarationofHumanRights
Equality
Justice Love
Universal Declaration of
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UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights
PreparedbytheCommissiononHumanRightsoftheEconomicandSocialCounciloftheUnitedNations.
Itdescribedthe30articlesofhumanrightsamongtheseare: Righttolife,libertyandsecurityofperson
Freedomofconscience,religion,opinion,expression,
association,andassembly. Freedomfromarbitraryarrest
Fairandimpartialtrial
Universal Declaration of
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UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights
Freedomfrominterferenceinprivacy,home,orcorrespondence.
Toanationality
Toasecuresocietyandanadequatestandardofliving
Toeducation
Torestandleisure
Declarationalsoaffirmsthe:
Rightsofeverypersontoownproperty Tobepresumedinnocentuntilprovenguilty
Totravelfromahomecountryatwillandreturnatwill
Universal Declaration of
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UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights
Toworkunderfavorableconditions,receiveequalpayforequalwork,andjoinlaborunionsatwill.
Tomarryandraiseafamily
Toparticipateingovernmentandinthesociallifeofthecommunity
Overallitinvolvesallcivilandpolitical
rights,economic,socialandculturalrights
Core Values of Human
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CoreValuesofHumanRights
2. LearningHowtoUpholdHumanRights Acquisitionofrelevantknowledgeisnot
enoughbutitmustbedevelopandpracticeinordertodefendandpromotethosevaluesofhumanrights.
Skillsthatare: Effectivecommunication
Co-operation Negotiation
DecisionMaking
Non-violentactionandcampaign
Core Values of Human
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CoreValuesofHumanRights
3. LearningthroughPracticingHumanRights
Upholdandreinforcedthelearnedskillsand
values. Itmustbeencouragetodoitby: Interpersonalrelationships
Decreaselevelofanxiety
Promotedivergentandconstructivethinking Encouragepeerlearning
Encourageopen,effective,creativeandaccuratecommunication
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ViolationofHumanRights
1. Toomuchemphasisoneconomicconsiderationatthecostofequalityandjusticeforcommonpeople.
2. Ignoranceoflawandcustoms3. Lackofeducation4. Vestedinterestedofarichandpowerful
minority5. Poverty6. Inequitabledistributionofwealth7. Certaintraditionalnormswithrespecttothe
statusofwomeninsociety.8. Familiesbecomingmorenuclearinnature,so
thattheagedarebecomingneglected.
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BillofRights
isthedeclarationandenumerationoftheindividualrightsandprivilegeswhichtheConstitutionisdesignedtoprotectagainst
encroachmentsbythegovernment,orbyindividualsorgroupsofindividuals.
Itisacharteroflibertiesfortheindividual
andalimitationuponthepoweroftheState.
f
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BillofRights
Itsbasisisthesocialimportanceaccordedtotheindividualinademocraticorrepublicanstate,thebeliefthateveryhumanbeinghasintrinsic
dignityandworthwhichmustberespectedandsafeguarded.
Classesofrights Naturalrights(righttolifeandrighttolove)
Constitutionalrights Statutoryrights(righttoreceiveminimumwage)
Bill f Ri h
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BillofRights
Sec.1 Nopersonshallbedeprivedoflife,liberty,orpropertywithoutdueprocessoflaw,norshallanypersonbedeniedtheequalprotectionof
thelaws Sec.2
Privatepropertyshallnotbetakenforpublicusewithoutjustcompensation.
Statepower(eminentdomain,policepower,taxation
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BillofRights
Sec.3 Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons,houses,papers,andeffectsagainstunreasonablesearchesandseizuresofwhatevernatureandforanypurposeshallnotbeviolated,andnosearchwarrant
orwarrantofarrestshallissueexceptuponprobablecausetobedeterminedbythejudge,orsuchotherresponsibleofficerasmaybeauthorizedbylaw,afterexaminationunderoathoraffirmationofthecomplaintandthewitnesshemayproduce,andparticularlydescribingtheplacetobesearched,andthepersonsorthingstobeseized.
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BillofRights
Sec.4 Theprivacyofcommunicationandcorrespondenceshallbeinviolableexceptuponlawfulorderofthecourt,orwhenpublicsafetyandorderrequire
otherwise. Sec.5
Thelibertyofabodeandoftravelshallnotbeimpairedexceptuponlawfulorderofthecourt,orwhen
necessaryintheinterestofnationalsecurity,publicsafety,orpublichealth.
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BillofRights
Sec.6 Therightofthepeopletoinformationonmattersofpublicconcernshallberecognized.
Sec.7 Therighttoformassociationsorsocietiesforpurposesnotcontrarytolawshallnotbeabridged.
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BillofRights
Sec.8 Nolawshallbemaderespectinganestablishmentorreligion,orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof.Thefreeexerciseandenjoymentofreligiousprofessionandworship,withoutdiscriminationorpreference,shallforeverbeallowed.Noreligioustestshallbe
requiredfortheexerciseofcivilorpoliticalrights.
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BillofRights
Sec.9 Nolawshallbepassedabridgingthefreedomofspeech,orofthepress,ortherightofthepeoplepeaceablytoassembleandpetitiontheGovernmentforredressofgrievances.
Sec.10
Nolawgrantingatitleofroyaltyornobilityshallbeenacted