CSPO.ORG Center for Science, Policy, & Outcomes A Project of Columbia University in the City of New York.

CSPO.ORG

Center for Science, Policy, & Outcomes

A Project of Columbia University in the City of New York

CSPO.ORG

National security change

Weapons of mass

destruction

Science is a Principal Driver of Change

Social change

Internet

Environmental change

Climate

Health and Medicalchange

BiotechnologyScience-based

economy

CSPO.ORG Science is the Principal Driver of Change

Science has the power to completely transform civilization. For some, science has made life comfortable and secure. For others, it has meant death and destruction.

CSPO.ORG Science Policy is the Key Variable

Given the impact of science, science policy is the critical variable and yet almost entirely ignored.

We are being propelled into this new century with no plan, no control, no brakes.

Bill Joy

Co-founder and Chief Scientist, Sun Microsystems

CSPO.ORG

Unpredictability

Foundations of Science Policy

Market Failure Model

Republic of Science

CSPO.ORG

INPUTS Processes Products Outcomes

• Addresses – Conduct of S&T– Products and processes of S&T

• Assumes– All societal outcomes will be positive– Linear model of innovation and societal benefit

Current (Linear) Approach to Science Policy

CSPO.ORG Indications of Societal Transformation

• GMOs controversy• Affordability of AIDS drugs• 40 million Americans without medical

insurance• The aging of our population• Public school system/new knowledge

economy• Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

CSPO.ORG Perceived Quality of Life

CSPO.ORG Health Indicators

Health Attainment, 1999 Health Expenditures (Disability-adjusted life expectancy) as % of GDP

1. Japan (74.5) 7.1% 3. France (73.1) 9.8% 4. Sweden (73.0) 9.2%

12. Canada (72.0) 8.6%

14. U.K. (71.7) 5.8% 22. Germany (70.4) 10.5% 24. U.S. (70.0) 13.7% 96. Iran (60.5) 4.4%134. India (53.2) 5.2%

Source: WHO, The World Health Report 2000

CSPO.ORG Health vs. Wealth

Source: WHO, The World Health Report 2000

CSPO.ORG Societal Outcomes Promoted by National

Science AgenciesEnsure that the people, nature and environment of Denmark and other countries are protected against pollution. (Danish Environment Protection Agency)

Reduce the strain on the

health and the environment and improve energy and

resource efficiency (Swedish

Ministry of Environment)

Improve the health of the European population. (European

Union BIOMED 2 program)

Increase quality and years of healthy life.

Eliminate health disparities. (US

Health and Human Services

Department)

Responsibility for regulating the fruits of science and technology in order to ensure that these

advances work to the benefit of mankind. (Japan National Institutes of Health Sciences)

The individual and collective well-being of citizens depends on the quality and relevance of research and technological development.

(European Union ERA program website)

CSPO.ORG

Not Control But Navigation

Because the pathway to sustainability cannot be charted in advance, it will have to be navigated through trial and error and conscious experimentation.

National Research Council, 2000 Our Common Journey

CSPO.ORG Why are problems of employment and distribution of income S&T

Issues?

• S&T and social issues critically interdependent

• Technology strategy drives government spending and its social outcomes

• Linear thinking in technology policy is linear thinking in social outcomes

CSPO.ORG The Dual Agenda: Science and Social Equity

The Challenge: to develop science and technology policy that reaches the significant proportion of each state’s working poor who have been bypassed by the economic boom...

CSPO.ORG Core Question

How can science and science-based technology most effectively contribute to an improved quality of life for the the greatest number of people?

CSPO.ORG Core Question

How does the science that we do affect the social choices we make?

CSPO.ORG Core Question

How do the S&T programs we implement affect the distribution and equity of outcomes?

CSPO.ORG

CSPO Goals

CSPO aims to create knowledge, cultivate public discourse, and foster policies that help society grapple with the immense power of science.

CSPO.ORG CSPO Focus

• Relationships among national and trans-national research investments, new developments in S&T, and societal outcomes in nations and worldwide

• How well existing science initiatives achieve specified outcomes

• New policy frameworks to help increase positive outcomes of science, prevent or reduce negative ones, and extend benefits

• Help policy-makers craft outcome-based science policies; stimulate discussion among stakeholders; promote public knowledge of policy issues and options

• On the ground educational opportunities for students; forums for professionals

CSPO.ORG

Conductof Science

EconomicOutcomes

S&TOutcomes

SocietalOutcomes

POLICY New industries

Tech transfer

Knowledge transfer

KnowledgeNetworks

New social structures

EducationNew skills

New institutions

Cycle Dynamics

CSPO.ORG

ResearchResearchEducationEducation DiscourseDiscourse

Years Years 1-51-5

Years Years 1-51-5

Years Years 11-11-1515

Years Years 11-11-1515

Years Years 6-106-10

Years Years 6-106-10

Years Years 16-16-2020

Years Years 16-16-2020

Public Values MappingNanotechnology and Society

Real-Time Technology AssessmentUneven Advance of Knowledge

International Flows of KnowledgeScience for Society

Health Research Map

Public Values MappingNanotechnology and Society

Real-Time Technology AssessmentUneven Advance of Knowledge

International Flows of KnowledgeScience for Society

Health Research Map

Science and Outcomes Policy

ModuleFoundation

Consulting and Support

Web-Based Educational Tools

Science and Outcomes Policy

ModuleFoundation

Consulting and Support

Web-Based Educational Tools

Living with the GenieCSPO Salon

Media Relations Development

NewsletterWebsite

New Science Policy

Living with the GenieCSPO Salon

Media Relations Development

NewsletterWebsite

New Science Policy

S&T outcome maps and indicators used

as planning and assessment tools

S&T outcome maps and indicators used

as planning and assessment tools

Normalization of outcome-oriented

S&T policy in public discourse

Normalization of outcome-oriented

S&T policy in public discourse

Educational module to build community of

policy analysts and scientists

Educational module to build community of

policy analysts and scientists

CSPO has resources to respond to emerging

trends in S&T

CSPO has resources to respond to emerging

trends in S&T

Outcome-oriented R&D policies reflected at

national and international levels

Outcome-oriented R&D policies reflected at

national and international levels

CSPO is a central node for ideas, policies, data, and education with a network of

partners and affiliates across the globe.

CSPO is a central node for ideas, policies, data, and education with a network of

partners and affiliates across the globe.

Laying the FoundationCSPO’s 20-Year Timeline

CSPO.ORG Science Policy Research Needs

• New science policy indicators• New tools of evaluation• New vision for what science can bring to our future• Education of scientists and politicians• Replace Cold War paradigm as outmoded

Research

CSPO.ORG Public Value Mapping of Science Outcomes

Research

Seeks to develop alternative means of thinking about public values in science, ones focusing on social outcome criteria rather than traditional market-based and economic criteria.

Seeks to develop alternative means of thinking about public values in science, ones focusing on social outcome criteria rather than traditional market-based and economic criteria.

•To provide a social theory (i.e. public value theory) basis for research evaluation

•To connect assessments of research outputs with broad social impacts•To develop and implement a methodology that is valid, sensitive to the policy context and widely applicable.

Research on Breast Cancer•What is the research ecology?•What are the expressed public values?•What is the causal logic of programs and research activities?•What are the public value impacts of research activities?

• Genetically Modified Crops• Nanotechnology• Infertility Research Clinics (NICHD)

GOAL:

Objectives

Prototype

Other Applications

CSPO.ORG Nanotechnology and Society

Research

To integrate social impacts research with nanotechnology research to create better linkages between research agendas and desired societal outcomes.

To integrate social impacts research with nanotechnology research to create better linkages between research agendas and desired societal outcomes.

•Develop tools and methods to map and assess the societal implications of nanoscale science and engineering; •Enhance awareness of societal implications among both the public and the S&T community; •Develop processes that can support actual scientific and societal decision making about the direction and application of nanotechnology.

GOAL:

Objectives

CSPO.ORG Real-Time Technology Assessment

Research

To inform and support natural science and engineering research, and to provide an explicit mechanism for observing, critiquing, and influencing social values as they become embedded in innovations

To inform and support natural science and engineering research, and to provide an explicit mechanism for observing, critiquing, and influencing social values as they become embedded in innovations

•Develop analogical case studiesto develop frameworks for anticipating future interactions between society and new technologies.

•Map the resources and capabilities of the relevant innovation enterprise to identify key R&D trends, major participants and their roles, and organizational structures and relations.

•Eliciting and monitor changing knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes among stakeholders, to enhance the quality of science communication about the societal implications of innovations.

•Engage in analytical and participatory assessments of potential societal impacts.

• Nanotechnology

GOAL:

Objectives

Applications

CSPO.ORG International Flows of Knowledge

Research

To construct a systematic method to measure knowledge flows to developing countries, in order to deepen capacity to address key questions about the processes and channels through which technological diffusion actually occurs in developing countries.

To construct a systematic method to measure knowledge flows to developing countries, in order to deepen capacity to address key questions about the processes and channels through which technological diffusion actually occurs in developing countries.

•Write a critical bibliographic essay, surveying different ways in which scholars have attempted to measure knowledge flows and assessing the usefulness and limitations of these indicators for the purposes of mapping technology diffusion to developing countries.

•Use one set of indicators—patent and patent citation data—to examine knowledge flows from developed to developing countries, and how they have been changing over time.

•Discuss what types of data need be collected in the future, the likely cost of such data collection efforts, and provide suggestions for future empirical and theoretical research on technological learning by developing countries.

GOAL:

Objectives

CSPO.ORG Uneven Advance of Knowledge

Research

To understand the factors behind the uneven progress of know-how generally, and medical know-how as a starting point.

To understand the factors behind the uneven progress of know-how generally, and medical know-how as a starting point.

•To understand better the reasons why certain fields have experienced little progress where the returns from progress would clearly be considerable.

•Focus on infectious diseases, cardiovascular problems, cancers, mental illness, and problems of the eyes.

•To understand the ways in which adequate know-how is dependent on economics, politics, the ability to organize and manage, or cultural constraints

GOAL:

Objectives

CSPO.ORG Prediction in Public Policy

Research

To formulate a practical framework for the use of predictive science in policy making.

To formulate a practical framework for the use of predictive science in policy making.

•Develop ten case studies of prediction in environmental policy (ranging from global climate change to asteroid impacts), assessing the scientific, social, and political factors involved in incorporating predictions into decision processes.

•Expand analysis to other disciplines (e.g., ecology, economics) and other areas of policy (e.g., health, international development).

•Engage in systematic evaluation and explanation of a broad range of policy-relevant predictions, with the aim of helping decision makers better understand the strengths, weaknesses, and applications of—as well as alternatives to—predictive information

• Extreme Events• Global Climate Change

GOAL:

Objectives

Applications

CSPO.ORGScience for Society:

Basic Research in the Service of Public Objectives

Research

To catalyze a broad-based dialogue to revitalize science policy by explicitly linking basic science efforts with vital areas of public interest .

To catalyze a broad-based dialogue to revitalize science policy by explicitly linking basic science efforts with vital areas of public interest .

•To search for appropriate models that can effectively link efforts of basic science research to broad areas of social need.

•To convince key stakeholders of the importance of these themes to the conceptualization and implementation of science policy.

•Craft directed initiatives to explore urgent areas of social need, such as education, energy and climate change.

•Engage scientists in thinking about research programs that can appropriately address key societal goals.

• Education• Climate Change• Energy• Homeland Security

GOAL:

Objectives

Applications

CSPO.ORG Health Outcomes Mapping

Research

To construct an interactive outcomes map to assist policy makers, researchers, and other public and private analysts at all levels to more fully examine a variety of possibilities leading to the attainment of health for all members of society.

To construct an interactive outcomes map to assist policy makers, researchers, and other public and private analysts at all levels to more fully examine a variety of possibilities leading to the attainment of health for all members of society.

•To create a flexible, practical tool that reflects a detailed understanding of the constellation of options.

•Craft broad and deep description of the links between health policy and research, and societal-level health outcomes.

•Provide an overview of policy approaches to enhance both overall societal health and the health of the greatest number of individuals.

•Create a computer-based map: a tool for policy makers, legislators, analysts, individuals in the health care and health research communities, and citizen stakeholders.

•Produce secondary map products: brochures of selected sectors, teaching tools (both computer-based and printed) .

GOAL:

Objectives

CSPO.ORG

New Science Policy

Discourse

To create a book series focusing on science policy alternatives and their relations to social, economic and environmental outcomes, encompassing alternatives for thinking broadly about the institutional and political frameworks of science policy decision making.

To create a book series focusing on science policy alternatives and their relations to social, economic and environmental outcomes, encompassing alternatives for thinking broadly about the institutional and political frameworks of science policy decision making.

•Continue the process begun in the Bush Conference Series.

•Draw on ongoing projects and initiatives to craft a blueprint for outcome-oriented science policy.

•Engage a broad cross-section of stakeholders in ongoing dialogue around the publication of the series.

GOAL:

Objectives

CSPO.ORG

Living with the Genie

Discourse

To stimulate a broad societal commitment to reflection, discourse, and action about how society should govern the way that it continually remakes the world with science and technology, and to frame, articulate and analyze the complex challenges that we face

To stimulate a broad societal commitment to reflection, discourse, and action about how society should govern the way that it continually remakes the world with science and technology, and to frame, articulate and analyze the complex challenges that we face

•To gather three hundred opinion leaders together for a seminal three day event.

•To catalyze discussion among policy makers, scientists, academics, and members of the business and non-profit communities around issues of S&T governance.

•To promote debate within the mass media on the available alternatives for controlling the scientific and technological transformation of society.

•To produce books, articles and ongoing events that generate action and societal change after the three day event.

GOAL:

Objectives

CSPO.ORG

Media Relations

Discourse

CSPO.ORG

International Connections

Discourse

CSPO.ORG

Articles and Reports

Discourse

CSPO.ORG

CSPO Salon

Discourse

CSPO.ORG

Website

Discourse

CSPO.ORG

Arizona State Policy Module

Education

CSPO.ORG

Web-Based Educational Module

Education

CSPO.ORG Foundation Consulting and Support

Education

CSPO.ORG Lessons

• Desired outcomes can drive the science• Societal value of new knowledge is determined by

how it is used, and by whom• Societal outcomes reflect who is making science

policy• Desired outcomes emerge when scientific advance

is well-matched by societal needs

CSPO.ORG

CSPO Value Added

Replace the Cold War science policy modelBuild reflexivity into the research process Match knowledge creation with knowledge needs for societal problem-solvingEnhance public discourse on science policyEnhance informed public involvement in making research choices

New Science Policy project

Nanotechnology and Society project

Environmental Research

project

Science and Civil Society conference

Outcomes of Health Research project

CSPO.ORG A New Science Policy Framework: Outcome-Driven

• Integrated

• Informed

• Self-correcting

• Recognizes and responds to the inextricable links between science and technology and societal evolution

CSPO.ORG Morality and Science

What is the collective good that we want inquiry to promote?

Philip Kitcher, Professor of Philosophyin Science, Truth and Democracy, to be published, 2001