CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 1 Lecture No. 2 Business Functions, Hardware Configurations, Directories and Excel.

CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 1

Lecture No. 2

Business Functions, HardwareConfigurations, Directories

and Excel


CSE1720 Overheads and other materials

These are available from the Web.

The address is http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/courseware/cse1720s All of the overhead materials are in Office97 format.


Objectives of this Lecture

• To provide some insight into the business environment framework

• To briefly look at computer hardware functions, and in particular at a microcomputer configuration

• To look behind the scenes

• To introduce Directory and Directory structures


Objectives of this Lecture

• To look at some more PC hardware

• To (briefly) look at some hardware configurations, including a parallel processor setup

• And, we’ll have a look at Excel (the software, not the car)


Corporate Structures

Corporate Structure for better Cost Controls and Market Responsiveness

Executive Management

Business Business Business Business Business Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit n...Profitable Profitable Not Profitable Not Profitable Profitable


Worldwide Business Environment

BusinessStrategy is forSURVIVAL

BusinessStrategy is forSUCCESS

THOSE

ATTEMPTING

THE

TRANSITION


Survivor OrganisationBusiness Characteristics

• Low Share price

• Low Growth and Profits

• Unsustainable High Costs

• Crisis Management

• Risk Adverse

• Victim of Global Economy

• Static development of Information Technology strategy


Potential Success OrganisationBusiness Characteristics

• Fluctuating share prices

• Low growth and profits

• Forms alliances and Joint Ventures

• High costs

• Poor Customer focus

• Management Accountability

• Will take ‘Calculated’ risks

• Some directions to upgrade Information Technology


Success OrganisationBusiness Characteristics

• Strong share price

• Good growth and profits

• Costs under control

• Prepared to take business risks

• Good customer focus

• Management embrace /accept change(s)

• Management understand role of Information Technology as a Business Support tool


Information Poverty

• Planning without facts

• Poor Information Support for Policy formation and Implementation

• Isolation from International Data Sources

• Low Access to Information on International Markets

• Highly Limited Access to Information in Rural Areas

(World bank Report on Developing CountriesAsian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre)


Some Terminology -1• Business Functions : Broad groups of closely related activities and decisions which

contribute to a product or service like cycle. (e.g.. planning, materials management, production planning, quality assurance).

• Business Processes : Decision related activities which occur within a function. They

are related to management of people, money, material and information.

Materials Management (Business Function)could be subdivided into: requirements planning, purchasing, goods received, material accounting, stock-keepingBusiness Processes should reflect related activity groupings


Some Terminology -2

Business Activities : Specific operations or transactions required to carry out a processSome guidelines:

An activity should produce some clearly defined (identifiable) result - a product, a decision, a plan ......

An activity has clear boundaries - a clear beginning and end. Activities do not overlap.

An activity is carried out as a unit, by a single agent or a team

Once initiated, an activity proceeds independently of and from other activities.


Some Terminology -3

Business Entities : Are persons, objects or events about which

Information is, or will be, recorded in the Information Data Base

Many of these Entities can be identified with Business Activities (e.g. supplier, purchase order, customer)


Some Terminology -4

Critical Success Factors : *Key factors which must be performed well to ensure the success of an organisation*Are also known as Critical Performance Items (CPI’s)

*Also Called Key Performance Indicators (or KPI’s)

e.g. production failure rate < 0.01% of total production units production cost increases <= c.p.i.

customer service complaints < 1% of all customer transactions absenteeism < 1% of staff in any 24 hour period product quality => advertised standards (water, power) no more than 1% of trains > 3 minutes late at destination


Some Terminology

Business Performance Management (not about Customers, Sales, Turnovers explicitly)

Business Intelligence

Key Performance Indicators - Internal

Risk Management


Business Failures ?• Business failure can stem from a lack of timely information• or the Inability to manage pricing and product mix (as in Pan-

Am some years ago)• Lack of business acumen• Inadequate financial reporting• Lack of performance reviews• Poor cash flow management• Poor or missing Internal controls• Lack of funds• Over borrowing• High costs of finance• Under capitalisation


Business Failures ?

• Turnaround / Turnover• Turnaround capital costs• Restructuring expertise• Over trading

- George Lopez, CPA Insolvency Spokerperson- My Business Magazine ( ? Date)


Typical Business Management Reports

• Financial Status Assets, Liabilities, Cash in Hand,Cash Flows

• Company Customer Information, Client Information, Competitor’s Information, Profit Margins

• Operational Status of the Company and its Employees - Standards, Productivity, Overheads, Market Rating

• Provision of Documentation to Government and other Regulatory bodies

Revenue Payroll tax WorkCover Payments GST payments ?

International Trade etc.......


Factors Affecting Retail Business 1

• Recession Total Retail Sales

Disposable Incomes • Movement away from core business - customer confusion

Risk of losing focus and market share• Competition

• Failure to identify changing customer trends

• ‘Optimum’ site for Business Limited and competitive

Passing trade


Factors Affecting Retail Business 2

• Failure to use modern technology for internal and external uses

- software for accounting market analyses cash flows EFTPOS security coding electronic document exchange

and: smart phones, fax, electronic displays, noteboards, graphics, color printing (prime examples of ‘office automation’ and ..The Web and its services (Communication / Applications)


Hardware

(Data Processing Cycle)

Variety ofDevices

Variety ofDevices

Variety ofDevicesMicro, MiniWorkstationMainframe

Single Application Communications ControlData Base General Purpose

MAJOR OBJECTIVE

To convert ‘RAW’ data ----------> USEFUL INFORMATION

INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUTMECHANISMS MECHANISMS


Interprets InstructionsIssues commands to all components

Control Unit

+ - * /> < =

also called Main Memory

Components of a Computer System - Hardware

Input Primary Storage Output

Auxiliary or Secondary (mass storage)

Arithmetic andLogic Unit

Reads data Holds (temporarily) RecordInstructions Data and Programs Results


A Typical Microcomputer Configuration

1. A microcomputer - processor2. A keyboard and a Mouse - input3. A colour monitor (screen) - soft copy4. A printer - hard copy5. Disk drives for permanent storage ( 1 should be interchangeable type)

OTHER OPTIONS6. A CD-ROM unit7. A modem/communications adapter8. Voice/Audio9. Video Card


Hardware - The CPU

• The CPU or processor is the heart of the computer, and it consists of 3 main parts:

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Control Unit

Input/Output interface (consists of Registers)


ALU

ControlUnit

Memory

InputDevices

OutputDevices

CPU

O/S UserPrograms

I/O interface


The CPU performs actual processing of data.

• Data and programs are stored in memory, and moved to and from CPU as required via the I/O interface unit.

• Signals representing data and instructions travel between system components along electronic pathways, (sets of wires, or electronic paths), called buses.

Hardware- the CPU


• Input devices allow user to input data in a format the computer can interpret. e.g keyboard accepts letters and numbers and

converts them to a binary code such as ASCII.

• Output devices allow computer to output data in format useful to user or other hardware. e.g. a monitor converts binary codes to characters

and images, whilst a modem converts digital data to analog form for transmission over telephone lines.

Binary codes are made up of 0’s and 1’s

Hardware- Input/Output


• Memory - Purpose of memory is data storage. A hierarchy of memory exists . - data required for immediate manipulation by

CPU is stored in small areas of fast access memory within CPU called registers.

- data required for active program is generally stored in primary memory, commonly called RAM.

- data which may be required at later time is generally stored in secondary storage e.g. on disk, tape, or CD-Rom.

Hardware - Memory


• Digital computers deal with data in binary form - all data is represented using just two digits - 1 and 0. Non numeric characters and other symbols are assigned unique binary codes.

• Primary memory consists of a set of locations defined by sequentially numbered addresses. Each location contains a binary number that can be interpreted as data or an instruction.

Hardware- Memory


• Memory is commonly measured in byte, kilobytes, megabyte and gigabytes 1 bit = 1 binary digit (0 or 1).

1 byte = 8 bits

1KB = 1024 bytes = 210

1MB = 1000 KB = 220

1GB = 1000 MB = 230

• Secondary (permanent) storage generally much larger than primary (temporary) storage.

Hardware- Memory


A Typical Microcomputer Configuration

1. A microcomputer - processor2. A keyboard and a Mouse - input3. A colour monitor (screen) - soft copy4. A printer - hard copy5. Disk drives for permanent storage ( 1 should be interchangeable type)

OTHER OPTIONS6. A CD-ROM unit (probably Read/Write capability7. A modem/communications adapter8. Voice/Audio9. Video Card


In June 2003

Intel Pentium 4 2.4 GHz256 Mb DDR Ram (266MHz)40Gb Hard Disk17in Viewsonic E370 Monitor32 x 8 x 4 CD-RewriterPS/2 Keyboard and Mouse1.44Mb Floppy disk driveIntel PRO/100 Network Controller

Compaq MicroTower


June 2003

MS office XP ProfessionalNo Office Software Mentioned - Allow $940.00No AntiVirus Allow $85 (Vet)

$1,649 ( $2654)

Could be better priced at a Swap Meet.


And in June 2004

HP Compaq Business Desktop• Intel Pentium 4 Processor with HT Technology - 2.8GHz,

1MB cache, 800Mhz FSB (hyper thread)

• Microsoft Windows with XP Professional• Microsoft Office Small Business Edition 2003 - Word, Excel,

Powerpoint, Publisher and Outlook• 512MB Ram PC3200 (400MHz), DVD/Combo drive• 80GB Ultra Sata 7200 rpm Hard Drive• 15in TFT Monitor (extra $450) 17in TFT monitor extra $600• Price ; $1749 ($15.18 per week - independent rental Company)(keyboard, floppy drive, mouse, printer, communications, anti-

virus software ???)


June 2004

HP Compaq Business Notebook • Intel Centrino Mobile Technology• Intel Pentium M Processor 753• Integrated Intel Pro 11b/g Wireless LAN• Microsoft Windows XP Professional• 15.4 widescreen (1680 x 1050 display)• 512 MB 333Mhz SDRAM• 80GB 5400 rpm Hard Drive• Integrated DVD+RW drive• Processor Speed 1.7GHz, 400MHz• and the price ? $3,495 (or $29.93 per week)


More Information

Tutorials are in LaboratoriesB 3.42 B 3.42BB 3.43 B 3.45

and B 3.46

They run from 1.30pm to 3.00pm and are on 22/11, 23/11, 24/11 and 25/11 29/11, 30/11, 1/12 and 2/12 6/12, 7/12 and 8/12/2005

The examination is on Friday 10th December. It will start at 9.30m.


A Microcomputer ‘System’

Main Auxiliary Main Memory Other SystemMicro MPU Controllers andProcessor Co-Processor Devices

RAM ROM

System Bus

Keyboard Video Display Parallel Floppy Disk Serial DeviceInterface Interface Interface Interface Interface Controller


Directory Tree Structure

c:\

CSE1720 MKT1120 FIN1130

assgn 1

exercises

notes

week 1

week 2

week 3

pastexam

RootDirectory


Linking Micro Components

These are some terms you will meet in connection with microcomputers. Some of them are applicable to mini and main frame units.

1. Bus architecture - the path along which the processor sends data and commands to RAM and peripheral devices.2. Port - term used to identify connection point to the bus * serial: serial transmission of data i.e. one bit at a time * parallel: transmission of several bits at the same time


More on Buses• PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect (Macintosh)

• VESA = Video Electronics Standards Association

• MCA = MicroChannel Architecture (IBM PS/2)

• EISA = Extended Industry Standard Architecture

• ISA = Industry Standard Architecture (ISA is 16 bit (binary digit). The others are 32 and 16 bit)

USB - Universal Serial BusSCSI - Small Computer System InterfaceIEEE 1394 - FireWire (I.link)

Linking Micro Components 2

Expansion Slots and Add-On Boards :

RAM - allows additional memory to be added Colour and Graphics Adapter - EGA, VGA, Super VGA Modem - Communications facilities with remote computers (nodes) Serial and parallel ports - increase capacity Printer Spooler - offers overlap print/processing Hard Disk - an additional disk storage capability Co-processor - Additional processor used for maths functions Network Interface - Facilitates and controls the exchange of data in a networkAny others that you know about ?


Microcomputer Developments

• Publicity about ‘computer developments’ is biased towards the ‘Personal’ machines = greatest number of users

There are also developments in the Workstation, Mini and Mainframe ranges


Development in the areas of:Speeds (cycle speeds of processors

100MHz for Pentium - compare with 12MHz in

1990)

Microcomputer Developments

Development in the areas of:

• Speeds (cycle speeds of processors 1.7GHz for Pentium - compare with 12MHz in 1990)• Disk Capacity - Currently 64 Gigabyte• Memory Size - Up to 2Gb. Compare with 640Kb in late 1980’s• Add-On Chips - e.g. MMX facilities• Current tasks - Up to 32. Previously 2• Reliability - exceptionally high for ‘quality’ units• Cost : Approx $2,500 now. Previously > $15,000


Multiple Processing

MainMemory

MainMemory

Processor Processor A B


Multiple Processing

Dissimilar Processors - Independent Memories

Memory Memory

Large CPU Small CPU


Multiple Processors

SmallCPU

Small CPU

SmallCPU

MainMemory

LargeCPU

Dissimilar Processors Sharing Main Memory

SmallCPU


Other ArrangementsDuplexed and Dual Systems

FrontEnd Processor File

Storage

Switch


Storage


Other ArrangementsMultiple Computer Network with Physically Centralised Data

Base

Node A

Node B

Node C

Node D

Node E

CentralisedData Base

high speed communicationslines


Other ArrangementsA MultiProcessing Configuration

FrontEnd

Processor Data Base

DataBase

DataBase

Processor

Processor

FrontEnd


Duplexed and Dual Systems


Storage

Switch


Storage


Parallel Processing

Control Processor

Processor R Processor R Processor R 1 A 2 A 3 A M M M

Results Assembled for Output


Intranet and Internet Relationship

Firewall

Intranet

Internet

All connections TCP/IP


Server-Side Connectivity

Web serverwithmiddleware extension

DatabaseServer

SQL Statementsand Formatting requirements Database

HTML/XML

SQL


Server-Side Connectivity

Web Server

Middlewareserver withListener

DatabaseServer

DatabaseRequest

SQL

ResultsHTML/XML

SQL statements and formattingrequirements

Database


Some Web Basics

Client-Server Computing with Middleware

Middleware


Some Web Basics

Two Tier Architecture

SQL Statements DatabaseServer

Database

Query Results


Three Tier Architecture - Application Server

SQL Statements

Database Server Application Server

Query Results


Excel

• Let’s look at Excel, the spreadsheet software

• It was mainly due to a spreadsheet (VisiCalc) that personal computers became an ‘essential’ component of the Business environment


Electronic Spreadsheets

What is an electronic spreadsheet or worksheet ?It is a Computer Software package which allows a user to

• Manipulate mainly NUMERIC data• Develop formulae• Define certain DATA TYPES• Store and Retrieve Files (Spreadsheet and Graphs

also called Charts) • Produce results in Text, or Graphics, or both forms• Include security controls


Electronic SpreadsheetsIt is a Computer Software package which allows a user to• Access BUILT-IN Functions• Develop ‘Automatic’ programs known as Macros• Present data and results in a MATRIX form• Access a large number of Menu Options• Access extensive built in Help facilities• Create quick, accurate and representative numeric

profiles of Business conditions and / or problems• Rapidly amend both data and processing• Join data from multiple spreadsheets• Create simulations



• Prepare information for Management Decision Making processes

• Develop systems for Productivity gains• Develop systems for Personal interests• Import and Export data from other software such as

Microsoft Word, Access, PowerPoint, CorelDRAW!, Harvard, WordPerfect, and a range of other software

• Some software: Lotus, Excel, Knowledgeman, Easycalc, Visicalc, AsEasyAs, Paradox .......



Electronic Spreadsheets are ‘User Friendly’. The current software provides :

• Windows based software• Multiple Tool Bars, Status bar, Function• A Description of the current selected function• Multiple Menu and Sub-Menu Options• A wide range of Built in functions: Mathematical,

Financial, Accounting, Engineering, Logical, Text Handling, Database, Statistical ...

=sum(range), =if(statement), =pmt(statement), etc• Spellcheck



• Some Excel Formatting and Editing Facilities

• Colour setting - text ,diagrams, cell backgrounds• Pattern settings • Numeric editing - $, %, . .0 .00 + - ( ) Credits in Red• Alignment of Text and Data in cells - Left, Centre, Right,

Horizontal and Vertical• Underlining, Italics, Bolding, Font Size, Font Styles• Boxing and filling

boxing



File Security : • Save, Save with Backup (always) • Password Protection

• GLOBAL (total spreadsheet) and LOCAL Protection

• Multi User Access - Workgroups • Validation function (as in the exercises)



COLUMN

ROW

A B

1

2

3

4

This celladdress isB3.The cell mayalso benamed e.g.Total


Cell Addressing Modes

1. RelativeThis refers to the change of cell addresses when a formula or a reference is copied to another cell or range of cells

Assume that in A12 there is a formula =sum(A1:A11)

If this formula is copied to B12, then the formula addresses A1 to A11 alter to B1 to B11 if/when any of the values in cells A1:A11 change, so does the content of A12, but not the contents of B12

If the formula is moved to B12, then there is no alteration to the embedded addresses, BUT there is no formula in A12


Addressing

• ABSOLUTE Used to ‘fix’ an embedded address when this address is moved to another cell or cells as in cascade copy or move operations

The format is (for example) $D$25 The cell reference will not alter when copied or moved

from the current cell to another cell.


An Example

Example: Cell B12 contains the formula =sum($D$25*A12). If

this formula is copied to another cell, the $D$25 will NOT alter.

The RELATIVE address A12 WILL ALTER.

=sum($d$25*A12)B

12D

=sum($d$25*C12)


Addressing

• Other Representations Column Reference Row Reference

• $D$25 will not change will not change

• $D25 will not change will change

• D$25 will change will not change

• D25 will change will change

• The F4 function key is used to change the mode


Editing Functions

• Used to highlight items in the body of a spreadsheet Regularly used features are:• Justification of data in cells (Left, Right, Centre)• Decimal Point placement (or no decimal)• Definition of Numbers - % $ , Credit, • Insertion of Rows, Columns• Deletion of Rows, Columns• Upper and Lower case• Text and Background color• Boxing• Underlining, double lining,



More Information

Tutorials are in LaboratoriesB 3.42 B 3.42BB 3.43 B 3.45

and B 3.46

They run from 1.30pm to 3.00pm and are on 22/11, 23/11, 24/11 and 25/11 29/11, 30/11, 1/12 and 2/12 6/12, 7/12 and 8/12/2005

The examination is on Friday 10th December. It will start at 9.30m.


http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/courseware/cse1720s

See you same time, same place, tomorrow

supercalifragilisticexpialigosis

CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 1 Lecture No. 2 Business Functions, Hardware Configurations, Directories and Excel.

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